华东政法大学2011年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷
第一部分基础英语试题
Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)
Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.
1. The contract will be binding when both sides have affixed their ______ to it.
A. seal
B. sail
C. veil
D. sole
2. Although they have guns and grenades, they are not soldiers but a gang of _____.
A. bandits
B. kidnappers
C. robbers
D. burglars
3. Surrounded with numerous stars, the moon seems all the more _____.
A. obvious
B. visible
C. conspicuous
D. apparent
4. John‘s score on the test is the highest in the class; he _____last night. A. must study B. should have studied C. must have studied D. is sure to study
5. The invention of the telephone was a great ____ to communication. A. distribution B. contribution C. attribution D. fruition
6. What a difference between the two houses which stand _____ to each other.
A. adjacent
B. adhering
C. extending
D. detaching
7. Even the most indulgent parents will not let their children ____ telling lies.
A. get away with
B. get along with
C. get in
D. get out
8. Tom could do some brilliant _______ of our English teacher.
A. impressions
B. personifications
C. impersonations
D. persons
9. The moment the buxom woman sat down, the old chair first _____ and then collapsed. A. groaned B. gasped C. guffawed D. shuddered
10. But the Swiss discovered long years ago that constant warfare brought them ______suffering and poverty. A. anything but B. nothing but C. none other than D. no more than
11. To their great dismay, they found that their wage increases had been _____ by the soaring prices as a result of inflation.
A. leveled
B. reduced
C. offset
D. cancelled
12. I _____ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.
A. express
B. confess
C. verify
D. acknowledge
13. There aren‘t enough computers for the whole grade of students to ________.
A. go around
B. go under
C. go down
D. go for
14. Your performance is generally assumed to _______ the knowledge you have acquired and will retain.
A. adhere to
B. submit
C. correspond to
D. conform to
15. I didn‘t say anything like that at all. You are purposely _____ my idea to prove your point.
A. extorting
B. contradicting
C. distorting
D. distracting
16. His suggestions are based on a/an _______ that the prison system is out of date and worthless.
A. domination
B. consumption
C. consideration
D. assumption
17. The teacher was a _______ woman who did her best.
A. respecting
B. respectable
C. respective
D. respectful
18. In that country, students will be _____ admittance to their classroom if they are not
properly dressed. A. declined B. deprived C. denied D. deserted 19. Following the scandal, he was_______ from his post as deputy finance minister.
A. refused
B. replied
C. relieved
D. removed 20. I was quite ________ by all the flowers and letters of support I received. A. overwhelmed B. surrounded C. soaked D. buried 21. On ______, 18% of our daily calories come from sugar.
A. general
B. the whole
C. common
D. average 22. She was staring out over the lake, lost in _______.
A. consciousness
B. contemplation
C. contradiction
D. content
23. I can _______ a lot more work when I'm on my own.
A. get through
B. get over
C. get on
D. get in
24. The ________ outcome of the contest varies from moment to moment.
A. apt
B. prone
C. likely
D. liable
25. the demonstration against the government.
A. break out
B. break into
C. break off
D. break up
26. In the ____ of ancient Troy, the Greeks got into the city by hiding in a wooden horse..
A. legend
B. myth
C. history
D. fiction
27. Even as a child he showed an inclination to ____ over the other children.
A. rule
B. govern
C. inspect
D. dominate
28. Many of the earliest ______ into the United States established large plantations.
A. emigrants
B. emigrations
C. immigrants
D. migrants
29. Undergraduate students have no ____ to the rare books in the library.
A. entrance
B. access
C. way
D. path
30. The advertisement says this material doesn‘t ____ in the wash, but it has.
A. dissolve
B. slim
C. contract
D. shrink
Part II: Reading Comprehension (20%).
Direction: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice
and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center. Passage One
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Of all the components of a good night‘s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just ―mental noise‖ –the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind‘s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain
is ―off-line‖. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. ―It‘s your dream,‖ says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago‘s Medical Center. ―If you don‘t like it, change it.‖ Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep - when most vivid dreams occur - as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the ―emotional brain‖) is especia lly active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. ―We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,‖ says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright‘s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don‘t always think about the emotional significance of the day‘s events –until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there‘s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or ―we wake up in a panic,‖ Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased p eople‘s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep - or rather dream - on it and you‘ll feel in the morning.
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams _____.
A. can be modified in their courses
B. are susceptible to emotional changes
C. reflect our innermost desires and fears
D. are a random outcome of neural repairs
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show _____.
A. its function in our dreams
B. the mechanism of REM sleep
C. the relation of dreams to emotions
D. its difference from the prefrontal cortex
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to _____. A. aggravate in our unconscious mind B. develop into happy dreams C. persist till time we fall asleep D. show up in dreams early at night
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that _____.
A. waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams
B. visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control
C. dreams should be left to their natural progression
D. dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams? A. Lead your life as usual B. Seek professional help C. Exercise conscious
D. Avoid anxiety in the daytime
Passage Two
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine (未受外界影响的) eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and the ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes (固定的模式); his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those worlds of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure (比喻) becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual
is first and foremost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.
36. The author thinks the reason why custom has been ignored in the academic world
is that _________.
A. custom reveals only the superficial nature of human behavior
B. the study of social orders can replace the study of custom
C. people are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our world outlook
D. custom has little to do with our ways of thinking
37. Which of the following is true according to John Dewey?
A. An individual can exercise very little influence on the cultural tradition into which he is born.
B. Custom is the direct result of the philosophical probings of a group of people.
C. An individual is strongly influence by the cultural tradition even before he is born.
D. Custom represents the collective wisdom which benefits the individual.
38. The world ―custom‖ in this passage most probably means ________.
A. the concept of the true and the false of a society
B. the independently developed social orders
C. the adjustment of the individual to the new social environment
D. the patterns and standards of behavior of a community
39. According to the passage, a person‘s life, from his birth to his death,_________. A. is constantly shaping the cultural traditions of his people B. is predominated by traditional custom
C. is continually influenced by the habits of other communities
D. is chiefly influenced by the habits of other communities
40. The author‘s purpose in writing this passage is _________. A. to urge individuals to follow traditional customs
B. to stress the strong influence of customs on an individual
C. to examine the interaction of man and social customs
D. to show man‘s adjustment to traditional customs
Passage Three
Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage
Amer icans today don‘t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athlete, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education - not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive
anti-intellectualism in our schools aren‘t difficult to find. ―Schools have
always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,‖ says education writer Diane Ravitch. ―School could be a counterbalance.‖ Ravitch‘s latest book, Left Back: A Century of failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, ―We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society. ‖
―Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,‖ writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of
anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urge has driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on
children: ―We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.‖ Mark Twain‘s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized - going to school and learning to read---so he can preserve his inmate goodness.
Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate,
re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.
School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our c ountry‘s educational system is in the grips of people who ―joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.‖
41. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?
A. The habit of thinking independently.
B. Profound knowledge of the world.
C. Practical abilities for future career.
D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.
42. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of _____.
A. undervaluing intellect
B. favoring intellectualism
C. supporting school reform
D. suppressing native intelligence
43. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are _____. A. identical
B. similar
C. complementary
D. opposite
44. Emerson, according to the text, is probably _____. A. a pioneer of education reform B. an opponent of intellectualism C. a scholar in favor of intellect D. an advocate of regular schooling
45. What does the author think of intellect? A. It is second to intelligence. B. It evolves from common sense. C. It is to be pursued D. It underlies power.
Passage Four
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on ―persuasive salesmanship‖ to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.
Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye on the consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.
This concept does not simply that business is benevolent (慈善的) or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction - the firm and the customer - and each must be satisfies before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, how ever, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering the consumer presented itself in mid 1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!
46. The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence,
________. A. the practice of turning goods into money B. making goods available for purchase C. the customer-centered approach D. a form of persuasive salesmanship
47. What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely
accepted?
A. The needs of the market.
B. The efficiency of production.
C. The satisfaction of the user.
D. The preferences of the dealer.
48. According to the pass age, ―to move as much of these goods as possible‖(Sentence 2, Para. 1) means ―__________‖.
A. to sell the largest possible amount of goods
B. to transport goods as efficiently as possible
C. to dispose of these goods in large quantities
D. to redesign these goods for large scale production
49. What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?
A. Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.
B. It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.
C. Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.
D. Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.
50. In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on __________.
A. its main characteristic
B. its social impact
C. its possible consequence
D. its theoretical basis
Part III: English Writing (15%)
DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You
should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.
How to rebuild trust among social members?
NOTES: Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.
第二部分专业英语试题
Part I. Reading comprehension
Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.
Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your wile. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，
其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。
I. (Legal History)
The political institutions that were first established in the Qin Dynasty had several important features that lasted for almost two thousand years in China. The first is strong emphasis on the rule by law (by a large and relatively efficient bureaucracy) but with little constraint on the emperor. Second, political dictatorship based on ideological monopoly. Third, local governments are organized in a system called prefectures and counties. The fourth feature is the personnel system for public offices that relied first on recommendation and then on standard exams.
―All things are determined by the emperor no matter they are small or big‖, so concluded an
ancient scholar on Qin‘s political institutions.Legalism school, which is very attractive to dictators, was employed by the Qin State in their quest to unify the c ountry. The cruelty of Qin‘s rule was revealed by not only the
detailed classification of its laws but also how it collapsed in less than 20 years after conquering the other states. Although the following dynasties more or less softened their rule, Qin‘s i nfluence remained dominant. It is a consensus that China‘s political institutions were so repressive that people had no way to participate in public decision making. Intellectuals had become simply reserves for a bureaucratic government.
The political dictatorship was built on ideological monopoly. The First Emperor was notorious for ordering ―burning books and burying scholars‖. Shortly after Qin unified China, Wu Emperor in Han Dynasty started to promote the monopoly of Confucianism and ban other schools of thinking. This movement had successfully established the monolithic status of Chinese intellectuals in the following two thousand years. This kind of ideological monopoly was not designed for any public participation in decision making. Instead, it was for elites who devoted themselves to the royal family.
The local government system of counties and prefectures, the basic pattern of which is still visible in modern China, was also established in the Qin Dynasty. This system differs from the feudal system in the sense that all local officials were directly responsible to the emperor. For a big empire like China, how to govern the country efficiently and effectively became a big problem.
On the one hand, local governance was critical to sustaining the control over the country.On the other hand, who sat in public offices became crucial to the success or failure of each dynasty or to how public interests are represented.
Feng Deng: ―Endogenous Evolution of Patriarchal Clan System in Ancient China‖
51. The first sentence of the paragraphs means that _______ lasted for almost two thousand years in China. (a) the political institutions (b) the important features of the political institutions (c) the Qin Dynasty (d) the political institutions established in the Qin Dynasty
(a) Qin Dynasty, although having a short life, had strong influences to later dynasties. (b) That people did not participate in decision making in ancient China is a generally accepted opinion. (c) The bureaucratic government selected its officials from intellectuals. (d) The Emperor was not the sole governor of the Qin Dynasty.
53. The reflection of ideological monopoly was (a) ―burning books and burying scholars‖. (b) the monopoly of Confucianism and ban of other schools of thinking. (c) zero public participation in decision making. (d) intellectuals devoting themselves to the royal family.
54. The government system of Qin Dynasty differs from the feudal system in the sense that (a) all Chinese local officials were directly responsible to the emperor. (b) county and prefecture governments were set up. (c) all local officials of the feudal system were directly responsible to the emperor.
(d) local governance was critical to sustaining the control over the country.
II. (Economic Law)
For four hundred years, company law has tried to solve the core problem of corporate governance, the separation of ownership and control. In Europe, corporate governance did not become a research discipline of its own before the end of the last millennium. The analysis of the functioning of management and control under distinct board models was the starting point and still is one of the most important fields of the increasingly comparative and interdisciplinary research agenda. The history of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (V.O.C.) impressively illustrates early problems of company law. Its evolution established the first institutional supervisory structure. The V.O.C. goes back to a merger of the early companies, the Voorcompagnie?n. Much like modern business amalgamations, it was sought to improve the market position against competitors. Many of the V.O.C.‘s features are still characteristic for modern companies.
With its incorporation in 1602, the V.O.C. had an internal structure comparable to what we describe today as a one-tier board model. The board of seventeen directors, elected by the governors of the six chambers, had universal management power and acted nearly free from any interference by minority shareholders. The board developed the business strategy, set the shipping routes, and issued resolutions that were binding for the chambers. In the course of further business expansion in 1648, an executive committee of the board (The Hague Committee) helped to organize the work of the directors. Committees formed for accounting or specific business matters, were also found at the chamber level.
– the merchants and owners of the early companies – were unaware that an entity with its own interest had emerged as they continued to manage the V.O.C. in the way they had managed their early companies. In particular, the governors‘ right to prior purchase turned out to be unfortunate, leading to an early form of what we today call self-dealing. With the second dash of regulation in 1623, the license was changed and the governors were permitted to buy from the company only in public auctions under the same conditions as anyone else. Further, they were allowed to supply the company only if they had been granted a license to do so. The major change in the internal structure came with the introduction of the committee of nine in 1623, which can be described as an early form of the modern supervisory board.
Klaus J. Hopt, Patrick C. Leyens：―Board Models in Europe --Recent Developments of Internal Corporate Governance Structures in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy‖
55. In the 17th century, the board of seventeen directors had universal management power to do the following except (a) developing the business strategy. (b) deciding which way to take for the shipping. (c) helping to organize the work of the chambers. (d) issuing resolutions that were binding for the chambers.
56. From the first paragraph, one can know that (a) the starting point of the research was the analysis of the functioning of management and control under distinct board models. (b) corporate governance was a research discipline of its own in the early 1900‘s. (c) merger of the early companies was sought to improve the competitors. (d) the history of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (V.O.C.) was very impressive.
57. The word which can best replace the word ―alignment‖ in the underlined sentence is (a) grouping (b) association (c) arrangement (d) coalition
(a) Governors were permitted to buy from the company only in public auctions under the same conditions. (b) The committee of nine was introduced with internal structure. (c) Governors were not allowed to supply the company if they had not been granted a license to do so. (d) Quite some regulations were made.
III. (International Law)
One might accept that international law and international institutions played an important role in the events leading up to the U.S. invasion of Iraq, but still be of the view that, ultimately, the fact of the invasion—in the face of no persuasive legal justification—discredits the idea that international rules on the use of force constrain state behavior and the idea that the Security Council plays an important role in coordinating collective security. One effort to determine the attitudes of persons worldwide in the aftermath of the invasion indicated that one of the biggest casualties of the war was the credibility of the United Nations, for persons in states that both opposed and supported the war. Indeed, notwithstanding the discussion above, one might still argue that President Bush decided in summer of 2002 to invade Iraq and, while he played a game of discussions at the United Nations and with allies about international law, at the end of the day the United States went ahead and invaded when those discussions did not proceed to the U.S. liking. Certainly the rhetoric of President Bush would support such a claim: in the course of taking the U.S. case to the United Nations, President Bush repeatedly stated that the United States wanted U.N. support but, if such support was not forthcoming, the United States would still take action to enforce Iraq‘s WMD obligations.
There is probably no definitive way to disprove the argument that the Bush administration was set on invading Iraq no matter what happened at the United Nations. One might speculate in response that had there been no plausible legal justification whatsoever available to the Bush administration, then no foreign states would have allied themselves with the United States, U.S. public opinion would not have shifted, and the Bush administration ultimately would have continued to pursue weapons inspections rather than an invasion, or would have engaged in a lesser use of force (akin to the bombings of 1998). The importance of the internal and external factors discussed above provides
some support to such speculation, but cannot lead to any definitive conclusions.
At the same time, it appears mistaken to draw sweeping conclusions from the fact of the U.S. invasion of Iraq about the general efficacy of international rules on the use of force or the utility of the Security Council.
Sean D. Murphy: ―Assessing the Legality of Invading Iraq‖
59. Which of the following is the best topic for the above paragraphs?
(a) International Law and the Iraq War (b) Assessing the Legality of Invading Iraq (c) International Law has Little Force Constraining State Behavior (d) The United Nations and the United States
60. According to the author, the biggest victim of the Iraq war is (a) the United Nations. (b) persons in states that both opposed and supported the war. (c) the integrity of the United Nations. (d) the Bush Administration.
61. Reading these paragraphs, one can see that the author (a) holds up the Bush Administration in launching the Iraq war. (b) opposes the Bush Administration in launching the Iraq war (c) expresses no opinion of pros or cons of the Iraq war. (d) takes a neutral position in analyzing the legality of the Iraq war.
62. The last paragraph means that (a) to draw sweeping conclusions about the function of international rules on the use of force or the utility of the Security Council from the U.S. appears mistaken. (b) it is a mistake to draw sweeping conclusions about the function of international rules on the use of force or the utility of the Security Council. (c) one should not get conclusion regarding the function of international law on use of force from the US invasion of Iraq.
(d) it is wrong to get extensive conclusion regarding the efficiency of international law on use of force and use of the Security Council from the US invasion of Iraq.
IV. (Criminal Law)
The acrimonious debate over capital punishment has continued for centuries. In recent decades, the debate has heated up in the U.S. following the Supreme Court-imposed moratorium on capital punishment. Currently, several states are considering a change in their policies regarding the status of the death penalty. Nebraska‘s legislature, for example, re cently passed a two-year moratorium on executions, which was, however, vetoed by the state‘s governor. Ten other states have at least considered a moratorium last year. The group includes Oklahoma whose legislature will soon consider a bill imposing a two-year moratorium on executions and establishing a task force to research the effectiveness of capital punishment. The legislature in Nebraska and Illinois has also called for similar research. In Massachusetts, however, the House of Representatives voted down a bill supported by the governor to reinstate the death penalty.
An important issue in this debate is whether capital punishment deters murders. Psychologists and criminologists who examined the issue initially reported no deterrent effect. Economists joined the debate with the pioneering work of Ehrlich. Ehrlich‘s regression results, using U.S. aggregate
time-series for 1933-1969 and state level cross-sectional data for 1940 and 1950, suggest a significant deterrent effect, which sharply contrasts with earlier findings. The policy importance of the research in this area is borne out by the considerable public attention that Ehrlich‘s work has received. The Solicitor General of the United States, for example, introduced Ehrlich‘s findings to the Supreme Court in support of capital punishment.
Coinciding with the Supreme Court‘s deliberation on the issue,
Ehrlich‘s finding inspired an interest in econometric analysis of deterrence, leading to many studies that use his data but different regression specifications -- different regressors or different choice of endogenous vs. exogenous variables. The mixed findings prompted a series of sensitivity analyses on Ehrlich‘s equations, reflecting a further emphasis on specification.
Data issues, on the other hand, have received far less attention. Most of the existing studies use either time-series or cross-section data. The studies that use national time-series data are affected by an aggregation problem. Any deterrence from an execution should affect the crime rate only in the executing state. Aggregation dilutes such distinct effects. Cross sectional studies are less sensitive to this problem, but their static formulation precludes any consideration of the dynamics of crime, law enforcement, and judicial processes. Moreover, cross sectional studies are affected by unobserved heterogeneity which cannot be controlled for in the absence of time variation.
Hashem Dezhbakhsh and Paul H. Rubin: ―Does Capital Punishment Have a Deterrent Effect?‖
63. From the first paragraph, one can know that in the US (a) the executive branch is in opposite opinion with the legislature at the state level regarding death penalty. (b) several states are considering reinstate the death penalty.
(c) Oklahoma decided to suspend death penalty for two years. (d) some states‘ legislature has also called for research on cancellation of capital sentence.
64. Which of the following group of people thought that capital punishment had no deterrent effect? (a) economists and criminologists (b) psychologists and criminologists (c) psychologists and economists (d) economists and Ehrlich
65. According to the 3rd paragraph, which of the following is NOT true?
(a) Ehrlich‘s finding caused others to analyze the deterrence effect of death penalty. (b) Many people used Ehrlich‘s data in their analysis but in a
different way. (c) The finding of others‘ research was similar. (d) Ehrlich provided an equation in his analysis.
66. In the 4th paragraph, the author thinks that (a) cross sectional studies are more sensitive to aggregation. (b) time-series data are not influenced by aggregation. (c) unobserved heterogeneity cannot be controlled for in the absence of time variation. (d) data issue had not been paid enough attention as it should be.
V. (Constitutional Law and Administrative Law)
I wish to take as my subject Justice Scalia‘s 1988 Taft Lecture, Originalism: The Lesser Evil. The published version of this lecture has had an enormous influence. It is among the most frequently cited law review articles and—together with Justice Scalia‘s introduction to A Matter of Interpretation—helped shape the current debate over the proper method of constitutional interpretation. Indeed, his Taft Lecture can be credited with contributing to one of the most remarkable intellectual comeback stories of legal scholarship.
In the 1980s various leading figures in constitutional law took aim at the contention that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the original intentions of its framers. Originalism, originalism is impractical because it is impossible to discover and aggregate the various intentions held by numerous framers. Second, originalism is actually contrary to the original intentions of the founding generation who themselves rejected reliance on original intent. Finally, originalism is to be rejected because it is wrong for the living to be bound by the dead hand of the past.
In his Taft Lecture, Justice Scalia was perhaps the first defender of originalism to shift the theory from its previous focus on the intentions of the framers of the Constitution to the original public meaning of the text at the time of its enactment. This shift from original framers intent to original public meaning obviated much of the practical objection to originalism. That language has an accessible public meaning is what enables interpersonal communication. If words did not have an objective meaning beyond the subjective intention of speakers and writers, we would never be able to understand each other. Indeed, the objective theory by which private contracts are normally interpreted assumes the availability of such meaning. And the very same evidence that shows the founding generation rejecting reliance on the intentions of the framers also shows their reliance on the original public meaning of the text.
Shifting from original framers intent to original public meaning did little to answer the ―dead hand‖ objection, however. Why be bound by the past? For that, Justice Scalia and other originalists had to develop a theory of constitutional legitimacy. Most originalists stressed the theory of popular sovereignty. They contended that the Constitution is an authoritative expression of the will of the People, which judges are duty-bound to follow.
RANDY E. BARNETT: ―Scalia's Infidelity: A Critique of Faint-Hearted
O riginalism‖
67. Which of the following is NOT a comment of Justice Scalia‘s 1988 Lecture by the author? (a) It is one of the most frequently cited law review articles. (b) It contributed to one of the most remarkable intellectual review of legal scholarship. (c) It helped shape the current debate over the proper method of constitutional interpretation. (d) It had an enormous influence.
68. The following are critical comments of Originalism except (a) Originalism, it was widely thought, was thoroughly trounced by unanswerable objections. (b) It is impossible to discover and aggregate the intentions of so many framers. (c) People in the 20th century should not be bound by the dead hand of the past. (d) The founders of the US themselves rejected reliance on original intent.
69. The contribution of Justice Scalia to originalism is that he (a) obviated much of the practical objection to originalism. (b) found that language had an accessible public meaning was what enabled interpersonal communication.
(c) found that if words did not have an objective meaning beyond the subjective intention of speakers and writers, we would never be able to understand each other. (d) shifted the previous focus on the intentions of the framers of the Constitution to the original public meaning of the text at the time of its enactment.
70. From the last paragraph, we know that (a) original public meaning did answer the ―dead hand‖ objection. (b) judges have the duty to follow the will of the people. (c) a new theory of popular sovereignty was developed to answer the ―dead hand‖ objection. (d) one should not be bound by the past.
VI. (Jurisprudence)
American Legal Realism was the most important indigenous jurisprudential movement in the United States during the 20th-century, having a profound impact not only on American legal education and scholarship, but also on law reform and lawyering. Unlike its Scandinavian cousin, American Legal Realism was not primarily an extension to law of substantive philosophical doctrines from semantics and epistemology. The Realists were lawyers (plus a few social scientists), not philosophers, and their motivations were, accordingly, different. As lawyers, they were reaching against the dominant ―mechanical jurisprudence‖ or ―formalism‖ of their day. ―Formalism‖ in the sense pertinent here, held that judges decide cases on the basis of distinctively legal rules and reasons, which justify a unique result in most cases (perhaps every case). The Realists argued, instead, that careful empirical consideration of how courts really decide cases reveals that they decide not primarily because of law, but based (roughly speaking ) on their sense of what would be ―fair‖ on the facts of the case. Legal rules and reasons figure simply as post-hoc rationalizations for decisions reached on the basis of
on-legal considerations. Because the Realists never made explicit their philosophical presuppositions about the nature of law or their conception of legal theory, one of the important jurisprudential tasks for Realists today is a philosophical reconstruction and defense of these views, especially against the criticisms of legal philosophers, notably H.L.A. Hart.
But Realism also bore the marks of an intellectual culture which it did share with its Scandinavian cousin. This culture – the dominant one in the Western world from the mid-19th century through at least the middle of the last century –was deeply ―positivistic,‖ in the sense that it views natural science as the paradigm of all genuine knowledge, and thought all other disciplines (from social science to legal study) should emulate the methods of natural science. Chief among the latter was the method of empirical testing: hypotheses had to be tested against observations of the world. Thus the Realists frequently claimed that existing articulations of the ―law‖ were not, in fact, ―confirmed‖ by actual observation of what the court were really doing. Also influential on some Realists was behaviorism in psychology –John Watson‘s version, not the later, and better-known, brand associated with B.F. Skinner –which was itself in the grips of a ―positivistic‖ conception of knowledge and method.
Brian Leiter: American Legal Realism
(a) American legal education. (b) American legal scholarship.
(c) American law reform. (d) American lawyers.
72. From the 1st paragraph we can know that Scandinavian Realists (a) were philosophers. (b) were primarily an extension to law of substantive philosophical doctrines. (c) were reaching against ―mechanical jurisprudence‖. (d) held that judges decide cases on the basis of distinctively legal rules and reasons.
73. The American Realists argued that (a) courts decide cases not primarily because of law, but based on their sense of ―fairness‖. (b) legal rules and reasons figure simply as prior-hoc rationalizations for decisions reached on the basis of non-legal considerations. (c) philosophical reconstruction and defense of these views are necessary. (d) careful empirical consideration reveals that courts decide cases primarily because of law.
74. What is the intellectual culture that American Realism shares with its Scandinavian cousin? (a) Existing articulatio ns of the ―law‖ were
not ―confirmed‖ by actual observation of what the court were really doing.
(b) method of empirical testing (c) taking natural science as the paradigm of all genuine knowledge (d) All disciplines should also emulate the methods of natural science.
VII. (Civil and Commercial Law)
When legislators, policy analysts, and opinion leaders discuss family change they usually focus on two issues: out-of-wedlock births and fatherless families. In many cases they discuss these two issues as if they were identical.
Yet more than half of all fatherless families are created by divorce, separation, death, or imprisonment, and nearly half of all out-of-wedlock births are now to cohabiting fathers and mothers. These facts suggest that we need to be more precise about which changes worry us. Americans worry about family change for at least three kinds of reasons, which we will label economic, developmental, and moral.
From an economic perspective, the most troubling feature of family change has been the spread of families headed by a single mother who is not living with another adult who helps support her and her children. Single mothers seldom command high wages. They also find it unusually difficult to work long hours, since they must also care for their children. Many get very little child support from the absent father, and even generous child support payments provide less money than a resident father with the same income would normally provide. While single mothers are eligible for various forms of public assistance, neither legislators nor voters have wanted to make such assistance at all generous, lest generosity encourage still more women to raise children on their own. The spread of single-mother families has therefore played a major role in the Not all children from disrupted families live with what the English call a lone mother, but other living arrangements are less likely to leave children in poverty. Mothers who divorce and remarry tend to be about as well off economically as mothers who remai n married to their children‘s biological father. Unmarried mothers who cohabit with a boyfriend also tend to have significantly higher household incomes than those who live on their own, although it is not clear how much of the typical boyfriend‘s income i s available to support the mother‘s children. And when unmarried mothers live with their parents or other relatives, they too face fewer economic problems than when they live alone. If we are mainly concerned with reducing child poverty, all these alternatives reduce its incidence.
David T. Ellwood and Christopher Jencks: The Spread of Single-Parent Families in the United States since 1960
75. Which of the following statement is NOT true according to the 1st paragraph? (a) Out-of-wedlock birth is not the only cause for single-parent families. (b) Nearly half of all out-of-wedlock borne babies are now living with their parents. (c) Less than half of all motherless families are created by divorce, separation or death. (d) Out-of-wedlock births and fatherless families are two separate issues.
76. From the 2nd paragraph, we know that the economic problem of
single-parent family is (a) poverty (b) the low-income mother. (c) lack of government assistance. (d) lack of support from the child‘s father.
77. Which of the following situation is not mentioned in comparing with
a lone mother? (a) mothers who divorce and remarry (b) mothers who remain married to their children‘s biological father (c) unmarried mothers who cohabit with a boyfriend (d) unmarried mothers live with their parents
78. The underlined sentence in the 2nd paragraph does NOT mean that (a) more kids of poor families are living in single-parent families now. (b) more than half of the poor families with children are single-parent families. (c) the rate of poor single-parent families has doubled sine the late 1970s. (d) the divorce rate has doubled since 19
64.
VIII. (Forensic Appraisal)
Traditional forensic evidence has long played a role in criminal justice. But currently poised on the horizon is a new generation of forensic sciences capable of investigating and inculpating suspects on an order of power far greater than that afforded by traditional forensic techniques. This array of exciting new methods -- such as DNA typing, data mining, biometric technologies, and forensic MRI imaging, represent a marked advance over the rudimentary techniques of old, and will surely stake a central and indispensable role in the future administration of criminal justice.
Yet the experience of traditional forensic sciences in the criminal justice system caution against rushing too quickly to embrace these new techniques. In recent years, the legitimacy of evidentiary stalwarts like handwriting, voice exemplars, hair and fiber, bite and tool marks, and even fingerprints has been seriously called into question. Exoneration studies have demonstrated the shocking degree to which the criminal justice system has historically failed to prevent spurious sciences and faulty or fraudulent evidence from serving to convict innocent defendants. For example, one study found that defective scientific evidence contributed to over one-half of wrongfully obtained convictions.
Of course, the unreliability of traditional techniques, and the failure of the criminal justice system to keep out such invalid evidence, has in large part been exposed through the use of the new, more reliable forensic techniques such as DNA typing. Accordingly, the conventional wisdom tends to assert that the qualities that make new methods so desirable and reliable will likewise render these techniques less susceptible, if not wholly immune, from the problems that plagued traditional sciences. Many critics of traditional sciences have even embraced new methodologies as offering a ―new scientific paradigm‖ for forensic evidence, one in which ―untested assumptions and semi-informed guesswork is replaced by a sound scientific foundation and justifiable protocols.‖
But it stands to reason that a system that failed to stem the abuse of obviously faulty forms of forensic evidence might also be wholly ill-equipped to safeguard the use of more robust, complicated forms of such evidence, both in terms of assuring its integrity and of fostering healthy scientific development. In fact, as this Article argues, the very characteristics that make this new generation of forensic evidence so promising serve only to
enhance the need for concern about the use of such evidence in the criminal justice system.
Erin Murphy: THE NEW FORENSICS: CRIMINAL JUSTICE, FALSE CERTAINTY, AND THE SECOND GENERATION OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
79. Which of the following is NOT a new generation forensic technology?
(a) DNA typing (b) mining (c) forensic MRI imaging (d) biometric technologies
80. The last sentence of the second paragraph shows that the author thinks that (a) the legitimacy of the old evidentiary stalwarts has been seriously called into question. (b) the criminal justice system has historically failed to prevent spurious sciences and faulty or fraudulent evidence from serving to convict innocent defendants. (c) experience of traditional forensic sciences in the criminal justice system caution against rushing too quickly to embrace these new techniques. (d) the old technologies do not work any more.
81. The best topic for the 3rd paragraph is (a) The New Techniques is Welcome by More, Even the Critics of the Old Techniques (b) The Unreliability of Traditional Techniques is Exposed through the Use of the New Techniques
(c) The New Techniques are Immune from the Problems of the Traditional Sciences
(d) The New Methodologies Offer a ―New Scientific Paradigm‖ for Forensic Evidence
82. The last paragraph shows that the author‘s attitude towards the reliability of new techniques is (a) contradict (b) trustworthy (c) complimentary (d) suspicious
IX. (Litigation Procedure)
For the purposes of limiting the unauthorized distribution of intellectual property, the
DMCA‘s statutory immunity for ISPs is carefully structu red to block only actions for damages.Another section of the Act provides for a process by which a court, under certain conditions, can grant injunctive relief. In the case of a source ISP, there may be an order requiring a termination of the offending sou rce‘s account with the ISP or a termination of the rest of the world‘s access to the user‘s assigned Internet destination, if the infringing material resides there. For an OSP, an injunction may be framed as an order requiring termination of the OSP user‘s account or removal or blocked access to the material on the OSP‘s servers.
For example, the Motion Picture Association of America sent a letter to Harvard University complaining of allegedly
infringing material hosted by someone on the Harvard network.Harvard, in turn, discovered that the material in question was hosted by an undergraduate on his own computer attached to the Harvard dormitory network. Harvard sent a letter to the student alerting him that such hosting was in violation of its network policies, and threatening sanctions should the student continue to host
such material.Notices by publishers to ISPs seeking action by the ISPs against individual users have become routine, with firms springing up to accept the outsourced task of identifying points of infringement within a network and generating complaint letters to the relevant ISPs. Some publishers have even attempted to get source ISPs—universities, in particular—to change network architecture to prevent the use of peer-to-peer networking completely. While most have declined to do so, at least one university, in the same week it sent a letter to a publisher refusing to take action, announced a network bandwidth conservation policy that clamped most out-going Internet traffic from student dorm itories, effectively dampening the university‘s contribution to worldwide file sharing/piracy.
For enforcement purposes, it may be easier to find and engage an ISP regarding its legal responsibilities than a single subscriber of that ISP. But if a of subscriber identity is sought, success merely pushes the enforcement problem back to dealing with a potentially unreachable source. Moreover, when the ISP in question is located overseas cooperation of any sort is fraught with as many barriers as those for faraway individual sources of illicit material.
Jonathan Zittrain：Internet Points of Control
83. According to the 1st paragraph, which of the following is NOT a remedy regarding ISP‘s liability? (a) damages (b) injunctive relief (c) an order requiring a ter mination of the offending source‘s account (d) an order requiring a termination of the access to the user‘s assigned Internet destination
84. The sentence which is closest in meaning with the underlined sentence of the 2nd paragraph is (a) The prospect of injunctive relief may have led the ISPs to monitor and police activity taking place on their networks. (b) The prospect of injunctive relief may have led the publishers to ask ISPs to monitor and police activity taking place on their networks. (c) The prospect of injunctive relief may have led the publishers of asking ISPs to monitor and police activity taking place on their networks. (d) It is the prospect of injunctive relief that has led to a practice by publishers of asking ISPs to monitor and police what happens on their networks.
85. The Harvard student story in the 2nd paragraph is used to illustrate
(a) the relationship between a university and its students. (b) the liability of a network user. (c) actions taken by ISPs in response to
publishers‘ r equests. (d) the university policy towards infringement.
86. The underlined word ―revelation‖ in the 3rd paragraph means (a) repetition (b) revolution (c) surprise (d) disclosure
X. (Intellectual Properties)
We now address the degree to which the Supreme Court's decision in Quality King invalidates this circuit's construction of § 109(a). This panel may overrule BMG Music, Drug Emporium, and Denbicare if Quality King ―undercut[s]
杨兴培，男，汉族，现为华东政法大学刑法学教授，博士生导师，刑法学研究 生导师组组长，刑法学、犯罪学，开设的课程有：刑法学总论研究、刑法学分论研究、中国刑法史、刑事疑难案例评析、刑法的前沿问题研究。 王恩海，男，现为华东政法大学法律学院刑法教研室教师，副教授，硕士研究生导师。参编《中国刑法理论前沿问题研究》、《中国法律文书学》等多部著作。 李翔，男，中国人民大学刑法学博士，博士后出站，华东政法大学比较刑法与国际刑法研究所所长，硕士研究生导师 叶慧娟，女，2006年毕业于北京大学法学院，获法学博士学位，现任华东政法 大学科学研究院副研究员，上海禁毒法研究会理事。主要研究方向为刑法学、犯罪学。 张勇，男，华政法大学科学研究院研究员、刑事法律与司法研究所所长,刑法学 研究中心研究人员,硕士研究生导师。主要研究方向：刑法理论、经济刑法、能源环境刑法及其他民生刑法问题。 于改之，女，武汉大学法学博士，东京大学大学院法学政治学研究科客员研究 员，华东政法大学日本刑法研究所所长，兼任中国刑法学研究会理事。主要研究领域为经济刑法、比较刑法，尤其关注“刑法与民法的交错”之研究。 卢勤忠，男，毕业于西南政法大学法律系。现为华东政法大学教授，博士生导师，法学博士，对金融刑法、商业贿赂和刑事政策有专门研究。 何萍，女，教授，1970年生。法学博士，华东政法大学教授，硕士生导师。从事刑法学的教学与研究。获上海市浦江人才计划资助。
王俊民，男，1955年生。华东政法大学教授，硕士生导师。从事诉讼法的教学和研究。 叶青，男，1963年生。华东政法大学教授，硕士生导师。现任华东政法大学副校长。从事刑事诉讼法的教学与研究。获上海市优秀中青年法学家称号。 刘宪权，男，华东政法大学刑法学教授、博士生导师，刑法学研究中心主任， 中国刑法学研究会副会长，上海市刑法学研究会会长，全国金融检察专业委员会副主任，上海市高校一流学科刑法学科的学科带头人，上海市优秀本科教学团队带头人，享受国务院政府特殊津贴。 郑伟，男，1956年生。法学博士，华东政法大学教授，博士生导师。主要从 事刑法学的教学和研究。兼任国际刑法协会中国分会理事，中国比较法学会理事等。 薛进展，男，1956年生。华东政法大学教授，硕士生导师。主要从事刑法学的教学和研究工作。
二、. 10 ( ) 1, A. river B. eat C. worry D. go ( ) 2, A . pear B. apple C. flower D. banana ( ) 3, A. bread B. milk C. table D. egg ( ) 4, A. one B. first C. two D. four ( ) 5, A. tell B. say C. take D. father 1.— How do we go to the park ? — It’s easy .We can go to the park _____ bus. A in B by C on 2. — _____ is this in English ? — It’s a red car. A what color B what C what’s 3. — Sit down,please. — ______ . A Yes B Thanks C Good 4. — What did you do yesterday ? — I _____ swimming. A go B goes C went 5.Jenny’s brother is twenty ____ old. A. year B. yeares C. years 6.--- ____ gifts do you have? --- I have eleven gifts. A. How many B. how much C. how far 7.--- Excuse me! Do you have ____ runners? --- Yes, I’ll show you. A. some B. any C. many 8.--- Is this a ___ day? --- No! It’s snowy!
云南省曲靖市沾益区四中2019届高三英语9月入学考试试题 （考试时间：120分钟，满分：150分） 第Ⅰ卷（选择题） 第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分） 第一节：（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 1. What will the boy probably eat next? A. An apple. B. Vegetables. C. Chocolate cake. 2. When did Tom finish work? A. At 10:00. B. At 6:30. C. At 4:30. 3. What is the doctor’s advice? A. Come back in two days. B. Take some medicine. C. Stay home from school. 4. How does the woman feel? A. Surprised. B. Tired. C. Relaxed. 5. Who has been to Yellowstone National Park? A. The woman. B. The man’s uncle. C. The man’s sister. 第二节：（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分） 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中
B11. He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch . A. to repair B. repaired C.repairing D. repair C12. Grandma has no water, please ________ some for her. A. take B. carry C. fetch D. bring D13. Rarely _______ so difficult a problem. A. she could have faced with B. could have she faced with C. she could have been faced with D. could she have been faced with D14. This restaurant always _______ delicious dishes. A. gives B. offers C. have D. serves A15. There is _______ sugar. You needn’t go to buy any. A. plenty of B. a large number of C. a great many D. plenty B16. The factory has done good honour to the government and the people around so that visitors come to it ___________. A. in number B. in larger numbers C. to the number D. by number A17. There aren't many pandas ________ in the world today. A. alive B. living C. lively D. lived B18. Such electron tubes ________ in a radio set are also found in a TV set. A. that we use B. as we use C. as we use them D. that we use them A19. you don’t like him is none of my business A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether C20. He looked quite healthy though he was . A. in seventy B. in his seventy C. at seventies D. at the age of seventy C21. Please ______ me at the station on time. A. meeting B. to meet C. meet D. met B22. Jane, what do you think of Mr. Green? As ______ teacher, he ought to set _______ good example to the pupils. A. the ; a B. a ; a C. a ; the D. / the D23. Hao long has this bookshop been in business? 1982 A. After B. In C. From D.Since A24.Here’s my card. Let’s keep in A. Touch B. relation C.connection D.fiendship B25. Please telephone me half an hour _______. A. in charge B. in advance (提前) C. in time D. in front A26. Don’t get off the bus until it ________. A. has stopped B. stopped C. will stop D. shall stop A27. Two weeks allowed for making the necessary preparations. A. was B. were C. are D. have been B28. She is always the first __________to school. A. coming B. to come C. to have come D. having come A29. this book and tell me what you think of it. A.Look though(纵览) B.Look on C.Look into D.Look up A30. His report on the space exploration was really ________. A. exciting B. excited C. excitement D. excitedly C31. The roof fell he had time to dash into the room to save his baby . A. after B. as C. before D. until B32. He usually a bus to work instead of going by taxi. A. takes B. carries C. gets D. sits C33. An expert, together with some assistants, to help in the work. A. were sent B. are sent C. was sent D. have been sent A34. The three children looked after their sick mother__________. A. in return B. by turn C. in turn D. being done C35. Get to the top of hill, ______ you can see the whole city. A. or B. but C. and D. so Passage one The Internet has led to a huge increase in credit－card (信用卡) fraud.Your card information could even be for sale in an illegal web site（非法网站）. Web sites offering cheap goods and services should be regarded with care. On－line shoppers who enter their credit－card information may never receive the goods they thought they bought.The thieves then go shopping with your card number—or sell the information over the Internet. Computers hackers (黑客) have broken down security（安全）systems, raising questions about the safety of cardholder information. Several months ago, 25,000 customers of CD Universe, an on－line music retailer (零售商) , were not lucky. Their names, addresses and credit－card numbers were posted on a Web site after the retailer refused to pay US $157,828 to get back the information. Credit－card firms are now fighting against on－line fraud. Mastercard is working on plans for Web－only credit card, with a lower credit limit. The card could be used only for shopping on－line. However, there are a few simple steps you can take to keep from being cheated (欺骗). Ask about your credit－card firm’s on－line rules: Under British law, cardholders have to pay the first US $78 of any fraudulent (欺骗性的) spending. And shop only at secure sites; Send your credit－card information only if the Web site offers advanced secure system. If the security is in place, a letter will appear in the bottom right－hand
1、如何认识和把握当代中国的主题？ 中国特色社会主义是当代中国的主题，是中国共产党和全国各族人民90多年奋斗、创造、积累的根本成就。在当代中国，只有高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义道路，才能完成当代中国的历史任务，实现中华民族的伟大复兴把握当代中国的主题主要从三个方面入手： （1）铭记中国当代的历史任务 两大历史任务的提出：民族独立，人民解放和国家富强。人民富裕是国家发展的主题，一个国家发展的主题总是和该国应当解决的主要问题和应当完成的历史任务紧密相连的。从历史逻辑上看，是近代以来中国人民为争取民族独立、人民解放，国家富强，人民共富这一事业的继承和发展。因此，在中国特色社会主义的征程中，民族独立、人民解放是历史前提，其目的是国家富强、人民富裕。 （2）明确中国特色社会主义是当代中国发展进步的旗帜 中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜是当代中国发展的旗帜，是全党全国人民团结奋斗的旗帜，是引领中国走向繁荣富强的旗帜。它把社会主义的发展与中华民族伟大复兴的历史人物紧密联系在一起，把实现社会主义现代化与人民共同富裕紧密联系在一起，代表了最广大人民的利益和意愿。因此高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜才能实现中华民族的伟大复兴。 （3）必须推进中国特色社会主义建设，统筹人与自然和谐发展 在推进中国特色社会主义建设中，必须统筹好经济发展与保护自然的关系，实现人与自然的和谐发展，既遵循经济规律又遵循自然规律。既讲究经济社会效益又讲究生态环境效益，努力建设环境友好型社会。走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展之路。 2、如何认识和把握中国特色社会主义的基本问题？ 一、什么是中国特色社会主义道路 中国特色社会主义道路，就是在中国共产党领导下，立足基本国情，以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则，坚持改革开放，解放和发展社会生产力，巩固和完善社会主义制度，建设社会主义市场经济、社会主义民主政治、社会主义先进文化、社会主义和谐社会，建设富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家。 二、为什么要坚持中国特色社会主义道路 中国特色社会主义道路是一条富民强国路。这条道路全面增强了我国的综合国力，显著提高了中国人民的生活水平，大大提升了中国的国际形象，它历史性地改变了中国人民的面貌，改变了社会主义中国的面貌，改变了中国共产党的面貌。中国特色社会主义道路，使中国人民摆脱了贫困，逐步走向富裕。中国特色社会主义道路，是中国共产党和中国人民的创造，是历史的选择、人民的选择、时代的选择。 三、怎么样才能坚持中国特色社会主义道路 首要的是坚持中国共产党的领导。中国特色社会主义道路，是中国共产党人领导全党和全国人民在社会主义建设的实践中探索出来的。其次要坚持解放思想。开辟中国特色社会主义道路的过程就是不断解放思想的过程。其三要坚持改革开放。改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键抉择，是发展中国特色社会主义、实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路。 3、胡锦涛在庆祝中国共产党成立90周年大会上的讲话中强调：经过90年的奋斗、创造、积累，党和人民必须倍加珍惜、长期坚持、不断发展的成就是：开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，形成了中国特色社会主义理论体系，确立了中国特色社会主义制度。请从理论和实践的角度，谈谈对坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的认识。 中国特色社会主义是马克思列宁主义与中国实际相结合的社会主义，是中国人民在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设实践中总结出的一条在社会主义初级阶段如何建设社会主义的成功道路。中国特色社会主义不仅在理论上丰富和发展了马克思主义的理论体系，而且在实
20135091612 基于人工智能的论文排版系统研究 快论文 计算机 人工智能 * * * 教授 2017年6月
论文独创性声明 的学位论文 是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。论文中除了特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或其它机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。其他研究者对本研究的启发和所做的贡献均已在论文中作了明确的声明并表示了谢意。 作者签名：日期： 论文使用授权声明 本人完全了解华东政法大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅并制作光盘，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段保存论文，学校同时有权将本学位论文加入全国优秀博硕士学位论文共建单位数据库。保密的论文在解密后遵守此规定。 作者签名：导师签名：日期：
学校代码： 10276 学号： 20135091612 East China University of Political Science and Law 硕士学位论文 MASTER?S THESIS 论文题目：基于人工智能的论文排版系统研究 姓名快论文 学科、专业计算机 研究方向计算机 指导教师* * * 教授 论文提交日期2017年6月
基于人工智能的论文排版系统研究 （摘要） 专业：计算机 研究方向：计算机 作者姓名：快论文 指导老师：* * * 快论文（https://www.doczj.com/doc/329568421.html,）是一款专业的毕业论文在线排版系统，上传论文草稿，选定学校模板，点击一键排版，只需几分钟就可完成论文排版，免费下载预览，满意后付款。快论文平台现已汇集了全国617所高校权威毕业论文模板，均源自各校官方最新发布的毕业论文撰写规范，基本涵盖了各类高校毕业论文格式要求。 据统计，毕业论文排版涉及的几十项格式设置中，80%的操作都属于不常用操作，因此绝大多数同学以前没用过，以后用到的概率也很低，但为了达到排版的规范，却需要花费大量的时间去解读论文撰写规范和学习这些不常用的word 操作。面对复杂的格式规范，大多数同学熬夜反复调整修改却还是存在各种各样的问题。 基于人工智能的快论文排版系统，剔除了人们手动排版时不可避免的误操作，和由于视觉疲劳导致的错漏等，较之传统的人工排版方式，质量更可靠，价格更优惠，速度更快捷。快论文平台秉持人性化的设计理念，在充分研究分析人们的操作习惯的基础上，针对应届毕业的大学生，充分考虑其个性需求，设计并开发完成了一个界面简洁、功能强大、操作便捷的毕业论文排版和编辑系统，帮助大学生提高毕业论文写作效率和提升毕业论文质量。 快论文根据各个高校官方的论文写作规范要求，分别构建了属于各高校自己的定制模板，更准确，更便捷，是国内最大的毕业论文排版平台。 【关键词】快论文；专业排版；质量可靠；价格优惠；值得信赖
2020年重点初中入学考试英语模拟试题与答案（三） （后附听力材料） （试卷满分100分，考试时间90分钟） 听力部分(总分30分) 一、听录音，选出你所听到的内容。（每小题2分，共10分） ( ) 1. A. went swimming B. went fishing C. went boating ( ) 2. A. went to the park B. went to the zoo C. went to the cinema ( ) 3. A. shorter B. smaller C. bigger ( ) 4. A. good B. bad C. well ( ) 5. A. She has a cold. B. She has a headache. C. She has a fever. 二、听问句，选答句。（每小题2分，共10分） ( ) 1. A. Tom is very angry. B. I’m five. C. I’m fine. ( ) 2. A. Yes, they do. B. Yes, they did. C. No, we didn’t. ( ) 3. A. I go to Shanghai. B. I did my homework. C. I am watching TV. ( ) 4. A. Size 36. B. 36 size. C. Black. ( ) 5. A. I am 164 cm. B. I am 47 kg. C. I’m 1.64 m. 三、听录音，判断对（√）错（×）。（每小题2分，共10分） ( ) 1. John is 37 kg. ( ) 2. I stayed at home with my grandma. ( ) 3. I cooked dinner last Monday. ( ) 4. It’s warm and sunny today. ( ) 5. I often play football after school.
英语试题 本试卷分第I卷和第II卷两部分。满分150分。考试用时120分钟。考试结束后。将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 注意事项： 1．答卷前，考生务必用0.5毫米黑色签字笔将自己的姓名、座号、准考证号填写在答题卡和试题卷规定的位置上。 2．第I卷每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改 动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。答案不能答在试题卷上。 3．第II卷必须用0.5毫米黑色签字笔作答，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案； 不准使用涂改液、胶带纸、修正带。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。 第Ⅰ卷（三部分，共115分） 第一部分：听力部分（共三节，满分30分） 第一节（共5小题;每小题1.5分，满分7.5分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有l0秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 例：How much is the shirt? A．?19.15．B．?9.15．C．?9.18. 答案是B。 1.Which is Not true about the man? A. He works hard B. He drinks and smokes a lot C. He is healthy. 2. How did the woman feel when she heard t he news? A. She is glad B. She was angry C. She was upset. 3. When does the next bus leave? A. At 9:10 B. At 9:15 C. At 9:20 4. What do you think of Jane’s job? A. Good B. Very bad C. Not very good. 5. What does the man mean? A. He is unable to help the woman. B. He is very glad to offer his help. C. He promises to think about how to help the woman. 第二节（共15小题；每小题l.5分，满分22.5分） 请听下面4段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试题卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 请听第6段材料，回答第6至7题。 6. How did the woman like the lecture? A. She thought it interesting B. She thought it useless C. She thought it important. 7. What’s the woman’s opinion about future power? A. New machines will be invented to work on coal mines.
郑州大学远程教育学院入学测试机考 专升本大学英语模拟题 1、One of my teeth is so ______ that it is going to be missing soon.（） A．lose B．loose C．loss D．lost 标准答案：B 2、—How about taking a walk —Oh, I think it’s ______ cold for a walk. （） A．very much B．too much C．much too D．so much 标准答案：C 3、You are supposed to write your composition every ______ line.（） A．one B．a C．other D．another 标准答案：C
4、After living for years in a big city, they found it difficult to settle ______ in a town.（） A．for B．at C．up D．down 标准答案：D 5、The reason for my absence was ______ I had fallen ill.（） A．why B．because C．for D．that 标准答案：D 6、Only with your help, such difficulties in the field. A. can we overcome B. we can overcome C. should we overcome D. We should overcome 标准答案：A 7、The ski resorts are usually crowded. There are many people skiing. A. enjoy B. that want C. who enjoy D. want
1、有人认为，30多年来，中国经济的改革和发展取得了巨大成就，而政治的改革和发展相对滞后。请谈谈对这一观点的认识。 答：我国政治体制改革滞后于经济体制改革，其主要原因有四个方面：首先，把政治体制改革与社会稳定对立起来的固有思维模式的影响。长期以来，在许多人的头脑中似乎有一种误区并形成了思维定势，即一说到政治体制改革，就认为会影响社会稳定，就会导致“西化”甚至国家政权颠覆。有的把“稳定压倒一切”作为拒绝政治体制改革的托词；有人经常错误地把前苏联的解体归咎于政治体制改革，从而在中国不断制造“政治体制改革恐惧症”。大量事实证明，苏联剧变从根本上说是因为执政党及其政府官员腐败变质，脱离人民群众，形成了特权阶层和既得利益集团，由这种腐败落后的上层建筑构筑的生产关系严重阻碍了生产力的发展。如果说苏共的倒台与政治体制改革有关的话，那也只能是政治体制改革滞后和改革不当造成的，而不能本末倒置，以此作为拒绝改革的理由。 其次，始终没有摆脱姓“资”姓“社”的困扰。自从1992年邓小平南方谈话和党的十四大以后，经济领域姓“资”姓“社”的问题虽然不能说完全解决了，但是这方面的困惑和争议大大减少，而在政治领域似乎仍然受着姓“资”姓“社”的困扰。我国经济体制改革尽管困难重重，但总是不断有所突破。相比之下，政治体制改革却难有实质性的突破。一提到政治体制改革，有些人马上就和西方国家的“三权分立”、多党制扯在一起，于是在有些地方政治体制改革似乎成了禁区。在这个问题上，我们认为主要有三种倾向的干扰：其一是“向西看”，即把政治体制改革等同于照搬西方国家的政治制度。其二是“向后看”，即用完全否定的目光审视改革开放以来出现的社会矛盾和问题，在得出“今不如昔”结论的同时表现出对改革开放前社会状态的眷恋，甚至主张用“文革”的手段解决当前的社会矛盾和问题。其三是“向上看”，即完全无视我国存在的现实矛盾和问题，把我国的政治体制描绘得完美无缺，实际上是以各种理由拒绝改革。 第三，政治体制改革往往是缺乏具体步骤的规划设计。我们看到，经济体制改革既有远景目标———本世纪中叶基本实现现代化，又有战略步骤———“三步走”发展战略，还有“五年规划”、“十年规划”等一系列的规划设计，甚至还规制出了每个阶段各个领域和行业所要达到的具体数据指标，而政治体制改革的阶段性目标和步骤则显得比较笼统模糊，这不能不说是政治体制改革进展缓慢的一个重要原因。 最后，政治体制改革最大最直接的阻力来自权力主体。政治体制改革从某种意义上说就是对权力的重新配置特别是强化对权力的监督制衡，而这也就意味着某些既得利益的丧失。一方面，权力主体应该是政治体制改革的组织策划者、推动者和具体操作者，而另一方面，权力主体在很大程度上又是需要改革的对象。实践证明，当改革者自身成为改革对象的时候，改革是很难进行下去的。这就陷入了一个改革的逻辑悖论。正如新加坡国立大学郑永年教授所指出的：“现在的改革太过依赖于官僚机构自身。官僚机构自己设计改革，自己实施改革，所以不可避免地造成…左手改革右手?的局面。这样，改革往往陷入无限的既得利益的博弈，改革成了各方争取更多利益的工具。”从改革的实践过程来看也确实出现了这种倾向。本来是一个好的改革动议，也常常在操作中走样变形，甚至会出现与改革出发点南辕北辙的背反现象。 因此，要破除那种把政治体制改革与社会稳定对立起来的本末倒置的“伪稳定”观，理直气壮地、坚定不移地推进政治体制改革。社会稳定是建立在社会和谐基础之上的，在社会矛盾日益复杂化、尖锐化的情况下，采用强制性的手段造成的“稳定”只能是表面的和暂时的，最终将会导致社会的不稳定。根本的解决方法是通过体制改革调整利益关系，化解政治矛盾，促进社会和谐，这样才能实现社会的真正稳定。从这个意义上说，政治体制改革恰恰是社会稳定的必要手段和重要途径。 要进一步解放思想，摆脱政治体制改革问题上姓“资”姓“社”的困扰，研究设计出阶段
第十二篇院部概况 第八章外语学院 第一节沿革 一、机构设置 1952年，设俄文课程作为基础课，1953年12月，成立俄文教研组。1963年11月，建外国语教研室。1979年复校时，建外语教研室，隶属于教务处。1986年3月，外语教研室划归基础部。1995年4月在基础部组建外语系，同年招收英语专业本科生。1996年外语系单列。2003年3月改系建院，成立外语学院。1998年10月建外语系党总支。2008年12月成立外语学院党委。 1996年，设系办公室和英语专业教研室、专门用途外语教研室、大学英语教研室。专门用途外语教研室2003年更名为法律英语教研室，2007年更名为法商外语教研室，2013年撤销。2003年成立成人教育英语教研室，2013年撤销。2005年设日语专业教研室，将大学英语教研室拆分为大学英语阅读教研室和大学英语听说教研室。2011年成立翻译专业教研室。2013年成立德语专业教研室。2015年，学院设学院办公室以及英语专业教研室、日语专业教研室、翻译专业教研室、德语专业教研室、大学英语阅读教研室、大学英语听说教研室。 除承担外语专业的教学外，外语系（学院）还承担全校全日制及各类成人教育本科学生的大学英语、研究生英语及第二外语（日、德、法、俄）选修课程。 二、主要负责人 历任教研组组长：陈忠诚；副组长：崔宝鼎。历任教研室主任：陈忠诚，王达人，顾海根，姚骏华。历任系主任：王嘉禔；系副主任：王嘉禔（1996.5—1997.3主持工作），徐依琲。历任院长：王嘉禔，余素青（2011.6月—）；副院长：姚骏
华，张朱平（2009.6—），屈文生（2012.5—）。 历任党总支书记：姚骏华；副书记：姚骏华（1998.10—2003.3主持工作），王佩珍，沈跃瑛。历任院党委书记：姚骏华（2008.12—）；副书记：沈跃瑛（2008.12—）。 第二节师生 一、师资 1995年，教师26人,其中副教授5人，讲师16人，助教4人，教员1人；英语教师22人，俄语教师2人，德语教师1人，日语教师1人。2003年，教职员工39人，其中高级职称8人；21名教师具有高学位高学历，其中具有博士学位2人，博士在读2人。2015年，教职工88人，其中专任教师77人，辅导员5人，教辅及行政人员6人。专任教师中，高级职称25人，博士学位以及博士在读46人；上海市曙光学者、上海市2014年度外语人物1人。 表12-8-1 1995—2015年外语学院（系）教师主要获奖情况一览表
2020年重点初中入学考试英语模拟试题与答案（二） （后附听力材料） （试卷满分100分，考试时间90分钟） 听力部分(总分30分) 一、听录音，选出你所听到的单词或短语。(5分) ()1. A. my friend B. pen friend C. phone friend ()2. A. say B. tell C. speak ()3. A. Chinese B. English C. French ()4. A. sorry B. story C. told ()5. A. address B. sweets C. dress 二、听对话，根据听到的顺序给下列图片排序。(10分) 1. 2. 3. () () () 4. 5. () () 三、听录音，选择正确答案。(10分) ()1. Where is Rose from? A. She's from England. B. She's from Canada. C. She's from China. ()2. Can Kate write in Chinese?
A. Yes, she can. B. No, she can't. C. Yes, I can. ()3. Can Daming speak English? A. Yes, I can. B. Yes, he can. C. No, he can't. ()4. Can Sam play football? A. Yes, he can. B. No, he can't. C. Yes, she can. ()5. Who is Daming's pen friend? A. Laura. B. Lucy. C. Lily. 四、听录音，补全句子。(5分) 1. ________ to meet you! 2. I can write a letter in ________. 3. This is my ________ in China. 4. Tingting can write ________ in English. 5. Alex likes ________ very much. 笔试部分(总分70分) 五、选出每组单词中不同类的一项。（共10分) （）1.A. always B. Sometime https://www.doczj.com/doc/329568421.html,ually D. sometimes （）2. A.once B. first C.twice D.three times （）3. A.square B. triangle C.point D. circle （）4.A.farmer B.singer C.player D.father （）5. A.your B.his C.me D.her 六、选择题。(10分) ( ) 1. They usually play basketball__________ Friday afternoon.
【2019最新】高三英语入学摸底考试试 题卫星班(1) 说明： 1.本试卷分不包含听力，满分120分，考试时间100分钟。 2.将选择题答案代表字母填（涂）在第II卷的答题表（答题卡）中。 第一部分听力（略） 第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A The Costa Book Awards consistently pick winners that are both of the moment and subsequently endure. It’s our pleasure to confirm this year’s Category Winners. First Novel Award Winner
Book: Eleanor Oliphant is Completely Fine Author: Gail Honeyman Biography Award Winner Book: In the Days ofRain Author: Rebecca Stott Poetry Award Winner Book: Inside the Wave Author: Helen Dunmore To be alive is to be inside the wave, always travelling until it breaks and is gone. These poems are concerned with the borderline between the living and the dead — the underworld and the human living world - and the acutely intense being ofboth. Children’s Award Winner Book: The Explorer Author: Katherine Rundell, Hannah Horn 21.What kind of life does Eleanor lead? A. boring and lonely. B. funny and touching.
大学英语模拟考试试题 Company number：【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】
郑州大学远程教育学院入学测试机考 专升本大学英语模拟题 1、One of my teeth is so ______ that it is going to be missing soon.（） A．lose B．loose C．loss D．lost 标准答案：B 2、—How about taking a walk —Oh, I think it’s ______ cold for a walk. （） A．very much B．too much C．much too D．so much 标准答案：C 3、You are supposed to write your composition every ______ line.（） A．one B．a C．other D．another 标准答案：C
4、After living for years in a big city, they found it difficult to settle ______ in a town.（） A．for B．at C．up D．down 标准答案：D 5、The reason for my absence was ______ I had fallen ill.（） A．why B．because C．for D．that 标准答案：D 6、Only with your help, such difficulties in the field. A. can we overcome B. we can overcome C. should we overcome D. We should overcome 标准答案：A 7、The ski resorts are usually crowded. There are many people skiing. A. enjoy B. that want C. who enjoy D. want 标准答案：C 8、Would you like to the United States A. trip B. voyage C. going