全国翻译资格考试三级笔译综合能力讲义
第二部分定语从句的讲解、练习及译法
1．that和which用法比较：
1) which用于非限定性定语从句中。
e.g.: He said he was busy, which was not true.
他说他很忙，那是假的。
We don?t want to enter the house, which is very cold.
我们不想进房间，因为太冷了。
2) which用于介词后做宾语。
e.g.: The room of which windows are opposite to the room is large.
窗户正对着海的房间很大。
The chair in which you are sitting is made of iron.
你坐的椅子是用钢做的。
3) that一定用于“不（不定代词作先行词时）止（“只是”only修饰先行词时）最（形容词最高级修饰先行词时）两（先行词同时出现人和物）序（序数词修饰先行词时）”五种情况。
e.g.: All that you need is help. 你所需要的是帮助。
A lot of things and children that are full of the car were lost in the district.
装满了车的东西和孩子们在这个地区失踪了。
That is only thing that I want to know.
那是我唯一想知道的事情。
The last book that you bought is that I wanted to buy.
你买的最后一本书是我想买的。
What is the size of the largest map that you have seen before?
你以前见过的最大的尺寸的地图有多大？
2．定语从句的种类
定语从句可分为非限定性定语从句（描绘性定语从句）和限定性定语从句。
e.g.: They don?t like that person who is noisy.
他们不喜欢那个吵闹的人。
*非限定性定语从句（描绘性定语从句）和先行词关系紧密，不可省略。
e.g.: They don?t like that person, who is noisy.
他们不喜欢那个人，因为他太吵闹了。
*限定性定语从句和先行词关系疏松，用逗号和主句隔开，可以省略。它翻译时，相当于一个状语从句。
语法及词汇练习
1. The bridge was named __ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.
A after
B with
C by
D from
2. There were no tickets __ for Friday?s performance.
A preferable
B considerable
C possible
D available
3. __ the Revolutionary War, the United States was an English colony.
A Inferior to
B Superior to
C Prior to
D Preferable to
4. Cancer is second only __ heart disease as a cause of death.
A of
B to
C with
D from
5. It wasn't such a good dinner __ she had promised us.
A that
B which
C as
D what
6. American women were __ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.
A ignored
B neglected
C refused
D denied
7. They decided to chase the cow away __ it did more damage.
A unless
B until
C before
D although
8. __ student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.
A Each
B Any
C Either
D One
9. The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at __ chemist?s.
A each
B some
C any
D certain
10. All __ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
A what is needed
B for our needs
C the thing needed
D that is needed
11. __ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A When compared
B Compare
C While comparing
D Comparing
12. After __ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.
A being interviewed
B interviewed
C interviewing
D having interviewed
13. __ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.
A That was from Stephen
B It was Stephen whom
C It was from Stephen that
D It was Stephen that
14. If these shoes are too big, ask the clerk to bring you a smaller __.
A suit
B set
C one
D pair
15. Many new __ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education.
A opportunities
B necessities
C realities
D probabilities
16. He must have had an accident, or he __ then.
A would have been here
B had to be here
C should be here
D would be here
17. You __ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
A needn?t have done
B must not have done
C shouldn?t have done
D can not have done
18. It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you __ it.
A mustn?t have done
B wouldn?t have done
C mightn?t have done
D didn?t have to do
19. It was essential that the applications forms __ back before the deadline.
A must be sent
B would be sent
C be sent
D were sent
20. We __ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
A just have had
B have just had
C just had
D had just had
21. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes __ I heard voices.
A as
B while
C after
D when
22. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, __ something occurred which attracted my attention.
A unless
B until
C when
D while
23. It was essential that these application forms __ back as early as possible.
A must be sent
B will be sent
C are sent
D be sent
24. The children went there to watch the iron tower __.
A to erect
B be erected
C erecting
D being erected
25. The engine __ smoke and steam.
A gives up
B gives in
C gives away
D gives off
26. The manager promised to keep me __ of how our business was going on.
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A to be informed
B on informing
C informed
D informing
27. The goals __ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A after which
B for which
C with which
D at which
28. I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and __ in a quiet neighborhood.
A all in all
B above all
C after all
D over all
29. __ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
A For now
B Now that
C Ever since
D By now
30. What you have done is __ the doctor?s orders.
A attached to
B responsible to
C resistant to
D contrary to
译法：
1．定语从句的前置合译法：
On the whole, such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
译文：总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
2．定语从句的前置合译法与后置分译法：
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experience greater intellectual development.
译文：行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
译文：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维能力过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
3．定语从句的溶合变译法；
This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.(48 words)
译文：这种假设是依据这样的一种谬论：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而实际上，除了特别懒惰的人以外，几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱，也没有人愿意饱食终日、无所事事。
定语从句翻译练习：
1.Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.
在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。
2. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
3. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
4. The number of the young people in the United Stat es who can?t read is incredible about one in four.
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。（前置译法）
第二节语法及词汇练习、定语从句长难句分析及翻译、阅读理解讲解
回顾也是一种前瞻Reviewing is preparing us for the future
第一部分语法及词汇练习
1. John regretted __ to the meeting last week.
A not going
B not to go
C not having been going
D not to be going
2. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are __.
A out of work
B out of stock
C out of reach
D out of practice
3. They __ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
A carried out
B carried off
C carried on
D carried forward
4. Mrs. Brown is supposed __ for Italy last week.
A to have left
B to be leaving
C to leave
D to have been left
5. He?s watching TV? He?s __ to be cleaning his room.
A known
B considered
C regarded
D supposed
6. My camera can be __ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.
A treated
B adjusted
C adopted
D remedied
7. A new technique __, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A working out
B having worked out
C having been worked out
D to have been worded out
8. Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded __ 27%.
A by
B for
C to
D in
9. Children who are over-protected by their parents may become __.
A hurt
B damaged
C spoiled
D harmed
10. When Mr. Jones gets old, he will __ over his business to his son.
A take
B hand
C think
D get
11. We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let?s have __ one this month.
A another
B more
C the other
D other
12. No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to __.
A the other
B any other
C another
D other
13. It was difficult to guess what her __ to the news would be.
A impression
B reaction
C comment
D opinion
14. I decided to go to the library as soon as I __.
A finish what I did
B finished what I did
C would finish what I was doing
D finished what I was doing
15. We are interested in the weather because it __ us so directly what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel.
A benefits
B affects
C guides
D effects
16. Will all those __ the proposal raise their hands?
A in relation to
B in contrast to
C in excess of
D in favor of
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17. Children are very curious __.
A at heart
B in person
C on purpose
D by nature
18. The match was cancelled because most of the members __ a match without a standard court.
A objected to having
B were objected to have
C objected to have
D were objected to having
19. The man in the corner confessed to __ a lie to the manager of the company.
A have told
B having told
C being told
D be told
20. The teacher doesn?t permit __ in class.
A smoke
B to smoke
C smoking
D to have a smoke
21. As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to __ it.
A postpone
B refuse
C delay
D cancel
22. These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you __ you need.
A all the information
B all the informations
C all of information
D all of the informations
23. Not until the game had begun __ at the sports ground.
A had he arrived
B would he have arrived
C did he arrive
D should he have arrived
24. Young people are not __ to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in.
A conservative
B content
C confident
D generous
25. Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is __.
A granted
B implied
C exaggerated
D remedied
26. These surveys indicate that many crimes go __ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.
A unrecorded
B to be unrecorded
C unrecording
D to have been unrecorded
27. I have no objection __ your story again.
A to hear
B to hearing
C to having heard
D to have heard
28. The clothes a person wears may express his __ or social position.
A curiosity
B status
C determination
D significance
29. By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have __ opportunity to change his mind.
A accurate
B urgent
C excessive
D adequate
30. You will see this product __ wherever you go.
A to be advertised
B advertised
C advertise
D advertising
第二部分定语从句长难句成分分析及翻译练习
5. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.
人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到既有教育意义又有娱乐性的层出不穷的新节目。（后置译法）
6. Taking his cue from Ibsen`s A Doll`s House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband?s treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.
易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。（句首译法）
7. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。（倒装、定从使用）
8. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.
随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。
9. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves?preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.
虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制。
10. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests，may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.
古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
第三部分阅读理解的基本理念（见PPT）
第三节非谓语动词，练习及其译法，阅读理解讲解及练习
第一部分阅读理解题目
练习：
When my first child was born, my mother-in-law said to me: …Motherhood is a wonderful just as long as you remember that A Mother?s Place is in the Wrong. No matter what you do, your children will blame you.?
Sine that time, almost nine years ago, I have carefully monitored mothers and their growing offspring to verify this maxim, and found that indeed it contains much truth.
If, on the other hand, a mother sends her little lamb to the local neighborhood school, the little lamb will grumble tears later that his parents did not give a fig for education and that is why he was illiterate and on the dole.
If a woman has a job, her children will speak mournfully of the experience of being latch-key kids who never knew what it was to come home to the joy and security of mum baking bread in the kitchen.
If she considers it to e best to end the marriage, they will accuse her of causing them …parental deprivation syndrome? and obligation them to grow up in …a one-parent situation?.
Truly, a mother?s place is in the wrong place---and, yea, it goes on even unto the third generation. When your children encounter trouble or difficulties as adults, in their own marriages or in their personalities, whom do you blame? You?ve got it in one: Mother.
1. Having thought about her mother-in-law advice, the author _________________.
A was inclined to doubt the advice
B interviewed women whose children had grown up
C decided to put the advice to the test
D asked adults about their children
2. The passage suggests that the local schools ___________________.
A make children feel insecurity
B have a poor educational record
C allow children too much freedom
D are for the children of …suburban cabbages?
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3. According to the passage, a woman who divorces her husband will ____________________.
A be backed by her children
B be blamed by her children
C usually blame her husband
D soon lose the children?s affection
4. It can be concluded from the passage that mothers _________________.
A are willing to take the blame
B are blamed unfairly
C can not be blameless
D cannot avoid blame
The worldwide consumption of bakery food products is increasing. Many populations that formerly relied solely on rice or coarser grains as their main source of carbohydrates show a preference for compounded bakery products as new industry and increased incomes make them more widely accessible. Japan is an outstanding example of countries following this trend. The United States has shown a steady downward trend in per capita consumption of cereal-based foods for many years, and the consumption of sweet bakery foods, such as cakes or pastry, has been increasingly displacing bread consumption.
Probably 95% of the white bread sold in the United States is enriched with thiamine, niacin, and iron, and about 30 of the states have laws requiring white bread enrichment. Formerly, calcium and vitamin D were frequently added to enriched bread, but lack of consumer demand and questionable nutritional benefit led to gradual phasing out of these enrichments. India has attempted to encourage consumption of protein-enriched bread, with some success. Except for research projects, little has been done in other countries, however. In areas where bakery products comprise a large proportion of the diet, they could provide an ideal vehicle for nutritional supplementation. The need for better quality in the daily diet occurs mostly in the developing counties, where carbohydrates foods --- usually cereals --- are the basic components of the diet and therefore the logical protein carriers.
1.Japan is used in this passage t illustrate a fashion in many countries ___________.
A to enrich bread
B to invest more in food industry
C to increase consumption of bakery foods
D to increase a reliance on rice and grains
2. Because of little demand and questionable value ____________.
A calcium and vitamin D are no longer added to bread
B cereal-based foods are being replaced by bakery products
C rice and coarser grains being replaced by bakery products
D little has been done to encourage consumption of enriched bread
3. According to the passage, popular cereals could be the best way in developing countries to ___.
A supplement the diet
B displace rice consumption
C increase reliance on carbohydrates
D phase out necessary bread enrichments
4. From the passage, we learn that there is a worldwide trend towards _____________.
A enriching the nutritional value of bread
B increasing the consumption of protein
C using bakery products as a source of carbohydrates
D using grains, such as rice, as a source of carbohydrates
第二部分非谓语动词难点讲解
独立主格与非谓语动词：
独立主格
独立主格的结构一：名词（代词）+ 分词[现在分词、过去分词]
Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper __ it closely.
A followed
B following
C to follow
D being followed
All things __, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A considered
B be considered
C considering
D having considered
独立主格的结构2：with + 名词（代词）+ 分词[句子当中作状语]
After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys __ to go to school.
A to be encouraged
B been encouraged
C being encouraged
D be encouraged
非谓语动词
非谓语动词的结构：分词（分词短语）
句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。
43.No matter how frequently __, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
A performed
B performing
C to be performed
D being performed
perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏；
to be performed 将要被演奏；being performed 正在被演奏；
一些特殊的动词：
第一个：remember 记住；
62. I remember __ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A once offering
B him once offering
C him to offer
D to offer him
第二个：want 想要；
48. Your hair wants __. You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A cut
B cutting
C to cut
D being cut
18. This room is so dirty that it wants __.
A cleaning
B to clean
C being cleaned
D cleaned
第三个：mean 意味；
25. There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means __ trouble.
A making
B to make
C to have made
D having made
练习：
41. It is not difficult to ________ the idea that machines may communicate information to us.
A) admit B) receive C) accept D) convince
42. I have not the least ________ of hurting your feelings.
A) concept B) intention C) mind D) purpose
43. As the shortage of certain metals approaches, others must be found to take their ________.
A) share B) place C) role D) shape
44. The new power station is reported ________ within three years.
A) to have completed B) to have been completed
C) having Been completed D) to complete
45. Mary is in bed with a fever and she can?t hope to ________ the cold in a few day.
A) get over B) get away C) get off D) get out
46. Although the weather was very had, the buses still ran on ________.
A) list B) plan C) schedule D) arrangement
47. The situation today is obviously quite different from ________ it was only 50 years ago.
A) what B) which C) when D) such
48. Soon, Americans hope, the rains will return and ease the hardship ________ U.S. farmers.
A) faced B) faces C) facing D) to face
49. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they ________ better health.
A) could have enjoyed B) have been enjoying C) had enjoyed D) are enjoying
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50. It is much easier to talk about social change than to ________.
A) bring it on B) bring it about C) burning it up D) bring it out
51. Jane was hit on the head by the robber and was knocked ________.
A) mindless B) unaware C) brainless D) unconscious
52. He likes doing some reading at home to the cinema.
A) than to go B) than going C) more than going D) rather than to go
53. ________ neglecting our education, my father sent my brother and me to a summer school.
A) Accused of B) Accusing of C) That he was accused of D) To be accused of
54. I bought a new house last year, but I ________ my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
A) did not sell B) do not sell C) had not sold D) have not sold
55. She didn?t regret paying 200 dollars for the bookcase. As a matter or a fact, she would gladly have paid ________ for it.
A) as much twice B) much as twice C) as twice much D) twice as much
56. By the time you get to Beijing tomorrow, I ________ for Shanghai.
A) am leaving B) should have left C) will leave D) have already left
57. It was essential that all the necessary documents ________ to the president?s office being the end of this month.
A) be handed in B) must be handed in C) should D) had been handed in
58. The car is quite ________ of petrol.
A) economic B) economical C) saving D) sparing
59. The traffic was very heavy; otherwise I ________ here 50 minutes sooner.
A) would be B) should be C) had been D) would have been
60. ________ his great wealth, he always remained a man of simple tastes.
A) Except for B) With regard to C) Despite D) Although
61. The socks were too small and it was only by ________ them that he managed to get them on.
A) spreading B) extending C) lengthening D) stretching
62. Language can be defined as a tool by which human beings ________ with one another.
A) associate B) connect C) communicate D) correspond
63. As a small boy, he was slow ________ learning to read and write.
A) on B) with C) in D) about
64. Tony was ________ a mile of the hotel when he ran out of petrol.
A) within B) inside C) about D) off
65. It has been rather costly to install the machinery, but it will prove to be worth the money ________.
A) in the long run B) in conclusion C) at long last D) at the end
66. I don?t know why he ________ in the middle of a sentence.
A) broke off B) broke out C) broke through D) broke away
67. I?m sorry Andy didn?t want to go to the conference. ________ willing to go we would have paid all his expenses.
A) Being B) Was he C) He had been D) Had he been
68. The minister was the person ________.
A) whom the state dinner was given in honour B) for whom the state dinner was given hono ur
C) whose honour the state dinner was given D) in whose honour the state dinner was given
69. The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ________ on the way.
A) goes wrong B) would go wrong C) went wrong D) should go wrong
70. John had been working hard and ________.
A) so his brother had B) so had his brother C) so was his brother D) so his brother did
第三节非谓语动词的译法
1．Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. （现在分词正常使用）即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。
2．Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922, and went directly to the address of Chou-En Lai.
他们两个人坐火车于1922年3月到柏林，立即去周恩来的住处。
The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut a fifth of a hectare of wheat a day.
在1800年，一个农民，使用镰刀，在一天内可望收割五分之一公顷小麦。
3．When Chou En Lai?s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.
周恩来的房门打开时，他们看到的是一个身材瘦小、比普通人略高一点的人，两眼闪着光辉，面貌很引人注意，称得上清秀。
4．With the prices and house rents increasing rapidly, many young university graduates cannot earn their living, let alone support parents.
随着物价和房租迅速上涨，许多年轻大学毕业生无法挣钱养活自己，更不用说赡养父母。5．Situated at the base of the Mt. Lofty Ranges, Adelaide enjoys a Mediterranean climate.
阿德莱德位于罗夫迪岭山麓，属地中海型气候。
This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.
附近风光秀丽，过去是燕京八景之一。
6．Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was.
朱德顾不得来过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十几岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调说明自己的身份。
第四节非谓语动词，长难句分析及翻译、阅读理解
第一部分语法及词汇练习
北冥有鱼，其名为鲲。鲲之大，不知其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名为鹏。鹏之背，不知其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云。鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里……
——《庄子?内篇?逍遥游》
41. I can?t understand how you ________ these unpleasant surroundings.
A) put out B) put down C) put up with D) put forward
42. ________ you decide to take up you should try to make it a success.
A) Whatever B) Unless C) Whenever D) If only
43. If Harry did not attend the conference last night, he ________ too much work to do.
A) must have had B) must have C) had had D) had to have had
44. John often attends public lectures at the University of Oxford, chiefly ________ his English.
A) to improve B) improving C) to have improved D) improved
45. It was suggested at the meeting that effective measures ________ to solve the problem.
A) were taken B) be taken C) must be taken D) take
46. I am ________ of your stupid conversation.
A) annoyed B) worried C) angry D) tired
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47. They are building the dam in ________ with another firm.
A) comparison B) association C) touch D) tune
48. Most parents encourage their children to take an active part in social events, ________ those events do not interfere with their studies.
A) lest B) though C) unless D) provided
49. Orlando, a city in Florida, ________ for its main attraction, Magic Kingdom.
A) which is well known B) is well known C) well known D) being well known
50. He is ________ a writer as a reporter.
A) more B) rather C) not so much D) not much
51. Jim is sorry ________ so impolite to your guest last Saturday.
A) to be B) having been C) being D) to have been
52. I suppose that when I come back in ten years? time all these old houses ________ down.
A) will have been pulled B) will have pulled C) will be pulling D) will be pulled
53. To be sure, some insects can build complex societies ________ different types of individuals performing different tasks.
A) taken from B) made of C) composed of D) developed from
54. The students will put off the outing until next week, ________ they won?t be so busy.
A) when B) as C) since D) while
55. I have not found my book yet; in fact, I am not sure ________ I could have done with it.
A) whether B) why C) what D) when
56. If you do not fasten your safety belt, your chances of being ________ will be greater.
A) beaten B) hurt C) damaged D) stricken
57. “ ________” for many years, the writer suddenly became famous.
A) Having ignored him B) To be ignored C) To have been ignored D) Having been ignored
58. This bird?s large wings ________ it to fly very fast.
A) able B) enable C) unsure D) cause
59. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I ________ to it.
A) have not gone B) did not go C) had not gone D) should not have gone
60. I don?t swim not, but I ________ when I was a kid.
A) used to it B) used to doing it C) used to D) used to do
61. I found my daughter sitting in the kitchen, crying ________.
A) strongly B) bitterly C) heavily D) deeply
62. You are getting too old for football. You?d better ________ tennis instead.
A) take in B) take up C) take for D) take over
63. When the two young people were married, the ceremony was anything ________ up to data.
A) but B) beside C) except D) apart from
64. He didn?t mention anything about the party, ________ the date.
A) either even B) even nor C) even neither D) not even
65. After being rescued from the air crash, the people agreed that they had much to ________.
A) thank B) be thanked C) be thankful D) be thankful for
66. This new method not only saves time but also saves energy ________ operating on two batteries instead to four.
A) in B) on C) by D) for
67. What ________ to him is whether the job allows him to pursue his studies.
A) matters B) refers C) happens D) applies
68. He said that very clearly so that nobody was in any ________ about what was meant.
A) doubt B) wonder C) question D) consideration
69. It is predicted that heavy rains are ________ to flood the area in a few days.
A) frightening B) threatening C) scattering D) warning
70. In most of the United States, the morning newspaper is ________ by school age children.
A) directed B) discharged C) derived D) delivered
第二部分非谓语动词长难句分析及翻译
1．Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.
译文：由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速率。
2．But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
译文：但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合——而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。3．More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.
译文：更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通过内部方式，即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。
第三部分阅读理解
Just seven years ago, the Jarvik-7 artificial heart was being cheered as the model of human creativeness. The sight of Barney Clark-alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for a metal-and-plastic pump-convinced the press, the public and many doctors that the future had arrived. It hadn?t. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7, and reviewing its effects on the 150 or so patients (most of whom got the device as a temporary measure) the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them. Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval, effectively banning (禁止) the device.
The recall may hurt Symbion Inc., maker of the Jarvik-7, but it won?t end the request f or an artificial heart. One problem with the banned model is that the tubes connecting it to an external power source created a passage for infection. Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed, along with a tiny power pack, in the patient?s chest. The first sample products aren?t expected for another 10 or 20 years: But some people are already worrying that they? 11 work-and that America?s overextended health-care programs will lose a precious $2.5 billion to $5 billion a year providing them for a relatively few dying patients. If such expenditures (开支) cut into funding for more basic care, the net effect could actually be a decline in the nation?s health.
31. According to the passage the Jarvik-7 artificial heart proved to be ________.
A) a technical failure B) a technical wonder
C) a good life-saver D) an effective means to treat heart disease
32. From the passage we know that Symbion Inc ________.
A) has been banned by the government from producing artificial hearts
B) will review the effects of artificial hearts before designing new models
C) may continue to work on new models of reliable artificial hearts
D) can make new models of artificial hearts available on the market in 10 to 20 years
33. The new models of artificial hearts are expected ________.
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A) to have a working life of 10 or 20 years
B) to be set fully in the patient?s chest
C) to be equipped with an external power source
D) to create a new passage for infection
34. The word “them” in Line 7, Para. 2 refers to ________.
A) doctors who treat heart diseases
B) makers of artificial hearts
C) America?s health-care programs
D) new models of artificial hearts
35. Some people feel that ________.
A) artificial hearts are seldom effective
B) the country should not spend so much money on artificial hearts
C) the country is not spending enough money on artificial hearts
D) America?s health-care programs are not doing enough for the nation?s health
第五节被动语态，练习及其译法、阅读理解讲解
第一部分被动语态的使用
1．主动语态变被动语态的方法
主动语态变被动语态要遵循以下的规律：“主（语）变宾（语），宾（语）变主（语），动词变‘be + done?，其余部分带下来。”
*done代表各种动词的过去分词。
e.g.: The student broke the window yesterday.
主语动词宾语其余部分
The window was broken by the student yesterday.
主语动词（be done形式）宾语其余部分
I am carrying a box into the room. 我正在把一个箱子搬进房间。
The box is being carried by I (me) into the room. 一个箱子正在被我搬进房间。
（主语I变成by形式，宾语a box变成主语放在句首，动词am carrying 变成is being carried 形式，而其他部分into the room带到下句,一般将by结构省略。）
2．几种特殊句型的被动语态
①含有双宾语句子的被动语态。
e.g.: I gave him a pen.
主语动词间接宾语直接宾语
本句有两种变法，既可以将间接宾语变成主语(a)，有可以把直接宾语变成主语(b)。
a. You were given a pen.
b. A pen was given to you.
注意将直接宾语变成主语，要用to来连接动词和间接宾语（宾格形式），切不可省略。
②含有复合宾语句子的被动语态。
e.g.: We elected him our president.
主语动词宾语宾语补足语
按照变化规律本句应变化为：
He was elected our president by we (us).
但是有些情况（如下），要用to来连接宾语补足语和动词。
I made the door open.
The door was made to open.
*注意：在本句中make是使役动词(包括感观动词)，它后接不加to的不定式做宾语补足语，但是变成被动语态时要将to还原，不可省略。
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She saw me walking along the street.
I was seen to being walked along the street
③含有情态动词句子的被动语态。
e.g.: He need look after his mother in the hospital.
按照变化规律本句应变化为：
His mother need be looked after in the hospital.
含有情态动词句子变被动语态的规律是：情态动词+be+动词原形。
④含有动词词组句子的被动语态。
e.g.: He looked at the picture. 按照变化规律本句应变化为：
The picture was looked at by he (him).
注意：在过去分词looked 后，切记不要忘记at 这个介词，因为look at 是完整的动词词组。 ⑤含有宾语从句的被动语态。
e.g.: I think that she is a nurse.
如果按照变化规律变化本句的话，宾语是一个句子，而不是词。这时可以有以下两种变化方法：
a. 将宾语从句中的主语看作宾语而进行变化，即：She is thought to be a nurse by I (me).
b. 将宾语从句用it 这个形式主语来代替而进行变化，即：It is thought that she is a nurse by
I (me).
We said that he has been rich. 变化为：
第二部分 词汇及语法练习
41. If you smoke in a non-smoking section people ________.
A) have objected B) objected C) must object D) will object
42. There was a ________ drop in support for the Union in the 1974 election.
A) delicate B) distinct C) distant D) downward
43. The computer works very fast, ________ data at the speed of light.
A) having handled B) handing C) handled D) hands
44. Through out his life, Henry Moore ________ an interest in encouraging art in the city of Leeds.
A) contained B) secured C) reserved D) maintained
45. They claim that ________ 1,000 factories closed down during the economic crisis.
A) sufficiently B) approximately C) considerably D) properly
46. If you hap pen to ________ my lost papers while you?re looking for your book, please let me know at once by telephone.
A) come across B) come up C) come to D) properly
47. Her fluency in English gives her an advantage ________ other girls for the job.
A) above B) over C) than D) with
48. It is ________ impossible to find a good educational computer program in this part of the country.
A) barely B) hardly C) merely D) nearly
49. What he told us about the affair simply doesn?t make an y ________.
A) sense B) idea C) meaning D) significance
50. As a mother, she is too ________ towards her daughter, she should let her see more of the world.
A) hopeful
B) protective C) modest D) confident
51. “Doesn?t he know that it is not ________?” “Yes, he does.”
A) truth B) some truth C) the truth D) any truth
52. That tree looked as if it ________ for a long time.
A) hasn?t watered B ) didn?t water C) hadn?t been watered D ) wasn?t watered
53. Hitler set out to conquer all of Europe in the belief that the Germans were the master ________.
A) race B) human C) blood D) brains
54. Ever since Picasso?s painting went on exhibit, there ________ large crowds at the museum every day.
A) is B) has been C) have been D) are being
55. Don?t forget to walk the dog while I am away, ________.
A) can you B) shall you C) do you D) will you
56. It is a pity that we should stay at home when we have ________ weather.
A) so fine B) such a fine C) such fine D) so fine a
57. There were beautiful clothes ________ in the shop windows.
A) spread B) displayed C) exposed D) located
58. Mr. Smith advised us to withdraw ________.
A) so that to get not involved B) so as to get not involved
C) so as not to get involved D) so that not to get involved
59. ________ in a seemingly endless war, the general was forced to evaluate the situation again.
A) Since the loss of 50,000 soldiers B) Because of 50,000 soldiers having lost
C) Having lost over 50,000 soldiers D) 50,000 soldiers were lost
60. Knowing something as a whole is far from knowing all its ________.
A) instance B) character C) items D) details
61. ________ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.
A) Had it not been B ) It were not C) Weren?t it D) Had not it been
62. The minister had his secretaries ________ a press conference.
A) arrange B) to arrange C) arranging D) arranged
63. She left the reception early because she ________ get up early the next morning.
A) needed B) might C) used to D) had to
64. Let?s not wait any longer, he might not ________ at all.
A) turn over B) turn up C) used to D) turn down
65. Anne couldn?t concentrate ________ what she wa s doing while her family were watching TV.
A) to B) on C) for D) in
66. My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate ________ from you sometime.
A) to have heard B) to hear C) having heard D) hearing
67. ________ men have learned much from the behavior of animals in badly new.
A) That B) Those C) What D) Whether
68. It?s necessary ________ the dictionary immediately.
A) that he will return B) that he returned C) that he return D) that he has to return
69. Fr anklin?s ability to learn from observations and experience ________ greatly to his success in public life.
A) contributed B) owed C) attached D) related
70. The manager assured the customer that his complaint would be seen ________ immediately.
A) to B) at C) on D) with
第三部分被动语态的翻译方法
1. Today this treasury if silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective system.
现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了，却没有除盐的有效办法。
2. Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully understood.
然而现代的人却让尼罗河发生了变化，不过就连他们自己也不完全了解尼罗河究竟发生了什么变化。
3. Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication.
因为它非常润滑，所以可以用作润滑剂。
4. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity.
植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉。
5. When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refinery to be treated. The commonest from of treatment is heating. When the oil is heating, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporized. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
油田打出原油以后，便送到炼油厂去处理。最普通的处理就是加热。石油经过加热，最先冒出来的蒸汽冷却后就是质量最高的汽油。汽油的沸点低，倒一点在手上，很快就挥发了。随后从石油分离出来的气体可以浓缩为煤油。最后产生的是各种等级的润滑油。剩下的便是重油了，可以用作燃料。
第四部分阅读理解讲解及练习（见PPT）
Like fine food, good writing is something we approach with pleasure and enjoy from the first taste to the last. And good writers, good cooks, do not suddenly appear full-blown. Quite the contrary, just as the cook has to undergo an intensive training, mastering the skills of his trade, the writer must sit at his desk and devote long hours to achieving a style in his writing, whatever its purpose-schoolwork, matters of business, or purely social communication. You may be sure that the more painstaking the effort, the more effective the writing, and the more rewarding.
There are still some remote places in the world where you might find a public scribe to do your business or social writing for you, for a fee. There are a few managers who are lucky enough to have the service of that rate kind of secretary who can take care of all sorts of letter writing with no more than a quick note to work from. But for most of us, if there is any writing to be done, we have to do it ourselves.
We have to write school papers, business papers or home papers. We are constantly called on to put words to paper. It would be difficult to count the number of such words, messages, letters, and reports put into the mails or delivered by hand, but the daily figure must be enormous. What is more, everyone who writes expects, or at least hopes. We want whatever we write to be read, from first word to last, not just thrown into some “letters-to-be-read”file (档案) or into a wastepaper basket. This is the reason we bend our efforts toward learning and practicing the skill of interesting, effective writing.
36. In this passage, good writing is compared to fine food because ________.
A) both writers and cooks have to work long hours every day B) both are essential to life
C) both writers and cooks can earn a good living D) both are enjoyable
37. A public “scribe” (Para. 2, Line 1) is ________.
A) a secretary who does your business or social writing B) a machine that does writing for you
C) a public school where writing is taught D) a person who ears a living by writing for others
38. According to the passage, some managers don?t have to do any letter writing because ________.
A) they rely on quick notes B) they have excellent secretaries
C) they have a computer to do it D) they prefer making phone calls
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39. According to the author, if your letter is thrown into some “letter-to-be-read” file, ________.
A) it will receive immediate attention B) it will be dealt with by the secretary
C) it is likely to be neglected D) it is meant to be delivered soon
40. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is ________.
A) to explain and persuade B) to comment and criticize
C) to interest and entertain D) to argue and demonstrate
第六节被动语态，长难句分析及翻译、阅读理解
第一部分词汇及语法练习
41. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ________ for her examination.
A) to prepare B) to be prepared C) preparing D) being prepared
42. Five minutes earlier, ________ we could have caught the last train.
A) and B) but C) or D) an order
43. I cannot give you ________ for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.
A) an expense B) a charge C) a purchase D) an order
44. After ________ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.
A) being interviewed B) interviewed C) interviewing D) having interviewed
45. By the end of this month, we surely ________ a satisfactory solution to the problem.
A) have found B) will be finding C) will have found D) are finding
46. Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to ________ any further responsibilities.
A) take on B) get on C) put up D) look up
47. Having no money but ________ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.
A) not to want anyone B) not wanting anyone C) wanted no one D) to want no one
48. We desire that the tour leader ________ us immediately of any change in plans.
A) inform B) informs C) informed D) has informed
49. Not ________, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.
A) obviously B) surprisingly C) particularly D) normally
50. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time ________ the guards discovered what had happened.
A) before B) until C) since D) when
51. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ________ the developments and recorded every detail.
A) in B) at C) for D) on
52. There?s little chance that mankind would ________ a nuclear war.
A) retain B) endure C) maintain D) survive
53. Nuclear science be developed to benefit the people ________ harm them.
A) more than B) other than C) rather than D) better than
54. They usually have less money at the end of the month than ________ at the beginning.
A) which is B) which was C) they have D) it is
55. In the course of a day students do far more than just ________ classes.
A) attend B) attended C) to attend D) attending
56. The French pianist who had been praised very highly ________ to be a great disappointment.
A) turned up B) turned in C) turned out D) turned down
57. Many difficulties have ________ as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel.
A) risen B) arisen C) raised D) arrived
58. He made such a ________ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the new buildings after him.
A) genuine B) minimum C) modest D) generous
59. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, of course, made the others jealous.
A) who B) that C ) what D) which
60. In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly ________.
A) gaps B) intervals C) length D) distance
61. Mr. Johnson preferred ________ heavier work to do.
A) to be given B) to be given C) to have given D) having given
62. I remember ________ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A) once offering B) him once offering C) him to offer D) to offer him
63. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ________.
A) out of work B ) out of stock C) out of reach D) out of practice
64. Our company decided to ________ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met.
A) destroy B) resist C) assume D) cancel
65. She is ________ a musician than her brother.
A) much of B) much as C) more of D) more as
66. Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe ________ by the judge.
A) service B) sentence C) crime D) crisis
67. ________ is known to the world, Mark Twain is great American writer.
A) That B) Which C) As D) It
68. The residents, ________ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.
A) all their homes B) all whose homes C) all of whose homes D) all of their homes
69. You can?t afford to let the situation get worse. You must take ________ to put it right.
A) decisions B) directions C) sides D) steps
70. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ________ your advice.
A) follow B) had followed C) would follow D) have followed
第二部分被动语态长难句分析及翻译
1. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.
现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。
2. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England?s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution.
译文：一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变——为扩张主义的军事目标所左右——产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。
第三部分阅读理解练习
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some way does not live up 大家网，大家的！https://www.doczj.com/doc/3919046883.html,更多精品在大家！
to the manufacturer?s claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty (保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the “higher up” the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer?s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.
Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.
Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in questions. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, “The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear” is better than “This stereo (立体声音响) does not work.”The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers? rights.
31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________.
A) complain personally to the manager
B) threaten to take the matter to court
C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store or purchase
D) show some written proof of the purchase to the store
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it?s better to complain to ________.
A) a shop assistant B) the store manager C) the manufacturer D) a public organization
33. The most effective complaint can be made by ________.
A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturer
B) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item
C) saying firmly that the item of poor quality
D) asking politely to change the item
34. The phrase “live up” (Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
A) meet the standard of B) realize the purpose of
C) fulfill the demands of D) keep the promise of
35. The passage tells us ________.
A) how to settle a consumer?s complaint about a faulty item
B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
C) how to avoid buying a faulty item
D) how to deal with complaints from customers
第七节代词及虚拟语气，练习及其译法，阅读理解讲解和完形填空
第一部分虚拟语气讲解
1．虚拟语气和条件句
条件句实际上是属于状语从句的一种，其功能可以说是说话人猜想、假设的一种条件。按其真实的程度来分，可以分为真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。
e.g.: If it rains tomorrow, we will put off the sports meeting.
如果明天下雨，我们就推迟运动会。（表示可能实现，真实条件句）
If I were Tom, I would not refuse the money.
如果我是汤姆，我就不会拒绝这些钱的。（表示不可能实现，非真实条件句）
按照时间上的情况，虚拟条件句（非真实条件句）又可以分为现在、过去、将来三种情况e.g.: If I were you, I should not marry her.
如果我是你，我就不会和她结婚。（和现在情况相反）
If the fridge were broken, please call us to repair it.
如果冰箱坏了，通知我们来修。（和将来情况相反）
If I had been you, I should not have married her.
注：单独条件句的使用可以表示某种感情色彩。
e.g.: If your father had not been dead.
要是你爸爸没死该有多好啊！（表示某种遗憾和怜悯）
2. 虚拟语气和从句
1) 虚拟语气在主语从句的中的使用。
当主语从句中出现important, essential, appropriate, vital, unfair, strange, natural等时，主语从句的动词形式要用should+动词原形，should一般省略。
e.g.: It is vital that we (should) finish the task.
我们完成任务很重要。
It is unfair that they (should) many more jobs.
他们得到更多的工作是不公平的。
2) 虚拟语气在表语从句的中的使用。
当表语从句中出现decision, suggestion, requirement, idea等时，表语从句的动词形式要用should+动词原形，should一般省略。
e.g.: Our decision is that you (should) go to hospital.
我们的决定是你要去医院。
His suggestion is that you and I (should) kill these people.
他的建议是你和我要杀这些人。
1)虚拟语气在同位语从句的中的使用。
当同位语从句中出现decision, suggestion, requirement, idea，demand, resolution等时，同位语从句的动词形式要用should+动词原形，should一般省略。
e.g.: He gave me a resolution that man (should) be punished.
他给出的解决方案是男人必须受到惩罚。
They had demands that president (should) resign.
他们要求总统要辞职。
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2015上半年CATTI三级笔译真题及参考答案——英译汉 Section1: English-Chinese Translation (50 points) Forgenerations, coal has been the lifeblood of this mineral-rich stretch ofeastern Utah. Mining families proudly recall all the years they toiledunderground. Supply companies line the town streets. Above the road that windstoward the mines, a soot-smudged miner peers out from a billboard with theslogan “Coal =Jobs.” 犹他州东部有一个矿产丰富的小镇，那里的人们祖祖辈辈都以采煤为生。一提起在地下辛苦采煤时的情景，每个家庭总是倍感骄傲。街道两旁的煤炭供应公司一个挨着一个。在通往矿井的蜿蜒小路上方的广告牌上，一个满脸炭灰的矿工凝视着远方，旁边的标语写着“煤炭=工作”。 Butrecently, fear has settled in. The state’s oldest coal-fired power plant,tucked among the canyons near town, is set to close, a result of new, stricterfederal pollution regulations. 但是最近，小镇的人们心里充满了恐惧。联邦政府新颁布了一套更为严格的污染管理条例，这使得小镇附近峡谷之中的一家美国最古老的燃煤电厂频临倒闭。 As energy companies tack away from coal, toward cleaner, cheaper natural gas, people here have grown increasingly afraid that their community may soon slip away. Dozens of workers at the facility here, the Carbon Power Plant, have learned that they must retire early or seek other jobs. Local trucking and equipment outfits are preparing to take business elsewhere. 由于能源公司纷纷弃用煤炭，转而使用更清洁、更廉价的天然气，小镇的人们越来越害怕，他们的家园可能很快就会人去楼空。卡本电厂的几十名工人早就意识到，他们要么提前退休，要么另谋职业。当地的货运和装配人员正准备开发外地的业务。
C A T T I三级笔译综合能力真题及答案解析
CATTI三级笔译综合能力考试试题及答案解析(一) 一、Vocabulary Selection（本大题15小题．每题1.0分，共15.0分。In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are four words or phrases respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only one right answer. ） 第1题 Since writing home to their parents for money, they had lived ________hope. A in B for C on D through 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 固定搭配。live in hope生活在希望中；live for为……而生活，盼望；live on继续生活，以……为主食，靠……生活；live through度过，经受过；根据句意应填A。 第2题 ________get older, the games they play become increasingly complex. A Children B Children, when they C As children D For children to
CATTI三级笔译考试复习方法 一、三笔综合能力部分，满分100分。 三级笔译综合能力的题型全部是单选。题型有： 1)20个单词单项选择(联系上下文选择合适单词)； 2)20个近义词单项选择； 3)20个改错的单项选择每个题1分； 4)3个阅读理解，每个题10个小题，每题1分； 5)1个完形填空(包括20个小题)，每个0.5分。 三笔是什么难度呢?专四通过的话，综合能力是没问题的。综合能力注重词汇、语法与阅读能力，考生要在平时注重基础英语的学习。高译教育建议考生把更多的学习精力放在实务，实务才是看翻译功夫的地方。 二、三笔实务部分，满分100分。 题型：英译汉，1篇文章，600个单词左右；汉译英，1篇文章，400字左右。 备考建议： 1)对于复习资料，可分为精读和泛读两部分。 精读的是CATTI三笔的教材、教材辅导书、政府报告等；泛读的书基本都是笔译理论系列的书。后者是建立主干、框架，目的是让考生能够在复杂的句式、英汉思维转换中知道自己应该使用何种方法和技巧来翻译。如果考生一开始就是在“跟着感觉译”，对翻译方法糊里糊涂的话，翻译时就会越来越没有头绪。前者是为后者添枝加叶，
有着主干的大方向的指导，即使再接触不同的材料和句子也不会迷糊，因为考生明确地知道自己应使用哪种翻译策略和方法来进行翻译。 2)先读懂，才能谈得上翻译。 读懂，不是指将生词查出就懂了这么简单的，如果翻译的难度是建立在生词之上，那CATTI的笔译考试都是让带词典进入考场的，为什么还有不通过考试的呢?显然，这不是单词认知多少的事。英语多长句，一句话几十个词是经常的事。怎样将像葡萄串一样的句子断成竹节一样的句子(地道的汉语多短小句，像竹节一样)，这就是读懂与没读懂的分水岭。准确地切分句子，这考验的是英语语法的功底。很多人说，即使对英语语法一知半解也不耽误英语说的好。但是，如果想翻译得对，没有坚实的语法功底一定是不行的，如果连正确地翻译都达不到，何谈翻译得好呢？因此，英语语法，有必要好好夯实。 3)要10篇文章翻译10遍，也不要100篇文章翻译1遍。 如果你练习多了就会发现：其实英语句子的形式及种类是有限的。如果一篇文章涵盖不了所有句式，那10篇文章就差不多了。关键是考生是否能把每一篇文章都反复琢磨至少十遍以上，你看100篇其实也就是不同的话题而已，表达方式都是差不多的。三级笔译的文章话题是日常性的，像报纸新闻、历史描述等等，并不是像二级笔译考试那样专业性那么强。三级笔译考察的更倾向于翻译的基本功和翻译方法，建议考生在平时适当地看一些国际新闻、报纸等。 4)总结，再总结
2006年5月英语CATTI三级《笔译实务》真题 试题部分： Section 1: English-Chinese Translation (英译汉) (60 points) Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this section is 120 minutes. Freed by warming, waters once locked beneath ice are gnawing at coastal settlements around the Arctic Circle. In Bykovsky, a village of 457 on Russia's northeast coast, the shoreline is collapsing, creeping closer and closer to houses and tanks of heating oil, at a rate of 15 to 18 feet a year. "It is practically all ice - permafrost - and it is thawing." For the four million people who live north of the Arctic Circle, a changing climate presents new opportunities. But it also threatens their environment, their homes and, for those whose traditions rely on the ice-bound wilderness, the preservation of their culture. A push to develop the North, quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region. The discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas has raised fears of catastrophic accidents as ships loaded with oil and, soon, liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, headed to markets in Europe and North America. Land that was untouched could be tainted by pollution as generators, smokestacks and large vehicles sprout to support the growing energy industry. Coastal erosion is a problem in Alaska as well, forcing the United States to prepare to relocate several Inuit villages at a projected cost of $100 million or more for each one. Across the Arctic, indigenous tribes with traditions shaped by centuries of living in extremes of cold and ice are noticing changes in weather and wildlife. They are trying to adapt, but it can be confounding. In Finnmark, Norway's northernmost province, the Arctic landscape unfolds in late winter as an endless snowy plateau, silent but for the cries of the reindeer and the occasional whine of a snowmobile herding them. A changing Arctic is felt there, too. "The reindeer are becoming unhappy," said Issat Eira, a 31-year-old reindeer herder. Few countries rival Norway when it comes to protecting the environment and preserving indigenous customs. The state has lavished its oil wealth on the region, and Sami culture has enjoyed something of a renaissance. And yet no amount of government support can convince Mr. Eira that his livelihood, intractably entwined with the reindeer, is not about to change. Like a Texas cattleman, he keeps the size of his herd secret. But he said warmer temperatures in fall and spring were melting the top layers of snow, which then refreeze as ice, making it harder for his reindeer to dig through to the lichen they eat. "The people who are making the decisions, they are living in the south and they are living in towns," said Mr. Eira, sitting inside his home made of reindeer hides. "They don't mark the change of weather. It is only people who live in nature and get resources from nature who mark it." Section 2: Chinese-English Translation(汉译英) (40 points) Translate the following passage into English. The time for this section is 60 minutes. 维护世界和平，促进共同发展，谋求合作共赢，是各国人民的共同愿望，也是不可抗拒的当今时代潮流。中国高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜，坚持走和平发展道路，与世界各国一道，共同致力于建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。 中国与世界从未像今天这样紧密相连。中国政府把中国人民的根本利益与各国人民的共同利益结合起来，坚持奉行防御性的国防政策。中国的国防服从和服务于国家发展战略和安全战略，旨在维护国家安全统一，确保实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标。中国永远是维护世界和平、安全、稳定的坚定力量。 中国在经济不断发展的基础上推进国防和军队现代化，是适应世界新军事变革发展趋势、维护国家安全和发展利益的需要。中国不会与任何国家进行军备竞赛，不会对任何国家构成军事威胁。新世纪新阶段，中国把科学发展观作为国防和军队建设的重要指导方针，积极推进中国特色军事变革，努力实现国防和军队建设全面协调可持续发展。
CATTI三级笔译综合能力考试试题及答案解析(三) 1 2 3 一、Vocabulary Selection（本大题20小题．每题1.0分，共20.0分。4 In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, 5 there are four words or phrases respectively marked by letters A, B, C 6 and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There 7 is only one right answer. ） 8 第1题 9 Marketing is ______ just distributing goods from the manufacturer 10 to the final customer. 11 A rather than 12 B other than 13 C bigger than 14 D more than 15 第2题 16 The magician picked several persons ______ from the audience and 17 asked them to help him with the performance. 18 A by accident 19 B at random
20 C on occasion 21 第3题 22 English language publications in China are growing in volume and 23 ______. 24 A circulation 25 B rotation 26 C circumstance 27 D appreciation 28 第4题 29 Dust storms most often occur in areas where the ground has little 30 vegetation to protect of the wind. 31 A from the effects 32 B it the effects 33 C it from the effects 34 D the effects from it 35 第5题 36 On turning the comer, they saw the path ______ steeply. 37 A departing
致力于、从事于：be committed to 、engage in、embark on We will work to、look to、seek to、endeavor to、strive to我们要努力…… We will adopt +n Bear :承担，具有，结果，支撑，向左（右）转，携带 Score：赢得，得分，二十，报复，了解 Mark：标志，庆祝,表明，评价 Boast：吹嘘，拥有 Endow：赋予，资助 Harness: 利用，马具 发展、提高、促进、增加等意思：develop, upgrade, enrich, improve, advance, pursue, move forward, forge ahead, enhance, sharpen, widen, broaden, quicken, accelerate, speed up, step up 减少裁员: slash, cut(down), shed, downsize, diminish, dwindle、eliminate 超过exceed 、surpass 、top、overtake、transcend、go beyond 保卫、支持: safeguard、uphold、support 利用maximize、fully leverage、fully unleash、give full play to、make best use of showcase appear emerge represent deliver：实现，履行，发表， represent: 代表，表现，象征，回忆 on the rise、on the decrease、on the decline(在衰退中) gear to 适应，配合 prevail: 战胜，盛行 embrace：包含，接受，拥抱 cherish seize、grasp、 grapple with burden、saddle with Difference、disparity明显差异、discrepancy差异矛盾 usher 引领，开辟 carve out 创业，开拓，雕刻 identify 发现，确认，标志，使易于辨认。 blaze 燃烧，公开宣告 channel 引导mobilize 动员 footage negotiate 越过 surge 激增，巨浪 do sb a good turn 对某人有益
姓名：准考证号： 2012年度上半年全国翻译资格（水平）考试试卷 笔译实务 （英语·三级） 国家人事部中国外文局 二○一二年五月
Section1: English-Chinese Translation（英译汉）（50 points）Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this section is 100 minutes. PALOS DE LA FRONTERA, Spain — Back home in Gambia, Amadou Jallow was, at 22, a lover of reggae who had just finished college and had landed a job teaching science in a high school. But Europe beckoned. In his West African homeland, Mr. Jall ow?s salary was the equivalent of just 50 euros a month, barely enough for the necessities, he said. And everywhere in his neighborhood in Serekunda, Gambia?s largest city, there was talk of easy money to be made in Europe. Now he laughs bitterly about all that talk. He lives in a patch of woods here in southern Spain, just outside the village of Palos de la Frontera, with hundreds of other immigrants. They have built their homes out of plastic sheeting and cardboard, unsure if the water they drink from an open pipe is safe. After six years on the continent, Mr. Jallow is rail thin, and his eyes have a yellow tinge. “We are not bush people,” he said recently as he gathered twigs to start a fire. “You think you are civilized. But this is how we live here. We suffer here.” The political upheaval in Libya and elsewhere in North Africa has opened the way for thousands of new migrants to make their way to Europe across the Mediterranean. Already some 25,000 have reached the island of Lampedusa, Italy, and hundreds more have arrived at Malta. The boats, at first, brought mostly Tunisians. But lately there have been more sub-Saharans. Experts say thousands more — many of whom have been moving around North Africa trying to get to Europe for years, including Somalis, Eritreans, Senegalese and Nigerians — are likely to follow, sure that a better life awaits them. But for Mr. Jallow and for many others who arrived before them, often after days at sea without food or water, Europe has offered hardships they never imagined. These days Mr. Jallow survives on two meals a day, mostly a leaden paste made from flour and oil, which he stirs with a branch. “It keeps the hunger away,” he said. The authorities estimate that there are perhaps 10,000 immigrants living in the woods in the southern Spanish province of Andalusia, a region known for its crops of strawberries, raspberries and blueberries, and there are thousands more migrants in areas that produce olives, oranges and vegetables. Most of them have stories that echo Mr. Jal low?s. From the road, their encampments look like igloos tucked among the trees. Up close, the squalor is clear. Piles of garbage and flies are everywhere. Old clothes, stiff from dirt and rain, hang from branches. “There is everything in there,” said Diego Ca?amero, the leader of the farm workers? union in Andalusia, which tries to advocate for the men. “You have rats and snakes and mice and fleas.” The men in the woods do not call home with the truth, though. They send pictures of themselves posing next to Mercedes cars parked on the street, the kind of pictures that Mr. Jallow says he fell for so many years ago. Now he shakes his head toward his neighbors, who will not talk to reporters. “So many lies,” he said. “It is terrible what they are doing. But they are embarrassed.”
全国翻译资格考试三级笔译综合能力讲义 第一节考试内容介绍、定语从句讲解、练习及译法 第一部分考试介绍 一、考试题型 词汇和语法部分50题25分25分钟 阅读理解50题55分75分钟 完型填空20题20分20分钟 二、考试要求 掌握本大纲要的英语词汇；掌握并能够正确运用双语语法；具备对常用问题英语文章的阅读理解能力。 三、笔译综合能力试题的基本类型 第一部分词汇和语法部分可分为三大部分：词汇选择（Vocabulary and Grammar）1-20难度大约在四级左右；词语替代（Vocabulary Selection）21-40主要找出和划横线部分相同意思的词汇，难度在4级到6级之间；改错（Error Correction）主要有词汇和语法的两种错误。 第一部分考察的内容主要为近义词的辨析、短语介词和动词词组的搭配；语法点主要包括定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词等等。在其后会分专题来讲解。 第二部分阅读理解共5篇，字数在每篇150-450字之间，绝大多数在250字左右，每篇有5到10题，不定量。题材广泛，选题多样。类似于四级以上难度和题型，但是和专业四级题型更加相似。 第三部分为开放性完型填空，20空，共20分。题材广泛，选题多样。难度和专业四级等同。 四、基本复习策略 综合能力课程作为三级笔译必修的课程，主要是考察学生对于英语基本知识的了解，特别是对双语习惯的掌握，为了能够更好地为实务课程打下坚实的基础，所以希望每一位同学都不要对这门课程产生掉以轻心的念头。根据个人经验，我个人推荐以下几个复习的策略：第一、要对大纲的词汇做到十分熟悉，这种熟悉不是简单地认识，而是要学会使用，特别是在没有字典的帮助之下可以迅速而准确地判断搭配。 第二、对于语法结构的重视，但凡是学翻译就必须要对语法结构有着深入的了解，这种了解不是简单地会划分句子成分，而是将每个句子如何组合，这将决定你实务中的句型翻译的关键。 第三，阅读能力要强。任何考试都是得阅读者得天下，咱们的综合能力考试也不除外。包括实务考试，如果文章内容没有弄明白，那么对文章的翻译肯定是不行的。 以上三点经验之谈，仅供参考。 定语从句的讲解、练习及译法 1．that和which用法比较： 1) which用于非限定性定语从句中。 e.g.: He said he was busy, which was not true. 他说他很忙，那是假的。 We don’t want to enter the house, which is very cold. 我们不想进房间，因为太冷了。 2) which用于介词后做宾语。 e.g.: The room of which windows are opposite to the room is large. 窗户正对着海的房间很大。 The chair in which you are sitting is made of iron.
Section 1: English-Chinese Translation (英译汉)(50 points) 文章来源：The New York Times The Money Ran Out; Then the Villagers Stepped In HIGUERA DE LA SERENA, Spain —It didn’t take long for Manuel Garc ía Murillo, a bricklayer who took over as mayor here last June, to realize that his town was in trouble. It was 800,000 euros, a little more than $1 million, in the red. There was no cash on hand to pay for anything —and there was work that needed to be done. But then an amazing thing happened, he said. Just as the health department was about to close down the day care center because it didn’t have a proper kitchen, Bernardo Benítez, a construction worker, offered to put up the walls and the tiles free. Then, Maria José Carmona, an adult education teacher, stepped in to clean the place up. And somehow, the volunteers just kept coming. Every Sunday now, the residents of this town in southwest Spain —young and old —do what needs to be done, whether it is cleaning the streets, raking the leaves, unclogging culverts or planting trees in the park. “It was an initiative from them,”said Mr. García. “Day to day we talked to people and we told them there was no money. Of course, they could see it. The grass in between the sidewalks was up to my thigh. “
模拟试题（三） 笔译综合能力 Section 1 Vocabulary and Grammar (60points) This section consists of 3 parts. Read the directions for each part before answering the questions. The time for this section is 25 minutes. Part 1 Vocabulary Selection In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices marked by letters A, B, C and D respectively. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. 1.Jupiter_________ perhaps the most important planet of the solar system. A．was B. were C. is D. will be 2. The common garden pea, also called the English pea, _________ for its edible seeds. A．grows B. is grown C. growing D. grown 3. The olfactory regions of the nose are yellow, richly moist, and_________. A．fully fatty substances B. full, fatty substances C. full of fatty substances D. fatty substances are full 4. _________, the moon is important because it is the nearest to the earth of all heavenly bodies.
1. 单词 （1）平时：如何背单词 （2）考试时：什么样的单词需要在什么时候查字典 我想强调一点，课下有位女生问我考前是否需要把汉译英比较常见又相对比较固定的英文译法背下来。我也有过类似疑惑，不过现在我认为，不能带字典的翻译类考试，这些词语的积累是越多越好，因为这种考试是在考你实打实的英文功底，积累了这些词你的表达会更地道。难度是，记忆量较大，而且具体划分这类词语的标准很难量化。 像人事部三笔这样的考试可以查字典，你只需要混个眼熟就行，这样以便查字典时，该选择字典里的具体哪个词会比较得心应手（例如：西藏地处世界屋脊，你就会毫不犹豫地选择on the roof of the world而不是其他一些词），查字典的速度会更快一些；如果你能把这些词语记忆准确，那就更好了，考试时就不用再查字典，能节省更多宝贵时间。 2. 保持上课的一种持续状态—实践 （1）结课后，考试前—需要实践 上课不同老师都讲授了不同方法，这些理论是他们经过了无数实践得到的精华部分。大家在考试前一定要重温老师讲授的方法，最重要的是，像平时老师上课按照这些方法带着我们翻译的每一篇文章一样，用这些理论指导我们的实践，用这些方法带动我们所做的每一篇翻译。 （2）考试后—仍需实践 考试不是终极目的，大家来学翻译都是为了以后职业生涯做准备，所以不管三笔考试通过与否，以后都还是要用英语的。因此，考试结束后，大家也要尽量保持考试前的持续状态，用老师教的方法去实践你的翻译。考试结束了，翻译的路、英语的路还长着呢。 以上说的话看似有些空泛，具体建议这样操作： （1）课上讲过的文章：这些都是短短45个小时老师讲过的精华文章，要彻底消化。用笔译和视译结合的方法，重现上课老师分析句子的思路。英译汉一篇文章，再汉译英把它译回去，品味其中固定结构套用和选词用词的韵味。 （2）新文章：以后大家遇到的全部都是没有遇到过的文章，在到达一定水平之前，争取每一篇文章都要动笔进行笔译。不能只看不写，不能只做视译不做笔译。我感觉一到动笔写的时候，我才发现原来我差的不只是英文，中文水平也不怎么样，就连一句中国话都说不利落。所以平时只是读读看看、只追求心理上的理解，跟译出来并写下来这种感觉相去甚远。此外，所选择的这些文章一定要有比你水平高出很多的人士给出的参考译文以便找差距。没有参考译文的文章，除非你要挣钱，否则最好别耽误时间翻译了。 具体“量”上的要求：对于参加三笔考试的同学，建议每周至少要保证3次，每次3个小时（一篇英译汉，一篇汉译英），严格控制长度和时间。这样在考试之前才能持续保持一种良好的考试状态。 3. 用书问题
CATTI三级笔译综合能力考试试题及答案解析(一) 一、Vocabulary Selection（本大题15小题．每题分，共分。In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are four words or phrases respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only one right answer. ） 第1题 Since writing home to their parents for money, they had lived ________hope. A in B for C on D through 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：分 【答案解析】 固定搭配。live in hope生活在希望中；live for为……而生活，盼望；live on 继续生活，以……为主食，靠……生活；live through度过，经受过；根据句意应填A。 第2题
________get older, the games they play become increasingly complex. A Children B Children, when they C As children D For children to 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：分 【答案解析】 语法应用。本句逗号前是状语从句，空白处应填连词；主句主语是the games，因此选项A、B、D均不对；只有as“随着”符合句意，所以C为答案。 第3题 Martin has created enough memorable ________to make it easy to forgive his lows. A youngsters B nobles C highs D miserables 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：分
catti三级笔译综合能力语气专项练习题 一、Reading Comprehension（共19小题,共20.0分）In this section you will find after each of the passages a number of questions or unfinished statements about the passage, each with four (A, B, C and D) suggested answers or ways of finishing. You must choose the one which you think fits best. 第1题 Stay the Course on Terror War 坚持反恐战争的道路 President Bush urged US allies Tuesday to remain committed to the reconstruction of Iraq, vowing that terrorist attacks like last week's bombings in Spain "will never shake the will of the United States. " "It's essential that we remain side-by-side with the Iraqi people as they begin the process of serf-government," Bush said in a White House appearance with Dutch Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende. Bush's comments come one year after the US-led invasion of Iraq and at a time when his handling of the war on terror is being questioned by many Democrats, particularly Sen. John Kerry, the presumed Democratic presidential nominee. "They'll kill innocent people to try to shake our will," Bush said of terrorists. "That's what they want to do. They'll never shake the will of the United States. We understand the stakes. " The administration has cast the toppling of the regime of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein as part of the broader war on terror. Bush has generally enjoyed high marks from the American public for his leadership on national security following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. But Democrats have grown increasingly vocal in their criticism of Bush's approach to the war on terror, saying he has alienated allies abroad and failed to match his often tough rhetoric with support for first responders, such as firefighters, at home and equipment for soldiers in the fielD． Typical was a comment Monday from Kerry, when he addressed one firefighters' union that has endorsed his bid for the presidency. "I do not fault George Bush for doing too much in the war on terror," Kerry saiD．"I believe he's done too little. " The administration has refuted the charges. Administration figures point out that about three dozen nations have contributed in some fashion to the reconstruction of Iraq. And Bush-Cheney campaign officials say it's Kerry—not Bush—who has failed to provide support for homeland security through various Senate votes. Kerry said the Republican campaign is taking a selective and misleading review of his votes.