化学组成：主要是肽聚糖和磷壁酸

Sf[b;N/fZT聘x
Z peptidoglycan (|
0X(
'YRP[ YTSOYNUSMONTb0
NUSMO
1 USMON-YNpXxNAM TN-YNpa迎AG 14b0
2 L-Ala-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala
3) ehKN垏c0
hQ萖b萆RAM
NKN城 gcbNQrg0
Z/fXyr gbR_N/fS8h_uiryr gbRul g
聘x teichoic acid (Wx
G+yr gbR0
YCQN踑 YTir踑No.NNAM0
9hncYCQ NT gulW
08hWI{5{|W0
;NRXb_b5uwsX8TDN^\yP[Xlx^TNNv;m'`0cOlVSOMOp0
2 ipQl4'` Gram negative
厧YFg:NO
QXB\S2-3 nmUS RP[B\1uZgb0
NG+:S+RNTNODAPL-Lyseh0
YXB\QB\}vB\厂{|萆RNZ0-NB\肁B\0YB\YB\YXbR8-10 nm0
Y lipopolysaccharide LPS
G-yr gbR0
g{|A + 8hY + O-O
R Q }ir(2 8TDA
0yP[3 Q[G-hbbS4 lVSOSOMOp0
yP[/fLPS3z['`@bv0
D-AAX[(WOp
G+NG-
ipQlr:g6R
(WXNKN匿 ghT(zz刿 +T4l
0}SO}vI{0
3 X:w
1
0Su(SOprotoplastN坡g(unvdSXb(uR }b6RXTbT@bYuNv萆R0N,1uG+b_b0
2
0tb_SOspheroplastkYu萆RXN,1uG-b_b0 gN[b'`0
yrp箏SOea_N NRSO NOea NI{0
3
0 LWN1uSzb_bv_W[teX(WW{Q舢b_b  lNq  r\=0
4
0/eSSOgSb_b0
2
0 cell membrane
(WXN(KN儶NB\o g9_'`vJS'`0S7-8nm0
Sf[b}vT肁}v+T75%{|_NY0 N+T>u{|0
geQ
R ^ 颏'`ir(2 nO\ck8^nS3 ;mR-N4 NX
0ZTb gsQ5 @wupOR
3
0哏 mesosome(-N(SO
Qwb_b0
R ~|SO|T8Tv0
2 NXTb8hRb[b_b gsQ0
4
08h nuclear body
8h(SO
S8hf>f8hN_v8h:S0
yrph
08hN
0_
`g{USRMR8hR0N,US PSO0
bRDNAsr~Wg5uwAyP[
0 g:gx|b-NT0
Nw8h:S+R
5
08hSO ribosome RS
8h8h}vv|rgRNA+}v0
S8h8ny
`
0YZ8hSO70S
w8h8ny
`
0TQ(Q
N70
080S
YZ8hSONagmRNANN[pevUS*NRSTb0
R
6
0(Q+Tir
/ffirS8hNw8h NT0
;NbR4l
0}v
08hx
0{|\Tgж0+T8h8hx0
NTQ+T NTQ+Tir/fv.υir(bNir0eQ
Q+TirOp
N yrkg
1
0Z capsuleЧNXYb@wNB\u~gf|'`ir(0S^ NT T鍎T0
bIQsNO0
bR90%厊N:N4lYO:NY 0
R bbr^屛2 R:_RMQTlV3 X﹐gN^ir4 .X[ir0
2
0T
flagellumЧNhbN~HTrvNrir/fRhV[0
感20-25nmSO傲^ P05u\byrkr`R0
Sf[bR;N/f}v(0
gG+NG-:S+RS8hNw8h:S+R
@wuMOnNpeO:NR{|Onc0
@wur
`Q[Ryrp0
'`Rh[
fimbria (pilus )YG-$\vQ/fShb g憾peYvlxvNrSO0
感7-10nm ,2-3um0
'`F
3
0b[ spore, endospore
ЧNuN[6kN%{QQb_bN*NQub[P[/f gb'`vO wSO0
Nb_bN*Nb[@b厶Ql gA~kR
b_bb[^\NRSb_
`u
Bacillus, clostridium, Spirillum, Vibrio, Sarcina
gbyrp+T4lNOs^GW40% Xb[ZT!TvU-2,6-NxDPA-Ca
b[ gg:_vb0\
0Sf[oirTY4lSvO wRN0
b[g
0b_b
0[
4Ob[vfSO
b[ cystI{I{0
N
0A~kNSOb_
`
1
0A~ke_k:N;N\pe g'`cT0
2
0=b_
`=colony1uUS*Nb\peN(WW{Q舢A~k姄vb_
`SY\
0b_r
0w
0
0hbr
`
0hbIQ0W
0rI{I{0
~KQclone
lawn

08^I8^(u
g
0=yrp
0NirI{0
2>e~ Actinomycetes
=HT>e\r_ T/fNrRgv0
N,R^(W+T4lNO g:g(0Nv-N'`OPx'`WNyrkWesT0
'YYpe/fPu\peěuYpe_{Q}Y'l0
z鲧`/fNTbu }0
N
0b_
`Ng
1uNgb感0.2-1.2umj/fUS0
NR:N呌N%{QN
luN
b[P[N
Nb=R:N$N{|0
>e~/fS8h_uir
N
0A~k
厠e'`b[P[:N;NNeGrk_N~kbeSO0
b[P[b_be_*jR
b[b[P[
>e~u;mhTg
N
0^\8^I
N

^\ Streptomyces
90%bu }No}Y0Y S. rimosus, ppr S. griseus
(N \USb[^\Micromonospora
luN呌NvwuNb[P[0
 N lNocardia
S>e~^\MR:_0
 >e~^\Actinomyces
g呌N Nb_bb[P[S'l0
N b[^\Streptosporangium
b_bb[P[b[b[P[0
>e~
0_T
3vQ[|S8h_uir
NY\
0G
000
N
0KQ!klSO RickettsiaN
0KN匿N'`w8h;mQěu N0 N感0.3-0.6umX[(WNě;N(T8h-N0trbFgr NR0G-u~gvN[hQ N[tevNbb'`0
N
0/eSSOMycoplasmaN
0KQ!klSOKN傰 NwQX+T>u{|0G-感0.2-0.25umn0ru;mvg\vWuir0N坹W{Q%{QBl;RlNq=0
N
0cSSOChlamydiaNKQ!klSO
0KN傰nN'`;mQěu0G- uir  0
T{|S8h_uirNh0
Cyanobacteria+T }L>e'lWIQT\O(uvS8huir01uNbbRTRW+ vl鮒\
Nu麎  HQuir  0
_BdellovibrioěuNvQv^nR;mG-0uir2l0
4u yeast
^R{| TNUS_uir^\w{|0,{N  [{Q_uir  NN{|sQ曇R0;NR^(W+TOPx'`sX-N頀 w  0
N
0b_
`'Y\...
N
0b_
`'Y\
US0b_
`Y7h8^It
0uS
0Wvhb_0
'Y\(W1-5um X 5-30umKN傰
N
0g
1
0XS0.1-0.3um NB\1uu~bu2Z
0aZ
0}v
0{| 0(u[rvheliase 4xOWXeg6RYSu(SO0
2
0NS8hvTFO+T>u瑉01uN ghVRSRY;N/fnS
08T6e%{Q
0RirI{
3
0(Q+Tir
4
08hw8hB\USMO'Y8hT[rSON*NbN8hN8hY g-NSO0
5
0~|SO+T gNsrDNA0|T8TvO  RR坂S  0 g'l倗S'lbaX[(W匿;O0
sr  2um(|  YnDNA}SO0
6
08hSO(-N80S~|SO70S0
N
0=yr_
NFO'YNS0

0A~ke_Nu;m
N A~ke_
1
0`A~k
(1)k buddinggnfMe_z
(2)k fission\peku
(3)`b[P[b[P[
0cb[P[
0SWb[P[0
2
0 g'`A~k
NuP[TP[b[P[0z(M--8hM--peR
3
0b_bb[P[ag
%{QEQ:_^
S_)n
0n^25-3080%
zzlAm
S_vub[P[W
N u;mlife history(life cycle)
Чuir(Wte*N6k gN*NbNTb_b NTb_v*NSOMRT羢_bN*N g_v_s0
|W
1
0uk g%{QA~k0
2
0 gN*NUS PSOu;m PSO0
3
0 gN*N PSOu;mUS PSO0
4
0 gNNfsaUS PSO g'` PSO`0
u g N{|W
US PSOWkQb[ku
PSOW_{|u
NNfWRu
N
08^I8^(uu
uV:y
5 molds
^R{| TNrw邰8^cNSO NNu'YWP[[SOvw0
N
0b_
`Tg
%{QSO1uNhyphae)gb感3-10umNQb_bNSOmycelium
NY8hUSNOI{w
gYI{w
NSO%{QN8OeQW8T6e%{Q
luNTzz-Nubb_bA~khV[0yrSb__
XS100-250nmY+TсN(0
NT{|WwXbR
N
0A~kNu;m
N A~k
1
0`b[P[;Ne_yrp/fRcepe'Y0
b[b[P[Qub[P[
09h
0r4Y
Rub[P[Yub[P[gnfM
b[P[|b[P[Neb_b
SWb[P[wO wSO
2
0 g'`b[P[
uSb[P[MP[hV
0υuShV
cTb[P[T[
0_[MT
P[b[P[b_
`Y7h0P[[SO
0P[g
b[P[P[yr_
N u;m
cNb[P[_˙N[vuTgTb_bTNb[P[:Nbk0
N
0=
u~gr
0n}r
0Qr0
'Y{|_uir

0R{|
SOncNSO g'`A~kyr_R:N N~N{|沌~
0P[~
0P[~
0JS巌{|0
Ainsworth R{|
N
08^I8^(u
-N訵To(u'YWw
(N)(uw
1
0{|DnP[675P[4508^=hN10Y0
2
0%{Q}v+TAAY18杳Syr+R/fNSOAA0+T gY }
0{|Twir(0Lys+TN,0
3
0=hSU\=he(uNSOvyr+R/fΘsTyrkv{|0NSOre(ubQQr^屐b|6RbT0
R=hNN'YvTb[
0'Y
0
0I
0ё
0O3s^
0\O3
0
0
0(g3
04s4Y
0{0
eegnYN^P[聰/+g
0槁0#n
0RI{0
4
0^(u(uP[[SO
0NSO0\OsTT
0sT
0neI{0
N o(uw
1
0DnP[345P[28vQ[110
2
0^(u g20Y*Neb;NbLv
0b0R:NbLvir(;N/fYYY
0x'`_Y
0YPSK
0/Y
0*sY
0upYI{0
Wuir\
w
0
0>e~
w8h
0S8h:S+R
6 virus
^Wu

ir g:S+RNWyr_
1
0b_SOASR_\ 5u\
2
0~gRP[uir1u8hxT}vbNN+TN{|W8hx
3
0N'`;mQěu g[;NNN'`rvOV[;N Y6R
4
0碟u } NOeab }Oea0
i/f>f_v~gN'`;mQěu(W;mYwQN,Sf['YRP[yr_N楛eQ[;NwQ gu}Tyr_0
9hnc[;N NTbR:N|YRir
0 iir
0fk
0I{0
v8hxNW_N NT0
N
0b_
`
0gTSf[b
1
0'Y\nm, Y(W100nm杳S0VGr
2
0|P[ virion (|
bR8hx--8hcore 8hc荀
}v--c裀apsid nucleocapsid
c蒼 capsomere
S{|b}v envelope
|P[O6RTMV
^bSOz
RxW Oir(
}vgbY茿bMQ8hxvvQ[[4xOWQ[ayr_'`Q[bS'`0
3
0lVSO phageY:NLrg!j_V04Y萺N^bSO>\萺N0
4
0SOb_
`SmSO
0lVe
N
0A~k'`lVSO:NO

\,geRN0RNbvQ