四川大学
2005年攻读硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：英语语言学理论基础知识420
适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学
研究方向：现代英语及语言理论、英语翻译与实践、现代外语教育理论及技术
（答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上不给分）Part One English Grammar (50 points)
I. Illustrate each of the following grammar terms with two examples: (15 points)
(1) GENERIC REFERENCE
(2) FINITE CLAUSE
(3) EMPTY “IT”
(4) FRONTING
(5) GRAMMA TICAL CONCORD
II. Work at the following items according to their requirements: (20 points)
1. Rewrite the following sentences to remove their ambiguities:
(1) Visiting relatives can be a nuisance.
(2) People are angry at the shooting of the hunters.
(3) They are taking care of the old men and women.
(4) I know a man with a dog who has fleas.
(5) The English history teacher is having her tea.
2. Replace the following blanks with proper prepositions:
(1) The peasant workers have flocked to the cities their millions.
(2) The truck tires are already with use.
(3) Since you decide to do the job, you should carry it to the end.
(4) He published an article a false name, criticizing the government.
(5) I know nothing of it what he told me.
3. Rewrite the following, using non-infinite clauses:
(1) I hope that I can finish the paper by Saturday.
(2) I showed them how they should operate the new machine.
(3) While he was waiting for the airplane, the teacher read the newspaper.
(4) If we consider it as a work of art, the building is rather disappointing.
(5) We shall never make it if we don’t hurry.
4. Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the relative clause in each by an adjective phrase:
(1) We have a problem that is much more complicated than that.
(2) The road that is best to take is the National Highway 208.
(3) The people who are most difficult to understand are often member s of one’s own family.
(4) I don’t think I can recommend you something that is really interesting.
(5) As a chairman, he should know all the members who are present.
III. Analyze the following passage and sum up THREE grammar features of the writing. Each feature you sum up can be stated in ONE phrase or ONE sentence: (15 points) What was after the universe? Nothing. But was there anything round the universe to show where it stopped before the nothing place began? It could not be a wall but there could be a thin thin line there all round everything---God was God’s name just as his name was Stephen. Dieu was French for God and that was God’s name too; and when anyone prayed to God and said Dieu then God knew at once it was a French person that was praying.
Part Two Modern English Lexicology (50 points)
I. Explain the following terms with examples: (20 points)
(1) free morpheme
(2) conventionality
(3) radiation
(4) semantic field
(5) semantic loan
(6) inflectional affixes
(7) clipping
(8) bound root
(9) specification
(10) allomorph
II. Answer the following questions briefly: (20 points)
(1) What is the difference between concept and meaning?
(2) How is antonymy analyzed based on the following three pairs of antonyms? rich/poor
present/absent buy/sell
III. Comment on the following remark: (10 points)
“The contexts of an utterance determines its meaning…since no two contexts are ever exactly the same…To insist dogmatically that we know what a word means in advance of its utterance is nonsense.”
Part Three English Phonology (25points)
Note: Only linguistics candidates are required to do this part.
I. Explain the following terms with examples. (10 points)
(1) Sonrant
(2) PSP
(3) Syllable
(4) Phonetic similarity
(5) Suprasegmental
II. Rewrite the following in the Gimson notation and then provide appropriate tone marks. (5 points)
Now let’s compare our sitting-room with the Bakers’. The Bakers are friends of ours. They live next door to us. Our room is a little larger than theirs and it has more furniture in it…
III. Answer the following questions. (10 Points)
(1) Discuss the treatment of the phoneme /r/.
(2) To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?
Part Four: General linguistics (25 points)
Note: Only linguistics and ESL/EFL candidates are required to do this part.
I. Explain the following terms (20 points)
(1) displacement
(2) surface structure
(3) exocentric construction
(4) syntagmatic relation
(5) ambiguity
(6) performance
(7) langue
(8) aspect
(9) arbitrariness
(10) linguistic relativity
II. Answer the following question: (5 points)
Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?
Part Five English As Second Language (ESL)/English As Foreign Language (EFL) Technology Used in ESL/EFL Learning (25 points)
Note 1: ESL/EFL candidates are also required to do Part Four.
Note 2: Only ESL/EFL candidates are required to do this part.
I. Define the following terms: (10 points)
(1) Learning Style
(2) Global Learner
(3) Learning Strategies
(4) Test Reliability
(5) Language Acquisition
II. The following ideas about language learning are very popular. Please choose one of them and present your own opinions on it: (15 points)
(1) Students learn what they are taught.
(2) People with high IQs are good language learners.
(3) The earlier a foreign language is introduced in school programs, the greater the likelihood of
success in learning.
(4) Most of the mistakes which foreign language learners make are due to interference from their
first language.
(5) Learners’ errors should be corrected as soon as they are made in order to prevent the
formation of bad habits.
Part Six Essentials of Translation Theory and Practice (50%)
Note: Only translation candidates are required to do this part.
I. Match each of the following translators ((1)-(10))with the most closely related work of translation (A)-(J). (5 points, 0.5 for each)
Translators:
（1）梁实秋
（2）董乐山
（3）张若谷
（4）程缜球
（5）卞之琳
（6）王佐良
（7）林语堂
（8）严复
（9）杨宪益
（10）林纾
（11）傅雷Translated Works:
(A) 《彭斯诗选》
(B) 《浮生六记》
(C) 《巴黎茶花女遗事》
(D) 《天演论》
(E) 《毛泽东选集》
(F) 《英国诗选》
(G) 《徳伯家的苔丝》
(H) 《莎士比亚戏剧集》
(I) 《鲁迅作品选》(J) 《西行漫记》
(K) 《约翰·克利斯朵夫》
Sample choice: (11)-(K)
II. Explain briefly the following terms (15 points, 1.5 for each):
(1) metaphrase
(2) Eugene A. Nida
(3) a translator’s competence
(4) translation criticism
(5) faithfulness
(6) cohesion in translation
(7) creative betrayal
(8) translatability
(9) machine-aided translation
(10) Zhu Shenghao
III. Give a brief account (approximately 400 English words) of one of your favorite translated works (literary or non-literary) and its translator (Chinese or foreign): (10 points)
IV. Make a brief comparative comment (in English) on version A (an on-the-spot interpretation) and version B (a published translation) of an excerpt of a spokesman’s answer to an American correspondent’s question raised at a press conference (20%):
中美两国都是世界上有重要影响的国家。实践已经证明,中美两国保持友好关系，发展友好合作，符合两国的根本利益，也有利于亚太地区，乃至世界的和平与稳定。毋庸讳言，正像您刚才提到的，最近在美国国内的确出现了不少反华的噪音，我想，出现这些噪音也不足为奇。它说明总有一些人不愿意看到中美关系的发展和改善，无非是想干扰中美关系的改善罢了。我相信，他们的企图是不可能得逞的，也是枉费心机的。这种噪音，不仅是反对中国，实际上也是反对美国布什政府现在奉行的对华全面接触政策的继续实施。
Version A
China and the United States are both countries with important influence in the world. Practice has proved that the maintenance and development of friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries serve the fundamental interest of the two countries as well as peace and stability in Asia-Pacific and the world at large. However, there is no denying the fact that recently there has emerged some anti-China discord or noises within the United States, which is nothing strange, because I believe there are always some people who do not wish to see the improvement and growth of China-U.S. relations and who always want to do everything to interfere and disturb the improvement and the development of such relationship. However, I think that their attempt will get nowhere and will be futile. I think such discord or noises are not only directed against China, but also directed at the China policy pursued by the Bush Administration of the United States, which is a policy of comprehensive engagement with China.
Version B
Both China and America have had great influence in the world. Practice has shown that good relations and friendly cooperation between the two sides are in the fundamental interests of both countries, and can also benefit the Asia-Pacific region and even benefit the peace and stability of the whole world. Frankly, as you mentioned right now, there has recently emerged in the United States a lot of anti-China noise. In my opinion, these noises are not surprising. They indicate that some people are reluctant to see the development or improvement of Sino-American relations. They just want to disturb our bilateral relations. But I believe that their attempts would not succeed. These noises are against not only China, but also the Bush Administration’s implementation of the policy of comprehensive engagement with China.
第一章静力学基础 一、是非题 1．力有两种作用效果，即力可以使物体的运动状态发生变化，也可以使物体发生变形。 （） 2．在理论力学中只研究力的外效应。（） 3．两端用光滑铰链连接的构件是二力构件。（）4．作用在一个刚体上的任意两个力成平衡的必要与充分条件是：两个力的作用线相同，大小相等，方向相反。（）5．作用于刚体的力可沿其作用线移动而不改变其对刚体的运动效应。（） 6．三力平衡定理指出：三力汇交于一点，则这三个力必然互相平衡。（） 7．平面汇交力系平衡时，力多边形各力应首尾相接，但在作图时力的顺序可以不同。 （）8．约束力的方向总是与约束所能阻止的被约束物体的运动方向一致的。（） 二、选择题 1．若作用在A点的两个大小不等的力 1和2，沿同一直线但方向相反。则 其合力可以表示为。 ①1－2； ②2－1； ③1＋2； 2．作用在一个刚体上的两个力A、B，满足A=－B的条件，则该二力可能是 。 ①作用力和反作用力或一对平衡的力；②一对平衡的力或一个力偶。 ③一对平衡的力或一个力和一个力偶；④作用力和反作用力或一个力偶。 3．三力平衡定理是。 ①共面不平行的三个力互相平衡必汇交于一点； ②共面三力若平衡，必汇交于一点； ③三力汇交于一点，则这三个力必互相平衡。 4．已知F 1、F 2、F 3、F4为作用于刚体上的平面共点力系，其力矢 关系如图所示为平行四边形，由此。 ①力系可合成为一个力偶； ②力系可合成为一个力； ③力系简化为一个力和一个力偶； ④力系的合力为零，力系平衡。 5．在下述原理、法则、定理中，只适用于刚体的有。 ①二力平衡原理；②力的平行四边形法则； ③加减平衡力系原理；④力的可传性原理； ⑤作用与反作用定理。 三、填空题
英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分） 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007； 《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.doczj.com/doc/3b11873690.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.doczj.com/doc/3b11873690.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.doczj.com/doc/3b11873690.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3b11873690.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
1.1 沿水平方向前进的枪弹，通过某一距离s 的时间为t 1，而通过下一等距离s 的时间为2t .试证明枪弹的减速度（假定是常数）为 由题可知示意图如题1.1.1图: { { S S 2 t 1 t 题1.1.1图 设开始计时的时刻 速度为0v ,由题可知枪弹作匀减速运动设减速度大小为a .则有 :()()??? ??? ? +-+=-=2 21210211021221t t a t t v s at t v s 由以上两式得 1102 1 at t s v += 再由此式得 ()() 2121122t t t t t t s a +-= 1.26一弹性绳上端固定，下端悬有m 及m '两质点。设a 为绳的固有长度，b 为加m 后的 伸长，c 为加m '后的伸长。今将m '任其脱离而下坠，试证质点m 在任一 瞬时离上端O 的距离为 解 以绳顶端为坐标原点.建立如题1.26.1图所示坐标系. 题1.26.1图 设绳的弹性系数为k ,则有 kb mg = ① 当 m '脱离下坠前， m 与m '系统平衡.当m '脱离下坠前，m 在拉力T 作用下上升，之后作简运.运动微分方程为 ()y m a y k mg =-- ② 联立①② 得 b b a g y b g y +=+ ③ 0=+y b g y 齐次方程通解 t b g A t b g A Y sin cos 2 11+= 非齐次方程③的特解 b a Y +=0 所以③的通解b a t b g A t b g A Y +++=sin cos 2 11 代入初始条件：0=t 时，,c b a y ++=得0,21==A c A ； 故有 b a t b g c y ++=cos 即为m 在任一时刻离上端O 的距离. O m m ' T
《英语语言学概论》答案完整版 考核方法：闭卷考试 时间：100分钟 题型： I. 单项选择(15×1?=15?) II．判断(15×1?=15?) III．填空(10×1?=10?) IV．术语解释(5×2? =10?) V．简答题(4×5? =20?) VI. 分析题（30’） 重点掌握的术语： 1. Linguistics语言学 The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 2. design features设计特点 They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality. 3. Displacement移位 Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places. 4. Duality二元性 It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously. 5. Arbitrariness任意性 It is generally the case that there is no …natural? connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. 6. Manner of articulation发音方法 It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated. 7. Place of articulation发音部位 It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated. 8. articulatory phonetics发音语言学 The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or …articulated? is articulatory phonetics. 9. Phonology音系学 The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language. 10. Assimilation同化 It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or …copied? by the other. For example, the word …can? in the sentence …I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g]. 11. Back-formation逆构法，逆序构词 A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word …donation? first came into use and then the verb …donate? was created from it.
一、绪论 语言学的定义 语言学的研究范畴 几对基本概念 语言的定义 语言的甄别特征 What is linguistics 什么是语言学 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。 The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学 \Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for "correct" behavior. Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data. Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high" written language Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性 The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: （1） speech precedes writing in terms of evolution （2） a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing （3） speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use Competence and performance 能力与运用 Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users' knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication What is language 什么是语言 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication Characteristics of language: 语言的特性 Language is a rule-governed system Language is basically vocal Language is arbitrary （the fact different languages have different words for the same
英语语言学 一、名词解释 第一课 l.Synchronic 共时性：Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind? 2>Langue 语言：The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community? 3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. ^Arbitrariness 任意性：One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 1.Phoneme 音位：Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning? The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 2
英语语言学期末考试试卷 第一部分选择题 I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%) 1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. A. unnatural B. artificial C. superficial D. arbitrary 3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________. A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue C. but the details of language have to be learnt. D. and the details are acquired by instinct 4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. allophone C. phoneme D. sound 5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme. A. derivational B. inflectional C. free D. word-forming 6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. A. obligatory B. optional C. selectional D. arbitrary 7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________. A. Grice B. Plato C. Saussure D. Ogden and Richards 8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A. utterance B. reference C. predication D. morpheme 10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A. a perlocutionary act B. a locutionary act
英语语言学一、名词解释 第一课 共时性 : Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical“point\A kind”inoftimedescription. which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. 语言 : The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. 任意性 : One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 音位 : Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 音位变体 : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. pair 最小对立体 : When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 第三课 形态学 : Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed . morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled morphemes 曲折词素 : Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课 语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. categories 句法范畴 : Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories. structure 深层结构 : Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s subcategorizationrties,iscalledprope deep structure or D- structure. structure 表层结构 : Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课 指称 : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 同音异义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 第六课 语用学 : Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 话语 : a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. meaning 话语意义 : Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. act 言外行为 : An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker it is the’acts performedintention; in saying something.
英语语言学基础知识 一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征 几对基本概念 (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要 研究的不是某一种特定的语言，Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 而是人类所有语言的特性。 Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Competence and performance 能力与运用 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language \Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 What is language? 什么是 语言？ Descriptive：A linguistic study describes and analyzes the