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2015年职称英语理工类A级考试真题及答案

2015年职称英语理工类A级考试真题及答案
2015年职称英语理工类A级考试真题及答案

2015年职称英语理工类A级考试真题及答案第一部分:词汇选项

1.I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.

A.control

B.observe

C.regulate

D.accept

答案:D

2.She showed a natural aptitude hard to accept.

A.sense

B.talent

C.flavor

D.taste

答案:B

3.Most people find rejection hard to accept.

A.excuse

B.client

C.destiny

D.refusal

答案:C

4. The organization was bold enough to face the press.

B.powerful

C.brave

D.sensible

答案:C

5.They were locked in mortal cmbat.

A.deadly

B.open

C.actual

D.active

答案:A

6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.

A.amount

B.supply

C.sum

D.temp

答案:C

7.The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.

A.clear

B.necessary

C.spe cia l

D.correct

8.The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.

A.Service

B.danger

C.disorder

D.threat

答案:C

9.He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.

A.survice

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3610300514.html,st

C.die

D.move

答案:C

10.There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build.

A.fair

B.full

C.coexisting

D.public

答案:C

11.They promote simulation of ethnic group into the main-streasm culture.

A.policy

B.value

D.intergration

答案:D

12.A saleman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers.

A.principal

B.offical

C.simple

D.legal

答案:A

13.I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation.

A.silence

B.praise

C.assure

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3610300514.html,plain

答案:B

14.We live for years in a perpetual state of fear.

A.emotion

B.nervous

C.terribile

D.Contimuous

答案:D

15.The starving children were a pathectic sight.

B.unexpected

C.unforgettable

D.pitiful

答案:D

第二部分:阅读判断

Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn't flourish sooner,oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth's surface.Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period,about 800 million years ago —but what about thebillion-year stretch before that,when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?

Well,it seems the air wasn't so great then,after all.

Ina study published Oct.31 in Science,Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the "boring billion"period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today.In other words,Earth's atmosphere couldn'thave supported a diversity of creatures,no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur.

"There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals,but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,"said Planavsky,co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology."We're providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.”

Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China,Australia,Canada,and the United States.Chromium isfound in the Earth's continental crust,and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.

Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow,iron-rich ocean areas,near theshore.They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen.

Oxygen'srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists."We were missing the right approach until now,"Planavsky said."Chromium gaveus the proxy."Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today'sconditions during pre-animal times,leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life.

Inthe new study,the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were "highlydynamic"in the early atmosphere,with the potential for occasional

spikes.However,they said,"It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling"before and after the rise of animals.

"If we are right,ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life,and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,"saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of

California-Riverside."This could be agame changer.”

Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation's Earth-Life Transitions program,awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard,and Lyons.

Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang,a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson,of the University of Illinois; Danielle

Thomson,ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick,of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer,of the California Institute of Technology.

16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

18.The team was funded by several research institutes.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

19.Genetic advancements triggered the rise of animals.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

20.The samples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

21.The study revealed that chromium found in Earth's continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

22.Tim Lyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

答案:BACBABC

第三部分:概括大意与完成句子

FirstImage-recognition Software

1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial

1,software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far gre jthan ever before.

2.The new system,which was tested on photos and is now being applied

to,Ishows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则)or,ma9e I recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough toimprove large seaie,document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素)data in images and potentia y video —rather than just text —to locatedocuments. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase bystudying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned (收集) from those results can then beapplied to other photos without tags or captions making for more accuratedocument search results.

3."Over the last 30 years,"says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a

co-author of the study,"the Web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern,massive,fast-growing multimedia data set,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a person looks at a Web page,he immediately gets the gist (主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet,surprisingly,all existing popularsearch engines,such as Google or Bing,strip away the information contained inthe photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the documentretrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern

machine vision systemsare accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the informationcontained in image pixels to improve document search."

4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system —a type ofartificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitlyprogrammed —that extracts semantic (语义的) information from thepixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich thedescription of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. Theresearchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retheval searchengine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additionalsemantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Webpages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision overthe original search engine purely based on text.

23. Paragraph 1 __D__

24. Paragraph 2 __C__

25. Paragraph 3 __E__

26. Paragraph 4 __F__

A.Popularity of the new system

B.Publication of the new discovery

C.Function of the new system

D.Artificial intelligence software created

E.Problems of the existing search engines

F.Improvement in document retrieval

27. The new system does document retrieval by __C__.

28. The new system is expected toimprove precision in __E__.

29. When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore __A__

30. The new system was found more effective in document search than the __B__

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3610300514.html,rmation in images

B.current popular search engines

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3610300514.html,ing photos

D.machine vision systems

E.document search

F.description of the HTML page

第四部分:阅读理解

第一篇:Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat,More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs,generate both heat and electricity,but until now they haven't been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector.That's because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells,which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn'ta very efficient way to gather heat.

That's a problem of economics.Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost.And it's also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the

roof,leaving little room for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies,Joshua Pearce,anassociate professor of materials science and engineering,has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon.His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen's University,Canada.

Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon,but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon,commonly known as thin-film silicon.They don't create as much electricity,but they are lighter,flexible,and cheaper.And,because they require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint.Unfortunately,thin-film

silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.

"That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light—pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,"Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However,Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film siliconin a new type of PVT.You don't have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work.In fact,Pearce's group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures,near the boiling point of water,they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect.When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day,they boosted the solar cell's electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

31.PVTs are not efficient in C

A.creating electricity.

B.cooling silicon solar cells.

C.generating heat.

D.powering solar thermal collectors.

32.One of the problems PVTs have is that D

A.their thermala pplications are costly.

B.they are too expensive to afford.

C.it is hard to fix them on the roof.

D.they occupy too much space.

33.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells? C

A.They are flexible.

B.They are less expensive.

C.They are electrically efficient.

D.They are environment friendly.

34.Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market because A

A.they do not work well if exposed to light.

B.their advantages are not well-recognized.

C.they need improving in appearance.

D.they are not advertised.

35 Which of the following statements is true? C

A.New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.

B Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.

C Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up.

D Anew material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created.

第二篇:Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu

1 If a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case1.

2 But it's a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with2preliminary guidelines. "We don't want people wearing them everywhere," said the CDC. "The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure."

3 When that's not possible3, the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three following situations. First, you're healthy

and can't avoid going to a crowded place. Second, you're sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking on you4. Third, you live with someone who's sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to go out.

4 Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to

a strain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.

5 During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren't masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an

ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway5 instead.

6 Nor does flu only spread through the air6. Say

7 someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole8. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, you've been exposed. It's harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat, and may transfer germs

caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.

7 Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.

36.What is the passage mainly about?

A.Widespread use of face masks.

B.Possibility of a worldwide flu outbreak.

C.New discoveries of a face mask research.

D.Effectiveness of wearing face masks.

答案:D

37.The CDCsuggests that people

A.stay alone when being sick.

B.wear face masks when going to a crowded place.

C.wear face masks wherever possible.

D.reamin at home if living with someone who’s sick

答案:B

38.The word ‘that’in paragraph 3 refers to

A.making preparatins.

B.avoiding exposure.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3610300514.html,ing up with guidelines.

D.wearing face masks everywhere.

答案:B

39.Which of following statements is true?

A.Scientistswarn the next flu is coming soon.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3610300514.html,n bird flu is spreading easily from person to person.

C.Masksprotect people because they keep viruses away.

D.Masksare not effective if a flu strikes.

答案:D

40.One of the concerns the CDC has is tehat.

A.masks may give people a wrong assumption of being safe.

B.the sick may not wear and go out.

C.fiuvims may spresd via public transportation.

D.healthy people may not know how to protect themselves.

答案:A

第三篇:What's killing the Bats

First it was bees.Now it is bats.Biologists in America are working hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country.Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus,) but other species,such as the long-eared bat,the small-footed hat,the eastern pipistrelle,and the Indiana bat have also been affecte

D.In some caves,more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died.

One possibility is disease.A white fungus (真菌)known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats.However,scientists don't know If the fungus is the primary cause of death,a secondary cause of death,or not a cause at all,but the result of some other conditions.

Another possible cause is a lack of foo

D.For example,bats typically eat a large number of moths (蛾),and in some states such as New York,the number of moths has been declining in recent years.If bats can't eat enough food,they starve to death.

Still other scientists believe that global warming is to blame.Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating (冬眠)bats earlier than usual.If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time,they might not find their expected food sources.The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.

Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off,but they do agree on the consequences.Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes; a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour.They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops.If there aren't enough bats,damage will be great from the insects they eat While bats live a long time for their size 一the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years 一a female bat has only one baby per year,so bat populations grow slowly.Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.

How can you help? Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats.If you discover bate that seem to be sick or that are dead,contact your local Fish& Wildlife Department with the details.However,be careful not to touch the animals.

41.What is the main idea of this passage?

职称英语等级考试试题-综合

职称英语等级考试试题-综合A6 第三篇Play Play is the principal business of childhood, and in recent years research has shown the great importance of play in the development of a human being. From earliest infancy, every child needs opportunity and the right materials for play, and the main tools of play are toys. Their main function is to suggest, encourage and assist play. To succeed in this they must be good toys, which children will play with often, and will come back to again and again. Therefore it is important to choose suitable toys for different stages of a child’s development. In recent years research on infant development has shown that the standard a child is likely to reach, within the range of his inherited abilities, is largely determined in the first three years of his life. So a baby’s ability to profit from the right play materials should not be underestimated. A baby who is encouraged and stimulated, talked to and shown things and played with, has the best chance of growing up successfully. In the next stage, from three to five years old, curiosity knows no bounds. Every type of suitable toy should be made available to the child, for trying out, experimenting and learning, for discovering his own particular ability. Bricks and jigsaws(七巧板)and construction toys; painting, scribbling(涂鸦) and making things; sand and water play; toys for imaginative and pretending play; the first social games for learning to play and get on with others. Bt the third stage of play development-from five to seven or eight years-the child is at school. But for a few more years play is still the best way of learning, at home or at school. It is easier to see which type of toys the chills most enjoys.

职称英语考试真题及答案

2016职称英语考试真题及答案 第1部分:词汇选项(第1~15题,每题l分,共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有下划线,请为每处下划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1、Have you talked to her?lately? https://www.doczj.com/doc/3610300514.html,stly B.finally C.shortly D.recently 2、 About?one quarter of?the workers in the country are employed in factories. A.third B.fourth C.tenth D.fifteenth 3、 The dentist has decided to?extract?her bad tooth. A.take out B.repair C.push in D.dig 4、 We shall keep the money in a?secure?place. A.clean

B.secret C.distant D.safe 5、 This table is strongand?durable. A.long-lasting B.extensive C.far reaching D.eternal 6、 He endured agonies before he finally?expired. A.fired B.resigned C.died D.retreated 7、 There are only five minutes left, but the?outcome?of the match is still in doubt. A.result B.judgement C.estimation D.event 8、 The great changes of the city?astonished?every visitor to that city A.attacked

2015年职称英语综合A真题及答案汇总

2015综合A真题及答案 第一部分词汇选项 1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class a. control b. observe c. regulate d. accept 2 .she showed a natural aptitude for the work. a. sense b. talent c. flavor d. taste 3. most people find rejection hard to accept. a. Excuse b. client c. refusal d. destiny 4. The organization was bold enough to face the press. a. Pleased b. powerful c. brave d. sensible 5. They were locked in mortal combat. a. Deadly b. open c. actual d. active 6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money. a. Amount b. supply c. tempt d. sum 7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent. a. Clear b. necessary c. special d. correct 8. The stock exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling. a. Service b. danger c. disorder d. threat 9 .He believed that Europe must change or it will perish. A. Survive b. last c. die d. move 10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building. a. Fair b. full c. coexisting d. public 11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture. a. Policy b. value c. equality d. integration 12. A salesman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers. a. Principal b. official c. simple d. legal 13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation. a. Silence b. praise c. assure d. complain 14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fear. a. Emotional b. nervous c. terrible d. continuous 15. The starving children were a pathetic sight. a. Common b. unexpected c. unforgettable d. pitiful

2015年职称英语考试综合类B级试题及参考答案

2015职称英语综合类B级真题答案(词汇选项) 第1部分词汇选项(第1~15题,每题1分,共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线,请为每处划线部分确定一个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The organization was bold enough to face the press. A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D .sensible 2. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A. accept B. control C. observe D. regulate 3. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A limit B. fear C. power D. fool 4. Most people find rejection hard to accept. A. excuse B. client C. destiny D. refusal 5. She's extremely competent and industrious. A. hardworking B. honest C. objective D. independent 6. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. A. hide B .handle C. disclose D. establish 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. clear B. share C. gather D. spare 8. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. punishment C. guilt D. obligation 9. Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. A. flexible B. terrible C. reasonable D. serious

历年(-)全国职称英语考试A级考试真题及参考答案

2002年全国职称英语考试理工类(A级)考试试题及参考答案 第1部分:词汇选项 (第1~15题,每题1分,共15分) 下面共有15个句子,每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线,请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与画线部分意义最相近的词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。 1 The price of vegetables f1uctuates according to the weather. A jumps B rises C falls D changes 2 Did you do that to irritate her? A tease B attract C annoy D protect 3 Mary looked pale and weary. A ill B tired C worried D peaceful 4 The water in this part of the river has been contaminated by sewage(污水). A polluted B downgraded C mixed D blackened 5 Her treatment of the subject is exhaustive. A very boring B very thorough C very interesting D very touching 6 Alice is a fascinating girl. A a beautiful B a pretty C an attractive D a pleasant

7 Her mood can be gauged by her reaction to the most trivial of incidents. A displayed B shown C proved D assessed 8 The old lady let her flat to an English couple. A offered B rented C provided D sold 9 She stood there,crying and trembling with fear. A shaking B staggering C struggling D murmuring 10 They strolled around the lake for an hour or so. A ran B rolled C walked D raced 11 The conclusion can be deduced from the premises. A argued B derived C permitted D come 12 I can no longer tolerate his actions. A putupwith B accept C take D suffer from 13 Our plan is to allocate one member of staff to handle appointments. A ask B persuade C assign D order 14 She has been the subject of massive media coverage. A extensive B negative

2015年职称英语理工类C级考试真题及答案

2015年职称英语理工类C级考试真题及答案第一部分:词汇选项 1. The weather last summer was awful. A. bad B. fair C. dry D. hot 参考答案:A 2. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. guilt C. obligation D. punishment 参考答案:D 3. My piano playing has improved significantly since I had a new teacher. A. definitely B. generally C. certainly D. greatly 参考答案:D 4. There is a need for radical changes in education.

A. revolutionary B. long-term C. short-term D. systematic 参考答案:A 5. It frustrates me that I‘m not able to put any of my ideas into practice. A. discourages B. shows C. surprises D. frightens 参考答案:A 6. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A. limit B. fear C. power D. fool 参考答案:B 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. gather B. clear C. share D. spare

2015年全国职称英语考试通关必备利器理工类A级教材牛津英语同义词字典版

M Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been carried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and urban development. She warns that many of the world’s fast -growing urban areas, especially in developing countries, will likely1 suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. These gases are known to affect the atmosphere. “Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. “But too few cities are developing effective strategies to protect their residents. ” Cities are major sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings3 highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term benefits The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential threats associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat heavily paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may lack basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing without access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services. Local governments,therefore,should take measures to protect their residents. “Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric rather than meaningful responses,” Romero Lankao writes. “They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don’t emphasize mass transit and reduce automobile, use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of’ climate change on cities. Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London suggest in a new study. Statins reduce the amount of unhealthy “LDL ” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data4 has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person ’s heart attack risk In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology, Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is enough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake. Dr Francis, from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London, who is the senior author of the study, said: “Statins don ’t cut out all of the unhealthy effects of cheeseburgers and French fries. It ’s better to avoid fatty food altogeth er. But we’ve worked out that in terms of your possibility of having a heart attack, taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same degree as a fast food meal increases it. ” It ’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food outlets as they like, but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are provided free of charge. It would cost less than 5 pence per customer —— not much different to a sachet of sugar, “ Dr Francis said. When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they ’re encouraged to take measures that lower their risk, like wearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a stain is a rational way of lowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal. Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat. That ’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it ,s also a space problem :photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s Universi ty, Canada." Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon , but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon,commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don ’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately ,thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.

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https://www.doczj.com/doc/3610300514.html,/ .375. School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day.In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime.Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen. One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents.There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals,which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables,as well as meat,a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta.Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks,crisps and chocolate bars.Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunch time. The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade.Unfortunately,the government cannot criticise parents,but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk,fruit and vegetables.Small changes in their children’s diet can_affect their future health.Children can easily develop bad eating_habits at this age,and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference1to our lives.Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet,hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time.Naturally,parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive,and they want to know if it can be harmful for their children.Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers? Obviously,if children are bent over their computers for hours,absorbed in some game,instead of doing their homework,then something is wrong.Parents and children could decide how much use the child should_make of the Internet,and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework.If the child is not holding to this arrangement,the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other sort of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is_seriously alarmed about a child’s behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher.Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a child’s performance at school.Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet,he or she is probably just going through a phase,and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!The Old Gate In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them.This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable,like people with contagious diseases.The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century.The last of London’s gates was removed a century ago,but by a stroke of luck,it was never destroyed. This gate is,in actual fact,not called a gate at all;its name is Temple Bar,and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster.In 1878the Council of London took the Bar down,numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. 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It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own family’s past.It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully.It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and_cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character,whether hero or criminal,do not let this idea take over your research.Just treat it as an interesting possibility.A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with;a more complex one may only get in your way.The most important thing,though,is to get started.Who knows what you might find? Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh,Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair.Would her brother never arrive?For a brief moment,she wondered if she really cared that much. Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now,as she sat waiting for him,she experienced no more than a sister’s curiosity to see what had become of her brother. Almost without warning,Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office.Somehow the two of them hadn’t bothered to keep in touch and,left alone,Helen had slowly found

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