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英语教学法教程手稿重点笔记

英语教学法教程手稿重点笔记
英语教学法教程手稿重点笔记

第三章、外语教学法的主要流派(八种)

1.语法--翻译法

A.从19世纪开始用于教学现代语言

B.把目标语(外语)看成是一个规则系统,能在文本域句子中了解到,并与母语规则和意义有联系。

C.主要课堂教学活动:对整篇课文大意的译述,吧课文逐句从外语译成母语的活动,对课文中语法规则作演绎式的讲解,以及直接阅读课文以加深对课文的理解等活动。

E.重视词汇与语法的学习,强调阅读与写作能力的培养。重视语言准确性的培养。

F.选材:外语的文学原著或简写本或改写本

G.教师是课堂教学的权威,重视的传授者和课堂教学的组织者。

H.母语是教学语言,外语的意思是靠译成母语来理解。

2.直接法

A.在19世纪末创立

B.只使用目标语进行教学;意义通过语言、动作、物体等手段结合情景来表达;先教说,再教读与写;用归纳法讲授语法。

C.主要课堂教学活动:全外语教学--模仿、朗读和问答式主要的教学活动形式--作答均以完整的句子说出问句或答句。

E.培养学生使用外语进行交际的能力。初级阶段重点在口语能力的培养

F.选材:日常用语,以情景或某一话题为基础

G.教师与学生是搭档关系,学生间可以进行对话并讨论问题

H.全外语式教学,不在外语课堂上使用母语

3.情景法(口语情景法)

A.在20世纪30年代至60年代,英国应用语言学家创立(帕尔默&霍恩比)

B.语言观是英国的结构主义,

口语是语言的基础,结构式讲话能力的核心,应用情景中通过口头练习来学习语言结构。(帕尔默&霍恩比)

接受语言输入--重复操练记住--在实际练习中使之变成个人技能。(帕尔默)

C.主要课堂教学活动:《新概念英语》提出情景--学习语言--听说领会--反复操练--书面练习--巩固结构

E.培养学生听说读写的能力,口语是第一性的,是笔头语的基础,重视语音语法的准确性。

F.教师是语言楷模,课堂活动的设计者与指挥官,学生是模仿者

G.英语是教学语言

4.听说法

A.在第二次世界大战期间由美国语言学家建立

B.在语言学理论方面是以结构主义作为其理论的基础,以行为主义的学习理论作为依据

语言技能的获得通过刺激--反应--强化的过程。

C.主要课堂教学活动:口语教学,教授对话--听说领先--跟读模仿---句句复述--强化操练--掌握句型--巩固口头--读写跟上

E.培养学生使用外语进行交际的能力,认为口语是第一性的,文字是第二性,重视语音语调的准确性。

F.教师是语言楷模,课堂活动指挥官,学生是模仿者

G.外语是教学语言

5.认知法

A.乔姆斯基提出转换生成语法和心理语言学可视为认知法的语言和语言学习理论

B.在语言学理论方面是以结构主义作为其理论的基础,以行为主义的学习理论作为依据

语言技能的获得通过刺激--反应--强化的过程。

C.主要课堂教学活动:语言理解--语言能力--语言运用

E.培养学生实际、全面地运用外语的能力,过分强调规则的指导作用和成人学习外语的特殊性

F.以学生为中心,教师是导师

G.第一阶段:母语,第二阶段:外语

6.交际法(功能法)

A.产生于20世纪70年代初期的西欧共同体国家,标志着在外语教学中人们开始从只注意语言形式和结构的教学转向注意语言功能的教学。

B.三大原则:交际性原则,任务性原则,意义原则

C.主要课堂教学活动:利特尔伍德《交际法》(1981年)交际前活动:语言结构性的活动

&准交际性的活动;交际活动:功能性交际活动&社会交际性活动;

E.培养学生使用外语进行交际的能力(美国社会语言学家海姆斯“交际能力”),语言的功能比结构更受重视,学生需要懂得语言的形式、意义和功能

F.教师是组织者、顾问、交际者,也是学生学习的提供方便者

G外语是交际活动中唯一的语言

7.全身反应法

A.美国心理学家詹姆斯阿谢尔在20世纪60年代末期创立

B.创始人阿尔谢认为:目标语的大部分语言结构以及数以百计的词汇项目都可以通过教师有技巧地使用祈使句来教授(全身反应法)

C.主要课堂教学活动:发命令&对命令作出反应

E.侧重培养学生的听说能力,在语言方面则强调对语法结构和词汇的掌握

F.教师是命令的发出者,学生是对命令作出反应的人。

G.用母语来介绍全身反应法,但在教学中教师会全部使用外语。

8.任务型语言教学模式

A.是指在语言教学中使用“任务”作为教学核心单位的语言教学途径。它视为交际法在教学方面的发展

B.以多种语言模式作为其语言理论,目的在于培养学生在语言使用活动中正确和有效地句型交际能力。

C.主要课堂教学活动:威利斯--强任务派的模式(任务前阶段--任务中阶段--聚焦语言阶段)。努南--弱任务派的模式(图式的建立--控制性练习--真实性听力练习--聚焦语言成分--更灵活的练习--引入教学任务)

E.强调通过使用目标语互动达到培养交际能力的目的。

F教师是任务的选择者和决定者,学生是小组活动的参与者,活动的监控者、探险者和发明者。

G外语应是教学中唯一的语言,母语在教学中没有特别作用

第四章、外语教学的理论基础

1.语言本质理论

美国结构主义

A.美国结构主义语言学家研究的工作室从研究没有文字的美洲印第安人的口头语言开始的。

B.运用他们在实践中建立起来的“描写”方法去研究英语和塔器印欧系谣言。

C.语言可看做一个吧意义编成语码的系统,这个系统由几个相关的成分组成:音位、词素、单词、结构和句型。一个谣言系统包括它的音位系统、词素系统和句法系统。

D.语言是口语,不是书面语Language is speech,not writing.

E.为了预测学习某一外语会碰到的困难和问题,可使用对比分析去比较母语与外语在结构层面上的异同。美国语言学家拉多所写的《跨文化语言学》就是探讨对比分析的代表作。

乔姆斯基转换生成语法(20世纪50年代)

A.1957年出版的《句法结构》作为他理论诞生的标志。

B.语言是一种行为,他想人类的其他行为一样,收益规则的支配。规则性和创造性是语言的两个重要的特征。

C.他把句子结构分成表层结构(指句子的形式)和深层结构(指句子陈述的意义)。在他看来,语言生成的过程就是从深层结构到表层结构的转换过程,转换是按照转换规则(包括移位、删略、添加)来完成。

D.他提出了语言习得理论,语言具有天赋的基础。他称这种人类机体的天生属性为“普遍语法”。由原则和参数的抽象系统组成的,体现了语言的一致性,二普遍语法参数的赋值则决定了语言系统结构的差异性。

E.提出普遍语法家数额的目的主要是探讨儿童如何写的母语的,但对二语习得也有启示作用。

韩礼德对语言功能的论述

A.英国功能学派的代表人物,从20 世纪50年代开始进行语言的社会功能发明的研究。他认为“语言学是关于言语行为或话语的描述,只有通过对语言使用的研究,语言的全部功能和构成意义的所有组成部分才能集中在一起。”

B.《语言功能的探索》论述语言功能的双重地位:微观和宏观功能。

C.微观功能是儿童在学习母语的初级阶段呈现的,共有六种:工具功能、规章功能、相互关系功能、个人功能、启发功能和想象功能。到了后期,还有一种:学习功能。

D.宏观功能包括三大类:思维功能(指语言可以用来组织语言使用者对真实世界或幻想世界的经验)、人际功能(指语言可以用来表明、建立和维持社会中人的关系)和篇章功能(指语言可用来创造连贯的话语或文章,这些话语和文章对语境来说是切题和恰当的)。

海姆斯的交际能力理论

A.他认为具有交际能力意味着人们不仅可以获得语言规则的知识,而且还可以获得语言社交中数以的规则。

B.四方面:能识辨、组织合乎语法的句子,即懂得形式上的可能性/ 能判断语言形式的可行性/ 能在交际中得体地使用语言/ 知道某些话语是否可以实际上说出来。

卡南尔和斯温纳对交际能力的分析

A.四个方面:语法能力(语音、语法和词汇方面的知识)、社会语言能力(指在不同的社会环境中,使用不同语体和不同的言语来达到不同目的的能力)、篇章能力(指能在一定的上

下文或篇章里,理解句子之间的关系和句子的意义的能力)和策略能力(指在交际中懂得怎么样开始谈话,进行谈话,承接、转换话题和结束谈话的能力)。

B.由于交际能力是由上述的四种能力组成的,语言教学应当着重培养这四种基本能力。

2.语言学习理论

行为主义

A.产生于20世纪20年代,华生是早期的代表人物。

B.华生研究动物和人的心理,他主张用客观的方法研究可以直接观察到的行为,他认为人和动物的行为有一个共同的因素,即刺激和反应。他提出行为主义心理学的公式:刺激--反应(S-R)

C.结构主义大师布龙菲尔德的代表作《语言论》就是以行为的“刺激--反应”模式为其理论依据的。

D.另一位美国学者斯金纳在1957年出版的《言语行为》提出了行为主义关于言语行为系统的看法。认为人们的言语、言语的每一部分都是由于某种刺激的存在而产生的,这里说的“某种刺激”可能是言语的刺激,也可能是外部的刺激或是内部的刺激。

E.斯金纳认为人言语行为像大多数其他行为一样,是一种操作性行为,它通过各种强化手段而获得。因此,按照行为主义的观点,所有学习不论是言语或非言语的学习都要经历一个习惯形成的过程。

F.行为主义的学习模式:刺激--有机体--行为反应--强化/不强化。

克拉申的监察模式

A.克拉申博士是美国南加州大学语言学系的教授。他提出了旨在解释第二语言是如何习得的学习理论,被称为监察模式。

B.五个假设:习得和学得假设、自然顺序假设、监察假设、输入假设和情感过滤假设。

C.习得&学得的区别:习得--一种自然的方式,他是一种觉察不到的过程,想小孩习得母语一样,学习者在有一样的交际中,通过对语言的了解和语言的使用,自然获得使用语言的能力。学得--指有意识地学习语言规则的过程,最后能弄懂语言知识,并能吧语言规则予以表述。

D.习得:不知不觉的过程、内化隐含的语言规则、正式学习无助于习得

E.学得:意识到的过程、获得明示的语言知识、正式学习有助于语言知识获得

F.自然顺序假设:说明习得语言规则是有一定的次序的。

H.语言输入假设:说明语言是这样习得的。

I.监察假设:说明学得的作用。学得的监察作用要具备三种条件:充裕的时间、注意力放在语言形式的正确性方面、懂得规则。

J.情感过滤假设:说明心理或情感因素对外语学习的影响。影响外语学习的心理或情感因素包括一个人的动机、信心和忧虑程度。

斯温纳的语言输出假设

A.认为输出在第二语言习得中有着显著的作用。

B.提出假设的依据是她进行的“浸泡式”教学实验。浸泡式教学主要原则是将第二语言作为其他学科的工具,而语言获得则是理解这些学科信息及内容的“伴随产品”。

C.认为语言输出有三个功能:促进学习者对语言形式注意的功能、学习者进行检验自己提出假设的功能、提供学习者有意识反思的功能。

D.语言输出活动是学习者为进行交际使用新语言形式和结构的尝试,是他们使用中续语来交

际的过程,他们通过语言输出察看他们提出的结构和形式是否行的通。

E.语言输出有促进学习者有意识地反思的功能。

错误分析和中介语的基本原理

A.错误分析:从20世纪50年代后期开始,一些学者对学习者的错误进行了较为系统的分析。

B.语言学家科德、理查兹等是对学习者学习第二语言的错误进行研究和分析影响较大的学者。

C.科德吧错误总结为三类:形成系统前的语言错误(是随性的错误,犯错后,学习者还不能说明他为何要选取某一形式)、系统的语言错误(出现在处于内化过程中的学习者)、形成系统后的语言错误

D.理查兹认为学习者所犯的错误出自三个原因:第一、母语的干扰;第二、学习过程中,对有些晚规则的过度概括、忽略规则的限制和应用规则不完全;第三、教学不当或教材使用不当。

E.中介语:在学习过程中,他们会使用一种过渡性语言进行交际,这种过渡性语言虽有母语的一些特征和目的语的特征,但它既不是母语的翻译,又不是要掌握的目的语。它介于母语与目的语之间。

3.一些二语(外语)学习模式

相互作用模式--较为理想的阅读模式

A.在阅读过程中,人们运用两种方式进行信息处理,一种是自上而下的方式,另一种是自下而上的方式。两种方式同时进行,自下而上的信息处理保证读者呢个发现新的信息、发现自己架设不同的信息;自上而下的信息处理帮助读者消除歧义并在可能的意义中作出选择。因此,阅读的过程是读者大脑已有的知识和文章的信息相互作用的过程。

B.相互作用模式的建立对外语阅读的教学都有着积极的意义。

图式

A.文章本身布包含固定的意义,文章只向读者提供怎样利用他们大脑已有的知识来重构文章的意义的方向,这种知识的不同可能造成对文章理解失误不同,人们大脑中已村子啊的知识称为背景知识,这种知识的结构有称为图式。

B.按照图式理论模式,读者的阅读能力有三种图式来决定,它们是语言图式、内容图式和形式图式。

C.语言图式:读者对阅读材料的掌握程度;

D.内容图式:读者对文章涉及的主题熟悉的程度;

E.形式图式:读者对文章体裁的了解程度。

F.语言图式是内容图式和形式图式的基础。形式图式的掌握有利于我们按不同文章的体裁和结构,去理解文章和记忆文章的内容。

4.教育相关学科理论

五个目标

语言技能--听说读写

语言知识--话题、功能、语法、词汇、语意

文化意识--文化知识、文化理解、跨文化交际、意识和能力

情感态度--动机兴趣、自信意志、合作精神、祖国意识、国际视野

学习策略--资源策略、交际策略、调控策略、认知策略

2019大学英语四级备考笔记记录:翻译练习.doc

2019 大学英语四级备考笔记:翻译练习 1 中国烹 (Chinese cuisine) 文化是中国文化中相关烹和休的重要成部分。中国悠久的史、广袤的疆土、好客的俗孕育了个独特。中餐以其“色、香、味、形”俱全而著称。它究原料的配、食物的地、佐料(seasonings) 的制、切菜的刀功、适的烹以及装。最盛名的菜系有南方粤菜、北方菜、部淮菜和西部川菜,以“南淡北咸,甜西辣” 称。 句 1:中国烹 (Chinese cuisine) 文化是中国文化中相关烹和休的重要成部分。 思路点:“?是?” 构的句子能翻成使用be 的主系表构本句中然出的“相关?”,但仔揣摩其意思是 “在?方面”,故in the aspect of. Chinese cuisine culture is an important part of Chinese culture in the aspect of cooking and leisure. 句2:中国悠久的史、广袤的疆土、好客的俗孕育了个独 特。 思路点:本句的主是三个并列的偏正短,如果按照原有的序翻 成英文。主太,不符合英的表达。所以,本句翻将主和互,同 将“孕育了”意 owe?to ?( 将?因于,将?功于 ) ,三个并列的短作介 to 的。 This unique art owes itself to the long history, vast territory and hospitable tradition of China. 句 3:中餐以其“色、香、味、形”俱全而著称。

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