胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题
Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
__________
A. contact
B. communication
C. relation
D. community
2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
A. tree
B. typewriter
C. crash
D. bang
3. The function of the sentence ―Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.‖ is
__________.
A. interrogative
B. directive
C. informative
D. performative
4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say―碎碎（岁岁）平安‖as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?
A. Interpersonal
B. Emotive
C. Performative
D. Recreational
5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?
A. Transferability
B. Duality
C. Displacement
D. Arbitrariness
6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?
—A nice day, isn’t it?
— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A. Emotive
B. Phatic
C. Performative
D. Interpersonal
7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.
A. Performance
B. Competence
C. Langue
D. Parole
8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This
indicates the design feature of __________.
A. cultural transmission
B. productivity
C. displacement
D. duality
9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.
A. Psycholinguistics
B.Anthropological linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Applied linguistics
10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.
A. Linguistic theory
B. Practical linguistics
C. Applied linguistics
D. Comparative linguistics
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.
12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.
13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.
14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.
15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.
16. Only human beings are able to communicate.
17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.
18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.
19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.
20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)
21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.
22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________.
23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.
24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.
25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.
26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.
28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.
29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s
__________.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Design feature
32. Displacement
33. Competence
34. Synchronic linguistics
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human
language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）
36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学，1999）Key:
[In the reference keys, I won’t g ive examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you need more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully. – icywarmtea]
I.
1~5 BACCC 6~10 BACAC
II.
11~15 FFTFF 16~20 FFFFF
III.
21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity
23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho
25. scientific 26. descriptive
27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic
29. langue 30. competence
IV.
31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.
32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its
grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.
34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.
V.
35.
Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.
If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.
36.
It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.
VI.
37.
It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis – collect data – check against the observable facts – come to a conclusion. Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
A. intonation
B. tone
C. pronunciation
D. voice
2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).
A. allophone
B. phone
C. phoneme
D. morpheme
3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.
A. analogues
B. tagmemes
C. morphemes
D. allophones
4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as
__________.
A. glottis
B. vocal cavity
C. pharynx
D. uvula
5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.
A. wide
B. closing
C. narrow
D. centering
6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.
A. minimal pairs
B. allomorphs
C. phones
D. allophones
7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?
A. Acoustic phonetics
B. Articulatory phonetics
C. Auditory phonetics
D. None of the above
8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
A. [n]
B. [m]
C. [ b ]
D. [p]
9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?
A. [i:]
B. [ u ]
C. [e]
D. [ i ]
10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?
A. Voiceless
B. Voiced
C. Glottal stop
D. Consonant
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of
units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.
12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.
13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.
14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.
15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.
17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.
18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.
19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.
20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.
22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing
__________.
23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.
24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.
25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without
__________.
26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.
27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.
29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.
30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Sound assimilation
32. Suprasegmental feature
33. Complementary distribution
34. Distinctive features
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）
36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）
(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop
(2) low front vowel
(3) lateral liquid
(4) velar nasal
(5) voiced interdental fricative
答案I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABB
II.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFF
III.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction
23. tongue 24. height
25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs
27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation
29. Phonemes 30. air stream
IV.
31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.
32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.
33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.
34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.
V.
35.
Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.
36.
When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.
VI.
37.
Omit.
Chapter 3 Lexicon
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.
A. lexical words
B. grammatical words
C. function words
D. form words
2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called
__________ morpheme.
A. inflectional
B. free
C. bound
D. derivational
3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.
A. three
B. four
C. five
D. six
4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.
A. prefixes
B. suffixes
C. infixes
D. stems
5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.
A. derivational affix
B. inflectional affix
C. infix
D. back-formation
6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.
A. affixation
B. back-formation
C. insertion
D. addition
7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.
A. acronymy
B. clipping
C. initialism
D. blending
8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.
A. blending
B. clipping
C. back-formation
D. acronymy
9. The stem of disagreements is __________.
A. agreement
B. agree
C. disagree
D. disagreement
10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.
A. lexeme
B. phoneme
C. morpheme
D. allomorph
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.
13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.
14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.
15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.
16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.
17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.
18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.
19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.
20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.
22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.
23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________,
__________ and __________.
24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.
25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to
__________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.
26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.
27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.
28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the
__________ level.
29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.
30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and
__________.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Blending
32. Allomorph
33. Closed-class word
34. Morphological rule
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003）
36. What are the main features of the English compounds?
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学，2004）
I II
(1) acronym a. foe
(2) free morpheme b. subconscious
(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO
(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed
(5) prefix e. calculation
Key:
I.
1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADB
II.
11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFF
III.
21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary
23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme
25. close, open 26. back-formation
27. conversion 28. morpheme
29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound root
IV.
31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed
by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)
32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.
33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.
34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.V.Omit.
VI.
37.(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) b
Chapter 4 Syntax
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear
B. only hierarchical
C. complex
D. both linear and hierarchical
2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.
A. lexical
B. morphological
C. linguistic
D. combinational
4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the
grammati¬cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right
B. wrong
C. grammatical
D. ungrammatical
5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator
B. particle
C. preposition
D. subordinator
6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. all of the above.
8. The head of the phrase ―the city Rome‖ is __________.
A. the city
B. Rome
C. city
D. the city Rome
9. The phrase ―on the shelf‖ belongs to __________ construction.
A. endocentric
B. exocentric
C. subordinate
D. coordinate
10. The sentence ―They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.‖ is a __________ sentence.
A. simple
B. coordinate
C. compound
D. complex
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.
12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.
16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.
17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.
18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.
19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.
20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and
a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.
24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.
25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.
26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.
27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.
28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.
29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.
30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Syntax
32. IC analysis
33. Hierarchical structure
34. Trace theory
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）
36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of ―more beautiful flowers‖ by means of IC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:
The student wrote a letter yesterday.
Key:
I.
1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBA
II.
11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTT
III.
21. simple 22. sentence
23. subject 24. predicate
25. complex 26. embedded
27. open 28. Adjacency
29. Parameters 30. Case
IV.
31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. 32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.
33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.
34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It’s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid. V.
35.
An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.
36.
(1) more | beautiful flowers
(2) more beautiful | flowers
Chapter 5 Meaning
[Mainly taken from lxm1000w’s exercises. – icywarmtea]
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.
A. Plato
B. Bloomfield
C. Geoffrey Leech
D. Firth
2. ―We shall know a word by the company it keeps.‖ This statemen t represents
_______.
A. the conceptualist view
B. contexutalism
C. the naming theory
D. behaviorism
3. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.
C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.
D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
4. ―Can I borrow your bike?‖_______ ―You have a bike.‖
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis
B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
D. Grammatical analysis
6. ―Alive‖ and ―dead‖ are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational antonyms
C. complementary antonyms
D. None of the above
7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference
B. Concept
C. Semantics
D. Sense
8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polysemy
B. Synonymy
C. Homonymy
D. Hyponymy
9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
A. homonyms
B. polysemies
C. hyponyms
D. synonyms
10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.
A. grammatical rules
B. selectional restrictions
C. semantic rules
D. semantic features
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.
12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
《语言学概论》考核题型与分章模拟题 一、填空题（每小题2分，计30分） 二、选择题（每小题1分，计10分） 三、名词解释（每小题2分，计10分） 四、分析说明题（每小题5分，计20分） 五、论述题（每小题10分，计30分）
第一章语言的功能 一、填空（15分） 1.语言的功能包括（社会）功能和（思维）功能。 2.语言的社会功能包括（信息传递）功能和（人际互动）功能。 3.人的大脑分左右两个半球，语言功能及计数、推理能力等由（左）半球掌管，音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由（右）半球制约。 二、判断正误（15分） （错）1.书刊上的话语不具有人际互动功能。 （错）2.聋哑人不会说话，所以不具有抽象思维的能力。 （对）3.不同语言结构的差异体现出思维方式的不同。 三．思考题（70分） 1.语言的人际互动功能表现在哪些方面？ 说话者在传递客观经验信息的同时，也在表达着主观的情感、态度和意图，寻求听话者的反馈。而受话者在接收说话者传递的客观经验信息的同时，也了解了说话者的主观情感态度，从而做出回应。这样语言就成为说话者和听话者间交际互动的工具。例如： 三和四同时在教室看书，三坐在窗子边的位置，四坐在中间位置。 A.四说：“今天气温很低。” B.三说：“我马上关上。” A、B的对话表达了一种委婉的请求。四说“今天气温很低”的目的并不是反映今天的天气，而是向坐在窗户边的三请求将窗户关上。 2、不同语言思维方式的特殊性体现在哪些方面？ 思维能力是全人类普遍的，但使用不同语言的民族在思维方式上会有所不同。 每一种语言都包含着一个民族认识客观世界的特殊方式，我们学会一种语言也就学会了该民族的独特的思维方式。不同语言背景的人进行思维时常常呈现出不同的特点： A 不同民族的不同语言对事物的分类可能不同。 英文中的“uncle”，与汉语中伯父、叔父、姑父；堂伯、堂叔、堂姑父、姨父、
社会语言学的研究对象 （一）定义和解释 社会语言学（sociolinguistics）是联系社会各种因素对语言进行的研究，探讨语言在社会环境中的变化、功能及其使用的一般规律。 概括来说对语言的研究大致有四个角度：部研究、外部研究、比较研究、应用研究。 社会语言学属于对语言的外部研究，但并不是纯粹的外部研究。 （二）研究对象的不同界定 1.布莱特（美国）1964 （1）说话人的身份； （2）听话人的身份； （3）言语事件的社会环境； （4）社会方言的分析； （5）言语行为的社会评价； （6）语言变异的程度； （7）社会语言学的实际应用。 2.礼德（英国） （1）语言宏观社会学、语言人口统计学； （2）双语、多语、多方言研究； （3）语言规、语言发展和规化； （4）语言混合； （5）社会方言； （6）社会语言学和教学； （7）言语的人种史、语言环境； （8）语域和言语能力； （9）语言变化的社会因素； （10）语言和社会化及其传播； （11）社会语言学的方法； （12）语言体系的功能理论； （13）语言相对性； （14）话语理论； （15）人种方法论的语言学。 3.祝畹瑾《社会语言学概论》（1992） 总的来说，社会语言学研究的对象主要包括五个方面： （1）一个国家或地区的语言状况如双语、多语或多方言状况，以及各类言语共同体使用语言的状况和特征； （2）各类语言变体的构造特点及其社会功能； （3）社会以及不同集团对各种语言或语言变体的评价和态度以及由此产生的社会效应；（4）由于社会、文化、经济、政治等原因以及语言接触所引起的语言变化的方式和规律；（5）交际情景与选择语码之间的关系以及语码选择与人际关系的相互作用。 4.戴庆厦《社会语言学概论》（2004） （1）社会因素（阶级、阶层、职业等）对语言结构的影响； （2）个人因素（年龄、性别、性格等）对语言的影响； （3）语言政策、双语等； （4）社会因素引起的语言关系，如语言接触、语言融合；
Model 1 I. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration if it is necessary. 1. macrolinguistics::_______________________ 2. compound:_____________________________ 3. Reference: _____________________________ 4. Idiolect:________________________________ 5. Minimal pair:___________________________ 6. Competence:___________________________ 7. Diglossia: _____________________________ 8. Sound assimilation:______________________ 9. Arbitrariness:___________________________ 10. Semantic shift:_________________________ II. Indicate the following statements true or false. 1. Language use is both systematic and non-systematic, subject to external as well as to internal variation. 2. Corpus is a collection of texts input into a computer. Language corpora make it possible for material developers to select authentic, natural and typical language. 3. Mistakes often occur when learners fail to perform their competence. 4. Root is understood in terms of meanings while syem is understood with emphasis on affix. Sometimes a linguistic element is both a root and stem. 5. All instances of NP--movement are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. 6. Word lays in the central position in language comprehension because of its extremely important role in transmitting the meaning.
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
绪论、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1．语言学 2．语言 5．文言文 6．符号 7．符号形式 8．符号的任意性 9．语言符号 10．组合关系 11．聚合关系 二、填空 1．__________、________ 、________________ 具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2．__________ 是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为__________。 3．__________ 、__________ 、__________ 是我国传统的语文学。 4．研究语言的结构，主要是研究 __________、____________ 、__________ 三个部分。 5．运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为________、________ 、_________ 、__________ 、__________ 五个阶段。 6．语言是人类社会的______________，而且也是思维的______________。 7．在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务。例如汉民族点头表示____________，摇头表示____________，送别时挥手表示 ______________，____________表示欢迎，咬牙切齿表示_____________，手舞足蹈表示____________。 8．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性____________。 9．汉语的“哥哥”、“弟弟”，英语用________________表示，汉语的“舅舅、姨父、姑父、叔叔、伯伯”，英语用______________表示。 10．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个 _____。 11．儿童最早的智力活动就是学习_________。 12．任何符号，都是由和两个方面构成的。 13．一个符号，如果没有_______，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有_______，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 14．语言符号是_________和_________的统一体，声音是语言符号的______。
1. Q: What is the scope of linguistics? The scope of linguistics can be illustrated as: 1) General linguistics: the study of language as whole. It deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 2) Phonetics: the study of sounds used in communication. 3) Phonology: the study about how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. 4) Morphology: the study of the way in which symbols/morphemes are arranged to form words. 5) Syntax: the study of the rules about the combination of words to form permisible sentences. 6) Semantics: the study of meaning. 7) Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of use. And the Interdisciplinary branches. 1) Sociolinguistics 2) Psycholingu istics …………… 2. Q: What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways: firstly, modern linguistics is descriptive, it describes the language as it is; while traditional grammar is prescriptive, it
从社会语言学角度看网络语言 内容摘要：网络语言是随着网络的兴起而出现的一种网络交际语言,是信息化发展下的产物，它和社会有着密不可分的联系。文章从社会语言学为理论基础，分析网络语言出现的源头及其产生的形式，网络语言的社会影响和由混乱的语言现象而产生的担忧，从而预测网络语言的生命力。 关键词：社会语言学网络语言流行语 在信息社会迅速发展的今天，网络已经被大多数人所熟练运用。中国互联网信心中心发布的《第27次中国互联网发展状况统计报告》显示，截至2010年12月底，我国网民规模达到4.57亿，我国手机网民规模达3.03亿，是拉动中国总体网民规模攀升的主要动力；网络购物用户年增长48.6％，是用户增长最快的应用，预示着更多的经济活动步入互联网时代。网络已经深入地影响人们的日常生活、学习、娱乐，网络中。网民已然成为一个特殊的社区群体，在网络社区里，人们有自己的语言习惯，有自己的名称地位，有自己的权利自由。 一、网络语言产生的源头及形式 “语言是一种社会现象”，“语言是伴随着人类社会的形成而产生的，而且跟随着社会的变化而发展”。网络语言是伴随着网络这一新型传播方式的发展而出现的不同于传统书写使用的语言。它是在网络这种特定的语境下产生的一种语言变体，是在网络这种特殊的场景下用来交际的语言。如今，这种语言的使用不再局限于网络社区，正潜移默化地影响着我们日常的社会生活。 一种语言的出现，并不是凭空出现的，有着其源头和原因的。 “给力”一词的出现至今有两派观点。一派认为它的来源是东北或闽南方言，有“很棒”的意思。还有一派认为它是网络上恶搞现象引发的。网络语言的出现不是一蹴而就的，它是由于社区群体表情达意、信息传递的需要而产生的。它的源头可能是热点新闻，如“我爸是李刚”；可能是网络恶搞，如“神马都是浮云”；”；可能是电影台词，如“大哥，你是懂我的”。而近年的网络语言特点，可以归为以下几种形式： (一)方言形式 方言也是语言的一种变体，它一般可以分为地域方言和社会方言。地域方言是语言因地域之间的差别而形成的变体，是由于语言发展在地域上的不平衡性导致，像粤方言、吴方言等各大方言区可以理解为地域方言。社会方言是指在同一地域内部的社会成员因为身份、地位、受教育程度不同等方面的社会差异而形成的语言变体。虽然现在的普通话很普及，但是同属于一个方言区的人还是习惯用方言来进行交流，这种习惯也会蔓延到网络空间。中国的有些地区如四川，它的方言中唇齿清擦音“f”和舌根清擦音“h”不分，闽南语中的前鼻音韵母“en”和后鼻音韵母“eng”不分，在网络上悄然兴起的“灰常(非常)”、“小盆友(小朋友)”便是以方言形式出现的网络流行语。 (二)简写形式 网络语言中的缩语是为了适应快节奏的生活而出现的。网络语言中的缩语有三种：1、图片式。人们在聊天的时候会考虑娱乐心理，往往不会输入许多的字来表现情感，而是用简单的图像来代替文字或者心情。这些表情符号“使原本冰冷的网络世界披上了一层温情，这种幽默的表情打消了现实生活中人与人之间对话时的某些顾虑”。2、数字式。例如，很早就在网络聊天中出现的“88”“9494”分别是“拜拜”和“就是就是”的简写形式。用数字
语言学纲要复习题
语言学纲要复习题 一、填空题 1、语言学的三大发源地是：古代印度、中国和古希腊-罗马 2、语言是 19 世纪成为独立学科，其标志欧洲历史比较语言学的出现。 3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》 4、语言交际可分为哪五个阶段：编码—发送---传递—接受—解码 5、印度最早的经典实用的语言是：梵语 6、中国“小学”主要研究内容包括哪三方面：文字学、音韵学、训诂学 7、语言的功能包括哪两个：社会功能和思维功能 8、语言的社会功能包括哪两个:信息传递功能和人际互动功能 9、在各种信息传递形式中，语言是第一性、最基本的手段。 10、人的大脑分左右两个半球，语言功能及计数、推理能力等由左半球掌管，音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由右半球制约。
11、儿童语言学习得经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。 12、说出的话语句子是无限的，但无限多的句子都是有限的词和规则组装起来的。 13、符号包含形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。 14、语言符号的意义是对它所指代的一类心理现实的概括。 15、我们是通过听话认识到“孔子是中国古代的思想家”这个心理现实的。 16、语言的表达是对心理实现的编码。 17、心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。 18、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是语言符号的基本性质。 19、语言系统二层性的一大特点是形式层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。 20、组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系。 21、动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础上看是不具有语言能力和抽象思维能力。
第五章词义 1.词和词汇的区别何在词汇包括哪两个部分 1)词：语言中能够独立运用的最小的符号，用它可以对现 实现象进行分类、定名，因此研究语言符号的意义一般都以词作为基本单位。 2)词汇：一种语言中所有的词和成语等固定短语的总汇就 是该语言的词汇。 3)词汇主要包括基本词汇和一般词汇两个部分。 2.什么是基本词基本词包括哪些类型 1)基本词汇同一般词汇相对而言，就是一种词汇系统中居 于核心地位的部分，相当稳固，很少发生变化，可以说是一种语言在长期（数十万年甚至上百万年）使用过程中的积淀。 2)基本词包括以下类型： 表示自然现象和常见事物的词； 表示生产和生活资料的词； 表示亲属关系的词； 表示人体器官的词； 表示方位和时令的词； 表示数目的词； 表示常见动作行为的词； 表示常见性状的词； 3.基本词有哪些特点怎样认识这些特点的相互关系 1)基本词的特点为：全民性、稳定性和能产性（即构词能 力强）。 全民性：指基本词汇在使用上具有普遍性，这种普
遍性体现在不分阶级、阶层、行业、地域、年龄、 性别，各行各业的人都懂得其含义，都要使用，而 且经常使用。 稳定性：是指基本词汇很少发生变化，长期地为使 用这种语言的民族服务。稳固性是语言作为交际工 具对词汇提出的基本要求。 有构词能力：是指基本词汇是构成新词的基础。2)基本词汇的三个特点是互相联系、互相影响、互为因果 的。由于基本词汇具有全民常用性特点，在使用上涉及 到方方面面，具有普遍性，涉及到不同阶层、不同的地 域的人们运用语言，所以客观上就要求基本词汇保持相 对稳定性，不能经常变动，以利于运用；当新的事物现 象出现，需要新词记录时，人们又首选现成的基本词汇 作为构词材料，选择那些使用面广的词，具有运用上的 普遍性的词作为构词要素，使得基本词汇又具有了很强 的构词能力；基本词作为很多词语的构词要素，涉及面 很广，这又反过来强化了基本词汇的全民常用性特点和 稳固性特点。 4.什么是一般词汇一般词汇包括哪些类型 1)一般词汇：词汇里基本词汇以外的词语构成一般词汇。 2)一般词汇包括以下类型：新词、古语词、外来词、行业 用词、科技术语、方言俚语词以及除以上六种词以外的 非常用词。 5.一般词汇和基本词汇的关系如何 1)一般词汇对于社会的发展变化非常敏感。以基本词为基 础构造出来的新词，大部分首先成为一般通用的词。
I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院 2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang
导言 一,名词解释(分,每小题分) ,研究语言的本质,语言的结构和发展规律. .指我国传统的语文学,包括文字学,音韵学,训诂学三方面的内容. ,个别语言学,以一种(或几种有联系的)语言为研究对象,研究某一种语言的结构. ,静态分析的方法,研究语言相对静止的状态,描写分析语言在某一个时期,某一个阶段的状况,是从横向的方面研究语言. ,动态的角度研究语言发展的历史,观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变,是从纵向的方面研究语言的历史. ,探讨人类语言的共同规律,是在具体语言学基础上建立起来的,下面又分普通语音学,普通语法学,普通词汇学等分支学科. 二,填空题(分,每空分) .中国印度古希腊罗马 .文字学音韵学训诂学 .语音词汇和语义语法 .编码发送传递接收 .历时共时历史描写 .历史比较 .《语言论》 .索绪尔 三,问答题(分,每小题分) ①研究对象不同:古代的语言学主要以书面语为主要研究材料,不重视口头语言的研究,而今天的语言学则十分重视口语研究,如制定语言规范,确立共同语的各方面标准等,都要依据口语的研究成果; ②研究目的不同:古代语言学研究语言,主要是给政治,哲学,宗教,历史,文学方面的经典著作作注解,比如我国古代的语文学主要就是围绕阅读先秦经典著作的需要来研究文言的,而现代语言学的研究目的主要是分析语言的结构,以此探讨语言发展的共同规律. 正因为有这些差别,所以古代的语言学还不是独立的学科,处于附庸地位,而现代语言学已经发展成为一门独立的学科,随着现代科学的发展又产生了许多边沿性学科. 人类语言交际的过程,实际上就是信息的传递与接收问题,可分为编码,发送,传递,接收,解码五个阶段.编码就是发话人利用词语组织语句;发送就是把思维成果变成话语,通过发音器官表达出来;传递就是通过空气振动形成声波,把话语传达给受话人;接收是受话人利用听觉器官感知对方所说的话;解码则经过大脑的思维把声波还原成语言,理解对方话语的含义,从而完成信息传递接收.如果受话人收到语言信息有所反馈,那么上述五个阶段则又重复一遍,只是发话人与受话人调换了. (举例说明略,可结合分析任举一个句子作说明.) 语言是伴随着人类一起出现的,是人类社会生活必不可少的,所以人类很早就注意到了语言的重要性,很早就注意研究语言,所以语言学是古老的,但语言学直到世纪下半叶,产生了历史比较语言学,后来又建立了语言学的各个部门,语言研究才发展成为一门独立的学科,同其它学科相比,语言学的确是十分年轻的.语言是社会现象,与社会的政治,经济,文化,历史等密切相关,而语言的发生又与物理,生理,心理等学科密切相关,而现代社会语言与语言的信息处理(如机器翻译,语码转换等)又涉及到数学,计算机科学,所以语言学既与社会科学有密切的联系,又与自然科学有密切的联系.正因为如此,随着语言学与别的学科的交融,又产生了许多新的语言学分支学科,如社会语言学,心理语言学,统计语言学,话语语言学,数理语言学,宇宙语言学等等,这些也体现了语言学是一门年轻的学科. 语言学的作用主要表现在以下几个方面:①学习语言文字是掌握科学技术,提高文化水平的基础,而要学好用好语言,就必须利用语言学的研究成果;②制定语言文字的有关政策,制定语言规范,都要在对语言进行充分研究的基础上进行,而语言学的研究成果正好可以作指导;③新兴技术的出现扩大了语言学的应用范围.至于个人,同样可以利用语言学的成果,比如学习一种语言或方言,最好的办法是找到所学语言同自己母语的各方面的对应规律,这样可以收到事半功倍的效果,这就需要利用语言学的研究成果. (结合实际部分可以根据自己的学习,工作或生活经历举例) 语言学首先可以分为理论语言学和应用语言学,一般所说的语言学,主要是指理论语言学.根据研究对象的不同,理论语言学又分普通语言学和专语语言学(具体语言学).普通语言学以人类所有的语言为研究对象,探讨人类语言的共同规律,是在具体语言学基础上建立起来的,下面又分普通语音学,普通语法学,普通词汇学等分支学科.专语语言学以个别的,具体的语言为研究对象.探讨研究某一种语言的规律.从是静态研究还是研究语言的历史看,又分历时语言学和共时语言学:历时语言学研究具体语言的发展历史,是纵向研究,比如汉语史研究,共时语言学研究具体语言在某一时代的状态(相对静止的状态),规律,对之进行客观的描述,是横向研究.如描写语言学,又分描写语音学,描写语汇学,描写语法学等分支学科,现代汉语就是共时语言学. .在历史语言学产生以前,语言学
郑州大学现代远程教育《社会语言学》课程考核要 求 说明：本课程考核形式为提交作业，完成后请保存为WORD 2003格式的文档，登陆学习平台提交，并检查和确认提交成功（能够下载，并且内容无误即为提交成功）。 1． 作业要求 1. 认真学习课程，广泛查阅文献资料，高质量完成课程作 业。 2. 必须由自己独立完成，不得抄袭或请人代写，雷同作业按照零分 处理。 2．作业内容 论述题 （1） 中国社会语言学发展的三个阶段（25分） 答：一）初创阶段（1979-1987）：从自发到自觉 一般认为，中国的社会语言学是舶来品，源于20世纪60年代的美国。中国最早提出社会语言学的学者之一陈原则指出，社会语言学发源比较早。自古以来，中外语文学家都曾讨论过古语与今语、文语与口语、标准语与方言在社会功能上的差别。欧洲19世纪初的方言学家对于自己民族语言内部各种变体的调查，其实即是进行社会语言学的工作。事实上，社会语言学的诞生和有没有社会语言学的研究是两回事。进行某一方面的研究并不等于建立了某一个学科。当然，一个学科的出现决不是突然从天上掉下来的。它一定是长时间学科积累的结果。现代中国历史上的许多语言运动，如20世纪初期的国语运动、20年代的白话文运动、30年代的大众语讨论以及北方拉丁化运动，50年代的推广普通话、现代汉语规范化等等，都可以算是社会语言学的工作。但是这些运动或工作可以说是自发的，而不是自觉的。70年代后期，随着“社会语言学”这个术语的出现，人们对社会语言学的研究从自发走向自觉[7]。 这一阶段，中国社会语言学的成果主要表现在通论性的著作和理论的译
介方面。前者除上述陈原的两本著作外，还有陈松岑的《社会语言学导论》（北京大学出版社，1985）、游汝杰、周振鹤的《方言与中国文化》（上海人民出版社，1986）。许国璋早在70年代末开始引进社会语言学，有关论文后来收入《许国璋论语言》（外语教学与研究出版社，1991）。1980年到1982年，英国语言学家特鲁基尔的《社会语言学导论》由林书武等翻译，在《国外语言学》连载。1987年北京大学出版社出版了祝畹瑾编的《社会语言学译文集》和前苏联什维策尔的《现代社会语言学》（卫志强译）。此外，《国际社会科学杂志》1985年第5期（中文版）以 “语言与交往：社会语言学研究个案与应用”的专刊形式，发表了一大批社会语言学的论文，很有指导意义。可惜因为发行上的原因，许多人没有看到。 这一时期有两大缺点：一是结合中国社会实际不够，二是对社会语言学的对象和范围的认识还相当模糊。例如有的学者把语言与思维的关系之类问题也列入社会语言学，这显然是不妥的。此外，受国外的影响，也有热衷于无谓的名份之争的现象。 迅速发展阶段（1987-1993）：从引进走向结合中国实际 1987年12月1日至5日，中国社科院语言文字应用研究所在北京举办了首届社会语言学讨论会。会议展示了70年代以来中国社会语言学的研究现状和水平，它标志着中国社会语言进入了一个火热的阶段，对推动我国的社会语言学研究具有重要意义。1988年8月，深圳教育学院深港语言研究所主办了首次“双语·双方言”讨论会。1990年11月，中国社会科学院语言文字应用研究所和苏州大学在苏州召开了首届应用语言学讨论会，其中有不少的论文也是关于社会语言学的。 这一时期出现了许多社会语言学的专题研究。著作有张清常的《胡同及其他——社会语言学的探索》（北京语言学院出版社，1990）、高天如的《中国现代语言计划的理论和实践》（复旦大学出版社，1993）等。论文数量很多，结集出版的有《双语双方言》（1-4集）（分别由中山大学出版社等出版）、《语言·社会·文化——首届社会语言学学术讨论会论文集》（语文出版社，1991）等等。 这个阶段，继续出版了一批关于社会语言学的译介、概论性著作和教材。在译介国外社会语言学研究成果方面，除了《国外语言学》等杂志连续刊登译介文章（例如Lesley Milroy的《语言和社会网络》等）外，还出版了佐伊基的《社会语言学演讲录》（刘明霞等译，北京语言学院出版社，1989）、郝德森的《社会语言学》（丁信善译，中国社会
导言 一、单项选择题 1. 普通语言学从理论上研究（） A 个别民族语言的特殊规律 B 人类各种语言一般的共同规律 C 几种民族语言的一般与个别的规律 D 汉语普通话的发展规律 2. 语言学可以分为两大类别，即（） A 理论语言学、应用语言学 B 汉语语言学、英语语言学 C 英语语言学、俄语语言学 D 个别语言学、一般语言学 3. 语言学概论属于（） A 个别语言学的范围 B 一般语言学的范围 C 应用语言学的范围 D 汉语言学的范围 4. 结构主义语言学独特的研究方法是（） A 历史比较法 B 归纳法 C 分布分析法和直接成分分析法 D 句子成分分析法 二、填空题 1. 古中国、古印度、古希腊具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2. 文字、训诂、音韵是我国传统的语文学。 3. 研究语言的结构，主要是研究语音、语法、语汇三个部分。 4. 历史比较语言学的建立，标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。 5. 布龙菲尔德的代表著作《语言论》，是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作，对美国结构主义语言学的形成、发展有重要的作用和深远的影响。 6. 索绪尔被称为现代语言学之父，其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。 7. 结构主义语言学派可以分为布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国结构语言学派三派。 三、判断题 1. 历史比较语言学不仅标志着语言学科的独立而且为普通语言学的建立打下了坚实的基础。（） 2. 我国的语文学通称“小学”。（） 3. 普通语言学是以汉语普通话为研究对象的语言学分支学科。（）
4. 每个人至少掌握一种语言，所以都能准确地回答“什么是语言”这个问题。（） 四、名词解释 1. 语言学 2. 语文学 3. 理论语言学 4. 应用语言学 5. 普通语言学 6. 个别语言学 第一章语言的社会功能 一、单项选择题 1. 语言是（） A 说话 B 个人说的行为和结果 C 写成的作品或发表的言论 D 从言语中概括出来的为社会所公认的词语和规则的总和 2. 言语是（） A 言论和语言 B 音义结合的符号系统 C 个人说的行为和结果 D写成的作品或发表的言论 3. 语言是（） A 特殊的社会现象 B 一般的社会现象 C 上层建筑 D 经济基础 二、填空题 1. 言语是个人说的行为和结果。它有两种形式，即和。 2. “我们俩没有共同语言。”这句话的“语言”指的是，是一种用法。 3. 一种语言中的句子数量是无限的，人类之所以能掌握语言，是因为构成句子的语言材料 和是十分有限的。 4. 语言是特殊的社会现象的含义是语言具有，没有。 5. 语言和说话的关系可以这样理解：语言是，说话时个人的；语言是抽象的，说话 是。 三、判断题 1. 语言是人类最重要的交际工具。( )