初三英语语法复习（二）
Pronouns代词
中考热点：
1、考查代词的作用，格的变化及单复数形式；
2、考查人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词用法；
3、考查不定代词之间语法特征的差异。
中考知识点：
（一）人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
主格宾格所有格反身代词
形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词
单数I me my my myself
you your yourself
he him his his himself
she her her herself
it its itself
复数we us our our ourselves
you you your yourselves
they them their themselves
注意：①人称代词并列式，顺序“我，你，他→you, he , I 我们，你们，他们→we, you ,they”
②物主代词不可与a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which 等词一起前
置，修饰一个名词，必须用双重所有格。结构为a/an/this/that +名词+of+ 名词性物主代词。e.g. a friend of mine =one of my friends
③反身代词作宾语或作主语的同位语
e.g. Take care of yoursel
f.
He himself was a doctor.
（二）指示代词
单数this/that 回答时用it 来代替，复数these/those回答时用they来代替
（三）疑问代词
疑问代词有who, whom, whose, what, which,
疑问副词when, how, where, why。
（四）不定代词
●something, anything, nothing, everything
somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody,
someone, anyone, no one , everyone
不定代词+形容词
What else （疑问代词+else）
Something else （不定代词+else）
●some “一些”用在肯定句，或一般疑问句中表示希望对方给予肯定答复；
any “一些”用于否定句和疑问句中
● a few/ few a little /little
●Many/ much / a lot of / lots of
●a nother “不定数目中泛指又一个，再一个”
one….another… “一个….另一个”（泛指）
one…the other “一个….另一个”（总共两个）
some…..others “一些…另一些…”（有很多，泛指）
some….th e others /the rest “一些…其余的…” （有很多，特指）
●both (pron.) “两者都是”both of +名词（复数）/代词+谓语（复数）
(a.)“两者都是” both +名词（复数）+谓语（复数）
e.g. Both of my children are fair haired.
There are tall buildings on both sides of the street.
●neither (pron.) “两者都不” neither of +两个人或物的复数名词或代词+谓语（单数）
(a.) “两者都不”neither +不带冠词/物主代词/指示代词的单数名词+谓语（单数）
e.g. Neither of the stories was true.
e.g. Neither film is exciting.
●all 三个或三个以上都是+谓语（复数）
●either (pron.) “（两者之中）任一、任何一个”, 在句中可作主语+谓语(单数）
(a.)作定语时+单数名词
e.g. Either (of the books) is popular with the students.
（两本书）随便哪一本都受到同学们的欢迎。
●each/every
each (a.) “每一, 各自”强调个别，+名词（单数）+谓语（单数）
(pron.) “每一, 各自”强调个别，+ of 短语
every (a.) “每个”，强调整体，有“全部”的意思，+名词（单数）+谓语（单数）
e.g. Every student likes this film. = Each student likes this film.
Each of them has his own seat.
●none / no one
none = nobody 可以指人，也可以指物。
①指人时+of 短语或不加
②none代替可数名词作主语时，+谓语（单数/复数）
③none代替不可数名词作主语时，+谓语（单数）
no one 只能指人，其后不能加of 短语，语气比none强些。
e.g. None is (are) so foolish.
None of us are (is) fond of this film.
●one 可以代替人也可以代替物，复数用ones
巩固练习
I. 选择填空
1. Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running; some like swimming; ______like ball games. (2001)
A ) the others
B ) others
C ) the other D) other
2. Miss Brown will teach English next term. (2002)
A us B. we C our D. ours
3. There are many new high-rises on side of Huaihai Road. What a magnificent view! (2002)
A. either
B. neither C both D. all
4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than ＿＿. (2003)
A ) they B)them C)themselves D)theirs
5. Merry Christmas, George! Here is a card for , with best wishes.(2004)
A. you… our
B. us ... your
C. you… your
D. us ... our
6. Not long ago, our country sent up a rocket with two small satellites ( 卫星) into space. One weighed 204 kilos and
________, 25 kilos. (2004)
A. another
B. other
C. others
D. the other
7. When Yang Liwei came back from space, many reporters interviewed ________ and got some first-hand information.
(2005)
A) he B) him C) his D) himself
8. Liu Xiang and Yao Ming are world-famous sports stars. ____ of them have set a good example to us. (2005)
A) All B) Neither C) Both D) None
9. Zhang Yining is ____favourite table tennis players. (2006)
A)I B)me C)my D)mine
10. Did Mary visit that old town by ________ last week? （2007）
A) her B) she C) hers D) herself
11. “Have ________ try, you are so close to the answer,” the teacher said to Eric. （2007）
A) the other B) one another C) other D) another
12. Please keep the park clean when you enjoy _____ there. (2007)
A. your
B. you
C. yours
D. yourselves
13. David talked with a friend of _______ on the Internet for a long time yesterday. (2008)
A) he B) his C) him D) himself
14. I knocked on the door several times but______ answered, so I left. (2008)
A) somebody B) nobody C) anybody D) everybody
15. The foreign visitors asked ____ lots of questions about Chinese culture during the tour. (2009)
A. I
B. my
C. me
D. mine
16. ____ of these two hats looks good on my daughter. Do you have another one? (2009)
A. Both
B. All
C. Neither
D. None
17. _________ of the children can get some presents that day. (2009)
A. Every
B. Each
C. Everyone
D. Nobody
18. The American student could speak only ____ Chinese, but he managed to communicate with us. (09)
A.few
B. little
C. a few
D. a little
19. The volunteers love ____students in that small village in the west of China. (2010)
A)they B)them C)their D)themselves
20. New Zealand has two islands. One is North Island and ____is South Island.(2010)
A)another B)the other C)other D)the others
21. I have two children, and ___ of them are working in the west of China. (11)
A) all B) both C) neither D) either
22. We have decided to try ________ best to raise more money for the local charity. (12)
A) us B) our C) we D) ours
23. I can't connect my computer to the Intemet. There must be ______ wrong with it.(12)
A) something B) everything C) anything D) nothing
24. My parents showed__________ some old pictures that brought back sweet memories．(13)
A)I B)me C)my D)mine
25. __________ is waiting for you at the gate. He wants to say thanks to you. (13)
A)Somebody B)Anybody C)Everybody D)Nobody
26. Do you see that good-looking young man? _____ is a famous Korean film star.(14)
A) He B) His C) Him D) Himself
27. Old Mr. Black lives happily with his three dogs. _____________ of them are part of his family.(14)
A) Both B) All C) None D) Neither
28. Nowadays I can choose online courses and study by_____? (15)
A) I B) me C) my D) myself
29. The retired couple have decided to go to college. It’s time for ____ to begin a new life. (16)
A. they
B. them
C. their
D. theirs
30. The light went out suddenly. It was very dark and ____ could be seen clearly. (16)
A. anything
B. something
C. nothing
D. everything
24. _____ went to see a film last night.
A) I and he B) I and him C) He and I D) He and me
25. Sorry, I can’t go to the cinema with you. I have else to do this evening.
A) anything B) nothing C) everything D) something
26. The girl has some balloons in her hand. One is red, ______ are yellow.
A) others B) another C) the other D) the rest
27. You've got so many books. Could you lend me _______ to read?
A. some
B. any
C. something
D. anything
28. --Which camera do you like better, the home-made or the imported?
--______ .The home-made is too small while the imported is too expensive.
A) Both B) All C) None D) Neither
29. I have bought many oranges. You can take_______if you like to.
A) little B) a little C) a few D) few
30. I’m sure he has got the new boo, because he often spends quite ____ money on books.
A. few
B. a few
C. little
D. a little
31. The small village is too far away. ____ people have been there.
A. A few
B. A little
C. Few
D. Little
32. I happened to meet a friend of ________ in the bookstore yesterday afternoon.崇明县33题
A) I B) me C) my D) mine
33. ---Tom, Mary can’t open the box. Can you give ________a helping hand?奉贤区34题
A) she B) her C) hers D) herself
34. Computers are super calculators, we usually call ________ electronic brains.浦东新区32题
A) their B) theirs C) them D) themselves
35. This is n ot Kitty’s dictionary. ________ has an orange cover.普陀区33题
A) She B) Her C) Herself D) Hers
36. Many people post photos of ______ on Facebook. They get to know each other on Facebook.杨浦区35题
A) them B) theirs C) themselves D) ourselves
37. --Have you brought ________ with you? We won’t have time to come back.
--Don’t worry. All the things we need are here, in this big bag.长宁区40题
A. something
B. anything
C. nothing
D. everything
38. We can do nothing about yesterday. When one door closes, _________ door opens.黄浦区33题
A) another B) other C) others D) the others
39. – Which place do you prefer to live in, a city or a countryside?
–I don’t care. ______ is fine.闵行区35题
A) Either B) Neither C) All D) None
40. The performance of Class A students is much better than ______ of Class B students.杨浦区32题
A) one B) that C) those D) this
41. We should never be satisfied with ______ book knowledge. We also need practical experience.杨浦区33题
A) few B) little C) a few D) a little
42. There has been ________ news about the Nuclear Security Summit (核安全峰会) recently.（普陀区34题）
A) a few B) many C) much D) several
43. You needn’t tell me about this. ________ sent me a message about it three days a go.(虹口区34题）
A) No one B) Anyone C) Someone D) Everyone
44. A friend is _______ that we can depend on when we are in trouble. （徐汇区46题）
A) nobody B) somebody C) everybody D) anybody
45. The twins and their mother were very tired, but ________ of them would stop for a rest.（松江区37题）
A) both B) neither C) none D) either
46. There are no empty seats on this flight, but there are available on the next one.
A) few B) a few C) little D) a little
II. 词性转换
1. Don’t worry about your son. He is old enough to be independent and live by ___. (he) (11)
2.Whose school uniform is that on the chair, yours or _______? (I) (10)
3. I think the girl is old enough to tie up her shoes by __________. (her) (09)
4. Mandy has got a lovely dog. _____ name is Oliver. (It) (08)
5. “Would you tell _________ about your trip to Russia?” the children asked Uncle Joe. (we)
6. The boy in the picture is Jack _________. But he doesn’t know it.(he)
代词详解+例句 一、单项选择代词 1．_______ in the regulations that you shouldn’t tell other people the password of your e-mail account. A．As is required B．It is required C．It requires D．What is required 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查主语从句。句意：根据规定，你不应该告诉别人你电子邮件账户的密码。固定句式：It is required that---“据要求，根据规定”，it在句中作形式主语，真正的主语是后面that引导的主语从句。故选B。 2．----Which of these resorts do you like best? ----______. They are both hot and crowded. A．Either B．Nothing C．Neither D．None 【答案】D 【解析】 考查情景交际和不定代词。“这些旅游胜地你最喜欢哪个？”“一个也不喜欢。他们既炎热又拥挤。”答语中的both ...and修饰的是hot和crowded，不要误以为是两者。根据问句中的these可知，是三者以上，排除A、C；nothing“什么也没有”；none“一个也没有”。故选D。 3．----Will $ 1,000 _______ the cost of the trip? ----I’m afraid not. Perhaps I need _______ $500. A．pay; another B．charge; more C．cover; another D．afford; more 【答案】C 【解析】 句意“1000美元够旅行的费用吗？”“恐怕不够，也许还需要500美元。”charge“收费”；cover“包括”；afford“买得起”。根据句意可知，用cover；在原来的基础上再多一些用“another+数词”或“数词+more”表示，这里用another。故选C。 4．The restaurant is full, so we have to look for ______ one. A．other B．the other C．the second D．another 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：句意：这个饭店满了，我们得再找一家。A. other其他的；B. the other二者中的另一个；C. the second第二个；D. another三者以上的另一个。故选D。
一、常见借代词语： 1、桑梓：家乡 2、桃李：学生 3、社稷、轩辕：国家 4、南冠：囚犯 5、同窗：同学 6、烽烟：战争 7、巾帼：妇女 8、丝竹：音乐 9、须眉：男子 10、婵娟、嫦娥： 月亮11、手足：兄弟 12、汗青：史册13、伉俪：夫妻 14、白丁、布衣： 百姓15、伛偻，黄发：老人 16、桑麻：农事17、提携，垂髫：小孩 18、三尺：法律19、膝下：父母 20、华盖：运气21、函、简、笺、鸿雁、札：书信 22、庙堂：朝廷 二、作者作品： 1、唐宋八大家：韩愈、柳宗元、欧阳修、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、王安石、曾巩 2、并称“韩柳”的是韩愈和柳宗元，他们是唐朝古文运动的倡导者。 3、一门父子三词客：苏洵（老苏）、苏轼（大苏）、苏辙（小苏）。
4、豪放派词人：苏轼、辛弃疾，并称“苏辛”；婉约派词人：李清照（女词人） 5、李杜：李白、杜甫。小李杜：李商隐、杜牧。 6、屈原：我国最早的伟大诗人，他创造了“楚辞”这一新诗体，开创了我国诗歌浪漫主义风格。 7、孔子名丘，字仲尼，春秋时鲁国人，他是儒家学派的创始人，被称为“孔圣人”，孟子被称为“亚圣”，两人并称为“孔孟”。 8、苏轼称赞王维“诗中有画，画中有诗。” 9、杜甫是唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，其诗广泛深刻的反映社会现实，被称为“诗史”，杜甫也因此被尊为“诗圣”，有著名的“三吏”：《潼关吏》、《石壕吏》、《新安吏》；“三别”：《新婚别》、《垂老别》、《无家别》。 10、我国第一部纪传体通史是《史记》（又称《太史公书》），作者是汉朝的司马迁，鲁迅称《史记》为“史家之绝唱，无韵之《离骚》”，有：12本纪、30世家、70列传、10表、8书，共130篇。 11、“四史”：《史记》、《汉书》、《后汉书》、《三国志》。 12、元曲四大家：关汉卿、郑光祖、白朴、马致远。 13、《聊斋志异》是我国第一部优秀文言短篇小说集，作者是清代著名小说家蒲松龄。“聊斋”是他的书屋名，“志”是记叙，“异”是奇怪的事情。 14、书法四大家：颜真卿、柳公权、欧阳询、赵孟（fǔ） 15、战国时期百家争鸣主要流派及代表：
一，按要求补全表格 二，按要求写单词 1) this (复数)________ 2) him (复数)_______________ 3) your (宾格)_______________ 4) us (名词性物主代词)________________ 5) those (单数) _______________ 6) they（形容词性物主代词）_______________ 7) my (名词性物主代词)____________ 8) she （形容词性物主代词）_________________ 9) our （人称代词主格）____________ 10) his （宾格）________________ 三，用适当的人称代词填空 1）______ is ten o’clock. ______ should go to bed, Sue. 2）My father is a policeman and ______ has a gun. 3）Where are my keys? I can’t find______. 4）The prince walked up to Cinderella and asked ______ for a dance. 5）______ is very cold here in winter. 6）______ am Jim Green. Y ou can call______ Jim. 7）Uncle Joe is a good storyteller. We all like______ very much. 8）Dad bought ______ a computer. We were very happy. 9）Miss White is our teacher. ______ teaches ______ English. 10）H enry and Dick are friends. ______ often play baseball together. 四，用适当的物主代词填空： 1）Fred is a friend of ______. We often invite him to dinner. 2）We grow an apple tree in front of ______ house. 3）The young couple are too busy to look after ______ baby. 4）Tom never wears a watch, so this watch can’t be_____. 5）I’m a student. This is ______ schoolbag. 6）Paul is my friend. Paul is a friend of ______. 7）Mrs Black doesn’t let______ children play in the street. 8）Look at the dog. ______ tail is brown. 9）-Is this spoon ______, Nina? -No, it is Judy’s. 10) Boys and girls, open______ books and turn to Page 26. 五，选择填空：
A . Neither 【答案】C B . None C. Any D . Either 【解析】 考查代词：A . Neither 两者都不，B . None 三者以上都不，C. Any 三者任何一个, D . Either 两者任何一个，从后面的 all 看出路是三条以上，句意是: 子？-你喜欢走哪条就走哪条，距离上都是一样的。选 --你想走哪条路去村 Co 4. ----Which of these resorts do you like best? —— ____ . They are both hot and crowded. A . Either B . Nothing C. Neither 【答案】D D . None 【解析】 考查情景交际和不定代词。 这些旅游胜地你最喜欢哪个？ ” 一个也不喜欢。他们既炎热又 拥挤。"答语中的both ...and 修饰的是hot 和crowded ，不要误以为是两者。根据问句中的 these 可知，是三者以上，排除 A 、C ； nothing 什么也没有”；none 一个也没有”。故选 Do 5. - Which of the two drivers is to blame for the accident? .It ' s the cyclist 's fault. 代词详解+例句 一、单项选择代词 1. — Have Max and Tina sold out all the En glish dict ion aries? —Yes, comp letely. _____ is left. A. None C. No one 【答案】A 【解析】 考查代词及状语从句。句中 it 作形式宾语，真正宾语为 to leave things where you can find them easily ; where 引导地点状语从句，选 3. -Which of the ways should I take to the village? -.way as you pl ease. All seem to be equal in dista nee . B . Nothing D . Neither who 。 none 具体指什么 考查代词。no one 只能指人，但不具体指什么人，一般用来回答 how many 。句意：卖完所有的英语字典了吗？是的，全部卖完了, 人或物，一般用来回答 没有一本剩下来。故选 A 。 2. You should make a rule to leave things you can find them easily. A . it; where 【答案】A B . it; then C. that; there D . this; when A 。
中国文化知识---常见借代词语 1、桑梓：家乡 2、桃李：学生 3、社稷、轩辕：国家 4、南冠：囚犯 5、同窗：同学 6、烽烟：战争 7、巾帼：妇女 8、丝竹：音乐 9、须眉：男子 10、婵娟、嫦娥：月亮 11、手足：兄弟 12、汗青：史册 13、伉俪：夫妻 14、白丁、布衣：百姓 15、伛偻，黄发：老人 16、桑麻：农事 17、提携，垂髫：小孩 18、三尺：法律 19、膝下：父母 20、华盖：运气 21、函、简、笺、鸿雁、札：书信 22、庙堂：朝廷
中国文化知识---作者作品 1、唐宋八大家：韩愈、柳宗元、欧阳修、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、王安石、曾巩 2、并称“韩柳”的是韩愈和柳宗元，他们是唐朝古文运动的倡导者。 3、一门父子三词客：苏洵（老苏）、苏轼（大苏）、苏辙（小苏）。 4、豪放派词人：苏轼、辛弃疾，并称“苏辛”；婉约派词人：李清照（女词人） 5、李杜：李白、杜甫。小李杜：李商隐、杜牧。 6、屈原：我国最早的伟大诗人，他创造了“楚辞”这一新诗体，开创了我国诗歌浪漫主义风格。 7、孔子名丘，字仲尼，春秋时鲁国人，他是儒家学派的创始人，被称为“孔圣人”，孟子被称为“亚圣”，两人并称为“孔孟”。 8、苏轼称赞王维“诗中有画，画中有诗。” 9、杜甫是唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，其诗广泛深刻的反映社会现实，被称为“诗史”，杜甫也因此被尊为“诗圣”，有著名的“三吏”：《潼关吏》、《石壕吏》、《新安吏》；“三别”：《新婚别》、《垂老别》、《无家别》。 10、我国第一部纪传体通史是《史记》（又称《太史公书》），作者是汉朝的司马迁，鲁迅称《史记》为“史家之绝唱，无韵之《离骚》”，有：12本纪、30世家、70列传、10表、8书，共130篇。 11、“四史”：《史记》、《汉书》、《后汉书》、《三国志》。 12、元曲四大家：关汉卿、郑光祖、白朴、马致远。 13、《聊斋志异》是我国第一部优秀文言短篇小说集，作者是清代著名小说家蒲松龄。“聊斋”是他的书屋名，“志”是记叙，“异”是奇怪的事情。 14、书法四大家：颜真卿、柳公权、欧阳询、赵孟（fǔ） 15、战国时期百家争鸣主要流派及代表： 儒家：孔子孟子 法家：韩非子 道家：庄子、列子 墨家：墨子 16、南宋四大家：陆游、杨万里、范成大、尤袤 17、边塞诗人：高适、岑参、王昌龄
六、不定代词 不定代词包括all，some，any，both，（a）few，many，each，either，neither，（a）little，much，another，other，none，every，no，复合不定代词。 其中（1）all，some，any用作形容词，其后跟不可数名词或复数可数名词。用作代词，可单独用，也可跟“of+不可数名词或复数可数名词”。 （2）both，（a）few，many用作形容词，其后跟复数可数名词。用作代词，其后可跟“of+复数可数名词”，也可单用。 （3）each，either，neither用作形容词，其后跟单数可数名词。用作代词，其后可跟“of+复数名词”，也可单用。 （4）（a）little，much用作形容词，其后跟不可数名词，也可单用。 （5）another，other用作形容词，前者与单数可数名词连用，而后者可跟单数可数名词或复数名词，两者都可与“数字+复数可数名词”或one连用。 （6）none只用作代词，代替可数或不可数名词，其后可用“of+复数可数名词”或不可数名词。 （7）every，no只用作形容词，作定语。 （8）复合不定代词：这类代词后通常不跟of短语，但其后可跟形容词作后置定语。 由-body和-one构成的复合代词之后可跟else，而且可用所有格（-’s）形式。 1. some，any （1）表示“一些”时，some与any既可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词。一般来说，some常用于肯定句中，而any常用于否定句和疑问句中。 例：He asked for tea，so I gave him some. 他要茶，因此我给了他一些。 There is not any water in the bottle. 瓶子里面没有一点水。 Is there any water in the bottle？ 瓶子里面有水吗？ （2）some用于疑问句时，表建议、请求、邀请等，并希望得到对方的肯定回答。 例：Would you buy me some books when you pass the bookshop？ 路过书店的时候给我买一些书好吗？ Can I have some coffee with sugar？ 我能要加糖的咖啡吗？
【英语】代词详解+例句 一、单项选择代词 1．If I have ever feared death before, it was ______ compared to how I felt as the roller coaster that moved faster and faster. A．anything B．something C．nothing D．everything 【答案】C 【解析】 考查代词。A. anything任何事；B. something某事；C. nothing无事；D. everything每件事，一切。句意：如果我以前曾经害怕过死亡，那没有什么能与我的感觉相比，我感觉就像过山车一样，移动得越来越快。此处指没有什么能比，故选C. 2．---- “Lady GaGa” is a real legend! ---- Absolutely. She is a big hit in the sales of her albums. In addition, _______ of the singers around the world can match her in unique taste in haircuts and clothes. A．nothing B．none C．nobody D．no one 【答案】B 【解析】 世界上所有的歌手在发型和穿着的独特品位上不能与她相比，none三者以上都不，nothing常回答what ,nobody no one常回答who。 3．--Do you know the 3G mobile phone will come into the market soon? --Really? It is said to be sup erior ____any other model. I can’t wait to buy ____. A．to ; one B．than; one C．to ; it D．than; it 【答案】A 【解析】 短语搭配be superior to 比…高级；one相当于a phone。“你知道吗3G手机很快会进入市场”“真的吗？据说比其他类型的手机高级我迫不及待的想买一部”。选A 4．----Which of these resorts do you like best? ----______. They are both hot and crowded. A．Either B．Nothing C．Neither D．None 【答案】D 【解析】 考查情景交际和不定代词。“这些旅游胜地你最喜欢哪个？”“一个也不喜欢。他们既炎热又拥挤。”答语中的both ...and修饰的是hot和crowded，不要误以为是两者。根据问句中的these可知，是三者以上，排除A、C；nothing“什么也没有”；none“一个也没有”。故选D。 5．----Will $ 1,000 _______ the cost of the trip?
《古代汉语》复习资料 一、判断句、被动句和句法成分的省略 （一）汉语判断句的基本句式：1、用“者”、“也”表示判断。（1）主语＋谓语＋也：制，岩邑也。（2）主语＋者＋谓语＋也：兵者，凶器也。（3）主语+者+谓语：虎者，戾虫。（4）主语＋谓语：农，天下之本。2、主语＋副词＋谓语＋也：此诚危机存亡之秋也。3、用系词的判断句。（1）用“为”做系词的判断句：民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。（2）用“是”的判断句韩是魏之县。（3）“惟”做系词的判断句：万邦黎献，共惟帝臣。4否定性系词“非”子非吾友也。 ＊判断句的表达功能：（1）表示类属关系：陈胜者，阳城人也。（2）表示等同关系：梁父即楚将项燕。（3）表示比喻：曹公，豺虎也。（4）表达造成某种结果的原因。 （二）被动句：1、语义上表被动：谓语动词如果是表示人的动作，而主语是一个非指人的名词：蔓草犹不可除。 2、谓语是及物动词：文王拘，屈原放逐。 3、被动句的类型：（1）“于”字句：及物动词＋于＋名词（施事）内惑于郑袖，外欺于张仪。“乎”与于语法结构相同：志乎古，必遗乎今。（2）“为”字句：①为＋动词：父母宗族，皆为被戮。②为＋施事＋动词：身死人手，为天下笑着，何也？③为＋施事＋所＋动词：先发制人，后发为人所制。（3）“见”字句：①见＋及物动词：人皆以见侮为辱。②见＋及物动词＋于＋名词（施事）吾常见笑于大方之家。③见的用法：慈父见背：离我而去。见还：还我；见录：记挂我；见用：举荐我；见恕：恕我。（4）“被”字句：①被：遭受，蒙受，覆着：下施万民，万民被其利。②被后出现及物动词有虚化可能。③被＋及物动词：信而见疑，忠而被谤，能无怨乎？④被介绍实施者成了介词，被＋施事＋动词：弥衡被魏武谪为鼓吏。 （三）宾语前置（宾语放在动词前）：1、疑问代词作宾语一般放在动词前：吾谁欺，欺天乎。2、疑问代词作介词也要宾语前置：谚曰：“谁为为之，孰念听之”3、“为、以、与”都是介词，它们的宾语都是疑问代词，宾语都要前置。只有：“子夏云何”一例后置。4、如何是如之何的紧缩，不是宾语后置。“妻如何？非媒不娶。”在否定句里（有否定词不、莫、未、无）的否定句中，指示代词或人称代词作宾语时一般前置：臣未之闻也。5、否定代词宾语前置要求不严格：知我者，谓我心忧；不知我者，谓我何求？ （四）用代词复指的宾语前置（动宾）：1、常用复指的宾语代词有“之”和“是”：吾以子为异之同，曾由与求之问。我周之东迁，晋郑是依。2、惟＋宾语＋是（之）＋动词：惟余马首是瞻——惟瞻余马首。3、不需要语法条件的前置：（1）代词“是”作宾语时有时不用复指就可以至于动词之前。昭王南征而北复，寡人是问。（2）介词用代词之复指，也可以提到介词的前面：非夫人之为恸而谁为？ （五）谓语前置：1、表示疑问的句子：谁与，哭者？ 2、表示感叹的句子：贤哉，回也！ （六）定语后置：1、中心语＋之＋后置定语：蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强。－蚓无利爪牙之，强筋骨之。2、中心语＋定语＋者：求人可使报秦者。3、中心语＋之（有而其）＋定语＋者：马之千里者。4、中心语＋定语：吏二传一人旨王。 （七）句法成分的省略：主语的省略、主语中心语的省略、宾语省略。 1、主语的省略：(1)承上省略：在复句中第一分句出现了主语，如果后几个分句的主语与第一分句相同，那么后几个分句的主语就可以省略。如：邴夏曰：“射其御者，()君子也。”(2)蒙下省略：前几个分句的主语蒙最后一分句的主语而省。如：七月()在野，八月()在宇，九月()在户，十月蟋蟀入我床下。 2、宾语的省略：这在古代汉语里是常见的有：(1)宾语表达的事物在前文已经谈到，宾语就可以省略。如：尉剑挺，广起，夺()而杀尉。(2)介词的宾语也可以省略。如：(项伯)欲呼张良与()俱去。 二、词类的活用 1、词类的活用：有些词可以按照一定的表达习惯而灵活运用，在句子中临时改变它的词性和基本功能，这种现象就叫作词类活用。如“从左右，皆肘之”。句中的“肘”是名词，在此临时用作动词，意为“用肘撞”。 2、动词的活用：(1)不及物动词的使动用法：不及物动词本来不带宾语，如果带上宾语时，一般是用作使动，表示主语使宾语发生该动词所表示的动作或行为。如：“庄公寤生，惊姜氏。”“惊”意为“使……惊”。 (2)及物动词的使动用法：这种情况较为少见。及物动词本来就可带宾语，在形式上和用作使动没有区别，区别只在意义上。如“沛公旦日从百余骑来见项王。”中的“从”只能是“使……跟从”。 4、形容词的活用：(1)形容词用作一般动词，如果形容词在叙述句里充当谓语，就是活用为动词。如：“益烈山泽而焚之。”“烈”形容大火，这里是“放大火烧”。(2)形容词的使动用法：是指使它所带的宾语具有该形容词所表示的性质或状态。如“其达士，洁其居，美其服，饱其食。”“洁”“美”“饱”原是形容词，在句中都
最新代词详解+例句 一、单项选择代词 1．Of those who are married,in more than 80 percent of cases,the wives' education background is equal or higher than of their husbands. A．it B．one C．that D．the one 【答案】C 【解析】 考查代词。句意：在已婚者中，80%以上的妻子受教育程度等于或高于丈夫。此处是代词that代替“education background”，that代指同类但不是同一个的事物，即同类异物。it是替代前面提到的同一事物。one是泛指，代替单数可数名词；the one是替代与前面提到的事物同一类的事物，代替单数可数名词，education background 是抽象名词，不能用the one 替代。故选C。 2．—Is your neighbor Mr. King a man with good manners? —Actually, he is ________ but polite. And nobody likes to talk to him. A．nothing B．something C．everything D．anything 【答案】D 【解析】 本题考查短语辨析。nothing but 只不过，只有；anything but：根本不是.... 决不...，没有everything but；something but用法。句意：——你的邻居Mr. King是一个有礼貌的人吗？——事实上，他根本不礼貌，没人喜欢同他说话. 3．The manager was very angry, for he had sent his business partner two thousand machines yesterday, half of _________ unqualified. A．them B．what C．which D．whom 【答案】A 【解析】 本题考查独立主格结构。句意：经理很生气，因为昨天他给他的生意伙伴寄去了2000台机器，其中一半不合格。题中的unqualified为形容词。此题容易误选C。C项前缺少谓语动词。 4．—There is still a copy of the book in the library．Will you go and borrow _____? —No．I’d rather buy ______ in the bookstore． A．one; one B．one; it C．it; one D．it; it 【答案】C 【解析】 指代物体时，one指代同名异物，it指代同名同物，根据题意选C。你要去买它吗？- 不，我宁愿去书店买一个。
--- May I use your mobile phone? There is wrong with mine. --- Sure. A. anything B. nothing C. everything D. something --________ toy is it on the floor? --It is Lily’s. A. Who B. Whom C. Whose D. What --________ was late for school today? --It is ________, sir, I am sorry. A. Who, me B. Whom, I C. Whose, my D. What, mine --Is there ________ in the fridge? --No, we should go and buy some. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything --Look, ________ is in the sky? --A bird. A. How B. What C. Who D. Whom --My house is new and ________ is old. What about ________? --It is new too. A. your, his B. yours, his C. you, him D. yours, him ________ is kind of you to help me with my English. A. It B. This C. That D. There --Mothers can do ________ for their children. --I think so. Our mothers are great. A. everything B. anything C. nothing D. something --Is there ________ in the classroom? --No. A. anyone B. someone C. no one D. none ________ people go to the concert for jazz, but ________ people could understand that music. A. Many, few B. Much, a few C. Many, a few D. Much, few --Tell ________ to bring back ________ English notebook. --OK. A. he, me B. him, mine C. him, my D. his, my --Jessica, what do you think ________ dress on ________? --Well, perfect. A. mine, me B. my, mine C. I, mine D. my, me
文学常识：常见借代词语 导读：常见借代词语 杏坛：本是孔子聚徒讲学的地方，在今山东省曲阜孔庙大成殿前，因此就以杏坛称代教育届。 杏林：相传三国时吴国董奉为人治病不受钱，只求重病愈者为之种杏五株，轻者一株，数年后蔚然成林。后常以杏林称代医学界。 社稷：社，土地神;稷，谷神。因土地和粮食是立国的根本，故用作国家的代称。 朱门：红漆的大门。古时王侯贵族经帝王赏赐方可在宅门上加朱漆，故以朱门代指贵族宅第。 桑梓：古时住宅旁常栽桑树、梓树，因用桑梓称代家乡。 干戈：干，盾牌;戈，戟。干戈，是古代作战时常用的武器，因用以泛指战争。 纨绔：是指用白色细绢裁制的套裤，这是古代富家贵族子弟所穿的衣服，常用以称富贵子弟。 汗青：古代在竹简上书写，为了容易写字和避免虫蛀，先用火烤竹简，使水分蒸发，称为汗青。引申为书册、史册。 丝竹：因琴瑟、箫管等乐器多用丝竹所制，后成为音乐的代称。 缙绅：缙，插;绅，束腰的大带。垂绅插笏是旧时官宦的装束，故指有官职或做过官的人。 三尺：代法律。因古代法律写在三尺长的.竹简上，叫三尺法。
鸿雁：鸟名，有迁徙的性能，古代传说能传递书信，因借指书信。 杜康：相传是古代最初造酒的人，后作为酒的代称。 布衣：古时平民穿的麻布衣服，后指平民百姓。 巾帼：古代妇女的头巾和发饰，后用作妇女的代称。 须眉：胡须和眉毛，借指男子。 拙荆：拙，粗劣，自谦之词。古时贫寒人家的妇女以荆枝作钗，后因之对人谦称自己的妻子为拙荆。 1、桑梓：家乡 2、桃李：学生 3、社稷、轩辕：国家 4、南冠：囚犯 5、同窗：同学 6、烽烟：战争 7、巾帼：妇女 8、丝竹：音乐 9、须眉：男子 10、婵娟、嫦娥：月亮 11、手足：兄弟 12、汗青：史册 13、伉俪：夫妻 14、白丁、布衣：百姓
代词it的常考点 考点1.it作形式主语或宾语, 代指后面的不定式或动名词或句子 1.【2010全国2】The doctor thought _____ would be good for you to have a holiday. A. this B. that C. one D. it 2.【2007全国II】_____ felt funny watching myself on TV. A. One B. This C. It D. That 3.【2012 陕西】No matter where he is, he makes _____ a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. A. him B this C. that D. it 4.Why don’t you bring _____ to his attention that now students are bearing too heavy learning load? A. it B. this C. that D. what 5.You may depend on _____ that he will turn up in time. A. it B. me C. which D. them 6.Will you see to _____ that the luggage is brought back? A. me B. yourself C. it D. them 7.【2011山东】The two girls are so alike that strangers find ___ difficult to tell one from the other. A. it B. them C. her D. that 8.—I don’t know whether I should go abroad or not, Mum. — I leave _____ to your own judgment whether you should do it. A. that B. it C. this D. what 考点2.用于表达天气、环境、时间、距离、季节等 ①It’s half an hour’s walk from here to our school. (指距离) ②It’s nice and warm here. （指天气、气候） ③But it’s two o’clock now, and it’s time for us to go to school. （指时间） 9.They live on a busy main road. _____ must be very noisy. A. There B. It C. That D. They 考点3.不知性别,是婴儿常用it 10.Mary is expecting another baby and hopes _____ will be a boy. A. he B. that C. it D. there 考点4.it 用以指身份不明的人 it用以指身份不明的人。若指身份明确的人，则不宜用it。试比较： ①Mr. Smith is at the door. He wants to see you. ②Someone is at the door. It must be Mr. Smith.
【精品】代词详解+例句 一、单项选择代词 1．A child should be receiving either meat or eggs daily, preferably ______. A．neither B．none C．either D．both 【答案】D 【解析】 考查代词。句意：孩子应该每日食用肉类或蛋类，最好两种都吃。A. neither两个都不；B. none没有人；一个也没有；没有任何东西；C. either两个中任意一个；D. both两个都。根据语境判断是“两者都”，故选D。 2．----Which of these resorts do you like best? ----______. They are both hot and crowded. A．Either B．Nothing C．Neither D．None 【答案】D 【解析】 考查情景交际和不定代词。“这些旅游胜地你最喜欢哪个？”“一个也不喜欢。他们既炎热又拥挤。”答语中的both ...and修饰的是hot和crowded，不要误以为是两者。根据问句中的these可知，是三者以上，排除A、C；nothin g“什么也没有”；none“一个也没有”。故选D。 3．Jack Ma, the founder and chairman of China’s Alibaba Group, has a $28.6 billion fortune, ______making him the richest person in China. A．it B．one C．that D．which 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 试题分析：考查代词。句意：中国阿里巴巴集团创始人兼董事长马云拥有286亿美元的财富，这使他成为中国首富。分析句子结构可知，此处用one代替前面的a $28.6 billion fortune，实际上是它的同位语，后面的making him the richest person in China.是现在分词作后置定语修饰one，注意此处不是非限定性定语从句，如果是非限定定语从句的话应该用makes而不是making，所以不能选which，故选B。 考点：考查代词 4．Everyone may depend on ______ won’t happen again with these reassuring measures. A．it that it B．that it C．that D．it 【答案】A 【解析】 试题分析：句意：每个人都可以相信，有了这些可靠的措施这种事不会再发生了。句中第
古代常见借代词语文件编码（GHTU-UITID-GGBKT-POIU-WUUI-8968）
古代常见借代词语 古代常见借代词语 1.桑梓——家乡 古代，人们喜欢在住宅周围栽植桑树和梓树，后来人们就用物代指处所，比喻故乡。又说家乡的桑树和梓树是父母种的，要对它表示敬意。 2.桃李——学生 人们历来喜欢把老师培养出来的学生称作“桃李”，把老师教育、培养了众多学生称作“桃李满天下”。 3.社稷、轩辕——国家 社稷：社，古代指土地之神；古代又把祭土地的地方、日子和礼都叫社。稷，指五谷之神。 “社稷”从字面来看是说土谷之神。由于古时的君主为了祈求国事太平，平谷丰登，每年都要到郊外祭祀土地和五谷神。社稷也就成了国家的象征，后来人们就用“社稷”来代表国家。 轩辕：古代装有有帷幕的车叫“轩”古代车前面用来驾牲口的那根直木叫“辕”“轩辕”合起来就是指古代的车。因为传说车是黄帝发明的，所以人们就称黄帝为“轩辕氏”。又因为黄帝被认为是中华民族的祖先，“轩辕”又被用来代指中华大地。 4.南冠——囚犯 南冠，楚国在南方，因此称楚冠为南冠。本指被俘的楚国囚犯。后泛称囚犯或战俘。亦作“南冠囚”。 5.同窗——同学
同窗，指在同一所学校里就读的人。古代学习条件很艰苦，所以就把同学称做同窗，窗，有寒窗之含义，说同窗二字，也就显示出了说话者之间的亲密和尊重，比说同学要亲切许多。 6.烽烟——战争 烽烟是指古代边防报警的烟火，后比喻战争或战乱。烽火台是古时用于点燃烟火传递重要消息的高台。烽烟也叫狼烟，是用狼的粪便做燃料，它的特点是燃烧起来烟黑且浓，竖直向上，可以让很远的地方看到。 7.巾帼——妇女 “巾帼”由来古时候的贵族妇女，常在举行祭把大典时戴一种用丝织品或发丝制成的头饰，这种头巾式的头饰叫巾帼，其上还装缀着一些金珠玉翠制成的珍贵首饰。巾帼的种类及颜色有多种，如用细长的马尾制作的叫“剪耄帼”；用黑中透红颜色制作的叫“绀缯帼”。因巾帼这类物品是古代妇女的高贵装饰，人们便称女中豪杰为“巾帼英雄”，后人又把“巾帼”作为妇女的尊称。 8.须眉——男子 胡子是个总名称，故古人称男子为须眉。封建传统歧视女性，所以当一个女人很有作为时，就叫巾帼不让须眉，意思是说女人不比男人差。9.丝竹——音乐 丝：指弦乐器；竹：指管乐器。丝竹是琴瑟箫笛等乐器的总称。也指音乐。 10.婵娟、嫦娥——月亮 婵娟和嫦娥均指月亮。 婵娟：①形态美好、漂亮：蛾眉新画觉婵娟。②指美女：家家分影照婵娟。③指月亮：“但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。” 嫦娥又称姮娥．女性．神话中的人物。她美貌非凡，后飞天成仙，住在月亮上的仙宫。 11.手足——兄弟
关于it作人称代词的用法: 1. 用于指事物 it用作人称代词最基本的用法就是代替前面已提到过的事物，以避免重复： This is my watch, it’s a Swiss one. 这是我的手表，它是瑞士制的。 I cannot find my watch; I must have lost it. 我找不到手表，我一定把它给丢了。 2. 用于指动物或婴儿 除用于指代事物外，还可指动物或性别不详的婴儿： “Where is the cat?” “It’s under the bed.” “猫在哪儿?”“在床下。” They got a baby and it was very lovely. 他们生了个孩子，很可爱。 3. 用于上文提到的情况 He smokes in bed and I don’t like it. 他在床上抽烟，我不喜欢他这样。 Her mother kept telling her not to go out at night, but it didn’t help. 她母亲老叫她晚上不要出去，但是没用。 4. 用于指人 it用于指人主要用确定未知人的身份： “Who is it?” “It’s me.” “是谁啊?”“是我。” “Listen. Someone is crying.” “Oh, it must be Mary.” “听，有人在哭。”“噢，一定是玛丽。” Someone must have been here. But we have no idea who it was. 一定有人来过，但我们不知道是谁。 5. 指人时与he和she的区别 当it用于指人时，主要用于确定未知的或者是身份不明的人，若是指已知的或身份明确的人，则应根据情况使用he或she。比较： I hear a knock at the door. It must be the postman. 我听见有人在敲门，一定是邮递员来了。 Jim is at the door. He wants to see you. 吉姆在门口，他想见你。 A tall man stood up and shook hands with her. It was the general manager. 一个高个子站起来同她握了手，他是总经理。
代词it, one, that和those用法说明 为了避免重复出现前面已经出现的名词，常用it, one, that, those来替代。这几个替代词是高考中的一个常考点。现将各个替代词的用法归纳如下： 用法说明一： it和that都替代“the+单数名词(可数或不可数)”，都是特指，都可替代可数和不可数名词，但it指前面提到的“同一”事物，而that是指前面提到的“同类”事物。如：My father bought me a pen and I like it very much. 我父亲给我买了一支钢笔，我非常喜欢它。(it替代the pen，指前面提到的父亲给我买的那支钢笔) This dictionary is more useful than that (=the one)I bought yesterday. 这本词典比我昨天买的更有用。(that替代the dictionary，与前面的this dictionary 是同类) 用法说明二： one替代“a＋单数可数名词”，表示泛指；其复数形式ones替代泛指的复数名词。特指的the one相当于that，替代“the+单数名词”；the one的复数形式the ones，替代“the+复数名词”，在口语中也常用those代替。当后面有of短语时，多用that或those；当有前置修饰语时，只能用one(s)。另外，one(s), the one(s), those都只能替代可数名词。如： Radios are useful for me to learn English. I’d like to buy one .收音机对我学英语很有用，我想买一台。(one替代a radio，是泛指收音机这类东西中的一台) We still have shortcomings，and they are very big ones too. 我们还有缺点，而且是很大的缺点。(ones替代shortcomings) We kept seats for those who might arrive late. 我们给可能来晚的人留了座位。(those=the ones替代the persons) Waves of red light are about twice as long as those of blue light. 红色光线的波长约为蓝色波长的两倍。(those替代the waves) The population of Scotland was eight times as large as that of Cornwall. 苏格兰的人口是康沃尔人口的八倍。(that替代不可数名词the population，不能用the one) Correct the mistakes in the following sentences: 1. --- Do you haven’t an English-Chinese dictionary? --- Yes, I have it. 2. The language used in advertisements differs from one used in ordinary readings. 3. The colour of his jacket is better than mine. 4. --- Does she have a bike? --- Yes, she has a one. 5. --- I saw only one motorcar in that shop. Will you go and buy one? --- No, I would rather find it in other shops. Keys: 1 it--- one 2 one --- that 3 mine--- that of mine 4 删a 5 one--- it Multiple choice 1. --- There must be a dozen pens in the house but I can never find _______ when I need ______. --- Keep looking. ______ is sure to turn up. A. one; one; One B. it; one; It C. one; it; This D. a one; one; The one 2. --- Can I help you? --- I’d like to buy a present for my father’s birthday, _______ at a proper price, but of great use. A. that B. one C. any one D. the one 3. Maybe it is true that we do not know what we have got until we lose ______ . A. one B. that C. it D. the one 4. The environment in this faraway town is as pleasant as ________ in the coastal city. A. one B. it C. them D. that 5. The best job is _______ which uses your skill in doing something together with your interest in the subject. A. that B. the one C. one D. it 6. --- What do you think of the furniture on exhibition? --- W ell, great! But I don’t think much of ________ you bought. A. the one B. it C. that D. which 7. A cake made of wheat costs less than ________ made of rice. A. one B. that C. a one D. the one 8. As they are retired, they prefer to buy a house in the country to spend their late years to _____ in a large city. A. one B. that C. the one D. it