社会类重点词汇
1. urbanization城市化
2. centralization集中化
3. imbalance不平衡
4. in the long run从长远角度而言
5. infrastructure基础设施
6. booming繁荣发展的
7. tertiary industry第三产业
8. tranquility宁静
9. revenue税收
10. commercialization商业化
11. traffic congestion交通拥挤
12. water scarcity水短缺
13. the environmental pollution环境污染
14. over-industrialization过度工业化
15. over-crowdedness过度拥挤
16. unemployment失业
17. wealth distribution财富分配
18. social instability社会动荡
19. urban construction城市建设
20. population explosion人口激增
21. a rising crime rate犯罪率上升
22. drain of energy and resources能源和资源消耗
23. offer more job opportunities提供更多的就业机会
24. a rapid pace of life快节奏生活
25. stress-related illnesses与压力有关的疾病
26. high cost of living高额生活费用
27. pastoral life田园生活
28. class polarization阶级两极分化
29. social welfare社会福利
30. give special care to …给予…特殊关照
31. urban sprawl城市扩张
32. convenient transportation means便捷的交通工具
33. better medical services更好的医疗服务
34. pressure of modern life in city城市生活压力
35. be vulnerable to …易于患上…
36. melting pot熔炉
37. on the brink of …处于…边缘
38. pollutant污染性物质
39. waste disposal废物处理
40. put the blame on …归咎于…
41. be attributable to …归因为…
42. ways of consumption消费方式
43. suffer heavy losses遭受重大损失
44. citizen居民
45. be confronted with…面临着…
46. breed crimes滋生犯罪
47. vicious cycle恶性循环
48. a feasible measure一种可行的措施
49. give priority to …优先考虑…
50. city planners城市规划者
51. endanger social stability and safety危害社会稳定和安全
52. save resource节省资源
53. flourishing繁荣昌盛的
54. speed up加速
55. relieve the pressure of…缓解…的压力
56. advocate the management of resources倡导资源管理
57. benefit from从中受益
58. put forward valuable suggestions提出宝贵建议
59. play a major role in easing traffic 在缓解交通压力上扮演了重要角色
60. participate in the reconstruction of the city参与城市重建
61. raise the environmental management level提高环境管理水平
62. create a pleasant ecological environment创造出一种和谐的生态环境
63. give priority to优先关注
64. catch much attention引起很大关注
65. resource allocation资源配置
66. perfect the construction of urban infrastructure完善城市基础设施建设
67. reduce the number of vehicles减少车辆
68. implement strict vehicle emission standards制定严格的汽车排放标准
69. reduce waste减少浪费来源：考试大
70. eliminate poverty and backwardness消除贫穷与落后
71. prevent and control pollution预防和控制污染
72. reinforce the conservation of water and soil加强水土保护
73. keep ecological balance维护生态平衡
74. adopt environmental protection technique采取环保技术
75. create a healthy cultural environment创造出一种更加健康的文化氛围
76. strengthen the regulation and monitoring加强监督和管理
77. enhance the governmental intrusion加大政府干预性措施
78. promote legislative regulations促进立法管理
79. establish and perfect the social security system建立和完善社会的安全体系
80. give special care to给某人或某物特别的关照
81. Map out (work out) a blueprint of …制定出…的发展蓝图
82. impose some restrictions on对…实施限制
83. Increase the inputs in …加大对…的投入
84. arouse people’s awareness of唤醒人们的…意识
85. take some preventive (remedial) measures采取一些预防（补救）措施
86. enforce on-the-spot penalties采取立即惩罚性措施
87. play the role of media充分的发挥媒体的作用
88. take proper guidance and support采取恰当的引导和支持
89. impose heavier penalty on对…实施严格的惩罚
90. set down effective laws制定积极有效的法律
91. urban planning 城市规划来源:考试大网
92. Result in shortage of energy and natural resources导致了能源和自然资源的短缺
93. Break the ecological balance破坏了生态的平衡
94. Be harmful to our physicaland mental health对我们的身心健康有害
95. Contaminate the environment污染环境
96. promote the sustainable development of the city促进城市的可持续性发展
97. Greenhouse effect温室效应
98. strengthen pollution control加强污染控制
99. popularize environmental protection knowledge普及环保知识
100. Burning迫在眉睫的
环保类重点词汇
1.vivisection活体解剖
2.perform. experiments on animals在动物身上做试验
3.test animals用于实验的动物
4.be subjected to experiments被迫接受试验
5.animal rights动物权利
6.clinical research临床研究
7.cruel残忍的https://www.doczj.com/doc/3711648747.html,
8.extremist极端主义者
9.medical research医学研究
10. origin of species物种起源
11. alternative method替代的方法
12. biological diversity生物多样性
13. natural balance自然平衡
14. equilibrium of ecosystem生态平衡
15. coexistence共存
16. endangered animals濒危动物
17. diversity of species物种多样性
18. shameless令人羞愧的
19. barbaric野蛮的
20. live and let live活着就是与万物共存
21. meaningless没有意义的
22. dominant species优势物种
23. laboratory实验室
24. vaccine疫苗
25. infringement践踏
26. right to live生存权
27. torture折磨
28. anti-science反科学的
29. life-threatening diseases危及生命的疾病
30. scientific gains科学成果
31. an ever-lasting theme一个永恒的主题
32. evolution进化
33. computer simulation电脑模拟
34. groundless没有理由的
35. humane人道的
36. medical technology医疗技术
37. anatomy解剖
38. equal公平的
39. unreliable不可信赖的
40.valid有效的、正当的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3711648747.html,her in a brand-new lifestyle.带来一种崭新的生活方式
42.enrich people’s spiritual life丰富了人们的精神生活
43. Lead to the extinction of some species导致了一些物种的灭绝
44. penetrate every corner of our life and be impressive
渗透到了生活的方方面面并且给我们留下了深刻的印象
45. protection of wild animals野生动物保护
46. provide habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants给野生动植物提供栖息地
47.1make an important step迈出重要一步
48. Endangered animals 濒危动物
49. Diversity of species物种多样性
50. advocate civilized lifestyle.倡导文明的生活方式
51. intensified competition激烈的竞争
52. be based on基于
53. Set (present) a bad example to给某人树立了坏的榜样
54. Be a root of all evil是万恶之源
55. maintain a natural balance维护了自然平衡
56. meet the demands of people迎合和满足了人们的需求
57. Account for解释或者占到
58. protect and improve the living environment and the ecological environment
保护和促进生存环境和生态环境
59. seize opportunities抓住机遇
60. devote oneself to投身于…
61. be dedicated to致力于…
62.mirror human civilization体现人类文明
63. share views similar to与…持有相同的观点
64. help each other forward携手共进
65. have cooperative ties with与…有合作关系
66. be a direct result of是…的直接结果
67.have no apparent connection to与…没有显著关系
68. deserve to be mentioned值得一提
69.pattern of life生活方式
70. to one’s heart’s content称心如意
71. filled with confidence and strength充满信心和力量
72. create the course of开创了…的历程
73. enter a new period进入新时期
74.have a far-reaching impact on对…产生了深远的影响
75. pursue progress追求进步
76. look forward to the bright future展望未来
77.be accustomed to习惯于
78. give full play to…充分发挥
79.emotional comfort情感慰藉
80.rely on…依赖…
工作类重点词汇
1.ambitious雄心壮志的、野心勃勃的
2.adaptability适应性
3.adapt oneself to …使自己适应…
4.prosperity繁荣来源：
5.be disadvantageous to …对…不利
6.flow of personnel人才流动
7.mechanism of personnel flow人才流动机制
8.survival of the fittest适者生存
9.a sense of accomplishment成就感
10. potentiality潜能
11. learn to cooperate and compromise学习合作和妥协
12. be deeply impressed with …对…印象很深
13. company philosophy企业文化
14. flexibility灵活性
15. competitive竞争激烈的
16. arena舞台来源:考试大网
17. team-work spirit团队合作精神
18. treasure opportunity珍惜机会
19. a fat salary收入颇丰
20. a harmonious interpersonal relationship和谐的人际关系
21. a sense of responsibility责任感
22. material gains物质待遇
23. promising future光明的前途
24. bright prospect光明的前景
25. a challenging job一份具有挑战性的工作
26. turning point转折点
27. be closely related to …与…息息相关
28. get advanced in the society出人头地
29. a decent job一份体面的工作
30. chance of promotion升迁机会
31. stability and satisfaction稳定感和满足感
32. keep skills fresh and up-to-date使技能可以不断更新
33. expand one’s horizon开阔视野
34. balance work and life平衡工作和生活
35. from-nine-to-five朝九晚五一族
36. shoulder/undertake one’s responsibility承担起自己的责任
37. upgrade oneself提升自我
38. a well-paid job高收入工作
39. creative work创造性工作
40. stand up to/meet the challenge迎接挑战
41. realize the value of life实现人生价值
42. enrich one’s social experience丰富一个人的社会阅历
43. cultivate one’s independence and toughness培养自己的独立性和坚韧性
44. seek for personal development追求个人发展
45. display one’s talent展示才能
46. a sense of self-fulfillment自我实现感
47. promotion opportunity提升机会
48. meet one’s personalized needs满足某人个性化需求
49. define one’s role确定自己的角色
50. social recognition社会认可
51. accumulate experience获取经验
52. inspiring鼓舞人心的
53. motivation动机
54. workaholic工作狂
55. working environment工作环境
56. work overtime加班
57. improve one’s capabilities提高某人能力
58. develop one’s talents培养才智
59. ideal workplace理想工作场所
60.master interpersonal skills掌握人际交往技能
健康类词汇
healthy lifestyle健康的生活方式
sedentary lifestyle久坐的
an active lifestyle积极锻炼的
excessive intake of…吃过多的
fast food快餐
convenience food方便食品
diabetes, diarrhea, respiratory disease
nutrition营养
balanced diet均衡的饮食
protein蛋白质
vitamin维生素
fibre纤维
mineral矿物质
incurable disease绝症
depression抑郁症
obesity肥胖症
stress-related diseases和压力有关的疾病
therapy （非药物）治疗
treatment 治疗
运动好处
Relieve=ease=alleviate 减轻（stress……）
aerobic exercises有氧运动
vigorous有活力的
energetic经历充沛的
refreshing提神的
refresh your mind and body 提神
train your muscle肌肉
improve blood circulation血液循环
increase flexibility提高灵活性
drain 排出
cultivate stamina and persistence培养耐力和毅力
develop teamwork spirit 培养团队合作精神
conduce to physical fitness身体健康
jeopardize= damage 危害
交通类词汇
means of public transport 交通方式
traffic conditions are worsening=deteriorating. 交通状况恶化traffic regulations=codes交通规则
obey遵守
violate=break违背
traffic congestions=traffic jams
heavy traffic拥挤的交通
light traffic比较畅通的交通,
crowded street拥挤的道路
vehicle车辆
adopt effective transport strategies采取有效的交通策略
relieve the pressure on traffic减轻交通方面的压力
encourage people to use public transport, 鼓励大家使用公交carpool拼车
build more cycle lanes 自行车道,
encourage Park and Ride 停车换乘
raise fuel price 提高油价
impose=put higher tax 征收高额的税
subsidize=fund public transport 补贴公交
city council市政府
法律类词汇总结与分析
关于英法法系中的基本法律部门归纳：
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 宪法
CRIMINAL LAW 刑法
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 刑事诉讼法
CONTRACTS 合同法来源：考试大
TORTS 侵权法
CIVIL PROCEDURE 民事诉讼法
CORPORATIONS 公司法
EVIDENCE 证据法
PROPERTY 物权法
【虽然有这么多的法律部门，但雅思考试当中最为常见的还是刑法类（犯罪类）的题目。】需要牢记和理解的相关词汇有：
Commission of a Crime 犯罪
Criminal Responsibility 刑事责任
Joint Crime 共同犯罪
Punishments 刑罚
Public Surveillance 管制
Criminal Detention 拘役
Fixed-term Imprisonment 有期徒刑
Life Imprisonment 无期徒刑
Death Penalty 死刑
Financial Penalty 罚金
Confiscation of Property 没收财产
Sentencing 判决
Recidivist 累犯
V oluntary Surrender 自首
Parole 假释
State Security 国家安全
Public Security 公共安全
Fake or Inferior Commodities 伪劣产品
Smuggling 走私
Fraud 诈骗
Infringing upon Intellectual Property 侵犯知识产权
Undermining Protection of Environment or Resources 破坏环境
Producing Drugs 制毒
Obscene Articles 淫秽物品
larceny 盗窃
robbery 抢劫
写作连接词妙用
如but, and,后接句子，连接并列句时前面逗号可有可无。当然连词也可放句首，这一点在考官范文里有很多体现。
例：In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. (并列句中的连词) 段落开始：But how should it be achieved ( 连词放句首)
如before, despite：后接名词或动名词
例：Before talking about the essential role of death penalty, you have to think about the meaning, and the purpose, of any kind of punishment.
副词连接并列句，前面用句号或分号，后面用逗号（当然，如果副词前用句号，那就是另起一句了，不称之为并列句）
例：In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunities for children to stay in their own home up to that age.( 副词另起一句)
The crime rate is increasingly high; therefore, the government needs to enforce more laws to curb this situation. ( 副词在并列句中)
如on the contrary, in addition：用法和副词用法完全一样
例：They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves. For that reason, it would seem that the best approach would be work by persuasion rather than compulsion.
The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; on the other hand, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research. ( 短语在并列句中)
1、因果关系
根据词性及用法可归结于:
1. because / since/ as / for, so (连词),
2. because of/ due to / owing to/ as a result of (介词)
3. for that reason/as a result/ therefore/ accordingly (短语和副词)
例：I think the amount of waste produced is also as a result of our tendency to use sth once and throw it away. （可代替词汇because of/ due to / owing to）
2、转折关系
根据词性及用法可归结于
1. but/ while/ yet/ whereas(连词)
2. however/ nonetheless/ nevertheless/ on the other hand （副词和短语）
3. rather/ instead （副词）
4. rather than/ instead of （介词）
例：Because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home to 6 or 7. Instead, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger. （可代替词汇rather）
My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person’s life. Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting. (考官钟爱词汇)
3、递进关系
1. moreover/ what’s more/ furthermore/ besides/ in addition (副词)
2. in addition to/ besides/ apart from （介词）
例: Apart from these tensions caused by cultural differences, international tourism may also lead to conflicts between tourists and a local community. (可代替词汇：in addition to, besides)
4、让步关系
1. although/ though/ even though/ even if/while (连词)
2. in spite of/ despite （介词）
3. no matter how/when/ what （连词）
例：In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied.
They are allowed to buy whatever they want, no matter how much it cost (考官高分句式)
翻看考官范文，我们发现当中有些副词（最典型为for example, however, therefore）放在句子中间，前后用逗号隔开，这种句式也是相当的经典。例如：
There is, however, another problem way of defining that part of the quotation.
I think, therefore, that governments need to raise this awareness in the general public.
They will, for example, be able to fly planes and they will be able to co-ordinate the movements of several planes in the vicinity of an airport.
高考英语作文中常用的替换词 1.individuals, characters, folks 替换（ people, persons） 2.positive, favorable, rosy （美好的） ,promising（有希望的） ,perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior 替换 good 3.dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill （有害的）替换 bad 如果 bad 做表语 ,可以有 be less impressive替换 eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation , as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive. 4.（ an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, many, if not most）替 换 many. 注：用 many, if not most 一定要小心， many 后一定要有词。 most， if not all ，Eg. Many individuals ，if not most ，harbor the idea that同理?用. 替换 most. 5.a slice of, quiet a few, several替换 some 6.harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that,it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that）替 think （因为是书面语，所以要加 that） 7.affair, business, matter替换 thing 8.shared 替换 common 9.reap huge fruits 替换 get many benefits 10.for my part, from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion 11.Increasing（ly ）, growing 替换 more and more（注意没有 growingly 这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用 increasing/growing。修饰形容词，副词用 increasingly. Eg.sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth. 12.little if anything, 或 little or nothing 替换 hardly 13. ?? beneficial, rewarding替换 helpful 14.shopper,client, consumer, purchaser替换 customer 15.exceedingly, extremely, intensely替换 very 16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable替换unnecessary,??avoidable
Selected Advanced Vocabulary for IELTS Writing 一、教育类 1.adapt oneself to the development of使自己适应…的发展 2.scope of knowledge知识面 3.narrow the gap between缩小了…的鸿沟 4.lighten the burden of减轻了…的负担 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3711648747.html,prehensive knowledge广博的知识 6.long-distance education远程教育 7.enrich the teaching method丰富教育手段 8. teaching methodology教学方法 9. schooling学校教育 10. upbringing、parenting、upbringing家庭教育 11. instill high moral values(注意：value用作复数表示价值观)灌输高尚的道德观 12.impart\inculcate knowledge传授知识 13.multi-media teaching多媒体教学 14.solid professional working experience扎实的职业工作经验 15.vocational education职业教育 16.down-to-earth, practical切合实际的 17.stress-related illness与压力有关的疾病 18.enjoy equal rights享有平等权利 19.receive education接受教育 20.thought-provoking引人深思的 21.enlightening予以人启迪的 22.far-reaching深远的 23.never-ending永不停息的 24.perplexing令人困惑的 25.overwhelming压倒一切的 26.the cultural diversity文化的多元性 27.insightful富有洞察力的, 有深刻见解的 28.exchange experience交流经验 29.undertake the due obligations承担责任 34.face possible pressure and competition迎接可能的压力和竞争 35.Be easily taken in by容易受到某人或某事的欺骗 36.exam-oriented education应试教育 37.knowledge-intensive知识密集型的； labor-intensive劳动密集型的 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3711648747.html,cation for all-round development全面发展教育 39.have quick and easy access to something更快地接触到…东西 40.develop our creative mind培养我们创造性思维 41.fake diploma假文凭 42.embracing the knowledge economy age拥抱知识经济时代 43.renew knowledge革新知识
写作关键用词及短语汇总
数量词 一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of 无数innumerable ; countless 许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample 非常多（大）的tremendous 依序列举list in sequence 时间词 过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic 短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived 不合时宜的anachronism 可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time 一再time after time ; again and again 初始的preliminary 前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former 自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages 年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult 老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated 偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times 时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly 永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life 重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities 目前so far ; by far 一次就可完成的事one-time event 正/反意见（opinion） 骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove 支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold 谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of 错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect 错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior 做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite 归咎blam e…on ; put the blam e on … ;…is to blame 瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts 支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of 不会犯错的infallible 意见不和clashes of opinion 一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement 不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate 批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of…我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. 我愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to 有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive 有意义的meaningful; fulfilling 他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit thi s… 在大家同意下by common consent of… 否定deny; withhold; negate 承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede 于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use 使…受益benefit…; do good t o…; is good for…; is of great benefit t o… 成语及俗语及搭配方式 想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking 想出come up with 找出come up with; find out 利用use; take advantage of
高考英语作文高级词汇替换 1.occur 替换think of Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house. → An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house. 2.devote替换spend He spends a ll his spare time in reading. → He devotes all his spare time to reading. 3.seek替换want / look for They sought ( wanted ) to hide themselves behind the trees. 4.average 替换ordinary I’m an average ( ordinary ) student. 5.but替换very The film we sa w last night was very interesting. → The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting. The film we saw last night was anything but boring. 6.seat 替换sit On his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried. 7.suppose 替换should He is supposed to ( should ) have driven more slowly. 8.appreciate 替换thank
1. important =crucial (extremely important),significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) The way you and I approach today, and each day, is crucial. 我们对待今天以及每一天的方式都是至关重要的。 Whether at work or at home, the goal is to engage in activities that are both personally significant and enjoyable. 无论在工作中还是在家里，目标都是从事个人重大的并且令人愉快的活动。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3711648747.html,mon=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere) Music has been called the universal language. 人们称音乐为世界的语言. Happiness is ubiquitous, may fall short of demand. 幸福无处不在,可还是供不应求. 3.abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants) He has received ample praise for the work he did. 他所做的工作，使他获得了广泛的赞美。 This place has plentiful material resources. 这地方的物质资源是丰富的。 4.stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly) We adhere to the principle that everyone should be treated fairly. 我们必须坚持人人都应该被平等对待这一原则。 The children cling to their father for more pocket money. 孩子们粘着爸爸，要他再给些零花钱。 5.neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.) Focus in the person who are talking with you,ignore something else. 把全身的注意力都集中在与你谈话的人身上，忽略其他。 6.near=adjacent(twothings next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent) His house is adjacent to mine. 他的寓所与我的相毗连。 It is certain that virtue adjoins pride on one side. 好的品德常会引人走向骄傲自满的一面，那是不假的。 7.pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL) He wooed and won her. 他向她求爱成功而结婚。 Older people may seek their own friends rather than become too emotionally dependent on their children. 老年人可以找自己的朋友而不会在情感上太依赖他们的子女。
托福写作高级词汇整理 在托福的写作中，我们使用一些高级词汇去替换掉那些陈谷子烂芝麻的词汇可以帮助我们提高分数，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家带来托福写作高级词汇整理。 托福写作高级词汇 1) Come a long way 有很大的进步 Human being has come a long from drinking and eating raw food to talking through cell phones. 2) It is worthwhile to / it is worth doing It is worthwhile to spend time in learning music and art, because they can benefit me for life time. 3) Give credit for 归功于 The convenience that commuters (通勤者 )has now should give credit for the newly opened subway lines. 4) Give sb. a competitive edge 给某人竞争优势 Learning multiple languages give people a competitive edge in this demanding society. 5) Remove the barrier for 为(发展，交流等)消除障碍 Learning English is a way to remove the barrier for communicating with many foreigners./exchanging with exotic cultures. 6) Be the cornerstone of 是的基石 Believing in the correlation of hardworking and success is the cornerstone of American spirit. 7) Be an essential ingredient of 是的条件 A sound health is an essential ingredient of excellent academic performance. 8) profit from/benefit from 从中获益 People can profit/benefit from the advancement of modern technology, such as computers, the Internet and many digital devices. 9) is an indispensable part of 是中不可或缺的一部分 Advertising has become an indispensable part of our lives and it has been exerting profound influence on the way we live, work , play and learn. 10) plays a pivotal role in 扮演者至关重要的角色
英语作文常用高级词汇 ★形容词： 1. 贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2. 富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 3. 优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding 4. 积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5. 消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable 6. 明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest 7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome 8. 惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9. 美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching 10. 有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated 11. 流行的： popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive ★动词： 1. 提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize 2. 引起：cause = trigger = endanger 3. 解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 4. 拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate 5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture 6. 激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7. 认为： think = assert= hold = claim = argue 8. 完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve 9. 保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold 10. 有害于：destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize 11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten ★名词： 1. 影响：influence= impact 2. 危险：danger = perils =hazard 3. 污染：pollution = contamination 4. 人类：human beings= mankind = human race 5. 老人： old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens 6. 幸福：happiness = cheerfulness = well-being 7. 老师：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers 8. 教育：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing 9. 青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents
（冒号前面的是我们习惯想到的词，考试中尽量少用！一定要用后面的词去替换前面）We, everyone: any reasonable/sensitive soul/mind, talented minds, elite minds, versatile minds, personality, figures, celebrity, idiots, philosophic minds, genius More and more: increasingly, Big: enormous, tremendous, gigantic, titanic, astronomical, vast, boundless, Very: extremely, overwhelmingly, undeniably, remarkably, voluminously, excessively, exceedingly, tangibly, impressively, shockingly, Famous: renowned, celebrated, accomplished, distinguished, prominent, eminent, outstanding, preeminent, Good: spectacular, amazing, unbelievable, incredible, magnificent, adorable, fantastic, fascinating, admirable, respectable, cherishable, adorable, awesome, terrific, majestic, Bad: nightmarish, disgusting, despicable, monstrous, appalling, abhorring, repelling, repulsive, Important: significant, essential, basic, fundamental, indispensable, crucial, critical, decisive, determinant, dominant, predominant, infallible, Say, Believe，think: suppose, hold, claim, maintain, presume, assume, contend, argue, declare, I am convinced, conclude, Improve, better: further, promote, enhance, reinforce, strengthen, consolidate, cement, nurture, relieve, recover, Everyone knows: it’s a truth universally acknowledged t hat, It can never be denied, it is undeniable that，It goes without saying that，It is self evident that，It is highly advisably, imperative, remarkable that，It comforts one to know that… ◆常见替代词汇解释 1. accelerate: 后面接名词，表示“加速”，中性词，好事坏事都能用。 2. adequate: “足够的”，用来替代经常被使用的enough。 3. advance: 名词，“进步，发展”，用来替代文章开头经常使用的development，progress。 4. advisable / sensible / rational: “合理的”，都可以替代reasonable。 5. cannot afford to: “不应当做”，不是我们说的“负担不起”。 6. be alert to something: “对…保持警惕”，后面接消极概念。 7. alternative: “其他的选择或办法”，比如an alternative is that… 相当于in addition（除此之外）。 8. applicable / feasible / workable: 都表示“可行的”，用在政策、法令、手段等词前面做修饰语，既可增加字长，又可以提高词汇水平。 9. approach / channel: “方法，手段”，用来替代我们经常使用的一些简单词汇，如method 等。 10. approve of something: “批准，同意”，注意不要忘记介词of。 11. attach importance to something: 表示“重视，强调”，替代pay attention to。
写作高级词汇替换 ★形容词： 1. 贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2. 富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 3. 优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding 4. 积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5. 消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable 6. 明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest 7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome 8. 惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9. 美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching 10. 有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated 11. 流行的：popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive 1.Everywhere 普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant 2.Good 好的Beneficial、Advantageous 3.Harmful 有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 4.Rich 富有的Wealthy、Affluent 5.Poor 贫穷的Impoverished 7.Serious 严重的Severe 8.Obvious 明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 9.cheap 便宜的Economical、Inexpensive ★动词： 1. 提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize 2. 引起：cause = trigger = endanger 3. 解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 4. 拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate 5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture 6. 激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7. 认为：think = assert= hold = claim = argue 8. 完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve 9. 保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold 10. 有害于：destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize 11. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten 1.Improve 提高：Promote、Advance、Enhance 2.change 改变：Transform 3.Emphasize 强调：Highlight、Stress、Address(这是个9星级用法) 4.Develop培养：Agriculture、Cultivate、Nurture 5.Break 破坏：Impair、Undermine这两个词指的是抽象意义上的破坏Jeopardize、Devastate 6.Keep 保存Preserve、Conserve 保护资源 7.deal With解决Tackle、Address（这也是高难度用法，很牛）、Resolve 8.need 需要Require、necessitate、call for ★名词： 1. 影响：influence= impact 2. 危险：danger = perils =hazard
教育 学校教育schooling 家庭教育upbringing; parenting 课程大纲curriculum 教学大纲syllabus 必修课required/compulsory courses, 选修课elective/optional courses 课外活动extra-curricular activities 社团活动club activities 志愿者服务volunteer service 社区工作community work 实习internship 学生会student union 男生/女生联谊会fraternity & sorority 校园生活school/campus life 学校是社会的缩影a school is society in miniature 文科liberal arts/ liberal studies 理科sciences 工科engineering 人文学科humanities 社会学科social science 艺术arts 学科subject/discipline 基础科学basic sciences 应用科学applied sciences 小学教育primary-level education; elementary education 中学教育secondary-level education 大学教育tertiary-level education; higher education 职业教育vocational education/training 接受教育enter/get access to schools/ education 学位degree (bachelor, master, doctor/PhD) 文凭diploma, 证书certificate 青少年teenagers/adolescents/the young generation/the youths 学生students (fresh man, sophomore, junior, senior) 上课attend classes 逃课skip class, be absent from class 老师/学生为中心的课堂teacher-centered/ student-centered/ classroom 有能力的/有资格的/有经验的/良好培训的老师 competent/qualified/experienced/well-trained teachers 无能力的/不够格的/欠经验的老师 incompetent/disqualified/inexperienced/poorly-trained teachers well-equipped/ well-appointed/ well-decorated classrooms 设施良好的/装修良好的教室先进的教学设施up-to-date teaching facilities
写作高级词汇替换 ★形容词: 1、贫穷的:poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2、富裕的:rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 3、优秀的:excellent = eminent = top = outstanding 4、积极的,好的:good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5、消极的,不良的:bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable 6、明显的:obvious = apparent = evident =manifest 7、健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome 8、惊人的:surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9、美丽的:beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching 10、有活力的:energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated 11、流行的: popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive 1、Everywhere 普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant 2、Good 好的Beneficial、Advantageous 3、Harmful 有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 4、Rich 富有的Wealthy、Affluent 5、Poor 贫穷的Impoverished 7、Serious 严重的Severe 8、Obvious 明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 9、cheap 便宜的Economical、Inexpensive ★动词: 1、提高,加强:improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize 2、引起:cause = trigger = endanger 3、解决:solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 4、拆除:destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate 5、培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture 6、激发,鼓励:encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7、认为: think = assert= hold = claim = argue 8、完成:complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve 9、保留:keep = preserve = retain = hold 10、有害于:destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize 11、减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten 1、Improve 提高:Promote、Advance、Enhance 2、change 改变:Transform 3、Emphasize 强调:Highlight、Stress、Address(这就是个9星级用法) 4、Develop培养:Agriculture、Cultivate、Nurture 5、Break 破坏:Impair、Undermine这两个词指的就是抽象意义上的破坏Jeopardize、Devastate 6、Keep 保存Preserve、Conserve 保护资源 7、deal With解决Tackle、Address(这也就是高难度用法,很牛)、Resolve 8、need 需要Require、necessitate、call for ★名词: 1、影响:influence= impact 2、危险:danger = perils =hazard
托福写作评分标准公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
托福写作评分标准托福写作评分包括机器评分以及人工评分两部分: 机器评分E-rater- 语法是否正确、用词是否得当、以及单词拼写及大小写是否准确等方面, 一篇考生的文章会经过两台机器评分。 人工评分通过ETS阅卷人评分，综合写作和独立写作分别有两位阅卷人给出分数。 托福写作原始分数为0-5分，考生得分分为三个level GOOD，FAIR，LIMITED 最终成绩通过两个科目的分数取平均分，再换算为30分制的分数。 详解托福综合写作的评分细则
综合写作是托福写作板块中的其中一项。托福考试的写作部分分为综合(Integrated writing)和独立(Independent writing)两块，这两块分别独立评分，取平均值后得到最终的分数。也就是说，这两个部分各占一半权重，因此应给予相同程度的重视。关于这两部分的了解，强烈建议同学们自己去看看ETS出版的托福考试官方指南(OG)，OG里面对于考试形式和评分标准有非常详尽的介绍，有些同学在准备输出端考试(写作或者口语)的时候，居然连评分细则都不看，仅凭自己的主观臆测和对于老师讲解的依稀记忆去打造自己的文章，考不好真的不奇怪。下面，我们就来分析一下托福考试的评分细则。 综合写作的满分要求是： A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lectu 5分：文章切题，阐说充分，文章有说服力;段落组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，有很强的逻辑性;段落内句与句连接顺畅，句式使用恰当，灵活，娴熟;用词确切，得体。文章中有个别语法拼写错误，但不影响内容表达。 4分：文章切题，阐说基本充分，在某些细节上有缺陷。段落层次组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，逻辑性强;句间连接顺畅，句式使用恰当，灵活;用词基本得体。文章中有少量用词不当和语法拼写错误。 3分：文章切题，阐说尚可，展开不够。段落层次组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，有逻辑性;句间连接基本顺畅;有部分句法错误;用词一般，有时不得体。词性区分和拼写等有若干错误