Reading materials: 1-1 "biosphere 2"
"Biosphere 2" (Biosphere 2) built in the desert of Arizona in the United States, its name is the earth as a Biosphere 1 ". Biosphere 2 is a simulation of artificial building ecological environment of the earth totally enclosed experiment field, also some people call it "tiny earth", or "prototype" Mars colony. This covers an area of 13000 square meters, eight storeys high dome shape sealing glass steel structure buildings, is people spent nearly $200 million and nine years to build up, the purpose of the experiment is to investigate human left earth biosphere 1 "" if I can survive. In this miniature world, there are Marine, plains, swamp, forest, desert, agriculture and human settlement, is a self-contained small ecosystem. "Biosphere 2" although isolated, but can be by power transmission, telecommunications and computer and external contact. Staff in biosphere 2 "" you can watch TV, can through radio contact with relatives and friends.
In January 1991, eight scientists into the "biosphere 2". Scientists have planned to send staff to live in "biosphere 2" for two years, the human live on other planets to establish base for the future to explore. More than a year later, however, the "biosphere 2" ecological status plummet, oxygen (O2) content drops rapidly from 21% to 21%, and carbon dioxide (CO2) and the content of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has soared, the atmosphere and water acidification, many species die, and the used to absorb CO2 morning glory is growing. Most vertebrates death, all the pollinators of death caused by pollen propagation and breeding of plants all died. Because of the rain is out of control, artificial into a jungle and desert grassland. "Biosphere 2" the deterioration of the air inside directly endanger the health of the residents, the scientists were forced to withdraw in advance the "garden of Eden". "Biosphere 2" the experiment ended in failure.
Over the years, the human dream to dream out of the earth, into the universe. With the deterioration of the earth's environment, this desire seems to have added the colour of fleeing, people of endeavour, accelerated the pace of seeking "Noah's ark". Maybe "biosphere 2" on the error or equipment failure has the technology, maybe people in the future will be to no. 3 "biosphere", 4 "biosphere" challenge. However, from "biosphere 2" failure reflected the deep information far more ruthless than itself. It proves: like intangible, big YinXi sound. The earth's environment is formed after billions of years of ups and downs, the structure of this abnormal reliable, people eager to glimpse its context, nearly as well, but it is by no means simply artificial imitation reengineering can finish.
"Biosphere 2 failure warned us:" the human in the boundless universe is only the earth in their homes, fled and were are with enough. The earth is not laboratory, we can't afford to lose, only we treat and protect it is the real way out.
Similarly, the coast of northern Japan in aomori village built six similar "mini" earth, covers an area of only 4700 m2, is three stadium style buildings are connected by a corridor of stainless steel.
A complete set of facilities at a cost of $6500, built in 2000, researchers have begun preliminary tests at the moment. After the official start of the test there will be two scientists into the plants and animals and the air of the building is fully enclosed, a week at first, and then gradually extended to five months. Test purpose is to simulate a closed space within the oxygen and carbon dioxide cycle between plants, humans and animals.
Quoting from: Peng Lili lead, environmental memo of the 20th century, Beijing: huaxia press, 2001, 6: p107; Fang ji, Meng Zhehong, Wang Yanjin, environmental education resource base, Beijing: huaxia publishing house.
Now is experimental study on the artificial biosphere control technology in the world, known as "Closed biosphere life-support system" (Closed ecological life support system, J CELSS). Have been or are building CELSS test facilities has 3: namely, Arizona, USA "biosphere II", Russia's "BIOS - 3", and "biosphere j." of Japan. Britain is also built artificial biosphere, called a "Eotron" circle of controlled environment. To build artificial biosphere and the purpose of the scheme is based on artificial way, let the earth biosphere through simulation experiment was carried out in the laboratory, the artificial way change the biosphere, to understand the influence of the earth's environment, can even get in the base or base on the moon in the future to supply the technologies needed for food and air. That is to say, it is for us to protect the earth's biosphere, at the same time to the universe expand your circle of human life, will have important contributions. Being built laboratory "biosphere j." Japan earth simulation test content is the most diverse, contains the closest moon base facilities, enclosed plant test facilities, a repeat of the earth's biosphere geospheres and hydrosphere test facilities, etc. Finally, the combination of these two into a closed biosphere. At that time, and can simulate the surface including human environment. British "Eotron controlled environment circle" is the focus of the study simulated the influence of climate change on the whole ecosystem.
The United States "biosphere II" (named as no. 2, because of its founders to see the earth as a biosphere 1), was designed to study ecological system may be set on Mars. It is based on the sonoran desert in the American Midwest region, at a cost of $200 million. Completion of four men 4 women and 4000 kinds of plants and animals were sealed in this huge "farm" life for 2 years. 1993 test and end in failure.
Of atmosphere and water acidification, crops failed, many species to die. Biosphere residents from 200 pounds (note: one pound of the equivalent of 0.456 kg) dropped to 150 pounds. Atmospheric oxygen content has plummeted from 21% to 21%, almost is not enough to sustain the biosphere the existence of the residents, and the content of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide has soared to the extent of the damage to the brain. Carbon dioxide content is 571 x 10-6, and carbon dioxide in the outer circle is 360 * 10 to 6. Desert ecologist says: "within the circle of carbon dioxide every day changes than outside is bigger to the change of carbon dioxide in 10000". Circles of 31 round leaf morning glory grow rapidly, because no animals eat them, has spread to the whole circle, and covered the other plants, including crops. Insects in addition to the katydid, cockroaches and crazy ant, most of them are dead. Scientists are studying the details of summarizing this unfortunate incident. Some experts say the plan of "utopia" was unexpected problems and surprising things down. Reforming the biosphere is now planning work, by the failure of the "biosphere II", from the negative of the complexity of the ecosystem reflects the earth's biosphere, people constantly understanding and reveal the earth biosphere ecosystem, biological and the environment, the complex relationship between biology and biological, so as to achieve the artificial control and regulation. To the universe expand your circle of human life, just in the beginning, there is a long way to go. At the same time, it also makes us see the human to protect the earth's biosphere of special importance and urgent. In order to avoid the human in the hands of his own ignorance destroyed the earth's ecosystem to the survival of humans - the earth's biosphere.
Quoting from: HuoLiLin, tian-jie li, Yang ju rong weaves his, let the earth eternal youth, Beijing normal university press, 1997, 11: p41
Biosphere 2 ecological reflection and study
One, foreword
People is how evolution to? And how did the human progress? This topic in research and in the religious circles, is still a comment in succession and their expression of sustainable project. Nearly a century, the human population on earth a large number of sprout, created the human civilization, but also accelerate the development and the infringement on the earth's improper, caused the emerge in endlessly in the earth's environmental problems. Industrialization and the destruction of tropical forests, for example, led to the global greenhouse effect, seriously affect the climate of the earth's original type, changed the original ecosystem functioning. Human use of CFCS cause the hole in the ozone layer; The earth opened skylight, many biological habitats and population suffered persecution, and facing the crisis of survival. Human deforestation in the earth's surface, slope watershed exploitation of arbitrary construction land speculation, landslides caused by disasters, water cut, and in many parts of the desertification problem; And people in many parts of the extraction of groundwater, which further cause ground subsidence. In addition, human in production enterprise, the introduction of chemicals and heat and transformation of material substances or waste, and often polluted the earth's original environment (air, water, soil, human life). At the same time, the human on the surface of the reinforced concrete engineering, biological habitat fragmentation, denial of ecological corridors, and caused the loss of biodiversity, landscape and visual obstacle.
Helplessly in the face of deterioration of the earth's environment, human beings seem to have a preliminary awakening. Many people devoted to save the earth environmental protection work, there are also many people want to immigration to the earth's environment to cross the raw tolerable region, there are some people who want to fly over the earth, for life in outer space. Human supernatural ability, in order to prove his nature, can not be bound by the universe the earth, and dominate the nature and the universe. Nearly a century, people of a lot of science and technology team, want to fly away from the earth, and to explore the possible signs of life in a second planet, looking for a second planet might be good for human life or a greenhouse. Under this kind of thinking, the end of the 20th century, the world of the "biosphere 2" plan. It especially humans create many dreams of the living space, and then also put an end to the human many virtual reality fantasy.
Second, the profile of biosphere 2 project
In A.D. 1986, the American billionaire Edward Bass (Edward Bass) in order to extend the new human living space, to invest $two hundred million in the Arizona desert area construction at the world famous and spectacular "Biosphere 2 (Biosphere 2, and Biosphere 2)". On September 26, 1991 AD, eight volunteers from all over the world (the so-called biosphere), participated in the biosphere 2 experiment plan.
Biosphere 2 project, is designed to be used for material closed ecological and environmental research, the aim is to help human beings to understand how the earth works, and study on simulation of the earth's ecological environment conditions, is fit for human survival. Biosphere 2, is the world's biggest greenhouse structure of ecological engineering, and the simulation of the earth's ecological environment laboratory.
Biosphere 2's plan, it is in the western United States (Arizona), Tucson, Arizona (Tucson) of the southern city of Oracle implementation. Plans to base area of about 1.27 hectares, the volume capacity of 203760 cubic meters. It is mainly constructed by glass curtain and steel simulation biome (biomes), including the tropical rain forest (rain forest and savanna (savannah), marsh
(marsh), sea (ocean, including coral reef coast), desert belt (desert), and other five kinds of wild biota (wilderness biomes), as well as the human intensive farmland (intensive agricultural area), city (micro city), and technical circles (technosphere) and other three kinds of artificial regions. Biosphere 2 is a closed system, of which about dated (170000 cubic meters) in the air, fresh water (1500 cubic meters), salt (3800 cubic meters), soil (17000 cubic meters), biological (3800 ~ 4000), as well as human (four male and four female), and other important components.
In the biosphere 2, the internal design, the city is configured with laboratory, medical equipment, kitchen, bedroom, restaurant, gym, toilet facilities, as well as the library and observation, etc. The greenhouse type of laboratory, and the energy needed for its operation is mainly rely on solar energy (sun - light) and the human to lose the power (electricity). And set two lung (lungs), to provide an airtight ecology laboratory air regulating function of heat or cold.
Biosphere 2, is currently the only on earth to explore the earth's biological, geological and chemical interaction of large-scale experiment system and facilities, also is the world's largest glass hermetically-sealed ecological laboratory. For the earth's environment, biosphere 2 is a human laboratory simulation of the earth's environment medium ecosystems (mesocosms). Original biosphere 2 experimental thinking and idea, is the study of human, and about four thousand species of organisms (plants and animals), in a sealed and isolated artificial systems, whether can you through the air in the system, circulation and reuse of water, nutrients and can be healthy and happy to survive.
Biosphere 2 experiments in 1991 and 1993, as the researchers found that many problems and the result of the accident, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of biosphere 2 composition proportion, failed to achieve balance; Cement building within the biosphere 2 affect the normal carbon cycle; Most animals and plants can't normal growth or reproduction, its extinction speed faster than expected. Such problems, through extensive and in-depth discussion, and the committee for review and summary to point out that the biosphere 2 experiment fails, have not reached the original designers of the intended target, it proves that under the condition of known to science and technology, the human left earth will be hard pressed to long-term survival. At the same time reveal: the earth is still human subsistence system can only rely on and trust.
In January 1996, the investor Edward Bass (Edward Bass) officially biosphere 2 by the Columbia University (Columbia University) is the future direction of the management and planning, as ecology, environmental change research and teaching base. Columbia University is starting to Biosphere 2 existing ecosystem simulation experiment, and integration of new study plan in "the second Biosphere Center" (Biosphere 2 Center, B2C). The biosphere center and open to the outside world, as a center for research and learning, to explore our interaction with ecological environment influence human life.
Third, ecological reflection of biosphere 2 plan
Biosphere 2 project experiment failed and the biosphere 1 also successfully? What is the biosphere 1? There is a impossible task biosphere 3? Actually the biosphere is the Earth's biosphere 1 (Earth 's biosphere), biosphere loosely around the planet has a thin layer of biological survival. Based on the planet earth is now known to have biological life, so for humans, the earth is the human population and the biosphere of life. The success of the biosphere 1, in fact, with the human ecological environment on the earth thinking related to conservation. A responsible environmental behavior, the earth's environment resource sustainable and ecological balance, is easy to achieve, and the sustainable development of human beings is with vitality.
Many people always thinks himself to be the soul of the universe. In order to survive, and to prove whether universal science and technology, humans began a galactic astronomy and scientific experiments of the earth. After one hundred years for the preliminary study of earth science and environmental ecology, confirmed the human, after all, belongs to a member of the "earth" in the universe. Humans seem to struggle to break from the earth, and there is another possible long-term living planet; Let alone a advocate of human to live and work in peace and contentment, biodiversity and sustainable development. In front of the new century, therefore, we should deeply understand the environmental education point of view: "there is only one earth" (only the earth for people), "the first" earth (the earth's environment conservation is the first priority of human sustainable development), "spaceship earth" (spaceship earth is like running in the universe, the cabin in the limited resources, must by the use of appropriate, inside the biota resources can be recycling), "biodiversity conservation" (protection of colorful life on the earth, also is the safeguard of life of mankind not lonely and other biological sustainable survival).
What if human wisdom! Want to live in airtight glass greenhouse, is now advising, and not a feather? Think about in this heritage and living in a closed system, the human will become a rich ethnic group on earth? In the absence of nature sounds, such as bird singing sound, the sound of wind, rain) environment survive, human auditory will degenerate? Less the rotation of the four seasons of natural landscape and colorful life, people's vision will degenerate? In the hardware of glass and steel skeleton life for a long time, whether as in a human cell, can only communicate with a few similar circumstances? This lack of diversity of natural elements interact each other, whether human emotion also hardened? Whether people thought vector and level will also be localized?
If human living environment, just the life support system of machine operation, whether is like a ward in critically ill patients need special care? This way of life is what we are trying to pursue in the new century? This way of life can be sustained or long? Open flowers in the greenhouse, even more gorgeous, is also a short and difficult to perennial. This alone closed system in such a small amount of many nutrients, water and gas, can be used in continuous circulation and regeneration for long? Without the sun, uninterruptable power system fault, the nightlife is better?
From the biosphere 2 experimental scheme, we seem to can reflection of the subject has a lot of! Human it's hard to use science and technology and engineering construction and replication complex natural ecosystems on the earth, and in order to maintain the life of human beings. Ecological culture derived from humans to interact with the earth's environment, is a blend of natural ecology and human culture, and is not only science and technology can get fit.
From environmental point of view, this shows that the maintaining the earth between the diversity and integrity of the ecosystem and its interaction, to human survival and the maintenance of biodiversity, is extremely important. From the ecological philosophy and environmental education point of view, this is not warning we can't also can not deviate from the earth, should change are "parasites" earth short parasitic mode of operation, and to establish our co-prosperity coexistence of symbiotic relationship with earth.
Although biosphere 2 plan experimental goal had been reached, but it also has a very good lesson in the human, after all, people is not everything, human beings survive still rely on the earth, will know how to comply with the human nature, heaven and earth praise of civilizing, to jointly with earth on sustainable development.
Four, conclusion
The so-called "failure is the mother of success". Although the biosphere 2 program design of the experiment failed, but people, learn from the nature of ecological reflection is to provide the sustainable development of human and earth excellent environmental education subject matter. How to view the earth's environment window content? The program is suitable for installation in the earth's environment? Operating in the environment of earth for? "Biosphere" 1 - the earth when the machine, is also likely to restart again? We human beings learn "biosphere 2" experimental plan to fail.
Current role, provided by the second biosphere center at Columbia University is not only a continuous simulation experiment research of ecosystem, for biodiversity (biodiversity), agroforestry (agro - forestry), atmospheric chemistry (atmosphere chemistry), biological geochemistry circulation (biogeochemistry), ecology, ecology, ecophysiology (ecophysiology) and so on scientific research. At the same time, the biosphere center is open for visit tour and the earth's environment education teaching.
Environmental educators can participating the biosphere center provided by the variety of environmental research and education courses, and to study experience exchanges and promote each other. Look forward to in the 21st century, we can remove the old century remaining virus in the earth's environment, and through the ecological environment of education, to improve the relationship between man and earth's ecological environment.
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1. Please do me a favor — ______ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight. A. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited 2. —I called you last night，but nobody answered. —Oh，I usually________ off my cell phone by 8:00 pm. A. switched B. have switched C. switch D. had switched 3. I _________ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. A. will play B. have played C. played D. play 4. The house belongs to my aunt but she D. doesn’t live 5. The father as well as his three children skating on the frozen river every Sunday A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going 6. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _____ the Pacific, and we met no storms. A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called 7. In many parts of the world, tea ________ milk mild and sugar. A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 8 The fact that so many people still smoke in public places ___ that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking. A. suggest B. suggests C. suggested D. suggesting 9. Around two o’clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat ______ us. A. bothers B. had bothered C. would bother D. bothered 10. The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building _______now. A. remains B. is remained C. is remaining D. has been remained 11. Look at the pride on Tom’s face. He_______ to have been praised by the manager just now. A. seemed B. seems C. had seemed D. is seeming 12. In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the "r" sounds at the end of the words . A. are dropped B. Drop C. are being dropped D. have dropped 13. —Do you have any problems if you —Well， A. offer C. are offered D. will be offered 14. The wet weather will continue tomorrow，when a cold front A. is expected C. expects D. will be expected 15. —How long do you want me to heat the oil? —Heat it till it ________ to smoke. A. would begin B. begins C. will begin D. began 16. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ___to eat more fruit and vegetables. A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded 17. — When will you come to see me, Dad? — I will go to see you when you the training course. A. will have finished B. will finish C. are finishing D. finish 18. Come and see me whenever _______. A. you are convenient B. you will be convenient C. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient
时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通 过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时. 1.一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every..., sometimes, at..., on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3) 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
高中英语时态语态讲解 1、一般现在时主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作；表示客观规律和永恒真理；按照计划安排好了将要发生的动作（一般指时 刻表）等 He usually goes to w ork at 7 o’clock every morning. The train to Shanghai leaves at 7am. 考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 考点二：在时间、方式、让步和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided. If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. 只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。 2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动；或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 We are having English class. The house is being built these days. The little boy is always making trouble. 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when you are crossing the street. Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning. 考点二：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。 Marry is leaving on Friday. 3、现在完成时 （1）非延续动作：动作发生在过去，对现在有影响。（2）延续性动作：动作和状态的持续。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语： 考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点 They have lived in Beijing for five years. They have lived in Beijing since 1995. 考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ? 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。 in the past；over the past; during the last等 考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在“It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词＋that” 后面,主句是一般现在时态时，从句用现在完成时。 This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. 4．一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用, 注意： 考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。 be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于 He used to smoke a lot. He has got used to getting up early. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。 He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 5. 过去进行时
高考英语复习动词时态练习题 1、 The violin will have to be tuned before it _____. A. is played B. should play C. plays D. is being played 2、 By the time you arrive in London, we _____ in Europe for two weeks. A. had stayed B. shall stay C. will have stayed D. have been staying 3、I ___ with some friends until I find a flat. A. am living B. live C. have lived D. will have lived 4、All the preparations for the task _____, and we’re ready to start. A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed 5、 I thought I ____ the door, but it is still open A. had closed B. was closing C. have closed D. would close 6、You ____ television. Why not do something more active? A. always watch B. are always watching C. have always watched D. have always been watching 7、---It seems that she is thinking about something. ---Yes, she cannot remember what key she ____ to her computer. A .set B. has set C. had set D. sets 8、 ---Why weren’t you at the meeting? ---I ____ an important visitor from the UK in my office. A. expected B. had been expecting C. was expecting D. had expected 9、I have no idea what ____ while I was asleep. A. has happened B. was happened C. had happened D. happened 10、 --Have you moved into the new house? --Not yet, the rooms _____. A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. have been painting 11、 You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 12、---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 13、 --- Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets. --- You ______ something. A. have left B. are always leaving C. are leaving D. always left 14、 --- I ______ so busily recently that I ______ no time to help you with your math. --- That’s OK. I can manage it by myself. A. have been working; have B. have worked; had C. am working; will have D. had been working; had had 15、Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ to me. A. are writing B. will write C. has written D. write 16、 He ______ at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him. A. will speak B. is going to speak C. had to speak D. was going to speak 17、 I ____ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play sinc e the New Year. A. will play B. have played C. played D. play 18、 I can guess you were in a hurry. You _____ your sweater inside out. A. had worn B. wore C. were wearing D. are wearing 19、 The traffic in our city is already good and it ______ even better. A. gets B. got C. has got D. is getting 20、 --- Where do you think ______ he ______ the computer? --- Sorry. I have no idea. A. has; bought B. 不填; bought C. did; buy D. 不填; buys 高考英语被动语态专项练习 一、选择题（2×15=30分） ( )1._____ a new library _____ in our school last year? A. Is; built B. Was; built C. Does; build D. Did ; build ( )2. An accident ____ on this road last week. A. has been happened B. was happened C. is happened D. happened ( )3.Cotton（棉花） ____ in the southeast of China. A. is grown B. are grown C. grows D. grow ( )4.So far, the moon ____ by man already. A. is visited B. will be visited C. has been visited D. was visited ( )5.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week. A. is given B. has been given C. will be given D. gives ( )6.How many trees ____ this year? A. are planted B. will plant C. have been planted D. planted ( )7.A lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now. A. are doing B. are being done C. has been done D. will be done ( )8.--When ___ this kind of computers______? --Last year. A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used ( )9.The Great Wall ____ all over the world. A. knows B. knew C. is known D. was known ( )10.Who _____ this book _____? A. did; written B. was; written by C. did; written D. was; written ( )11.A story _____ by Granny yesterday. A. was told us B. was told to us C. is told us D. told us ( )12.The monkey was seen _____ off the tree. A. jump B. jumps C. jumped D. to jump ( )13.The school bag ___ behind the chair. A. puts B. can be put C. can be putted D. can put ( )14.Older people ____ well. A. looks after B. must be looked after C. must look after D. looked after ( )15.Our teacher ______ carefully. A. should be listened to B. should be listen C. be listened D. is listened 二、用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。（1×20=20分）(请注意时态和语态两个方面噢) 1.It's said(据说) that the long bridge______________（build）in two months． 2.Where to have the meeting ______________ （discuss）now． 3.Which language _______the most widely_______（speak）in the world？ 4.The lost boy_____________（not find）so far． https://www.doczj.com/doc/3a16002798.html,st year a large number of trees______________（cut）down． 6. The students _____ often _____(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs. 7. The old man is ill. He ______ (must send) to the hospital. 8. Vegetables, eggs and fruits_________ (sell) in this shop. 9. What _______ knives ______ (make) of ? They_______________(make) of metal(金属) and wood. 10. Can the magazine ___took_____ (take) out of the library? 11. The room _____________ (clean) by me every day. 12. The stars can’t _____________ (see) in the daytime. 13. Some flowers _______________ (water) by Li Ming already. 14. This kind of shoes __________ (sell) well. 15. How long _____ your uncle ______(be) in the city? 16. The food _____________ (smell) delicious. 17. Look! Someone __________(dance). 三、按要求改写下列句子，一空一词。（1×30=30分） 1.Is tea grown in South China？（改为主动语态） _______ people _________ tea in South China？ 2.I am given a birthday present by my parents every year．（同义句转换） A birthday present _______ _______ _______ _______by my parents every year． 3.The work is going to be finished in two days. (对划线提问) How_______ _______ the work going to be finished ? 4. The children will sing an English song. (改为被动语态) An English song ______ ______ _______ by the children. 5. You needn't do it now. (改为被动语态) It ______ ________ ________ by you now. 6. People use metal for making machines. (改为被动语态) Metal ________ _________ _______making machines. 7. He made me do that for him. (改为被动语态) I ______ ________ ________ ______ that for him. 8.They are watching the football match. The football match _______ _______ _______ by them. 9.Did they build a bridge here a year ago? (改为被动语态) __________ a bridge ____________ here by them a year ago? 10.They have sold out the light green dresses. (改为被动语态) The light green dresses ________ _________ ___________ out. 11.We call the game “Lianliankan”. (改为被动语态) The game _______ ________ “Lianliankan” by us. 四、根据所给汉语完成句子，一空一词。 (1×10=10分) ①The new bike __is____ ___given___ _to____ _____ （买给我）by my parents as a present last week． ②_______ your mobile phone _______ _______ ________（是国产的吗）？ ③The whole mountain is _________ _________ (覆盖) the snow. 五、下列各句均有一处错误，请找出并改正过来。（10分） ①I have a lot of homework to be done tonight． ____________ ②Is your history teacher listened carefully in class？ ____________ ③Lei Feng's name remembered by all Chinese people． ____________ ④The music is sounded beautiful. ____________ ⑤By who was this new educational CD-ROM designed ? ____________ 高中英语情态动词练习 1. He ______ you more help, even though he was very busy. A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give 2. Jenny______ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind. A. must B. should C. need D. would 3. . -Could I borrow your dictionary? -Yes, of course you_________ A. might B. will C. can D. should 4. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ______ for her. A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out 5. —Shall I tell John about it? —No, you ______ . I've told him already. A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't 6. ─There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. ─ It______ a comfortable journey. A. can't be B. shouldn't be C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been 7. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack______ be here at any moment. A. must B. need C. should D. can 8. .When he was there, he______ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day. A. would B. should C. had better D. might 9. .Sir, you _____ be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only. A. oughtn't to B. can't C. won't D. needn't 10. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to 11. --When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. --They _____be ready by 12:00. A. can B. should C. might D. need 12. .--I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
高中英语语法(时态和语态) 一．动词的时态 时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常见的只有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。 (一）一般现在时（do / does） 1．具体用法 1) 表示经常性或习惯性动作 We always care for each other and help each other. 我们总是互相关心互相帮助。 He goes to school every day. 2)表示现在的特征或状态 He is very happy. Do you sing? ----A little. 3)表示普遍真理 Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。 Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜过言语。 * 常与一般现在时态连用的词或短语主要有：often, usually, sometimes, every day, every morning/afternoon, on Sundays/weekends等等。 I often go to the cinema on Sundays. 我经常星期天去看电影。 He goes to work early every day. 他每天上班很早。 （二）一般过去时( did ) （1）表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. （2）表示过去习惯性动作。例如： He always went to class last. I used to do my homework in the library. （三）一般将来时( will / shall do) 1）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如： I shall graduate next year. 2）一般将来时有时可以表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如 Crops will die without water. You won’t succeed with out their support. 3) 几种替代形式： *be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如： I'm going to buy a house when we've saved enough money. *be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有"必要"的强制性意义。例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon. *be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如： He was about to start. *be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5）少数动词如：begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等的一般现在时可用来表示将来的动作。（多用来表示按计划事先安排好即将发生的动作，句中通常还有一个表示将来的时间状语）。例如： The meeting begins at seven.
表格式一般现在时态和语态 2. Jenny (has) a good friend? 3. Brian （not live) in China. 4. Li Ming with me (be) in Beijing. 5. If it （not rain）tomorrow, we will go to the park. 6. Our teacher said that the earth (go)around the sun yesterday. 7.He （help）the old man every week . 8.The old man （help）by him every week. 9.The building (visit) by many people every year.
一一般现在时 （一）定义：主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作， 句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等 He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. The earth goes around the sun. Guangzhou is situated in the south of China. （二）标志词： always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever，every week (day, year, month…), once /twice a week, on Sundays, （三）谓语动词构成： 1 be动词的一般现在时：am is are（"是"，“在”） 2 当谓语动词是行为动词的时候： （1）当主语不是第三人称单数的时候，一般现在时用行为动词的原形 （2）主语是he,she,it等第三人称单数（除去I,you以外的任何一个单数的名词或者代词），动词要变形加s或es． （温馨提示：动词变形要符合两个条件：1，主语是三单，2，句子是肯定句） （四）.基本结构： 1，肯定句：主语+谓语（+其他的） He loves sports. Jane is an outgoing girl. （主语He是三单，又是肯定句，所以谓语动词发生变形，加上了s） Tom and Tim both have medium height. He has a big mouth. We like the dog very much. 2，否定句：主语+don’t或者doesn’t+动词原形+其他(在be或者后面加上do does) Candy doesn’t do her housework every day. We don’t dance . He isn’t a worker. 3，一般疑问句：Do (Does)+主语+动词原形+其他？（把be或者do does 提到主语的前面）Does she like English? Yes,she does. No,she doesn’t. Do you swim in summer? Are you a teacher? 4，特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句Where does Tom come from? （五) 一般现在时态用法 （1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与这样的时间状语连用： eg: We always help each other. It often snows in winter. I get up early every morning. （2）表示主语现在的特征、性格、能力等。 eg: He loves sports. Jane is an outgoing girl. Tom and Tim both have medium height. （3）表示客观、普遍真理 eg: Two and four makes six. Water boils at 100℃The moon moves round the earth。The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. （4）表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 （六）一般现在时态的考点：
英语动词时态归纳总结对照表
英语时态专项练习 1、一般现在时。 通常用“usually, often, every day, sometimes”。 一般现在时基本用法介绍 一、一般现在时的功能 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。 2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 二、一般现在时的构成: 肯定句： 1).主语+系动词 be(is, am, are )+名词（形容词，介词短语） 2) .其他主语+动词原形+其它 第三人称单数+动词-s+其它 如：I am a boy.我是一个男孩。 We study English.我们学习英语。Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。
三、一般现在时的变化 否定句：1)主语+ be （is,am,are）+ not +其它。如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。 2)其他主语+do not(don’t)动词原形+其它I don't like bread 第三人称单数+does not(doesn’t)动词原形+其它He doesn't often play. 一般疑问句：1)Be（Is,Are） +主语+其它?如：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. 2)Do其他主语+动词原形+其它？ Does+第三人称单数+动词原形+其它+？ 注意：遇I/we—you, my—your, some—any. Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. Do you often play football?- Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike? How does your father go to work? 2、现在进行时。 通常用“now/look/listen”. 1．现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。 2．现在进行时的结构：. 肯定句：主语+be（is,am,are ） +动词现在分词-ing eg: I am(not) doing my homework. You/We/They are(not) reading. He/She/It is(not) eating. 否定句：主语+be（is,am,are ）+not + 动词现在分词-ing 一般疑问句：Is(Are)+主语+动词现在分词-ing？ 特殊疑问：疑问词+ be + 主语 + 动词ing? 3.动词加ing的变化规则 1)一般情况下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking 2)以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting 3)如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing， 如：run-running, stop-stopping,swim—swimming 3、一般过去时态 一般过去时通常用“a moment ago, just now, yesterday, last…”等。 1．一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作感谢。 2．Be动词在一般过去时中的变化： ⑴am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasn’t）