萨特自由观的实质、困境及反思
摘要
萨特的自由观“始于意识，终于主体性”。他将胡塞尔的“意识现象学”与海德格尔的“此在生存论”结合起来，形成了其独具特色的“人学现象学”，在本体论上证明了人的存在特征——绝对自由。萨特沿着胡塞尔之路在意识中将现象学进行还原到底，其绝对自由观在本体论上正是奠基于还原后的彻底透明的“反思前的我思”之上，系统地揭示了人在本体论上的彻底存在状态就是自由，萨特从纯粹意识出发，在本体论上揭示自由、意识、虚无、自为、选择实则逻辑同构,其绝对自由在现象学本体论上是自洽的，且实质上就是一种意识自由，生成于意识（虚无）与存在、自为与自在的关系之中——自由就是通过对自为所是的存在（过去）和自为身处其中的存在（处境）的双重虚无化而实现。但其从意识出发的自由在本体论上不可避免地遭遇了他人的限制，他人与我是一种存在与存在关系，他人完全外在于我的意识，是另一个“自为”，自为之间的“交互超越性”所造成的冲突关系对萨特的绝对自由形成了一种本体论上的威胁。
当萨特的绝对自由从现象学中“绽出”，意味其绝对自由失去了所有的预设前提，萨特坚持把自由理解为人的绝对自主性，理解为不依赖于上帝与权威指引的自由选择及其责任担当，一切价值和道德的基础都是从人的自由存在中所构筑和赋予。萨特将自由视为具有绝对至上的意义，将人的主观能动性强调到极致，这虽然极大地彰显了人的尊严，给予人无限可能性，然而这种绝对自由观是一种非常极端的主体主义，这种绝对自由极易导致极端的个体主义的后果，所以萨特始终无法有效协调好绝对自由与他人的关系问题，这也是导致他后期对此进行反思并发生思想转向的一个根本原因，终归，无道德前提的主体性哲学是萨特自由观的“原罪”。
关键词:意识；虚无；自由；存在
The Essence,Predicament and Reflection of Sartre's
View of Freedom
Abstract
Sartre's view of freedom"begins with consciousness and ends with subjectivity". He is going to husserl's phenomenology"consciousness"and heidegger's theory of "the survival",has formed its unique"phenomenology",proved the existence of the people in the ontological characteristics-absolutely free.Sartre along the road in the heart of the consciousness of husserl phenomenology to restore to the end,the absolute freedom is based on ontology in the reduction of completely transparent "reflection before I think",very finely reveals the man on the ontological existence state is completely free,Sartre from pure awareness,on the ontology reveal freedom and consciousness,nothingness,productive,choose actually logical isomorphism,the absolute freedom on the phenomenological ontology is extremely self consistent,and is essentially a kind of sense of freedom,(void)generated in consciousness and existence,productive relationship with comfortable,freedom is based on the yes existence(the past)and in existence(situation)of a double nothing to achieve.But its starting from the consciousness of freedom on the ontological inevitably encountered the limit of others,others is a kind of existence and relationship between with me, others completely outside my consciousness,is another"b","transcendence" interaction between themselves the conflicts caused by the relationship of Sartre's absolute freedom is a kind of ontological constraints.
When Sartre's absolute freedom from phenomenology"conceits,"means that the absolute freedom lost all the precondition,Sartre,to maintain the freedom to understand human's autonomy,as does not depend on god's freedom of choice and responsibility and authority to guide bear,the foundation of all values and moral is from man's free existence in the constructing and giving.Sutter will be free as it is absolute supremacy,the person's subjective initiative emphasized to the extreme,it greatly highlights the human dignity,the absolute freedom is,however,the main body of a kind of very extreme,this kind of absolute freedom will lead to consequences of extreme individualism,so Sartre always cannot effectively deal with the problem of the relationship between the absolute freedom and others,this is also lead to his later