虚拟语气
宾语从句：order，demand，require，request，direct，command，urge，rule,suggest，advise，vote，propose move，recommend，prefer，decide，insist，desire，decree
主语从句：vital，important，essential，imperative，obligatory，necessary,unnecessary，impossible，sad，strange，natural，advisable，fitting，proper，appropriate，desirable
2 不定式
1) 通常只接动词不定式作宾语的常考动词：
agree，attempt，claim，decide demand，ask，hesitate，beg ,fail，care,consent，promise，desire，hope，intend，learn，offer，plan，refuse，prepare,pretend，strive，require，appear，arrange，expect，manage，tend，afford,wish，want，seem ,struggle，swear，threaten，wait，undertake,venture,seek ,resolve，aim，determine，endeavor，apply，claim，pledge，pretend,profess，refuse，volunteer，vow，happen ,guarantee,neglect，proceed,prove，condescend，consent，trouble，bother(negative)，care(negative)，choose，fail etc
2) 用于动词+宾语+不定式结构的常考动词：
force，hire，tell，require，teach，warn ,allow，ask，inform，beg，convince,expect，invite，order，permit，promise，instruct，prepare，urge，remind，want,advise，persuade，dare，forbid，like，challenge，request，get，need ,oblige,encourage，enable，compel，recommend，declare，prove，command，encourage，enable，lead，press，etc
1) 用于be+形容词+不定式结构的常考形容词
anxious，boring，dangerous，pleased，hard，eager，easy，fortunate,strange,good，ready，usual，prepared，surprised，common，useless，asked，lucky,difficult，likely satisfied，careful，sure，glad，bored，certain，etc
2) 用于名词+不定式结构的常考名词：
failure，offer，plan，ability，decision，desire，chance，permission，occasion,fun，honor，capacity，wish，pleasure，opportunity，demand,way ,refusal，responsibility，freedom，promise，etc.
3) 后面跟省去“to”的不定式作宾补的常考动词：
see watch，notice，observe，hear，listen to，feel ,get，make，have，let ,help，bid，know，look at ,smell,etc
成人学位英语词汇易混淆的125个词
成人本科学位英语考试，除了《成人英语三级词汇手册》列出的词之外，我们学习词汇时还应注意容易混
淆的词。英语中有些词，词形和读音相近，但意义却不同；有些同义词，基本意义相同，但内涵的意义有
很大差异。我们必须在广泛阅读的基础上，仔细观察每一个词在不同上下文中的含义和用法，从而学会正
确使用它。
1.able, capable, competent
able为常用词，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，一般下效率无关，用作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如：A cat is able to see in the dark. (猫在黑暗中能看见东西。)
capable 指满足一般要求的能力，可以是表现出来的，也可是潜在的，搭配是be capable of +doing。用作定语，表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如：He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He is a very capable doctor. (他是一位很好的大夫。)
competent 指“胜任”，“合格”，或受过专业技术等训练的，但不是超群的能力。如：A doctor should b e competent to treat many diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。)
2.aboard, abroad, board, broad
aboard 在船(或飞机，车)上。如：I never went aboard a ship.
abroad 副词，在国外或海外。如：He often goes abroad.
board 为动词，上(船，飞机，车)。如：The passengers are boarding the plane now.
broad 为形容词，宽广的。如：He has very broad shoulders.
3.accept, receive
accept 接受，receive“接到”，“收到”。如：I rece ived an invitation yesterday, but I didn?t accept it. (昨天我收到了一个请柬，但并没有接受邀请。)
4.accident, incident, event
accident事故。如：a traffic accident (交通事故)
incident“附带事件”，在政治上特指引起国际争端或战争的事件，事变。
event “事件”，指特别重要的事件，通常是由以前的努力而产生的结果，也指国家和社会的事件。
5. accomplish, complete, finish, achieve, attain
accomplish表成功，强调完成的结果而不是过程。如：Because of his hard word, things are accompli shed. (由于他的努力，事情都已完成了。)
complete 表示积极的完成，更具体地指建筑、工程等的完成。如：Has he complete his novel yet? (他的小说写完了吗？)
finish 最常用，后接动词的-ing形式，表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步或阶段。如：I?ll finish the job alone. (我要独自完成这项工作。)
achieve 完成，实现，强调通过努力而达到目的。如：You will achieve success if you work hard.
Attain达到，实现，常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如：Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals.
6.accurate, correct, exact, precise
accurate准确的，精确的。如：Clocks in railway stations should be accurate.(火车站的钟应该是准确的。)
correct“正确的”，指符合一定的标准或准则，含有“无错误的”意味。它的反义词是incorrect, wrong.
exact“精确的”，“恰好的”，比“大体上正确”更进一步，表“丝毫不差”。它的反义词是inexact。
precise强调“精确”，“精密”。
7.accuse, charge, sue
accuse 指责，指控，常与of 搭配。如：His boss accused him of carelessness.
charge 常与with搭配。如：The police charged the driver with reckless driving.
sue 常与for 搭配。如：Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.
8.achieve, acquire, require, inquire
achieve(成功地)完成，实现。如：He will never achieve anything unless he works harder. (如他不努力工作，将会一事无成。)
acquire取得，获得，学到。如：acquire knowledge (获得知识)
inquire打听，询问。如：inquire a person?s name(问一个人的姓名)
require需要。如：We require more help. (我们需要更多的帮助。)
9.act, action, deed
act 用作名词时，与action, deed均可表“行为”，“举动”。Act指时间较短的个人行动或行为，强调结果。如：The farmer caught the boys in the act of stealing his apples. (农夫在孩子们正偷他的苹果时把他们抓住了。)
action较正式，往往指不止包含一个步骤，且持续时间较长的行为或行动，强调行为的过程。如：Act ions are more important than words. (行动比语言更重要。)
deed为正式用语，多指伟大的，显著的，感人的行为。如：They thanked him for his good deeds. (他们感谢他做的好事。)
10.actual, true, real, genuine
actual 意为“实际的”，“现实的”，指所形容的事物在事实上已经发生或存在，而不是仅在理论上可能发生或存在的。
true“真实的”，指与实际相符，而非虚假。
genuine “真的”，“非冒充的”，“货真价实的”，强调正宗而非冒牌。
11.adequate, enough, sufficient
adequate 足够的，指数量多，适合需要的数量。
enough足够的，指数量多，足够满足某种目的或愿望。
sufficient同enough，常可互换使用。但sufficient指数量多，足够满足某种需要，在口语中常用enoug h,在书面语中常用sufficient，在不易肯定时多用enough。Enough可放在被修饰名词后，且可作副词，suffi cient则不可这么用。
12.admit, confess
两者都表“承认”。
admit指大胆地承认以前试图不论或推诿的坏事。如：John has admitted to breaking the window. (约翰已承认打破了窗玻璃。)
Confess常指承认错误，罪行等。如：The thief confessed his crime to the police. (小偷向警察承认了罪行。)
13.advice,advise
advice劝告(名词)。如：I want to give you some advice.
advise劝告(动词)。如：What do you advise me to do?
14.adopt, adapt
adopt (1)收养。如：Since they have no children of their own, they decided to adopt a little girl. (他们自己没有孩子，所以决定收养一个小女孩。)(2)采纳，采用，通过。如：He adopted our suggestion.(他采纳了我们的建议。)
adopt与adapt词形相近，后者的意思是“使适合”，“改编”等。
15.advance, proceed, progress
均可表“前进”。
advance表向一个特定的目的地，在一定的时间或空间内稳定地向前运动。如：Napoleon?s army adva nced on Moscow. (拿破仑的军队向莫斯科挺进。)
proceed强调从一处向另一处的运动，常表停顿后继续前进。如：They proceeded from London to Par is. (他们从伦敦往巴黎前进。)
peogress 多表自然过程，指生长，发展等稳定地或循环往复地前进。如：The year is progressing, it will soon be summer. (光阴似箭，很快又是夏天了。)
16.advantage, benefit, profit
advantage 常指一种使某人处于比其他人相对有利的地位，机会或时机。如：He had the advantage of good education. (受过良好的教育对他十分有利。)
profit 多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如Did you make any profit last year? (你去年赚钱了吗？)
benefit 指物质利益或精神方面的好处。如：I get no personal benefit from the business.(我个人从这家企业中并不获益。)
17.advise, convince, persuade
均可表“劝说”。
advise表建议，规劝某人应该做某事或如何做。如：He advised me to put my money in the bank. (他劝我把钱存入银行。)
convince指向某人陈述事实，运用推理或逻辑证明使某人信服。如：We convinced Smith to go by tr ain rather than plane. (我们说服了史密斯乘火车而不乘飞机前往。)
persuade指用感情说服某人去做某事。如：I persuaded him to go back to work. (我说服他回去工作了。)
18.affect, effect
affect影响(动词)。如Smoking affects health.
effect效果，影响(名词)。如：Government policy will not have any effect on us.
19.afford, provide, supply
都有“提供，供给”的意思。
afford一般只用于抽象事物。
provide 和supply意思相同，两个词都和with连用，构成provide /supply somebody with something 的结构。
20.agree, consent
agree 为常用词。如：Do you agree to the condition? (你同意这个条件吗？)
consent为正式用词，多用于上下级的关系，表示同意别人的要求或请求。如：Did the king consent t o your plan?(国王同意你的计划吗？)
21.aid, help, assist
用作动词均可表“帮助”。
aid为正式用词，help最常用。
assist最正式，表示协助某人做某事，尤指在体力上或具体事务上帮助和扶持。如：She employed a woman to assist her with the housework. (她雇了一名妇女帮她做家务。)
22.alive, living, live
alive 指虽有死的可能，但仍活着，一般只作表语。
living可用于人或物，作定语时可前可后。
live只做前置定语，用于动物和个别事物前。
23.almost, nearly
一般说来，almost比nearly 表示的意思更接近“开始”、“完成” (目标)等。
在all, every, always 前，两者都可用。如：He is almost (nearly) smoking. (他几乎每天抽烟。)
almost可同never, no, nobody, none, nothing 连用，而nearly却不能。如：Almost no one believed h er. (几乎没人相信他。)
24.alone, lonely
alone只表“独自”的客观状态，没有感情色彩，只作表语；lonely表“孤独”，：“寂寞”，能作定语和表语。如：When she is left alone, she feels lonely. (剩下她一人时她就感到寂寞。)
alone, only均可表“只有”，但alone须置于被修饰词之后，only往往置于被修饰词前。如：He alone (O nly he) can remember the story. (只有他才能记起这段经历。)
25.already, all ready
already已经(副词)。如：The plane had already landed before we got to the airport.
all ready准备好的(作表语)。如：We were all ready to leave when the telephone rang.
26.alter, change
作不及物动词时，两者可通用。
作及物动词时，alter是对局部，表面的改变，而change则是对本质的，全面的，彻底的改变。如：Ca n you alter the dress? (你会改做这件衣服吗？)Can you change the dress?(你能给我更换这件衣服吗？)
27.altogether, all together
altogether总计，总共。如：Altogether there are six of us. (我们总计六人。)
all together 全都在一起。如：We played the game all together. (我们大家都一起来玩游戏吧。)
28.amaze, astonish, surprise
都可作及物动词，意思相近，一般都是以事物作主语，人称作宾语。
amaze强调“使惊讶”，有时还有“惊叹”，“佩服”等意。
astonish表示“使大吃一惊”，“几乎使人无法相信”之意。
surprise只表“出乎意料之外”。
29.among, between
among 在……中间(三者或三者以上之间)。如：Our house is hidden among trees.
between在两者之间。如：It is easy to distinguish between a Japanese and a Chinese.
30.announce, declare
announce指宣布公众期望或与公众有关的事情，含有预告的意味。如：The government announced th at they would pay their debts. (政府宣布将偿还债务。)
declare指正式负责地宣布，声明，通常用于庄重的场合。如：The judge declared him guilty.(法官宣布他有罪。)
31.annoy, bother, trouble, disturb
annoy指外界的干扰令人讨厌或无法忍受，或指某人故意去妨碍别人。
bother打扰，麻烦，指给人行动带来不便或身心上带来痛苦。如：May I trouble you with a few ques tions?
disturb打扰，扰乱，指使正常秩序或一时的安定受到破坏，精力一时不能集中。如：I am sorry to di sturb you.
32.answer, reply, respond
用作动词，都可表“回答”，“答复”。
answer是常用词，后可接letter(回信)，question(回答问题)，doorbell(开门)，telephone(接电话)，advert isement(应征广告)等。
reply较正式，一般只作不及物动词，可与to连用。如：He has replied to my letter.(他回答了我信中提的问题。)
respond作“回答”解，用得较少，也同to 搭配。如：He quickly responded to the question. (他很快就回答了问题。)
另外，respond还可表“对……反应”，“响应”。
33. appreciate, enjoy
appreciate指对事物有深刻的理解能力并能鉴赏。
enjoy是一般用语，仅指感官或智力上的满足，“享受”的意味较强。
34. approve, prove
approve(1)赞成，同意。如：I don?t approve of wasting time.(我不赞成浪费时间。)
(2)批准，通过。如：The minister approved the building plan. 部长批准了建筑计划。
prove和approve词形相似，prove是“证明”，“表明是”等。
35. argue, debate, dispute
argue着重“说理”，“论证”，“企图说明”，且后可接that引导的从句。
debate着重双方各自陈述理由，尤其是“公开地”、“正式地”辩论。如：The subject was hotly debated.
dispute着重就分歧进行热烈的“争论”，含有“相持不下”或“未得到解决”的意味。如：He disputed with his wife on household expenses.
36. arise, rise, raise
arise表无形的东西(如困难，问题等)“出现”，“发生”。
rise指具体事物的“上升”，“升起”，也是不及物动词。如：The sun rises in the east.(太阳从东边升起。)
raise为及物动词，“使……上升”，“举起”等。如：He raised his hand.(他举了手。)
37. assure, ensure, insure
assure以十分肯定的语气向别人保证某事一定会发生，后需连用人称代词或指人的名词作宾语。
ensure表普通的“保证”。
insure表“保险”，有时同ensure可以换用。
38. awake, wake, waken
都可作动词。
awake既可及物，也可不及物，多用于比喻。
wake常指“睡醒”，多为不及物动词。
waken多用作及物动词，常指“吵醒”，“惊醒”。
39. await, wait
await是及物动词。如：I await your further instructions.
wait“等”、“等候”，是不及物动词，后常接介词for。如：I will wait for you at the school gate.
40. award, prize, reward
award, reward作动词。award意为“授予(奖品，奖金等)”，后面可跟双宾语；reward意为“报酬”，“酬谢”，只能跟人或以人的行为作宾语。
award, prize, reward作名词时，award常指奖金，奖品；prize多指在竞赛、竞争中获胜所赢得的奖；r eward则指为某项劳动或行为所付的酬金。
41. base, basis
base表事物的下部的底部，多用于具体事物。
basis多用于比喻，主要指命题的基础。如：His ideas have no basis in reality.(他的意见缺乏现实基础。)
42. beat, win
beat表在比赛和战斗中打败对手，后接对手作宾语。
Win作及物动词时，其宾语为游戏、比赛、战斗、奖金等名词。如：He has won the race.(他赢得了赛跑的胜利。)
43. beneath, below, under
beneath表示同表面接触，与on 相对。Below表示“在下面，低于”，与above相对。
under表示“在……正下方”与over相对。
44. beside, besides
beside在……旁边。如：Come and sit beside me.
besides除……之外。如：I have two other umbrellas besides this one.
45. big, great, large
big强调体积，质量，容量和重量大。如：a big box。Big也有抽象意义，指重大的事件或行为。如：a big mistake
great带感情色彩，多指程度和质量，指具体事物或人时，表“突出”，“引人注目”。如：a great man
large多指面积，数目或数量大。如：a large population, a large number等。
46. bloom, blossom
bloom多指供观赏植物的开花。如：The roses are blooming.
blossom多指果树等植物的开花。如：The apple trees are blossoming.
47. borrow, lend
borrow借入。如：Can I borrow your pen for a moment?
lend把……借给。如：Can you lend me your bike?
48. bring, take
bring带来。如：Bring me some water, please.
take拿走。如：Shall I take some flowers when I go and see her?
49. calculate, compute, estimate
calculate通常指用数学方法进行比较复杂，难度较大的精确计算。如：You can?t expect a schoolboy to calculate distances in astronomy.
compute常指比较简单的运算。如：It was computed that two thirds of the students in the class pass ed the examination.
estimate估计，常指对数量、成本等事先进行判断或估计。如：Some farmers asked the weatherman t o estimate next year?s rainfall.
50. cheat, deceive, trick
cheat欺骗，常用词，主要指为了自己的利益欺骗人。
deceive表示隐瞒真相或以假相骗人。如：The boy deceived the teacher by lying.
trick哄骗，表示耍手段进行欺骗，强调在行骗时使用计策，有时也指并非出于恶意的欺骗。如：Tom cleverly tricked his mother into approval.
51. childish, childlike
childish幼稚的。如：It was very childish of him to lose his temper over something so unimportant.
childlike孩子般天真的。如：When she won the gold medal, there was childlike smile on her face.
52. choose, pick, select, elect
choose是一常用词，表一般的“选择”。
pick通常用于不需要认真权衡，对比就能做出决定。
select侧重“在同类的许多东西中，进行有斟酌的精选”。
elect指选举或用其他方法推选人。
53. cloth, clothing
cloth布。如：I need three yards of cloth to make a suit.
clothing衣服(总称)。如：You?d better give all the old clothing away.
54. complex, complicated
均可表“复杂”。
complex为常用词。
complicated为正式用词，表由于组成部分太多，相互关系太复杂而不能理解，语气很强。
55. compose, consist, constitute
compose为常用词，常用被动语态，如用主动语态，主语应用复数形式。如：Twelve men compose a jury.(十二人组成陪审团。)
consist表一个整体由几个部分组成(只能用主动语态)。如：The United Kingdom consists of Great Bri tain and Northern Island.(联合王国是由大不列颠及北爱尔兰组成。)
constitute为正式用词，与consist相反，表由哪些部分构成整体。如：Twelve months constitute a yea r.(一年有十二个月。)
56. considerable, considerate
considerable相当多的，可观的。如：He met a considerable amount of trouble.(他遇到了许多麻烦。)
considerate 考虑周到的，体谅的。如：It was considerate of you not to trouble us.(你真体贴人，不打扰我们。)
57. consistent, constant, continual, continuous
consistent一致的，符合的。如：His action is always consistent with his words.
constant不断的，表示持续和惯常的重现，往往没有变化。如：He attributes his health to his constant exercise.
continual频频的，不停的，时断时续，中间可有间歇。如：Continual smoking is bad for health.
continuous不断延伸的，连续不断的，强调中间无间断。如：Everything in the universe undergoes co ntinuous development and change.
58. crack, crash
crack(使)破裂，砸开。如：I can crack it, but I can?t break it. (我能把它弄裂，但不能把它弄破。)
crash摔坏，坠毁。如：The plane crashed shortly after the take-off.(飞机起飞不久就坠毁了。)
59. crawl, creep
crawl多指蛇，虫类等身体沿地面或其他表面的动作。如：There is an insect crawling up your back. (有一虫子正在你的背上往上爬。)
creep多指哺乳动物或人等用四肢爬行的动物偷偷摸摸无声缓慢的前行动作。如：They arrived late an d crept into the classroom.(我们迟到了，便悄悄地溜进教室。)
60. cure, treat
cure治愈，医治。如：The medicine will cure of your disease.(这药能治好你的病。)
cure表示治好，treat只表示“给……治病”。
61. current, present
均可表“现在”，“目前”。
current强调在现阶段正在流行，通用，但不一定是最新的。如：current English (当代英语)
present为常用词，指现在正在通用的，在时间上比current的范围更窄。如：What?s your present addr ess?(你现住址是哪里？)
62. custom, habit
均可表习惯。
custom为正式用词，多指社团或人们的习惯行为方式。
habit为常用词，多指个人因多次重复而形成做某事的趋势或意愿。如：He has the bad habit of bitin g his nails.(他有咬手指的坏习惯。)
63. damage, destroy, harm, ruin
均可表“破坏”，“损坏”。
damage一般指部分性的破坏，含可修复使用。
destroy指十分彻底的毁坏，破坏。如：The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake.(地震中整个城市被毁了。)
harm多指带来悲痛，产生恶果的伤害，可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如：Doctors say smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)
ruin为正式用词，强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏，用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏名声，期望等。如：She poured water all over my painting and ruined it. (她把水倒在画上，把它毁了。)另外，ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。
64. decrease, reduce
decrease多表示逐渐缩小。如：The swelling decreased daily.(肿胀日渐消退。)
reduce为常用词，使用范围较大，可指尺寸，数量，规模和程度等，也可指地位，经济状况。如：He won?t reduce the rent of the house.(他不愿降低房租。)
65. dependent, independent
dependent依赖的，依靠的(on, upon)。如：Success is dependent on your hard work.
Independent 不依靠的，独立的(of)。如：John was independent of his parents when he was still a ch ild.
66. desert, dessert
desert沙漠。如：Have you ever been to a desert?
Dessert甜食。如：What would you like for dessert, an apple pie or ice-cream?
67. discover, invent
discover发现。如：A coal mine has been discovered in that area.
invent发明，创造。如：A kind of toothbrush has been invented to relieve toothache.
68. duty, responsibility
均有“责任”之意，可换用。
duty意义较广，多指发自内心的道德伦理上的责任感。
responsibility着重指从道义或法律上对事件之后果负责。如：I took full responsibility for breaking th e vase.(我承担打破花瓶的全部责任。)
69. effective, efficient
均可表示“有效的”。
effective常用以指物，强调能产生某种预期的效果。如：effective medicine, effective method等。
efficient“效率高的”，“有能力的”，用以指人或物，着重有效地利用时间、精力并取得预期效果。如：The German telephone system is highly efficient. (德国的电话系统效率很高。)
70. economic, economical
economic经济(学)的。如：the economic doctrines of Ricardo(李嘉图的经济学说)
economical节约的，节俭的。如：He is economical of money and time.
71. electric, electrical, electronic
三词都与电有关
electric着重于发电的，电动的或导电的。如：electric generator(发电机)；electric light(电灯)
electrical多指本身不产生电，但是与电有关的。如：electrical engineering(电机工程)；an electrical tra nscription(广播唱片)
electronic 电子的，电子操作的。如：electronic engineering(电子工程学)
72. emergence, emergency
emergence是emerge的名词形式。
Emergency意为“紧急情况”，“突然事件”。
73. everyday, every day
everyday每日的，日常的(作定语)。如：This morning exercise has become my everyday routine.
every day每天(作状语)。如：She gets up early every day.
74. endure, bear, stand, tolerate, withstand
都表忍受，忍耐。
bear忍受，容忍，指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如：It is hard to bear to be laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。)
endure忍耐，书面语，指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如：It takes patience to endure hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。)
stand忍受，与bear同义，但较口语化。如：She can?t stand having nothing to do.(没事干，她受不了。)
tolerate容忍，容许，指自我克制的态度，对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如：I can?t tole rate him if he goes on like that. (他如果继续这样下去的话，我决不会容忍他。)
withstand经受，承受，指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如：They have withstood all test.(他们经受了一切考验。)
75. error, mistake, fault, shortcoming
均表“缺点”，“错误”。
error是通用词，指任何错误，“犯错误”可以说commit /make an error。
mistake指判断或理解方面，或指因考虑不周而造成的错误，搭配是make a mistake。
fault表示“过失”，可与error通用，现多用来指缺点，特指缺乏某要素因而不完美。如：There is a fa ult in this machine.(这台机器有一处毛病。)构成短语find fault with挑剔，找毛病。
shortcoming 缺点，可指人或事物的本质上不足之处(常用复数)。如：In spite of his shortcomings, I s till like him.(尽管他缺点多，我仍然喜欢他。)
76. especially, particularly, specially
均可表“特别地”。
especially一般表示某事物在意义、程度、重要性性超过其他事物。如：I love Italy, especially in sum mer.(我喜欢意大利，尤其在夏天。)
particularly往往着重说明与同类事物不同的个别事物。如：The visitors admired his paintings, but par ticularly the portrait of his daughter.(来访者赞赏他所有的绘画，特别是他女儿的画像。)
specially 多表示“专门地”，“为特别目的的地”，如表“不寻常”，“过分”等，可与especially通用。如：I made chocolate cake specially for you.(我特地为你做了巧克力蛋糕。)
77. exchange, replace, substitute
均含有“换”之意。
exchange指“互相交换”。
replace的含义为“替换”，“取代”。如：George has replaced Edward as captain of the team.(乔石治已接替爱德华担任队长。)
substitute则表示“用……代替”。如：We substitute nylon for cotton.(我们用尼龙代替了棉花。)
78. fall, descend
都可表向下运动。
fall指由于重力突然从高处落下或因为失去平衡而跌倒。如：She slipped and fell down.(她滑了一下摔倒了。)
descend多指沿着斜面而缓慢向下移动。如：He descended the hill.(他下山了。)
79. fame, honor, reputation
都可表名声。
fame是常用词，一般指好的名声。如：He was not anxious for fame.(他并不渴望成名。)
honor荣誉，尊敬，指受到公众崇敬的荣誉和光荣。如：This is an honor more than I can deserve.(这光荣我受之有愧。)
reputation名誉，指公众对某人的看法，可好可坏。如：He has a reputation for laziness.(他的懒惰出了名。)
80. fell, fall
fell砍伐(树木)。如：They are felling the trees.(他们在砍树。)
fell也可作fall的过去式；fell作“砍伐”时，它的过去式，过去分词分别为felled, felled.
81. formally, formerly
formally正式地。如：We were required to dress formally for the party.
formerly从前。如：Formerly he worked in a factory, but now he is a teacher.
82. frank, honest, sincere
都与坦率有关。
frank直率的，坦白的，着重表达自己的情感和想法时没有保留。如：To be frank with you, I do not know the answer myself.(老实说，我自己也不知道答案。)
honest诚实的，正直的，指遵守正直等道德准则。如：We want your honest opinion, not empty comp liments.(我们需要你的诚心恳的意见，而不是空洞的恭维。)
Sincere诚挚的，诚恳的，强调出自内心的真心实意。如：Please accept this as a token of my sincere gratitude.(请接受这份表示我真诚感谢的礼物。)
83. gaze, stare, glance, glimpse
都与“看”有关。
gaze“凝视”，强调由于惊奇、兴趣，目不转睛地注视。
Stare强调由于好奇、害怕或无意地睁大眼睛盯着看看。
glare“怒视”，是凶狠地含有威胁地盯着看。
glimpse“一瞥”，是短暂而急促地看，含有意地匆匆地看一眼，现多用作名词。
[注意]一般表示“看”的单词大多同at搭配构成短，但glimpse却有catch (have) a glimpse of这一搭配。
84. genius, gift, talent
都有天才之意。
genius天才，是这三词中程度最高的词。如：Shakespeare was a man of great genius.
gift天赋，比“天才”的意义要弱一点，可用复数。如：He is a man of many gifts.(他多才多艺。)
talent才能，一般不用复数，指通过学习和勤奋掌握的本领、技术和其他的活动能力。如：As a novel ist, he shows great talent in characterization.(作为小说家，他在描写人物方面显出很大的才能。)
85. get, achieve, acquire, attain, gain, obtain
均可表“获得”。
get用得最广，可指以各种方式获得各种东西。如：Where can I get enough information?(我从哪儿能得到足够的资料？)
achieve多指克服困难后取得胜利，成功，强调“得到”这一结果。如：He achieved his ambition in the end.(他最终实现了他的抱负。)
acquire指通过本身的努力逐渐获得知识、能力和荣誉等。如：acquire knowledge(获得知识)。
attain为正式用词，多用于庄重场合，主要指通过努力达到重要目的或得到珍贵的东西。如：The scie ntist attained great fame by a new discovery.(那科学家由于一次新发现而出了名。)
gain多指付出极大努力后获得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西。如：They gained the victory after a bl oody battle.(浴血奋战后他们赢得了胜利。)
obtain多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。如：Howard had failed to obtain a scholarship. (霍华德没能得到奖学金。)
86. grasp, seize, snatch
都有“抓”的意思。
grasp为常用词，是用适度的力量抓牢。
seize是突然用力抓住。
snatch“攫取”，指出其不意地，突然一把抓住并拿向自己。
87. hanged, hung
hang, hanged, hanged吊死。如：He hanged himself when he failed.
Hang, hung, hung悬挂。如：His pictures were hung in the museum.
88. haste, hurry, speed
都与速度有关。
haste急速，急忙，多指人的动作迅速和匆忙。如：I felt no haste to depart.(我不急着走。)
hurry急忙，匆忙，常表示混乱，焦急和忙乱的意思。如：I forgot to pay my bill in my hurry.
Speed迅速，快，不暗示忙乱或焦急。如：More haste, less speed.(欲速则不达。)
89. hard, hardly
hard努力地。如：Take it easy. You?ve been working too hard.
hardly几乎不，简直不。如：The children can hardly wait to hear the news.
90. home, house
home家。如：East or west, home is best.
House房子，住宅。如：Our new house is quite near the station.
91. equal, equivalent, identical, same
皆含相同，相等之意。
equal相同的，相等的，特指“数量，价值等”相同。如：Their ages are equal.
equivalent相等的，特指“价值，效力，意义”等相同的。如：This sentence is equivalent to that.
identical相同的，相等的，侧重于某一细节上完全相同。如：She wore the identical dress on both oc casions.
identical相同的，相等的，侧重于某一细节上完全相同。如：She wore the identical dress on both oc casion.(她在两种场合穿同样的衣服。)
same相同的，表示在质量、类型、外表或意义上相同，而实际上有差异。如：He is of about the sa me age as you.
92. imaginable, imaginary, imaginative
都是与想象有关的形容词。
imaginable可以想象得到的。如：This is the only solution imaginable.(这是惟一想得出的解决办法。)
imaginary假想的，虚构的。如：an imaginary character in a story(故事里的虚构人物)
imaginative富于想象力力的。如：an imaginative artist(想像力丰定的艺术家)
93. indifferent, different
indifferent冷漠的，不关心的，同to搭配。如：He was indifferent to his personal appearance.(他从前不注意自己的外表。)
different跟……不一样，同from搭配。如：This book is different from that one.(这本书跟那本不一样。)
94. industrial, industrious
industrial工业的，产业的。如：Italy is becoming an industrial nation.(意大利逐步成为工业国。)
industrious勤劳的，勤奋的。如：He is an industrious student.(他是个用功的学生。)
95. influence, effect
都有“影响”之意。
influence可作动词、名词，指对某人的思想行为、性格等产生影响。如：She was influenced by her middle school teachers.(她受中学时的老师影响。)
effect用作动词意为“造成”，“产生”，用作名词强调由于影响而产生特殊效果。如：The effects of the medicine are very good.(药效很好。)
96. intention, idea, purpose
intention主要指个人心里产生的做某事欲望或得到某物的想法，常见的搭配是have the intention of d oing something.
Idea指“意见”，“见解”。
Purpose意为“目的”，着重于实现目的的决心和待付出的努力。如：For what purpose do you learn E nglish?(你学英文的目的是什么？)
97. last, latest, final, ultimate
虚拟语气 1．虚拟语气在条件句中的应用 e.g. He would be alive today if the doctor had come sooner last night. If it were not for… / If it had not been for… = but for 3) 特殊结构的条件句but for without (with no) e.g. If it were not for his, help, I could never go to college. e.g. But for air and water, nothing could live. e.g. Without electricity, there would be no modern industry. 4) 条件句的省略 a.省if，用倒装，限于谓动为were, had, should e.g. Were I you, is shouldn’t so it like that. Had you not helped me, I should have failed. 如果没有你的帮助我就失败了。 b.省主句的虚拟结构（表愿望） e.g. If only I could help you! 如果我能帮助你就好了。 If only I had more money! 要是我有更多的钱就好了。 If only you had not told him what I said! 要是你没有把我的话告诉他就好了。 2. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用 1）It is + adj. + that …+ (should) v.: 表愿望，要求，建议等 necessary, important, essential, imperative, natural, impossible, strange, vital, obligatory, resolved, desirable, advisable, preferable, urgent, etc. e.g. It is strange that she (should) have left with the light still on. 2) It is + p.p. + that…+ (should) v.: 表愿望，要求，建议等 suggested, required, demanded, urged, ordered, desired, advised requested, urged, proposed, recommended, etc. e.g. it is suggested that the automobile be oiled every day. 3) It is (high / about) time + (that)…+ 一般过去式（be →were） e.g. It is high time that we were off to London. 3. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用 1) suggest, require, order, demand, propose, advise, insist, maintain, recommend, urge, prefer, request, command, desire, ask, object, direct, pray, propose等后的宾从宾从谓动(should) v. 2) wish后的宾从 a. 表无能为力的过去愿望 sb. wish + (that)…+ had ved. / could (would, might) have ved.
虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气.判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反 I: 最基本的虚拟语气句型: 1. 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过 去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。 If places were a like, there would be little need for geographers. 如果各个地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。 2. 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时 即had＋过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。 If he had known your address yesterday, he would have telephoned you. 3. 虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If从句的谓 语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形。 If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday 4. 省略if 采用倒装语序的条件句。 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had , should, were 等词 提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。 Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams. Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday. Were I in your place, I wouldn't do that 5. 有时虚拟条件句并没来if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。 We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. Without you help, I wouldn't have achieved so much. But for your help, I would not have succeeded. II: 虚拟语气在从句中用should的情况: 1. 在建议,要求,命令,想法后的动词后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should 可以省略. 如advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote. 常考到的是: suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request. His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence. The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day. 2. 在建议,要求,命令,想法后的名词后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should可以省略. 如advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation etc. It was Bill's suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
虚拟语气在as if/as though引导的方式状语从句中1.表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。 He treats the boy as if he were his own son. 2.表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。 He spoke as if he had known about it. 3．表示与将来事实相反，(表示将来的可能性不大),用would (might, could)+动词原形 He acts as if he could win in the game . 注意：1.在as if/as though 句中，如果有可能成为事实，用陈述语气。 例：He looks as if he going to be ill. 2.as though或as if引导的状语从句，从句主语和主句主语相同时，从句中可省略主语和部分谓语。 虚拟语气用在lest，for fear that，so that及in order that引导的目的状语从句中表示“以防，以免”等意思谓语动词多用should/could/might+动词原型构成 For fear that it may rain tomorrow, we should bring an umbrella. 由“providing（that） /provided（that）/on condition that/suppose （that）/supposing （that）”引导的条件从句根据情况，1.可以用虚拟语气。 例：suppose/supposing that it rained,we shouldn’t go out. 2.也可以用陈述语气。 例：They are willing to surrender provided they are given free pardon..
新概念英语第二册语法总结：虚拟语气 虚拟语气分三种情况来掌握： 1、虚拟条件句。 2、名词性虚拟语气。 3、虚拟语气的其他用语。 一、虚拟条件句： 条件状语从句是非真实情况，在这种情况下要用虚拟语气。 1、条件从句与现在事实不一致，其句型为： If 主语＋过去时，主语＋should(could, would, 或might)＋动词原形，如： If I were you, I would study hard. If it rained, I would not be here now. 2、条件从句与过去事实不一致，句型为： If 主语＋had＋过去分词，主语＋should(could, would, 或might)＋have＋过去分词，如：If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved. If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term. 3、条件从句与将来事实不一致，句型为： If 主语+should(were to, 过去时)＋do，主语＋should(could...)＋原形do，如： If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes. If you missed the film to night, you would feel sorry. 注意问题： 1、If条件句中绝对不可出现"would"。 2、根据句中的时间状语，有时可能出现“混合虚拟”的情况，即主句可能是现在的情况，条件句也许是发生在过去的情况，但都是遵守上述句型。 3、在条件句中如果出现were, had, should可省去if，将主语与这些词倒装，例如： Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved. Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes. Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
一、概念 中文译作"虚拟语气"。它是一种动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。 二、语法结构 1.if结构（非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况） 与..事实相反If从句主句 过去Had done Would* have done 现在Were/did Would* do 将来Should do/were/were to do Would* do 例句：If there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [过去] If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. [现在] If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [将来] 备注： （1）上表中’*’，would都可转换为should、could、might。 （2) 如果为时间错综句的话，左右两栏可互相搭配，排列组合。 例句： He would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug. [与现在事实相反] [与过去事实相反] (3) if可转换为其他形式 例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully. [过去] （=>可转换为：If there hadn’t been your advice, we …） Your notes are almost illegible (难以辨认的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [将来] (=> 可转换为：If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.) I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[过去] (=> 可转换为：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he ..) 2、wish结构 与..事实相反 过去Had done 现在Were/did
Subjunctive mood 一. Teaching aims: 1、Knowledge and ability 1）. Know what the subjunctive mood refers to 2）. Know the different forms of the subjunctive mood 3）. Master the structure of the subjunctive mood about “if …” and the structures of the different forms of the subjunctive mood. 4）. Do some exercises about the grammar and flexible to use it in specific language environment. 2、Process and method goals : Combine guidance of teachers and student self-learning；combine to grammar explanations and grammar exercises enable students to master the subjunctive mood in use. 3、Emotional attitudes and values objectives： To develop students' independent learning and the exploring ability, increase their awareness of cooperation, to improve students' language skills and the ability to express their views. 二、teaching difficult point Can use this rules of grammar to complete various training exercises and use in the actual language. 三.、Teaching important points 1) The subjunctive mood is often found in a clause be ginning with the word “if”. 2) Get students to learn the proper forms of verbs in subjunctive mood. 四、Teaching methods： 1) Multi-media teaching 2) Cooperative learning-for example: group discussion 3）Inductive method 五、Teaching aids：PPT，video
虚拟语气: 表示说的话不是事实，不可能发生或者说可能性很小的情况，表达一种愿望、建议、假设。 if were/did, would do if had done, would have done if were to do/should do, would do 举例： If I were you, I would do nothing about it. If you had taken your teacher’s advice, you wouldn’t have made such a mistake. If it were to/ should rain tomorrow(表示降水率很低)，they wouldn’t go shopping. 附注： 虚拟语气，条件状从倒装 状语从句中，去掉if,提前were/ had/ should 如：If I were you, I would give up. →Were I you, I would give up If you had taken the advice, you would have…. →Had you taken the advice, you would have… If the world should come to an end,…… →Should the world come to an end…… 另外，without, but for, otherwise构成的条件状语从句中，也有含蓄的虚拟语气But for the popularization of electricity, we would lead a whole different life today. (popularization 普及，publicity 宣传) Without your help, I would have failed. We’ll go earlier, otherwise we wouldn’t get a seat. （表示可能性小） 但其实，高中英语考试也常考：
虚拟语气用法归纳 虚拟语气主要指的的是带有非真实条件状语从句的复合句，表达的是说话人的遗憾后悔的语气，愿望以及建议，命令，要求等等的情感，往往说的是与事实相反或者没办法实现改变的东西。虚拟语气主要表现为在对过去现在或者将来的情况做出假设后，有可能出现的情况。 虚拟语气的内容主要有三大模块，第一模块就是涉及到条件从句部分的内容。这一部分的虚拟语气主要体现在三个方面：基本用法，各自为政，以及含蓄之美。 下表就是条件从句虚拟语气的基本用法： 通常，在上面表格里反映的是非真实条件句的虚拟语气模式，从句和主句的谓语动词时间是一致的，如果两者时间不一致，此时就是混合型虚拟语气。混合型虚拟语气的使用要求“各自为政”，即从句和主句根据各自假设的时间不同，采用上面表格中对应的的谓语动词形式。 如何“各自为政”呢这就像是数学里的排列组合，一边有三种情况，交叉一搭配就出现了好多种情况。不管怎样，我们要遵循一个原则，就是“各自为政”。例如，从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句则是对现在情况的假设，那我们在使用时，从句就用过去完成式，而主句要用would/could do的形式。当然，也不是所有的AB配就是合理的，有时候在具体语境下，会出现矛盾的情况，这时我们就要结合要表达的意思来判断他们是对什么情况的假设，选择合适的形式。一般而言，主句的假设时间会发生在从句的假设时间之后。因为是有这么一个条件才会出现主句的现状。因此在此类的完成句子练习中，我们要特别提醒注意时间状语的暗示 1. If I had seen you, I would not be so worried now. (从句是对过去的假设，主句是对现在的假设) 2. If you had not watched television so late last night, you would not be so sleepy now.( 从句是对过去的假设，主句是对现在的假设) 3. If I were you, I would seize the chance to go abroad. (从句和主句都是现在的假设) 4. Had you followed the doctor’s suggestion, you would be fine now.( 从句是对过去的假设，主句是对现在的假设) 5. If I had made some money last summer, I would go on holiday next month.( 从句是对过去的假设，主句是对将来的假设) 6. You didn’t let me drive. If we had driven in turns, you wouldn’t be so tired now. (从句是对过去的假设，主句是对现在的假设) 7. If Jack hadn’t met Rose on his voyage, he would be alive now. (从句是对过去的假设，主句是对现在的假设) 8. If Lily didn’t attend today’s party, she could not have the chance to work in the company next week. (从句是对现在的假设，主句是对将来的假设) 9. Had Father followed my travel plan , our family would not stay at home now. (从句是对
语法填空: One day, about then years ago, while working at the cash register in the gift shop at my University Museum of Natural History, I saw an elderly couple come in with a little girl in a wheelchair、________ I looked closely at this girl, I found _________ she was fixed on her chair、I then realized she had no arms of legs, just a head, a neck and upper body, _________(dress) in a little white skirt、As the couple wheeled her up to me, I turned my head toward the girl、When I took the money from her grandparents, I looked back at the girl _________ was giving me the most optimistic, largest smile _________ that I had ever seen、All of a sudden, her handicap was gone and all I saw was this beautiful girl __________ smile just melted me、She almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of __________ life is all about、She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and __________(bring) me into her world: a world of smile, love and _________(warm)、I’m a successful business man now and whenever I think about the troubles of the world, I think about that little girl and the remarkable lesson about life that she taught _________、 完形填空: It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes, The 1 has been on the belief that in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual (智力的) growth by 2 situation that has designed for the 3 children、 There can be little doubt that 4 classes can help the gifted children to graduate earlier and take their place in life sooner、However, to take these 5 out of the regular classes may create serious problems、 I observed a number of 6 children who were taken out of a special class and placed in a 7 class、In the special class, they showed little ability to use their own judgment, relying 8 on their teachers’ directions、In the regular class, having no worry about keeping up, they began to reflect 9 on many problems, some of which were not on the school program、 Many are concerned that gifted children become 10 and lose interest in learning、However this 11 is more often from parents a nd teachers than from students, and some of these 12 simply conclude that special classes should be set up for those who are 13 、Some top students do feel bored in class, but why they 14 so goes far beyond the work they have in school、Studies have shown that to be bored is to be anxious、The gifted child whop is bored is an 15 child、 1、A、principle B、theory C、arguments D、classification 2、A、designing B、grouping C、learning D、living 3、A、smart B、curious C、mature D、average 4、A、regular B、special C、small D、creative 5、A、children B、programs C、graduates D、designs 6、A、intelligent B、competent C、ordinary D、independent 7、A、separate B、regular C、new D、boring 8、A、specially B、slightly C、wrongly D、heavily
虚拟语气练习题含答案及解析 一、初中英语虚拟语气 1． If I ＿＿you . I＿＿study harder. A．am , will B．was, would C．were, would D．were, will 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：句意：如果我是你，我会更努力学习。这个句子要用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。所以用过去式were, would,故选C。 考点：考查虚拟语气。 2．If I not so busy ,I with you . A．was , would go B．were , would go C．was , should go D．were , will go 【答案】B 【解析】句意“如果我不忙，我就跟你去”。本题考查对将来的虚拟语气。即“if+过去时，主语+should/would/could/might do”结构。故选B。 点睛： 3．You should_______ watched TV. There is so much work to do, A．not have B．have not C．not D．not having 【答案】A 【解析】 句意“你本不应该看足球比赛，你有许多的工作要做”。本题考查虚拟语气，shouldn't have done本不该做……却做了。根据句意，故选A。 4．I don’t understand how you got a ticket. I always you a careful driver. A．think; are B．am thinking; are C．thought; were D．think; were
虚拟语气 一、用固定的情态动词表示的虚拟语气 1、 should +动词原形(有时省略should) (1)用在动词如advise, request, require, suggest, urge,demand, desire,command, insist, order, propose, recommend, 等后的宾语从句中。 例如: 1)They requested that we (should) send a invitation to their school、 2)He urged that he acquaint and apply the methods、 2、用在it is suggested,it has been decided, it is desired, it was proposed,it is required, it was ordered, it is necessary (essential, imperative, important, desirable) that等引出的主语从句中。 例如: 1)It is required that we (should) get everything done by tomorrow night、 2)It is imperative that the teachers (should) have a thorough knowledge of the subject they teach、 3、用在suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendation, plan, idea, requirement等引起的表语从句与同位语从句 例如:She drives her vessel carefully lest she should lost her way、 4.用在表示比拟的方式状语从句中 例如:He laughed as if he had never been happier before、 5.用在表示虚拟情况的定语从句中 例如:It is high time you stop bitting your child、 6.用在某些表示主观愿望的名词从句中 例1:I wish I were as tall as you、 例2:He insisted that we (should) catch up the first bus in the morning、 7.用在婉转的请求、建议、批评等句子中
虚拟语气(2) 虚拟语气是用来表示与事实相反或不大可能实现的情况。主要是通过动词的变化来体现的。 ▲在某些主语从句和条件状语从句中虚拟的用法 在It is important, impossible, strange, vital 至关重要的, natural, essential必需的；基本的, desirable值得要的, preferable更好的, advisable可取的, appropriate适当的, surprising, sad,urgent, suggested, necessary, requested, ordered,+that…句型中，主语从句在英国英语中用should +原形动词。在美国英语中省略should直接用原形。 在for fear that（以防……起见）引导的条件句中用法同上。 在unless, when, so(as) long as，suppose, in case, on condition lest(以免)引导的条件状语从句中也可用虚拟语气，用法同上。 ●It is necessary that he（should）come on time to attend the meeting. 他按时来出席会议是必要的。 ●It is natural that he（should）love Merry. 他爱玛丽是很自然的事。 ●He took an umbrella for fear that it (should) rain. 他带了一把伞，以防天下雨。
●As long a s my wife (should) get ready, we will go. 只要我太太准备好了，我们就去。 ▲在suggest, propose, demand, inquire, request, desire想望, 期望, insist, order, advise, agree等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后的宾语从句中。英国英语用should +原形动词，美国英语省略“should”用原形动词 ●He insisted that we（should）get there on time. 他坚持我们要按时到那。 ●The dean proposed that the question（should）not be discussed at once. 系主任提议这个问题不要马上讨论。 ▲在think, expect, believe, 是否定形式时，宾语从句可用虚拟语气：should +动词原形，should不可省。 ●She said she never expected I should lend money to her. ▲suggestion, proposal, request, advice, order, command等表示建议、命令、要求等的名词后面的表语从句中，用should+动词原形，表示虚拟，should常常省略。 The general’s command was that the soldiers (should) leave their fort and carry out more important tasks. ▲were (was) to 有时在虚拟条件句中用were (was)表示试探的口气。 ●If you were (was) to do something like that I would not
2017考研备考英语阅读复习指导：虚拟 语气 虚拟语气是考研备考英语阅读理解、完形填空和翻译中一个很常见的语法现象。尤其是在阅读理解中，推理题，这个决定学生能不能从40分的阅读中夺得30分以上的一个题型。而我们此处的虚拟语气是推理题经常出选项的地方。从1986年到现2014年，其出现的频率是很高的。同时，英语二中虚拟语气也是个考点。但是其形式多，很多考生在判断辨识和使用上有一定难度。虚拟语气的考点一般在考研备考中有四大类：if 引导的从句类;从句中(should)do 句型;特殊句型类以及单用句型类。之前我们学习了if 引导的从句这个第一类别。那下面就其他三个考点带领大家一起继续学习虚拟语气。 (一)从句中的(should)do 句型 (1)英语中有些表示要求，建议、提议、命令、意愿等的形容词、动词和名词，其后若跟随有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句，从句中的动词要求要用虚拟语气形式，即动词原形或“should+动词原形”。 属于该类的常见形容词有：advisable，desirable, essential, imperative, insistent, keen , necessary, preferable, urgent, vital等。 例1 .If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems imperative, not only that communications in transport should beimproved, but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite。(1989年阅读3) 例2. The board deemed it urgent that these files should be printed right away. (1993年单选1) 例3.I don’t think it advisable that he should be assigned to the job since he has no experience whatsoever. (1993年改错64) 例4.It’s essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy. (1996年改错12) 常见的动词有advise, ask , beg , decide , demand, desire, determine,insist,intend,maintain,move,propose,order,recomm-end,request,require,resolve,suggest, urge等 例5. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. (2013年新题型) 例6.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition。(2011年阅读4) 例7 It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference。(2011年英语二阅