人大三级学士学位英语辅导资料（一）
——语法辅导
第一章动词时态
第二章被动语态
第三章非谓语动词
第四章形容词和副词
第五章情态动词
第六章名词性从句
第七章定语从句
第八章状语从句
第九章虚拟语气
第十章倒装句
第十一章强调句
第十二章附加疑问句
第十三章主谓一致
第十四章代词
第十五章挑错
第一章动词时态
1. 一般现在时：在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作用一般现在时：常用的连词有as soon
as, when，till, if等。
e.g. When he comes back, he will go and see his cousin in hospital.
If it rains tomorrow, the sports meet will be put off.
The porter will wait till the train arrives.
2. 一般过去时：used to do sth. be used to doing sth.
e.g. The architect used to take the dog for a walk after supper when he lived here.
Now he is used to browsing the newspapers in the evening.
3. 一般将来时：表示将来的动作或状态。
a) will (shall) +原形动词：
e.g. Peter will take robotics next semester.
b) 某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive, leave等的现在进行时可
表示将来。
e.g. The police are leaving for Brasilia tomorrow.
The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight by air.
Are you going to attend the lecture tomorrow afternoon?
c) be to +动词原形：表示安排或计划好了的动作。
e.g. The new road to the museum is to be open to traffic before National Day.
d) be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。
e.g. The lecture is about to begin.
4. 过去将来时：表示在过去预计将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。
e.g. The freshmen wanted to know when the sports meet would start.
5. 现在进行时：
表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。
e.g. My nephew is having an English class in Beijing Normal University.
The workers are building a museum near the stadium.
6. 过去进行时：
a) 表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断。
e.gThe sailor was reading a French novel from seven to nine last night.
b) when 和while 的用法
e.gWhile John was eating, my brother-in-law walked to him and asked him to lend him $100.
When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building
c) 表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示
从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。
e.g. T he president was leaving early the next morning.
7. 现在完成时：
a) 表示动作刚刚结束（常和just, already, yet等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一般不用时间
状语）。e.g.Jefferson has just turned off the light.、
b) 表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since引导的
短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用）。
e.g.The astronaut has been engaged in the research for 30 years.
They’ve known each other since childhood.
c) 非延续性动词的完成时和it is +时间+sinc e….（过去时）
英语中有些动词不能延续，因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。
e.g. I t is (has been) an hour since the delegation arrived here.
It is 3 years since the diver left Shanghai.
d) have (has) been to 和have (has) gone to 的区别
have (has) been to:去过某地（表示某人的一种经历）可和once, twice, often, never, ever连用。have (has) gone to:
e.g.The novelist has gone to the Yellowstone National Park.
The novelist has been to the Yellowstone National Park twice.
非延续性动词的用法说明：
come
e.g. He came here last week.
He has come here.
be here
e.g. He has been here for ten months since last year.
arrive: be here
die
e.g. The professor died last year.
The professor has died.
be dead
e.g. The professor has been dead for one year.
join
e.g. Robert joined the army in 2005.
Robert has joined the army.
be in the army
e.g. Robert has been in the army for two years.
Robert has been in the army since 2005.
It’s (has been) two years since he joined the army.
buy
e.g. Bob bought the dictionary in May.
Bob has bought the dictionary.
get, have
e.g. Bob has had the dictionary for four months.
go
e.g. The delegation has gone to Japan.
The delegation has been to Japan.
be there, be here
e.g. The delegation has been in Japan for three years.
8. 过去完成时
a) 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一时
间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。
e.g. By the end of last year, the chemist had worked here for five years.
b) 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。
e.g.The meeting had been on for two hours when we arrived there.
c) 在含有as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时
表示，而不用过去完成时。
e.g. I called him as soon as I got ticket of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.
d) 过去完成时常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely, rarely …when…，“一…就…”
句型之中，句子倒装。
e.g.Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.
9. 将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。
e.g.By the time the next train arrives, the governor will have left.
e.g.The scientist will have finished writing the article by the time you get back.
10. 现在完成进行时：
表示从过去某时刻一直延续到现在的动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束，但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。
e.g.The Rices have been waiting on the platform for ten minutes now without seeing her.
历年真题：
1. No sooner had she entered the house ______ the telephone rang. (2004-4-44)
A. when
B. than
C. as
D. while
2. By next year he ______ in New York for five years. (2004-11-30)
A. has worked
B. has been working
C. works
D. will have worked 3．By the time you arrive this evening, ______ for two hours. (2004-11-41)
A. I will study
B. I will have been studied
C. I had studied
D. I will have been studying
4. Since he left the university, he ______ in a travel agency. (2006-4-16)
A. has been working
B. had worked
C. had been working
D. was working
5. Mrs. White became a teacher in 1985. She ____ for twenty years by next summer. (2007-11-43)
A. will teach
B. would have taught
C. has been teaching
D. will have been teaching
6. In another year or so, you _____ all about it. (2008-4-33)
A. forget
B. would forget
C. have forgotten
D. will have forgotten
练习：
1. In this experiment, they were wakened several times during the night and asked to report what
they ______.
A. had just been dreaming
B. have just been dreaming
C. are just dreaming
D. had just dreamt
2. Not until the game had began ______ at the sports ground.
A. had he arrived
B. would he have arrived
C. did he arrive
D. should he have arrived
3. Until then, his family ______ from him for six months.
A. didn’t hear
B. hasn’t been hearing
C. hasn’t heard
D. hadn’t heard
4. The conference ______ a full week by the time it ends.
A. must have lasted
B. will have lasted
C. would last
D. has lasted
5. By the end of this month, we surely ______ a satisfactory solution to the problem.
A. have found
B. will be finding
C. will have found
D. are finding
6. If you smoke in a non-smoking section, people ______.
A. have objected
B. objected
C. must object
D. will object
7. Pick me up at 8 o’clock. I ______ my bath by then.
A. will have had
B. will be having
C. can have had
D. my have
8. It seems oil ______ from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A. had leaked
B. is leaking
C. leaked
D. has been leaking
9. The Browns ______ here, but not any more.
A. were used to living
B. had lived
C. used to live
D. had been living
10. Bob’s leg got hurt ______ the Purple Mountains.
A. While he is climbing up
B. while we climbed up
C. while he climbed up
D. while we were climbing up
11. Orlando, a city in Florida, ______ for its main attraction, Magic Kingdom.
A. which is well known
B. well known
C. is well-known
D. being well known
12. We ______ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
A. just have had
B. have just had
C. just had
D. had just had
13. They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ______ their exams.
A. have finished
B. finish
C. finished
D. was finishing
14. Joe fell and hurt himself while he ______ tennis.
A. was playing
B. am playing
C. play
D. played
15. One of the guards ______ when the general came in, which made him very angry.
A. has slept
B. were sleeping
C. slept
D. was sleeping
16. He has ______ the army for ten years and is now an officer.
A. gone into
B. joined in
C. been in
D. come into
17. The chemistry class ______ for five minutes when we hurried there.
A. had been on
B. was on
C. has been on
D. would be on
18. No sooner had we sat down ______ we found it was time to go.
A. than
B. when
C. as
D. while
19. By the end of last month, the workers ______ 20,000 trees in the science and technology park.
A. had planted
B.have planted
C. planted
D. having been plant
20. By the end of next month, the workers ______ two parking lots in this area.
A. had built
B.have build
C. have built
D. will have built
21. No sooner had the boss left the company than ______.
A. it began rain
B. it began to raining
C. it began to rain
D. the weather began to rain
22. Hardly had he finished his speech ______ the audience started cheering.
A. than
B.when
C.while
D. then
23. No sooner had Susan entered the flat ______ the doctor knocked at the door.
A. when
B. than
C. as
D. while
24. By the time John gets home, his aunt ______.
A. will have
B. leaves
C. will have left
D. is leaving
Translation：
1. 昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。
2. 天文学家们正在北京开会。
3. 约翰过去常在河里游泳。他现在习惯于住在巴黎的郊区。
4. 到今年年底，比尔在这个石油公司工作五年了。
5. 这个城市的三环路将在国庆节前通车。
6. 讲座马上就要开始了。
7. 我们大学的校长明天动身去纽约。
8. 外宾今晚到达济南。
9. 他说他想知道会议何时开始。
10. 除了苏珊外，我们班所有的同学都去过迪斯尼乐园了。
11. 我表妹一到澳门就给我发email。
12. 外出度假的风俗习惯是最近30年形成的。
答案：历年真题：1-5 BDDAD 6 D
练习：1-5 ACDBC 6-10 DADCD 11-15 CDBAD
16-20 CAAAD 21-24 CBBC
翻译：
1. He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night
2. The astronomers are attending a conference in Beijing.
3. John used to swim in the river. He is used to living in the suburb of Paris.
4. By the end of this year, Bill will have worked in this oil company for 5 years.
5. The Third-Ring Road of this city is to be open to traffic before the Teachers’ Day.
6. The lecture is about to begin.
7. The president of our university is leaving for Greece tomorrow.
8. The agents are arriving in Hong Kong tonight.
9. He said he wanted to know when the conferenc would start.
10. All of our classmates have been to the Disneyland except Susan.
Many of our classmates have been to the Disneyland besides Susan.
11. My cousin emailed me as soon as she arrived at Macao.
12. The custom of going away for one's holiday has grown up during the last thirty years.
第二章被动语态
be done vt.
e.g. The new products are made in this factory.
The new products were made in this factory.
The new products have been made in this factory.
The new products had been made in this factory.
The new products are being made in this factory.
The new products were being made in this factory.
The new products will be made in this factory.
The new products would be made in this factory.
特殊例句：
1. 含有直接宾语和间接宾语的句子
He gave me a book.
I was given a book. 或 A book was given to me.
2. 短语动词的被动语态
由动词+副词、动词+介词或动词+副词+介词构成的短语动词也可以构成被动结构，但要把它们看作整体，副词或介词通常不能与动词分开或省略。
e.g. The poor child was laughed at by his classmates because he failed the exam.
The meeting has been put off.
The children are well looked after in our kindergarten.
The doctor has been sent for.
3. 情态动词的被动语态:构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。
e.g. The new products can be made in this factory.
The work must be finished before lunch.
Nothing can be seen from here.
4. 用主动表示被动:常用的及物动词有：want, need, require（此句型主语大多为物）
e.g. The door needs painting.
The door needs to be painted.
历年真题：
1. Pierre often makes himself ______ by gesturing with his hands. (2004-11-45)
A. to understand
B. understanding
C. to be understood
D. understood
2. He ______ when the bus came to a sudden stop. (2005-4-33)
A. was almost hurt
B. was almost to hurt himself
C. was almost hurt himself
D. was almost hurting himself
3. The goods ______ when we arrived at the airport. (2006-4-22)
A. were just unloading
B. were just been unloading
C. had just unloaded
D. were just being unloaded
4. To succeed in a scientific experiment, ______. (2005-11-17)
A. one needs being patient person
B. patience is to need
C. one needs to be patient
D. patience is what needed
5. ______, a form must be filled in. (2006-4-32)
A. If you want to get this job
B. In order to get this job
C. Making request for this job
D. To ask for this job
6. A library with five thousand books ______ to the nation as a gift. (2008-4-29)
A. is offered
B. has offered
C. are offered
D. have offered
练习：
1. A great deal of research ______ into the possible causes of cancer in recent years.
A. has been done
B. have been done
C. have doing
D. have done
2. Much of London ______ by fire in the seventeenth century.
A. be destroyed
B. were destroyed
C. being destroyed
D. was destroyed
3. Three hundred houses ______ by the end of next year.
A. will have been built B .will be build
C. will have been build
D. will have built
4. She was told that the examination ______ on next Friday.
A. will be give
B. would be given
C. would have been given
D. will given
5. I’ll have to push the car to the side of the road because we ______if we leave it here.
A. will be fined
B. will fined
C. will be fine
D. will being fiend
6. The goods ______ when we arrived at the airport.
A. have spoken
B. had just unloaded
C. have been unloaded
D. had just been unloaded
7. John will have to go to work by bus as his car ______.
A. being repaired B．be being repaired
C. is being repaired
D. is repaired
8. English ______ in many countries of the world.
A. be spoken
B. is spoke
C. is being spoken
D. is spoken
9. This matter ______ seriously.
A. has never been considered
B. has never been consider
C. has never been considering
D. having never
10. More experts ______ to assist in the work next week.
A. will be send
B. will sent
C.will be sent
D.will being sent
11. These assignments ______ independently.
A. must be finish
B. must be finished
C. must being finished
D. must be finishes
12. When the power station ______, thousands of people took part in the work.
A. is being constructed
B.was being constructed
C. is constructed
D. was constructed
13. I think much attention ______ to your pronunciation.
A. must be paid
B. must paying
C. must pay
D. must paid
14. The policeman warned us that the old bridge ______ away by the floods but he said that a
temporary one ______ soon.
A. had been sweept, would be built
B. has been swept, would be built
C. had been swept, would be build
D.had been swept, would be built
15. If one ______ by pride, he will reject useful advice and friendly assistance.
A. is overcomed
B. is overcome
C. is overcame
D. being overcome
16. My room is in a mess. It needs ______.
A. to be tidying up
B. tidying up
C. to tidy up
D. tidied up
Translation：
1. 我们请人把机器修好了。
2. 人们已要求牧师请人把这棵树砍掉,但到现在他一直拒绝接受这个要求。
3. 上个月教练要求我们每天爬山。
4. 这家公司每年生产各种各样的玩具，其中大部分销往海外。
5. 货物必须九月底以前装运。
6. 电视广告通常一遍又一遍地重复播放。
7. 这位心理学家使用了一种特殊的仪器来研究短时记忆。
8. 有人建议他练习说英语。
9. 孩子们在幼儿园受到保育员很好的照顾。
10. 这个博物馆是由福特博士在1998年从哈佛大学毕业后设计的。
答案：
历年真题：1-5 DADCA 6 A 练习：1-5 ADABA 6-10 DCDAC 11-15 BBADB 16 B 翻译：1. We have had the machine repaired.
2. The priest has been asked to have the tree cut down, but so far he has refused to accept the
requirement.
3. Last month, we were made to go climbing every day by our coach / our coach made us go
climbing every day.
4. All kinds of toys are produced / made in this factory every year and many of them are sold
abroad.
5. The goods must be shipped before the end of September.
6. Television ads are usually repeated over and over again.
7. A special appa’ratus was used by the psychologist to study short-term memory.
8. He was advised to practise speaking English.
9. The children are taken good care of in the kindergarten by the nurses.
10. The museum was designed by Dr. Ford after his graduation from Harward in 1998.
第三章非谓语动词
非谓语动词分三种，即：不定式，动名词和分词。下面分三部分进行介绍。
I. 动词不定式：在句子中可以充当主语、表语、宾语、补足语、状语和定语。
1. 动词不定式作主语
e.g. To talk with him is a waste of time.
It is a great pleasure to talk with him.
To swim across the river is very dangerous for a young boy like him.
2. 动词不定式作表语
e.g. Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.
My job is raising pigs
What we should do next is to discuss the problem.
3. 动词不定式作宾语
常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有decide, fail, know, plan, promise, refuse, want,wish,
e.g. The athlete has decided to get the work done ahead of schedule.
The mechanic promised not to tell anyone about it.
The clerk told me that he wanted to study computer science abroad the next year.
4. 动词不定式作宾补
三个使役动词have, let,make，五个感官动词feel, hear, notice, see, watch,和help。
e.g. Your mother won't let you play basketball after lunch.
Jack would have me wait for him at the gate of the park.
The professor heard the students read the text loudly in the classroom before class and then he praised them in class.
The students were heard to read the text loudly in the classroom by the professor before class and then he praised them in class.
The little boy is fat and his father makes him run on the playground every morning.
The little boy is made to run on the playground every morning.
5. 动词不定式作状语
e.g.To get the ticket, the football fans got up very early and went to cinema by taxi.
The dentist hurried to the post office only to find that she had forgotten to bring the letter.
To earn more money for his family, Robert sells newspapers in his spare time.
I am pleased to receive your letter of May 21st .
Jim is too short to reach the largest apple in the tree.
6. 动词不定式作定语
e.g Bob has a word to say
Bob has a few clothes to wash
He is always the first one to get up.
The idea to have the capital moved inland will have a great effect on the future of Brazil.
7. 动词不定式的被动式:
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时（或动作的承受者时）不定式一般要用被动式。
e.g. It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.
To be asked to speak here is an honor for me.
8. 动词不定式的复合结构:如需指出不定式动作的发出者时（即逻辑主语时）要在不定式前
用for加名词（或代词）表示。
e.g. It was very difficult for me to swim across the broad river..
It is necessary for you to learn two foreign languages before graduation.
9. 动词不定式的完成式
表示不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前。
e.g. Judging from (by) his manners at the party, the barber doesn’t seem to have received much
education.
He is said to have written a book about modern business English.
II. 动名词：在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
1. 动名词作主语
e.g. Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.
It is no use asking her advice.
It is no good crying over spilt milk.
2. 动名词作表语
e.g. Her job is looking after the disabled.
动名词和动词不定式都可以作主语或表语，一般来说，表示比较抽象的行为时多用动名词。表示具体动作或将来发生的动作时用动词不定式。
e.g. Smoking is not allowed here.
To smoke so much is not good for you.
Their job is building house. Their task this month is to build another bridge across the river.
3. 动名词作及物动词的宾语
以下及物动词及短语动词常用动名词作宾语。
avoid, can’t help, consider, deny, enjoy, excuse, finish, mind, practise, suggest。
e.g. Jefferson suggested spending another day in the mountain area.
She is considering asking her employer for a rise.
The singer practises singing every morning in the park.
4. 动名词作介词的宾语
e.g. The scientists succeeded in doing the experiment last month.
The old woman is always looking forward to her daughter’s coming back home.
5. 动名词作定语表示用途，分词作定语表示动作正在进行
e.g. a swimming pool: a pool for swimming. a sleeping car: a car for sleeping.
a flying plane: a plane which is flying. a running car: a car which is running.
6. 动名词的完成时
表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，用动名词的完成时。
e.g.The salesgirl doesn’t remember having sold such kind of mobile phone.
The pop singer regretted having said such tactless words at the cocktail party.
7. 动名词的被动式
e.g.The president insisted on being treated as an ordinary employee.
Little Georg e didn’t mind being left alone at home.
8. 动名词的逻辑主语:动名词的逻辑主语可使用形容词性的物主代词或代词的宾格。
e.g. The clerk is pleased with John’s paying income tax in time.
III. 分词：在句子中可以作表语、状语、补足语和定语。
1. 现在分词作表语：
e.g. The day is charming.
The magic is interesting.
2. 现在分词作状语
e.g. W alking in the street, Hill met an old friend of his father’s.
Laughing and talking, a group of girls came into the meeting hall.
Being a warm-hearted man, Joe is ready to help others when they need.
3. 现在分词作补足语
e.g. The boss suddenly heard someone knocking at the door.
Don’t you see him coming towards us?
4. 现在分词作定语
e.g. My niece is reading an interesting book.
The boy sitting between his father and mother is my nephew.
5. 现在分词的被动式
e.g.Having been given a portable computer, Jim plays the computer games every day.
6. 现在分词的完成式
e.g. Having done his homework, the freshman began to watch TV.
Not having done it right，the assistant tried again。
7. 过去分词作表语
e.g. The door is locked.
The parents are surprised at the news that his son will get married next week.
8. 过去分词作状语
e.g. Exhausted by the trip, he soon fell asleep.
Seen from the hill, the park looks beautiful.
John turned away disappointed.
9. 过去分词作补足语
e.g.We found the eggs eaten by the snake.
I once heard the song sung in English.
10. 过去分词作定语
e.g. People like to drink boiled water.
The experience gained in the experiment is of great value.
The stadium being built in Chaoyang District was designed by Hill.
The stadium to be built next year in Chaoyang District was designed by Hill.
The stadium built last year in Chaoyang District was designed by Hill.
remember, forget, regret和mean接不定式和动名词的区别
e.g. I remember seeing you last year at the theater.
Remember to return the novel to the library as soon as you come back to the college.
e.g. The worker forgets buying the toy for his niece.
The dustman forgot to turn off the light when he left the room.
e.g. The guest regretted breaking the rare vase at the party.
The professor regretted spending so much money on a car.
I regret to tell you that I lost my portable computer.
e.g. Missing this train means waiting for another hour.
I meant to give you some brandy this morning, but I forgot.
独立主格：当分词短语的主语和主句的主语不一致时要用分词的独立主格结构
e.g. Wanting to read novels, I went to the library to borrow one.
My mother wanting to read novels, I went to the library to borrowed one.
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
= If the weather permits, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
The work done, we went home.
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
He came into the storeroom, his ears red with cold.
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
With的复合结构:表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
e.g. He stood there, his hand raised.= He stood there, with his hand raise.
历年真题：
1. Classes ______, the students left for home without delay. (2004-4-18)
A. were over
B. being over
C. are over
D. over
2. John, ______ the bet, had to pay for the dinner. (2004-4-33)
A. lost
B. having lost
C. losing
D. having loss
3. With the flowers ______ everywhere, the park looks beautiful. (2004-4-38)
A. to bloom
B. blooming
C. be blooming
D. to be blooming
4. The mother didn’t know ____to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. (2004-11-36)A. who B. when C. how D. what
5. Would you mind ______ the computer game in your room? (2004-11-29)
A. he playing
B. his playing
C. him to play
D. him play
6. Henry is often seen ______ English loudly every morning in the classroom. (2004-11-31)
A. read
B. reads
C. reading
D. to read
7. The question ______ at the meeting tomorrow is very important. (2004-11-34)
A. to discuss
B. being discussed
C. to be discussed
D. will be discussed
8. ______, we decided to leave at once, as we didn’t want to risk missi ng the bus. (2004-11-26)
A. As it being pretty late
B. It being pretty late
C. It was being pretty late
D. Being pretty late
9. The little boy saw the plane ______ and burst into flames. (2005-4-16)
A. complete
B. compel
C. crash
D. clutch
10. Some cities have passed laws that allow coal and oil __ only if their sulfur content is low. (2005-4) A. burning B. to burn
C. being burned
D. to be burned
11. With the bridge ______, there was nothing for the soldier but to swim (2005-4-39)
A. was destroyed
B. destroying
C. being destroyed
D. destroyed
12. Having no money but ___ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner. (2005-4-40)
A. not to want anyone
B. wanted no one
C. not wanting anyone
D. to want no one
13. Today the police can watch cars ______ on roads by radar. (2005-4-45)
A. run
B. to run
C. running
D. to be run
14. I meant ______ you, but I forgot. (2006-11-18)
A. ringing
B. being ringing
C. to ringing
D. to ring
15. It is not easy ______ the answer to the difficult math problem. (2005-11-23)
A. to figure out
B. figuring out
C. figure out
D. being figured out
16. The teacher has his students ______ a composition every other week. (2005-11-37)
A. to write
B. written
C. writing
D. write
17. All things ______, the planned trip had to be called off. (2006-4-23)
A. considered
B. be considered
C. considering
D. having considered
18. ______ in a company, Miss Li will become a famous pop singer. (2006-4-33)
A. It is an employee that
B. She was an employee
C. An employee before
D. Once an employee
19. Is there any possibility of getting the price ______ further? (2006-11-20)
A. reduced
B. reduce
C. reducing
D. be reduced
20. ______ you feel too ill to go out. I would rather not stay at home tonight. (2006-11-21)
A. Because
B. Although
C. Unless
D. If
21. Because of many mistakes, she was made ______ these letters again. (2006-11-22)
A. type
B. to typing
C. typed
D. to type
22. It is hot and dry; the flowers need ______. (2006-11-23)
A. being watered
B. be watered
C. to water
D. to be watered
23. He began by showing us where the country was and went on __ us about its climate.
(2006-11-24)A. telling B. to tell C. to telling D. to be told
24. Once ______ of the necessity of a move, he worked hard to find a new home. (2006-11-26)
A. convinced
B. be convinced
C. convincing
D. having convinced
25. So many representatives______, the conference had to be put off. (2006-11-27)
A. were absent
B. to be absent
C. being absent
D. had been absent
26. People appreciate ______ with him because he has a good sense of humor. (2006-4-26)
A. to work
B. working
C. to have worked
D. have working
27. ______ a teacher, one must first be a pupil. (2006-4-31)
A. Being
B. Having been
C. To be
D. To have been
28. She apologized for ______ to attend the meeting. (2005-11-27)
A. her being not able
B. her to be not able
C. her not to be able
D. her not being able
29. “What makes her so unhappy?”
“______ one of her favorite books.” (2007-11-20)
A. Because she lost
B. Because of her losing
C. She lost
D. Her losing
30. You look tired. Do you ______ a rest? (2007-11-24)
A. like having
B. feel like having
C. like have
D. feel like to have
31. The comments which he made ______ marketing bothered his boss greatly. (2007-11-41)
A. being concerned
B. concerned
C. be concerned
D. concerning
32. The novel I bought last week is worth ______, I think. (2008-4-35)
A. reading
B. being read
C. to read
D. to be read
33. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______ the film stars had left. (2007-11-42)
A. to tell
B. to be told
C. telling
D. told
34. It is no ______ talking to him, because he will never change his mind. (2008-4-31)
A. help
B. use
C. time
D. way
35. The way I thought of ______ the animal was of great value. (2008-4-32)
A. protecting
B. protect
C. being protected
D. to protect
36. Did you notice the little boy ______ away? (2008-4-37)
A. took the candy and run
B. taking the candy and run
C. take the candy and run
D. who taking the candy and running
37. ______ gives people more knowledge of the society than literature. (2008-4-38)
A. Anything
B. Nothing
C. Something
D. Everything
练习：
1. I remember ______ the dictionary to him, but he asked me about it this morning.
A. to return
B. returning
C. being returned
D. return
2. ______ a wrong telephone number, I couldn’t contact my friend by phone.
A. Giving
B. To be given
C. Having given
D. Having been given
3. ______ one’s work properly may be worse than not doing it at all.
A. Not to do
B. Doing not
C. Doing
D. Not doing
4. He claimed ______ at the yesterday's party.
A. having been badly treated
B. to have been badly treated
C. being treated badly
D. to be treated badly
5. The chemicals in the container are acting on each other so as ______ electric current.
A. producing
B. to produce
C. for producing
D. produced
6. When a couple becomes engaged ______, it is customary for the man to buy the woman an engagement ring.
A. to marry
B. marrying
C. being married
D. to be married
7. This is the fifth case of smallpox ______ in the town this year.
A. when occurring
B. to occur
C. occurring
D. occurred
8. The enemy had no way out but ______.
A. surrender
B. surrendering
C. to surrender
D. having to surrender
9. The heroic fighter would rather die with his head high than ______ with his knees bent.
A. to live
B. live
C. living
D. lived
10. The way he talks is simply intolerable, I object to ______ like a child.
A. treat
B. be treated
C. treating
D. being treated
11. He asked what ______ with the money?
A. doing
B. to do
C. do
D. did
12. When visiting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult ______.
A. making others understand me
B. to make myself understand
C. to make others understand me
D. to make myself understood
13. I've decided to do what I ______.
A. like
B. like to
C. like it
D. like it so
14. She hurried to the post office only ______ that it was closed.
A. to find
B. finding
C. found
D. having found
15. The dying soldier had the message ______ straight to the commander.
A. sent
B. be sent
C. to be sent
D. being sent
16. Urban mothers had difficulty ______ their children into children care centers.
A. getting
B. get
C. to get
D. for getting
17. They were envious of Michael because of ______ the director of the board.
A. his being made
B. his making
C. he was made
D. his having made
18. One is likely to suffer from snow blindness when ______ to snow light for hours.
A. exposed
B. having exposed
C. exposing
D. to be exposed
19. __for so long, the New York baseball team stands a chance of winning the world series this year.
A. Having been practiced
B. To practice
C. Having practiced
D. Practiced
20. There is no use ______ him at this hour. He is having a conference now.
A. to call
B. called
C. call
D. calling
21. ____ the possibilities of a water shortage during the summer months, the city has asked its citizens to limit the use of water.
A. Facing with
B. Being faced with
C. Faced with
D. To face with
22. ______ any tickets, they didn’t go to the concert.
A. Having got
B. Having not got
C. Not having got
D. Not to have got
23. The woman was ______ to hear that her son had been caught stealing in a restaurant.
A. surprised
B. surprisingly
C. surprising
D. surprise
24. While ______ for the bus, the old man met a friend of his.
A. wait
B.having waited
C.waited
D.waiting
25. Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people ______ their best.
A. do
B. to do
C. doing
D. done
26. The ability ______ is very important for any speaker.
A. to hear clearly
B. to be clearly heard
C. to hearing clearly
D. to being clearly heard
27. Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house ______ so well.
A. to be decorated
B. to decorate
C. be decorated
D. decorating
28. It was very difficult ______ me to learn Spanish.
A. of
B. to
C. with
D. for
29. It is necessary ______ the papers immediately.
A. for you to hand in
B. that you hand out
C. your hand in
D. for your hand in
30. I don’t remember ______.
A. ever to be saying
B. to have ever said
C. having ever said that
D. ever said that
31. No one avoids ______ by advertisements.
A. influenced
B. influencing
C. to influence
D. being influenced
32. Susan was very unhappy for not ______ to the party.
A. to be invited
B. having been invited
C. inviting
D. to have been invited
33. He forgot about ______ him to attend my wife’s birthday party.
A. I asking
B. my asking
C. me to ask
D. mine to ask
34. I object to ______ on the office phone.
A. his making private calls
B. his make private calls
C. his to make private calls
D. him make private calls
35. Don’t risk ______ the job which so many people want.
A. losing
B. to lose
C. lost
D. your life to lose
36. I don’t think it is any use ______ this matter any further.
A. discussing
B. to discuss
C. to discussing
D. to be discussed
37. You don’t object ______ you by your first name, do you?
A. for me to call
B. me to call
C. to my calling
D. my calling
38. The students are looking forward to ______ their parents in winter vacation.
A. see
B. watch
C. seeing
D. being seen
39. Men will never stop ______ for new ways of getting new energy.
A. search
B. to search
C. searching
D. searched
40. You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on ______ like that?
A. talking
B. to talk
C. doing talking
D. talk
41. I’ve never read any books ______ by this writer.
A. writes
B. writing
C. written
D. to write
42. The middle-aged man was seen ______ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.
A. came
B. come
C. to come
D. have come
43. John suggested ______ anything about it until they found out more facts.
A. not to say
B. saying not
C. to say not
D. not saying Translation:
1. 我表妹一到澳门就给我写了信。
2. 两周内完成这项任务并不容易。
3. 怎样筹集到足够的资金仍然是个问题。
4. 她的愿望是嫁给一个诚实的年轻人。
5. 她没向我们告别就走了。
6. 罗伯特怕缺课太多，赶紧回到学校。
7. 吉姆表示歉意，因为他没有遵守诺言。
8. 强盗手里拿着刀闯进了屋子。
9. 我后悔做了这样的事。
10. 被释人质重返家园与家人团聚真是令人感动的场景。
11. 他们发现在下午6点前不可能完成这项工作。
12. 他花了几个星期时间才适应了大学生活。
13. 即将建成的体育场能容纳6万多观众。
答案：
历年真题：1-5 BBBAB 6-10 DCBCD 11-15 DCADA 16-20 DADAC
21-25 DDBAC 26-30 BCDDB 31-35 DABBA 36-37 CA
练习：1-5 BDDBB 6-10 DDCBD 11-15 BDAAA 16-20 AAACD 21-25 CCADB 26-30 BADAC 31-35 DBBAA 36-40 ACCCA 41-43 CCD
翻译：
1. My cousin wrote to me as soon as he arrived at Macau.
2. It is not easy to finish the task within two weeks.
3. How to get enough capital is still a question. / It is still a question how to get enough capital.
4. Her wish is to marry an honest young man.
5. She left without saying goodbye to us.
6. Robert hurried back to school for fear of missing / that he miss too many lessons.
7. Jim apologized for not having kept his promise.
8. A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
9. I regret having done such a thing.
10. The homecoming of the released hostages and their reunionwith their families was an affecting
scene.
11. They found it impossible to finish the task before 6 pm.
12. It took him several weeks to adapt himself to college life.
13. The stadium to be built can hold more than 60,000 audience.
第四章形容词和副词
形容词和副词的平行级、比较级和最高级
平行级as +原级+as not as (so) +原级+as
e.g. There are as many seats in this hall as in that one.
We have as much snow this year as last year.
The boxer doesn’t speak French so fluently as you.
These engines are not as powerful as those we have made.
He doesn’t make so（as）much progress as he had expected.
比较级-er more
e.g. It is cooler today in Mardrid than it was yesterday.
Linda is cleverer than any other girl in his class.
She has better memory than I.
Women are more patient with children than men.
This company is better organized than that one.
The horse runs little faster than the camel.
The Chang’an Street is far wider and longer than any other street in Beijing.
Jim runs a little (a bit) faster than his younger brother.
My sister is a head shorter than I.
I got to the cinema ten minutes later than John.
Autumn is coming, it is getting cooler and cooler.
The harder you study, the more knowledge you will get.
The sooner you leave the company, the better.
In fact，the busier he is，the happier he feels。
The more he thought about the thing，the angrier he grew.
No more than : only
Not more than: less than
e.g.There is no more than 5 yuan in my purse.
There is not more than 5 yuan in my purse.
最高级-est most
Xiao Wang studies the hardest in our class.
e.g. Mary is cleverer than any other girl in her class.
Mary is cleverest girl in her class.
The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.
The Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.
I think that Anna is by far the most active member in our group.
Of the two lectures, the first was by far the better one, partly because the person who delivered it most: very
e.g. It is most dangerous to let children play with fire.
历年真题：
1. English is used by more people than is ______ language except Chinese. (2005-11-18)
A. any
B. any other
C. other
D. all other
2. This new coat cost me ______ the last one I bought two years ago. (2005-11-28)
A. three times
B. three times as much as
C. three times as much
D. three times much as
3. This morning Jack came to school later ______. (2006-11-43)
A. than usual
B. as usual
C. like usual
D. like usually
4. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ____ cars in 2002 as the year before. (2007-11-44) A. as many twice B. as twice many
C. twice many as
D. twice as many
练习：
1. We believe that the younger generation will prove ______ of our trust.
A. worth
B. worthless
C. worthy
D. worthwhile
2. England and America are ______ in many ways.
A. like
B. alike
C. likely
D. likewise
3. She is ______ of the two sisters.
A. the tallest but the least beautiful
B. tall but not beautiful
C. the taller but the less beautiful
D. taller but not as beautiful
4. Staying in a hotel costs _______ staying in a student’s dormitory a week.
A. twice than
B. twice as much as
C. nearly always
D. as twice much as
5. The old man often goes fishing with a ______.
A. bamboo long fishing pole
B. pole long, fishing and bamboo
C. long bamboo fishing pole
D. bamboo fishing pole, long
6. Mary is taller than ______ on the football team.
A. any other girl
B. any girl
C. any other girls
D. other girls
Translation：
1. 我的新衣服比旧衣服贵一倍。
2. 情况比你想象的要复杂的多。
3. 今年雨量比去年大的多。
4. 我表妹喜爱足球胜过游泳。
5. 他越生气，我就越高兴。
6. 王英教英语比他姐姐认真。
7. 上海是中国最大的工业中心。
8. 黄河是中国第二条最长的河流。
9. 这个物理题不像我最初想象的那么复杂。
10. 今年我们新建的博物馆跟去年一样多。
11. 一般来说，女孩比男孩说话的时间要早。
12. 越来越多的人们关心我们的自然环境。
答案：历年真题：1-4 BBBD
练习：1-5 CBCBC 6 A
翻译：
1. My new dress cost me twice as much as the old one.
2. The situation was far more complicated than you could imagine.
3. We have had a lot more rainfall this year than we had last year.
4. My cousin likes football more than swimming.
5. The angrier he becomes, the happier I am.
6. Wang Ying teaches Englisn more carefully than his sister.
7. Shanghai is the biggest center of industry in China.
8. The Yellow River is the second longest one in China.
9. This physics problem is not as complicated as I imaged at first.
10. We have built as many museums this year as we did last year.
11. Generally speaking，girls talk at an earlier age than boys.
12. More and more people are concerned about our natural environment.
第五章情态动词
must:表示推测，有三种形式：must do; must be doing; must have done.
e.g. Judging by his accent, Ann must be from the North America.
My aunt must be at the library.
My tutor must be correcting my paper.
The professor must be doing preparation for tomorrow’s lesson at home now.
The manager must have been very angry at the meeting because his employee said some tactless words.
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
---Must I start out no？
---No, you needn’t. (No, you don’t have to.)
---Yes, you must.
I must go now.
I have to go now.
We’ll have to reconsider the matter.
We must tide up the room every day.
情态动词+have+过去分词
情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。
1. may (might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth
表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
e.g. Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2. ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
e.g. You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
3. needn’t have done sth
e.g. The film actor brought a lot of clothes when he went to the seaside.
But actually he needn't have done so, because it was hot there.
4. had better表示最好
had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
e.g. It is pretty cold. You'd better put on your overcoat.
She’d better not play with the dog.
历年真题：
1. Since this road is wet and slippery this morning, it _____ last night. (2004-11-35)
A. must rain
B. was raining
剑桥少儿英语 剑桥少儿英语是资深的国际权威考核机构——英国剑桥大学考试委员会（University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate，简称UCLES），为培养、提高英语为非母语国家少年儿童的英语能力而精心设计的，它为6—12岁少年儿童提供了一个全方位的教学评测方案，为他们走进英语世界迈出良好的第一步。 剑桥少儿英语分为:预备级（Pro-Starters）、一级（Starters）、二级（Movers）和三级（Flyers）。 预备级：适合5-6岁，经过大约80小时的英语学习，掌握约280个词汇的学生参加，预备级考试只设口试，无听力和读写内容； 剑桥少儿英语考试一级（Starters）： 一级：适合6-8岁，经过大约100小时的英语学习，掌握约460个词汇的学生参加（07版剑桥考试大纲词汇量为459个，旧版剑桥考试大纲词汇量为439个）； 剑桥少儿英语考试二级（Movers）： 二级：适合8-11岁，经过大约100小时的英语学习，掌握约770个词汇的学生参加（07版剑桥考试大纲词汇量为772个，旧版剑桥考试大纲词汇量为674个）； 剑桥少儿英语考试三级（Flyers）： 三级：适合9-12岁，经过大约150小时的英语学习，掌握约430个词汇的学生参加（07版剑桥考试大纲词汇量为427个，旧版剑桥考试大纲词汇量为398个）。 考试大概内容： 读写（Reading and Writing ） 这个部分是个笔试部分，时间为：20分钟（一级）到40分钟（三级）。文字篇幅比较短小，由一些固定内容的单词和结构组成。考生只需要进行简单的操作如选择和打勾，用单词和短语填空，回答灵活性的问题。试卷被送往剑桥大学考试委员会打分。 听力（Listening） 这个部分也是一个笔试部分。时间为：20分钟（一级和三级），25分钟（二级）。和读写部分一样，考试内容局限在考试指定的内容。考生听简短的成人和儿童的录音对话，进行简单的操作如划线、选择、配对和填色。试卷被送往剑桥大学考试委员会打分。 口试（Speaking） 这部分是个面对面的持续约5到10分钟的考试。考试由经验丰富的，经过培训的合格考官执
大学英语三级语法大全 II 倒装：倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1） here， there， now， then， thus等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用be， come，go， lie， run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如： Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。 Here is your letter. 你的信。 2）表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如： Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。 Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如： Here he comes. 他来了。 Away they went. 他们走开了。 倒装：以否定词开头作部分倒装 否定词如 Not only…but also， Hardly/Scarcely…when， No sooner… than等放在句首，后面要用倒装。例如： Not only did he refuse the gift， he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。 No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。 典型例题 No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game began B. has the game begun C. did the game begin D. had the game begun 答案 D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句（谓语前置）。这类表示否定意义的词有never， seldom， scarcely， little， few， not， hardly，以及not only…but （also）， no sooner…than， hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。 注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如Not only you but also I am fond of music. 倒装：倒装句之部分倒装
学士学位英语单词 abandon v.放弃，抛弃 aboard ad.在船（飞机、车）上prep.在（船、飞机、车）上上（船、飞机、车） about to do 即将… bring sth. about 使发生 about face 向后转；（态度，意见等）大转变 How about…? 表示访问，…怎么样？What about…? 表示询问，…怎么样？…好吗？…好吗？ Above prep.在…上面，超过a.上面的，上述的ad.在上面 above oneself 过于自信，兴高采烈abroad ad.国外,海外 at home and abroad/国内外 absence/n.缺席，不在场；+ absent/a.缺席，不在场，缺乏的；漫不经心的 absent-mined 心不在焉的，出神的absolute/a.绝对的，完全的；（语法）独立的 absorb v.吸收（水、热、光等）吸取，接受（知识、意见等） be absorbed in 专心于 abundant 丰富的，充分的academic 学院的，学术的accent n.腔调，口音n.重音，重音符号 accept v.接受，认可 access n.接近，进入，通路have an access to 进入 There is an access to…有一条通向…的通道 accident n.事故n.意外的事，偶然的事by accident 偶然、无意中 road 交通事故 accompany v.陪伴，伴随，伴奏 accomplish v.完成（任务等） according (只用于下列两个习语中) according to 按照，根据 according as+从句根据…而… 按 照…而… accordingly ad.因此，从而，相应地； 照着（办、做等） account n.账，账目，账户v.说 明，解释（for） on account of=because of 因为，由于 take(no)account of (不)考虑，（不）重 视 on one’s own account为自己的利益，独 立地，自行担负责任 accuracy n.准确，精密（性） accurate a.准确的，精确的 accuse v.谴责v.指控，告发 accuse sb.of sth. 指责、控告某人，某事。 *accustomed a.惯常的，习惯的 be accustomed to 习惯于 ache n.疼痛，酸痛 be aching to do 渴望… have an ache in …疼 achievement n.完成，达到 n.成就，成绩 *acid n.酸 acquire v.取得，获得 across ad,/prep.横越，横过 prep.在…那边 act n.行为，动作；（一）幕；法令，条 例 v..行动，举动；起作用；表演 act as 担任，充当 act for 代理 act on/upon （药等）起作用 action n.行动，动作 n.作用 go into action 投入战斗，行动起来 out of action 失去作用，失去战斗力 active a.活动的，活跃的， 活泼的 a.敏捷的，积极的， 主动的 be active in 积极/主动作 activity n.活动 actor n.男演员，演员 actress n.女演员 actual a.实际的，现实的 ad(Am.E) n.=advertisement.广告 *adapt v.（to）使适应，使适合 v.改编，改写 add v.加，加上 v.增加，增进 add…to… add up to 合计为…，部共 把…加到…上 addition n.加法，增加 in addition to 除…之外，加之，并且 additional a.附加的，另外的 address n.地址，通讯处 n./v.致词 v.致函，写地址 address oneself to… 从事/致力，忙于…，与…谈话 /通信 *adequate a.足够的，恰当的 adjective n./a.足够的，恰当的 adjust v.调节，调整 *administration n.管理n.行政部门 admire v.羡慕，赞赏，饮佩 admit v.允许进入，接纳v.承认 adopt v.收养v.采用，采纳，通过 adult n.成人 advance v.推进，促进 v./n.前进，进展 in advance 提前，预先 advanced n.优点，有利条件 n.利益，好处 gain/have advantage over 胜于，优于 take advantage of 乘…之机，利用 to one’s advantage 对…有利 adventure n.冒险，惊险活动 adverb n.副词 advertise v.为…做广告 advertise for 招聘；做广告；征求 advertisement n.广告 advice n.忠告，意见 advise v.忠告，劝告 v.通知 aeroplane n.飞机 affair n.事，事情，事件 affect v.影响 afford v.担负得起，买得起，花 得起（时间等） v.供给，给予 afraid a.怕的，害怕的 a.惟恐的，担心的 be afraid of… 怕… be afraid to do… 怕…，不敢…
《语法讲义》读后感 本学期在老师的推荐下，我读了朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》。在读这本书的时候，总是会忍不住想做笔记梳理知识点，作为一个中文系的学生来讲，这可能是由于在大一时期长期处于被《现代汉语》支配的恐惧所造成的。朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》是语法学界最有权威的一部语法学著作，读这本书时，大部分是熟悉的内容，尽管熟悉，但是以前这些语法知识，我头脑中是混乱不成体系的，因为我一直对语法方面不太敏感。读这本著作时，每读一部分，就会梳理清楚一些。读完之后，虽然忘记的也很多，但是我还是觉得收获不小。本篇读后感我想从这些内容的归纳，收获以及启示、还有存疑的地方这三点来完成。 一、语法讲义的主要内容 《语法讲义》这本著作分为了十八章来讲，分别就语法单位、词的构造、词类、句型等内容做了多方面，具体的阐释。下面主要是对一些主要章节具体内容的归纳阐释。 第一章为语法单位，从语素、词、词组、句子等最基本的语法内容讲起。在这一章里我了解到了语素作为语法系统里的基本符号，有单音节语素、多音节语素；自由语素、粘着语素；定位语素、不定位语素、成词语素、不成词语素等不同方向上的分类。词是比语素高一级的单位，它可以分为单纯词和合成词。在区分是不是词的时候，朱德熙先生归纳了目前存在的三种方法，我们可以根据能不能单独成句、语言成分活动能力的强弱、扩展法等三种方法来判定是不是词，朱德熙先生指出，这三种方法其实是有着各自不同的缺陷的，比如在划分“铁路”、“白菜”、“理发”等词语时，都不能根据其中单一的标准来划分，否则就会出现歧义。所以我们在划分一个词的时候，需要综合运用多种分类方法，具体问题具体分析。在本章中，朱德熙先生还讲到了词组，并具体阐释了词组的几大类型：偏正结构、述宾结构、述补结构、主谓结构、连谓结构。并通过举例“我们班有许多外国留学生”来介绍了层次分析的具体应用以及二分法。在本章中，朱德熙先生还指出任何句法结构都可以从两个不同的方面来观察，一个看句子的内部结构，一个看语法功能。本章的第四节是句子。本节中介绍了句子的分类，从结构上分为单句和复句两大类，单句又可分为主谓句和非主谓句。从句子的功能上看，又可以把它分成陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、称呼句、感叹句五类，朱德熙先生指出，形式与功能之间的关系是错综的，因此这五类句子有交叉的情形。 第二章的主要内容为词的构造，主要讲了几种词的构造的主要类型。如重叠式、附加式、前缀、后缀、复合式等类型的词的构成方式，并细化了其中的一些分类，比如重叠式副词中的基式，附加式中区分一些附加式词语与复合词的辨析，后缀中的副词后缀、状态形容词后缀、“的”与“得”的区别等。并对一些复杂的合成词，以及特殊的复合词中的紧缩式与减缩式进行了区分。并对并立式复合词进行了具体阐释。 第三章从大的层面上讲述了词类的知识。本章首先介绍了划分词类的几大依据：词的意义、语法功能、形态变化三大方面划分，但朱德熙先生指出，实际上根据词的意义来划分词类的方法是行不通的，虽然词的语法功能和意义之间有着密切联系，但是我们在划分词类的时候，只能根据词的语法功能来划分。在印欧语系中，比较适合运用词的形态变化来划分词类，而汉语由于缺乏形态变化，只能通过词的语法功能来进行分类。除此之外，本章还讲到了词的共性与个性，词的兼类等内容。朱德熙先生还指出，汉语的词分为实词与虚词两大类，并具体阐
1.三级语法考点归纳 2.一．虚拟语气 3.1. if 句中虚拟形式 4.if 引导的非真实条件句（纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大）： 5.条件从句主句 6.与现在相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与将来相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 7.与过去相反 had done would/ should/ might/ could have done 例句 8.If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. 9.If they hadn’t gone on vacation, their house wouldn’t have been broken (break) into. 2. 原形虚拟： 10.a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 11.suggest, demand, advise, propose, order, arrange, insist, command, require, request, desire …… that ＋(should) do 12.例如 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggestion is that we should tell him. 13.b. It is (was) 形容词/名词that …… (should) do/ 14.例如 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式： 15.1. It’s (high, about, the first, etc.) time (that) …动词过去时…例如 It’s time we left. 例如 It is time we went to bed. 2 would rather/sooner 宁愿 as if/ though 好像 16.would rather/sooner 谓语用过去时与现在或者将来相反 as if/ though 谓语用过去完成时与过去相反 4．练习 17.1. I _______ try it again if I_______you. A. will； am B. should； am C. would；were D. would； had been 2. If it _______ not for the water， the plants _______live. 18.A. were； would not B. is； could not C. were； could D. did； could not 3. If I ___ ____ that chance to show my ability, I _______the president of this school. A. have not had； coul d not become B. had not had； would not have become C. did not have； could not become D. doesn’t have； will not become 4. He _______ by that burglar if you _______ to save him. 19.A. might have been killed； hadn’t come B. will be killed； didn’t come C. may be killed； did’t come D. could be killed； haven’t come 5. If it _______for your help， I _______that hard time with so little money. A. were not ； would not spend B. is not； can not spend 20.C. had not been； would not have spent D. have not been； will not spend 6. Where ____ ___ you go if war _______? 21.A. will； breaks out B. do； will break out C. would； were to break out D. will； is to break out 7. She wishes she _______ that humiliating thing. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.A. doesn’t do B. didn’t do C. haven’t done D. hadn’t done 8. The chairman suggested that the meeting _______ put off. 29.A. can be B. be C. is D. will be 9. It is vital that he _______ immediately.
2015年学位英语新版考试大纲 成人高等教育本科生学士学位英语水平考试大纲（非英语专业） 教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心 高等教育出版社（2013年5月） 一、考试性质 成人高等教育非英语专业学士学位英语水平考试是由各省级高等教育主管部门组织的统一考试，其目的是为了客观地测试非英语专业成人本科毕业生申请学士学位者的英语语言知识和运用能力，考查其是否达到普通本科教育非英语专业英语教学的一般要求。 二、考试要求 成人高等教育非英语专业学士学位英语水平考试要求考生能够较熟练地掌握英语基本语法和常用词汇，具有较强的阅读能力和综合运用能力。考生在运用能力方面应分别达到以下要 .000求： （一）会话 能够使用英语进行日常会话交流，根据对话的情景、场合、人物关系、身份和讲话人的意图及话语含义做出正确判断和用语选择，并能理解常见的英语口语的习惯用法。 （二）阅读 能够综合运用英语知识和基本阅读技能，读懂难度适中的一般性题材（经济、社会、政法、历史、科普、管理等）和体裁6已叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文等）的英语文章。阅读速度达到每分钟80个词。具体要求为： 1.能够掌握文章的中心思想、主要内容和细节； 2.具备根据上下文把握词义的能力，理解上下文的逻辑关系； 3.能够根据所读材料进行一定的推论； 4.能够对文章的结构和作者的态度等做出一般的分析和判断。 （三）词汇 掌握本考试大纲所规定的英语词汇、常用词组、常用词缀，并在阅读、写作等过程中具有相应的应用能力，即： 1.领会式掌握4 400个单词和550个常用词组；
2.复用式掌握2 000个左右的常用单词和搭配以及200个左右的常用词组； 3.掌握一定数量的常用词缀，并能根据构词法和语境识别常见的派生词。 （四）语法 掌握基本的英语语法知识，要求能在阅读、写作等过程中正确运用这些知识，达到正确理解、获取信息及表达思想的目的。需要掌握的具体内容如下： 1.名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法； 2.动词的基本时态、语态的构成及其用法； 3.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法； 4.常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法； 5.非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法； 6.虚拟语气的构成及其用法； 7.各类从句的构成及其用法； 8.基本句型的结构及其用法； 9.强调句型的结构及其用法； 10.常用倒装句的结构及其用法。 （五）翻译 能够在不借助词典的情况下把一般难度、非专业性题材的英文句子或短文泽成汉语，译文通顺，用词基本正确，无重大语法错误。英译汉的速度应达到每小时250词以上。 （六）写作 能够用英语撰写常见应用文，或能够按照所给提纲、情景或图表，说明或论述一般性的话题。所写短文要求主题明确，条理清楚，语言比较规范。 三、试卷结构 本考试试卷分试卷一和试卷二。试卷一为客观题，包括完成对话、阅读理解、词汇和语法、完形填空4个部分，考试时间为65分钟，满分为70分；试卷二为英译汉和短文写作，考试时间为55分钟，满分为30分。试卷一和试卷二考试时间共计120分钟，总分为100分。试卷各部分内容和结构如下： 第一部分完成对话
大学英语三级考试语法复习要点 一、动词的时态和语态 1. 动词的时态 1.1一般现在时（am/is/are+v-原） 1.1.1在下列从句中，主句如用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时1)由when, until, the moment, as soon as, after, the next time和if, unless, in case, whether, as long as, once, however，provided that, supposing 等连词引导的时间状语和条件状语从句中。 e.g. If she doesn’t tell him the truth now, he?ll simply keep on asking her until she does. Keep on doing sth继续做某事 He will call you up the moment he finishes the work. You won?t pass the exam unless you study harder. 2)在定语从句中，如，Be quick, or the train will have left by the time we get to the station 3)名词性的wh-, that- 从句中,如：They will be thankful for whatever help you offer him. 4)让步状语从句（从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时）： e.g.Whether the weather is good or bad,… No matter whether you agree or not… However carefully you drive… 1.1.2 表示客观事实和真理的句子任何时候都用一般现在时。 e.g.In the past many people didn?t believe that the earth is round. 1.1.3 在某些常用的句中表示在一个具体的现在时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。 e.g.Here he comes. There goes the bell. 1.2 一般过去时（was/were+v-原） 1) 当提及过去存在的人或物时，即使句中没有表明过去的时间状语，该句的谓语动词也应该用一般过去时。 e.g.Dickens was a great English writer. When did you write the story? 2) 在表示时间或条件的状语从句中代替过去将来时。 e.g.They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him. I decided to go to the library as soon as I finished what I was doing. 1.3 一般将来时：表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或存在的状态。表示将来 的谓语结构有： shall/will do
Lecture 28 Existential Sentence Teaching objectives: 1.Getting to know the structural properties of existential sentences; 2.Getting to know the grammatical relationship in existential sentences; Lecturing: 1.Structural properties of existential sentences: There + be + NP + locative/ temporal adverbial What we should pay attention to is the “notion al” or “real subject” that determines the number in verbs. 2.Notional subject is usually a noun phrase with indefinite specific reference. 3.Predicator in existential sentence includes forms of the verb “be”, finite or non-finite, simple or perfective. Modals and semi-auxiliary can also be used in the predication. There are also semantically-related verbs that can act as predicator in an existential sentence, including “exist, live, stand, lie, come, go, walk, emerge, develop, happen, occur” , etc. 4.Non-finite existential clauses: There to be and there being. There to be, used as prepositional complementation, especially after the word “for”; it can also be used after a certain verbs as object including “expect, mean, intend, want, like, prefer, hate”, etc. There being, used as subject and adverbial. Lecture 29 It-Patterns Teaching objectives: 1.Getting to know types of It-patterns; 2.Getting to know the grammatical relationships in It-patterns. Lecturing: 1. Empty “it” Empty “it”does not refer to anything. It is meaningless and is chiefly used as formal subject in sentences denoting time, place, distance, and atmospheric conditions. And it is also used in sentences denoting a general situation. Besides, it can also be used in some idioms and idiomatic expressions. 2. Anticipatory “it” Anticipatory “it” is used in sentences with a nominal clause as subject or object. To make the sentence balanced, the subject is usually shifted to the end of the sentence, and using formal subject to take its place. This kind of extraposition is more frequent than its natural position. 3.“It” as introductory word of cleft sentences The general pattern of a cleft sentence is: It + be + focal element + that-/ who- clause
日语能力三级语法汇总 1)~は~より~です 表示比较,谓语是形容词或形容动词 ~比~ 2)~は~ほど~くない/ではない 助词ほど是以某一事例来表示状态,性质的。谓语用形容词或形容动词的否定形式 ~不如~ 3)AよりBのほうが~です 助词より接在比较的对象后面。谓语上形容词或形容动词 ~比~更~ 4)AとBとでは、どちらが~ですか/AとBとどつらが~ですか 表示询问A,B相比较时的句型 A和B哪个~ 5)~(の中)では、何がいちばん~ですか 在~里,哪个最~ 6)AとBとCとでは(どれ/どこ/いつ/どの)~がいちばん~ですか
~和~和~,哪个/什么地方/什么时候/那种,最~ 7)~のあいで/あとで~する 表示一个动作完成后再做另一个动作,或稍后进行某一动作~之后/稍后再~ 8)~たあとで ~之后 9)~たり、~たりする 1、表示在许多动作中,列举1、2例说明 又~又~,一会~一会~ 2、表示举出一例,以示还有其他类似的情况 ~之类的 10)~ほうがいい 表示劝说或建议 还是~为好 表示建议或劝诱 ~吗? 12)だから/ですから
表示原因或理由 所以~ 13)けれども/けれど/だが/しかし 表示逆态连接 虽然~但是~,可是~ 14)~かもしれまい 表示说话人的推测 也许~ 15)く(に)なる/く(に)する く(に)なる 表示自然或客观的变化 变的~,会变~ く(に)する 表示主观作用于某事物而使其发生变化把~弄成~,使~成为~ 16)~さ/~み 使形容词或形容动词名词化
17)ください 一般用于请或要求对方做某事 请给我~ 18)て型 略 19)ばかり 1、表示数量次数特别多 尽~,只~ 2、表示反复连续做某事,几乎不做其他事 尽~,光~ 3、表示大概的数量 ~左右 20)动词连用型て+から/动词过去式た+あとで表示一个动作之后,在进行另一个动作 表示对某种动作的尝试 ~以下,~看 22)~てしまう
成人本科学士学位英语考试语法复习试题精选 文档 TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-
成人本科学士学位英语统一考试 句子核心-谓语动词 一谓语动词 一时态 1. Mary ____ in the garden when it began to rain. (QE92-56) A. was walking B. walked C. walking D. had walked 【答案】A it began to rain是一个过去的时间点，因此主句因该用过去进行时。选A。句意为“当开始下雨时，玛丽正在花园散步。” 2. No one can possibly recall any detail about the meeting. It is at least five years since it ___. (QE02-54) A. had taken place B. was taken place C. took place D. was taking place 【答案】：C。It is …time since +从句（谓语动词用过去时），故选C。It is many years since World War Two was over.自从二次大战结束以来已经很多年了。 3. Dr. Robert went to New York, bought some books and ___. (QE99-41) A. visiting his daughter B. to visit his daughter
第一章信息安全保障概述 1.1信息安全保障背景 1. 什么是信息？ 事物运行的状态和状态变化的方式。 2. 信息技术发展的各个阶段？ a. 电讯技术的发明 b. 计算机技术发展 c. 互联网的使用 3. 信息技术的消极影响？ 信息泛滥、信息污染、信息犯罪。 4. 信息安全发展阶段？ a. 信息 b. 计算机安全 c. 信息安全保障 5. 信息安全保障的含义？ 运行系统的安全、系统信息的安全 6. 信息安全的基本属性？ 性、完整性、可用性、可控性、不可否认性 7信息安全保障体系框架？ 保障因素：技术、管理、工程、人员 安全特征：性、完整性、可用性 生命周期：规划组织、开发采购、实施交付、运行维护、废弃8.P2DR 模型？ 策略（核心）、防护、监测、响应 9.IATF信息保障的指导性文件？ 核心要素：人员、技术（重点）、操作 10.IATF中4个技术框架焦点域？ a. 保护本地计算环境 b. 保护区域边界 c. 保护网络及基础设施 d. 保护支持性基础设施 11. 信息安全保障工作的容？ a. 确定安全需要 b. 设计实施安全方案 c. 进行信息安全评测 d. 实施信息安全监控和维护 12. 信息安全评测的流程？ 见课本p19图1.4 受理申请、静态评测、现场评测、风险分析 13. 信息监控的流程？ 见课本p20图1.5 受理申请、非现场准备、现场准备、现场监控、综合分析 1.1.1信息技术及其发展阶段
信息技术两个方面：生产：信息技术产业；应用：信息技术扩散 信息技术核心：微电子技术，通信技术，计算机技术，网络技术 第一阶段，电讯技术的发明；第二阶段，计算机技术的发展；第三阶段，互联网的使用 1.1.2信息技术的影响 积极：社会发展，科技进步，人类生活 消极：信息泛滥，信息污染，信息犯罪 1.2信息安全保障基础 1.2.1信息安全发展阶段 通信阶段（20世纪四十年代）：性，密码学 计算机安全阶段（20世纪六十和七十年代）：性、访问控制与认证，公钥密码学（Diffie Hellman , DES）,计算机安全标准化（安全评估标准） 信息安全保障阶段：信息安全保障体系（IA ）, PDRR模型：保护（protection ）、检测（detection ）、响应（response）、恢复（restore）,我国PWDRRC 模型：保护、预警（warning）、监测、应急、恢复、反击（counter-attack）, BS/ISO 7799标准（有代表性的信息安全管理体系标准）：信息安全管理实施细则、信息安全管理体系规 1.2.2信息安全的含义 一是运行系统的安全，二是系统信息的安全：口令鉴别、用户存取权限控制、数据存取权限方式控制、审计跟踪、数据加密等 信息安全的基本属性：完整性、性、可用性、可控制性、不可否认性 1.2.3信息系统面临的安全风险 1.2.4信息安全问题产生的根源：信息系统的复杂性，人为和环境的威胁 1.2.5信息安全的地位和作用 1.2.6信息安全技术 核心基础安全技术：密码技术 安全基础设施技术：标识与认证技术，授权与访问控制技术 基础设施安全技术：主机系统安全技术，网络系统安全技术 应用安全技术：网络与系统安全攻击技术，网络与系统安全防护与响应技术，安全审计与责任认定技术，恶意代码监测与防护技术 支撑安全技术：信息安全评测技术，信息安全管理技术 1.3信息安全保障体系 1.3.1信息安全保障体系框架 生命周期：规划组织，开发采购，实施交付，运行维护，废弃 保障要素：技术，管理，工程，人员 安全特征：性，完整性，可用性 1.3.2信息系统安全模型与技术框架 P2DR安全模型：策略（policy ）,防护，检测，响应；防护时间大于检测时间加上响应时间，安全目标暴露时间 =检测时间+响应时间，越小越好；提高系统防护时间，降低检测时间和响应时间信息保障技术框架（IATF ）:纵深防御策略（）：人员，技术，操作；技术框架焦点域：保护本地计算机，保护区域边界，保护网络及基础设施，保护支撑性基础设施 1.4信息安全保障基本实践1.4.1国外信息安全保障工作概况 1.4.2信息安全保障工作的容 确定安全需求，设计和实施安全方案，进行信息安全评测，实施信息安全监控 第二章信息安全基础技术与原理
英语句子成分与词性 句子构成的成分共分为八种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，补语，状语和同位语。 1.主语：是全句述说的对象。一般位于句首，除了there be结构，疑问句和倒 装句中。 Walls have ears. To see is to believe. Smoking is not allowed in public places. Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 2.谓语：说明主语的情况，永远只能由动词（实义动词或系动词）组成。助动 词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。 Actions speak louder than words. The chance may never come again. Tom was very sick at heart. Mary has been working at the dress store since 1994. 3.表语：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的身份，特征和状态。 常见的系动词有：be, appear, become, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, sound, smell, stay, taste, turn等。 My father is a professor. Who’s that? It’s me. The match became very exciting. The story of my life may be of help to others. His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. 4.宾语：表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。跟在及物动词或不及物动词+介词 之后。 She covered her face with her hands. We haven’t seen her for a long time. Do you mind opening the window? Give me four please! He wants to dream a nice dream. We need to know what others are doing. 5.定语：修饰名词的成分。 They are woman worker. Tom’s father didn’t write home until yesterday. Equal pay for equal work should be introduced. You haven’t kept your promise to write us often.
三级语法考点归纳 一. 虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句(纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大) 条件 与现在相反 与将来相反 与过去相反 done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn ' t gone on vacation, their house wouldn 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, dema nd, advise, propose, order, arran ge, in sist, comma nd, require, request, desire that (should) do 例女口 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggesti on is that we should tell him. b. It is (was)形容词 /名词 that ......... (should) do/ 例女口 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式： 1. It ' s (high, about, the first, etc.) time (that)词过去时 … … 例如 It ' s time we left. 2 would rather/so oner as if/ though would rather/sooner 反 as if/ though 4?练习 1. I _______ t ry it agai n if I ______ you. A. will ； am B. should; am would ； had been 2. If it _______ n ot for the water , the pla nts _ A. were ； would not B. is ； could not could not 3. If I school. A. have not had; could not become 从句 did (be > were) did (be * were) had done 主句 would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could have 't have been broken (break) into. 例女口 It is time we went to bed. 宁愿 好像 谓语用过去时 与现在或者将来相 谓语用过去完成时 与过去相反 C. would ； were D. live. C. were ； could D. did ； that chanee to show my ability, I the preside nt of this B. had not had ； would not have