外文翻译
原文
Supply chain management for agricultural products
Resource: MBA (IT), IIIT Allahabad Pulastya Roy Agriculture is a significant sector of most of the economy of world. Agriculture derives its importance from the fact that it provides any a country self reliance in terms of food for their people, providing huge direct and indirect employment and more over huge revenue by export of surplus food grain. Agriculture is backbone of the economy and infrastructure for many countries like India, Brazil and others. Due to technical advancement, improved irrigation system and several other reasons production in agriculture has increased several folds. To meet this increased production and business in agriculture sector an equally reliable supply chain support is imperative.
Supply chain is basically-“a set of processes functioning synergistically to satisfy a customer’s demand”. Any supply chain trades off between two main attributes of supply chain, “Efficiency and Responsiveness”. Any supply chain is adopted or designed keeping only this two attributes in mind because it defines about which kind of customer the supply chain wants to cater and what is the scale of “return on investment” is being planned for. Agricultural industry uses bo th kind of supply chain as per the need.
Designing supply chain for agricultural products:
Most of the produce in agriculture can not be sold directly; as per their mode of consumption they can be categorized as follows.There are some products which are not highly perishable like cereals but needed to be processed like- rice is polished, and wheat has to be husked.Some products are highly perishable so they must be sent to market very fast or otherwise needed to be processed and packaged well.
For designing a supply chain for any Agriculture product, it’s important to know which kind of agriculture products is that, and accordingly a responsive or efficient supply chain is designed.
Supply chain for non perishable items:
Most all the cereals like Wheat, Rice, Maize etc. and some vegetables like
Potato and Onion are highly inelastic in demand, moreover they are not highly perishables so the supply chain for such products should focus more on efficiency and cost effectiveness than responsiveness. These products have vital supply and demand links with the market. Cereals needs some kind of processing and polishing after they are harvested from field and from here onwards supply chain comes into play. The food grain is then packed in jute bags and then stored in cold storages till they get order from market.
These type of agricultural products are highly in elastic in demand and the demand more or less remains constant so their demand can easily be forecasted and hence while designing supply chain for such products efficiency should be more preferred.
Supply chain for perishable items:
Fruits, green vegetables and flower come under perishable items and they need all together a more responsive, fast and accountable supply chain as a means of propagation from farms to the market.
These products are elastic and erratic in demand hence their demand forecasting is also difficult. They need more costly type cold storage and refrigeration, special transportation mechanism and on time delivery, all these requirements make this supply chain very costly, but at the same time the price of these products are consummately adjusted to ensure higher margin and profit. While designing supply chain for such items main focus should be given on the responsiveness.
Supply chain management for fruits:
To handle supply chain for these items is a very demanding task. Such products need facilities like refrigerated vans, more efficient cold storage faster transportation. This is the sector where India needs more improvement. India is the second largest producer for both fruits and vegetables, next only to China. Major vegetables include potato, eggplants, tomatoes, cassava, cabbage, dry onions, cauliflower, pumpkin, okra and green peas, while fruits include mangoes, oranges, apples, grapes, pineapples and papaya. So we severely need better support system to handle this massive produce. For example refrigerated vans, the need for refrigerated vans is driven by economics. Every year, India wastes over 30 per cent of the fruits and vegetables owing to shortage of proper cold chain infrastructure. As of today, most of the fruits and vegetables and meat get spoilt by the time they are transported from the farmlands to the retail chains in the cities. The export potential of fresh fruits,
vegetables and dairy sector in India has not been fully tapped considering the size and diversity of these sectors. A poor supply chain is a chief reason behind this. However, India has a negligible share in imports of fruits and vegetables by countries like Australia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Lebanon, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Syria and Thailand. Considering the level of imports in Asian countries, the study noted that India has a high potential in many Asian markets. Potential fruits identified by the study for increasing the exports include apples, oranges, bananas, watermelon, mandarin, pineapple, mangoes and guavas. Potential vegetables identified by the study include garlic, cauliflower, tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, peas, mushrooms, onions and eggplants.
Major problems for fresh fruit and vegetable exports from India include low productivity (cost competitiveness) as compared to global standards, prevalence of a low level of pre-harvest and post-harvest technologies, international quality standards and existence of distortion in market channels and poor supply chain system. Developing region specific export facilitation centers and emphasizing the role of Agri-Export Zones (AEZs) further in tandem with the market requirements, especially to provide a specific thrust to the quality and supply chain requirements of the target markets.
A case introduction about the main application technology in Japan Fresh Logistics:
In order to maintain the freshness of agricultural products, need to form different products and flow characteristics of the harvest, transport, storage, logistics links the integrated use of various types of technology.
(A) the cold chain system is the core of logistics technology, preservation of agricultural products, mainly involving pre-cooling, freezing refrigerated transportation and warehousing sectors insulation.
1. Precooling means immediately after the harvest of agricultural products for rapid cooling of their processing, treatment can be controlled by pre-cooling products, respiration and evaporation to prevent the organic acids, Victoria C, etc. to reduce nutrients, inhibit bacterial growth in order to achieve the maintenance of product color, anti-corrosion and to prevent overripe fruit and other fresh-keeping effect. The pre-cooling is more popular in Japan that the main mode are as follows:
(1) forced ventilation pre-cooling: to pre-cooling bank chilling by cold air for cooling. Construction costs low, can be applied to wider variety of agricultural industries, but the cooling process more time-consuming, non-uniform cooling.
(2) differential pressure ventilation pre-cooling: In the manufacture of pressure difference on both sides of the container, to instill air-conditioning inside the container. Construction costs in the forced ventilation between the pre-cooling and vacuum pre-cooling. Forced ventilation cooling rate faster than the pre-cooling, and the cooling effect of uniform, but some agricultural products so that method has been applied will be sent fade. When loading takes some time.
(3) Vacuum precooling: The agricultural products into the decompression chamber, promoting the internal water evaporation, thus cooling. The cooling speed, the effect is even, but not frozen bulky, surface area of small fruit. Higher construction costs, more was necessary to build cold storage.
(4) cold-water pre-cooling: to pour cold water on agricultural products, or to soak them in refrigeration. Cool faster, but not suitable for soaking the product can not be more need for a separate cold storage building.
2. Frozen refrigerated transport is an important component of cold chain system, mainly involving insulation trucks, containers and incubator technology. Japan is now the majority of perishable agricultural products have been the vast majority of the use of heat insulation container transport trucks and some high-end agricultural products by air to shorten the circulation time. Such as the early morning harvest fish, high-grade fruits, the day will be able to appear in Tokyo department stores on the counter.
(B) preservation, and packaging
According to different product characteristics and circulation patterns, use of appropriate preservation, and packaging technologies. Of potatoes, onions and other non-perishable vegetables, etc. can take a simple packaging, through the air circulation inside the container can control the mildew and rot. And to maximize the size of the transport and improve transport efficiency, bringing the cost advantages of scale. Order online or mail order and other small-scale circulation of agricultural products, the use of foam packaging plus refrigerated cooling agent. Pairs of high-valued agricultural products can be taken to special packaging. Such as Japan in the cherry, peach, strawberry and other fruit on the packaging of easily bruised widespread use of buffering materials, and the use of special preservation tank to absorb the ethylene composition distribution of fruit and control fruit had cooked. In addition, with refrigerated transport, and sometimes need to use foam packaging, the package straight refrigerants.
Used for multiple recycling of the transport containers can effectively improve
the transportation efficiency, reduce transportation costs. Japan, the transport of agricultural products widely used standard-size folding transport case, a transportation overlay when placed after the discharge of folding up the transport do not take up space, and can be recycled many times.
(C) fresh storage
Frozen fresh storage warehouse is the foundation, in addition to a number of recent Refrigeration technology began with the promotion, the more popular two methods are as follows:
Controlled atmosphere storage (controlled atmosphere, referred to as CA storage): the use of nitrogen or carbon dioxide to inhibit respiration in order to achieve fresh results.
Dried Preserved: The natural drying or artificial drying, raw materials for food or food dehydration, so water does not result in reduced to the extent of food spoilage, so as to achieve the purpose of preservation.
Conclusion:
Agriculture is the main stay of the Indian and several other economies of world, it constitutes the backbone of rural livelihood security system and accounts for a handsome percent of GDP of the whole world and if given due support to this industry in terms of better supply chain management system it can certainly provide India or in that manner any agricultural based economy a substantial growth.
译文
农产品供应链管理
来源:工商管理硕士（信息技术），印度国际信息学院，阿拉哈巴德.罗伊农业是世界经济中一个最重要的部门。农业收入的重要性来自一个事实，即它提供了任何一个国家在粮食方面使本国人民有了自力更生的能力，提供了由粮食出口盈余巨大的收益和更多的直接和间接的就业机会。农业即是一个国家经济的顶梁柱也是一个国家经济的基础，如印度，巴西和其他许多国家。由于技术进步，灌溉系统的改善和其他一些原因，农业生产增加了数倍。为了满足这种生产和业务的增加，农业部门依靠供应链的支持是必不可少的。
供应链基本上是，“一个协同运作，并以满足客户的需求的过程”。任何供应链之间的两个行业的供应链，都体现了“高效率和反应性”的主要属性。任
1) A supply chain includes only the organizations directly involved in supplying components needed for manufacturing.一个供应链仅包括直接参与提供所需的元件制造业的组织。Answer: FALSE 2) A supply chain consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request.Answer: TRUE 供应链由所有各方，直接或间接参与，满足客户要求。 3) A supply chain could be more accurately described as a supply network or supply web. Answer: TRUE 供应链可以更准确地描述为供应网络。 4) The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated. TRUE 每一个供应链的目的是生成的整体价值最大化。 5) The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the value generated for the manufacturing component of the supply chain.Answer: FALSE 每一个供应链的目标是最大化为供应链的制造组件生成价值。 6) Every supply chain must include all 5 stages.Answer: FALSE 每个供应链必须包括所有5 个阶段。 7) The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successive stages.Answer: TRUE 供应链周期认为供应链流程分为一系列的活动上演在连续阶段之间的接口。 8) The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders.Answer: FALSE 供应链周期观点认为，在供应链过程可以分为2 个类别，具体取决于他们是否发起回应或预期客户订单。 9) The push/pull view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders.Answer: TRUE 供应链推/拉认为，在供应链过程可以分为2 个类别，具体取决于他们是否发起回应或预期客户订单。 10) The push/pull view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successive stages. FALSE 供应链推/拉认为在供应链流程分为一系列的活动上演在连续阶段之间的接口。 11) The objective of the customer arrival process is to maximize the conversion of customer arrivals to customer orders.Answer: TRUE 客户到达过程的目标是最大化客户来港定居人士对客户订单的转换。 12) The objective of the customer arrival process is to ensure that orders are quickly and accurately
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c3783443.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力：罗马尼亚的案例 引言 旅游业是唯一的可以为任何发展水平的国家提供贸易机会的服务活动。然而，它也是一个很大程度因为国家的能力和在全球经济中的表现而又有明确的利益分配不均行业，而这又需要提高自己的竞争力。 自20世纪90年代初，罗马尼亚旅游业经历了出口量，生长速率和结构的重大变化。这些不同的波动都影响了罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场上相对的竞争地位并引起了其旅游贸易平衡的变化。同时，新的和更多的错杂的欧式建筑，引起了罗马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力的显著变化。 在此背景下，本文试图提出一个框架，以竞争力和旅游贸易表现之间的关系为重点，来评估罗马尼亚的旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。 一、国际竞争力视角：国际竞争力之与国际旅游业的相关性 国际竞争力的概念，尽管有争议，难以捉摸，但现在已经得到认可，并继续吸引世界各地的学者和决策者的关注。 到目前为止，为提高国际竞争力已采取措施，都被认为是在经济层面进行的(加瑞利，2003)通常是指一个国家生产的商品和服务，以满足国际市场的考验，并同时保持和增加公民的收入的能力(欧洲委员会，2007)。 由于竞争力最终取决于一国企业在国内和国际的市场成功，所以对竞争力的注意力都集中在企业层面的竞争力上(波特，1990)，对于此的普遍理解是指“……该公司保持，并更好的是，扩大其全球市场份额，增加和扩大利润的能力” (克拉克和盖，1998, 经济合作与发展组织，1993)。 因此，虽然广泛流传但是国际竞争力作为与国家经济和其国际贸易相关
的理论基础已经不太在学术文献进行分析。因此，一个国家国际竞争力的性质，效益和局限性仍然含糊不清(科尔德威尔，2000,克鲁格曼，1994, 1996)。 国际竞争力，是指一个国家在货物和服务贸易方面巩固和保持贸易优势相对于世界其他地区的贸易优势。 每当一个国家的经济福利通过贸易流量的增加，或通过从初始平衡状态的贸易条件的改变而增加，他的国际竞争力都会得到提高(科尔德威尔，2000)。 贸易理论表示，经济福利依赖于一个国家有比较优势的货物和服务的生产。这实际上意味着当生产符合一国的比较优势的情况时国际竞争力能得到保障。如果一国能在国际上表现良好并在出口市场竞争成功，这可能就是他们健全的国际竞争力的标志。 因此，在国际上，竞争力定义为一个经济体能够吸引其出口需求和投资供给需求的能力和在所有社会规范内提升公民生活水平的能力。这反过来又取决于宏观和微观经济政策，影响生产的经济生产率要素和经营成本的法规和制度。 一个可用的文献回顾和实证证据支持国际竞争力可以解释为在一定程度上，一个国家的出口能力这一观点(道乐和沃尔夫，1993, 格博格等. 2004)。还有就是，事实上，是出口表现和国际竞争力之间的循环关系。出口是国际竞争力的第一衡量指标。出口情况的改善会导致了一个国家的竞争力提升。这种效果是一个企业的技能，知识，创新和运用新技术并能够在一个成功的商业方式中利用技术机会等的结果。 另一方面，为了在竞争激烈的全球市场努力成功实现出口，一个国家被迫提高竞争力。更具竞争力的国家，它的经济更强大。因此，它更有能力在全球市场竞争，以吸引具有较高的知识，技能，水平人们去购买新技术等，
毕业论文外文翻译（一） 论文题目：国外发展农产品物流的成功经验及其对浙江的启示 外文题目：Logistics &the National Economy 出处：International Journal of Physical Distribution & LogisticsManagement 作者：MCB UP Ltd 原文： Logistics &the National Economy Introduce Logistics has always been a central and essential feature of all economic activity and yet paradoxically it is only in recent years that it has come to receive serious attention from either the business or academic world. One very obvious reason for this neglect is that, whilst the functions that comprise the logistics task are individually recognised, the concept of logistics as an integrative activity in business has only really developed within the last 20 years. What is logistics? It can be variously defined, but expressed at its simplest it is: The process of strategically managing the movement and storage of materials, parts, and finished inventory from suppliers, through the firm on to customers. Logistics is thus concerned with the management of the physical flow which begins with sources of supply and ends at the point of consumption. It is therefore clearly much wider in its reach than simply a concern with the movement of finished goods—a commonly held view of physical distribution. In the logistics scheme of things we are just as much concerned with plant and depot location, inventory levels, materials management and information systems as we are with transport. One of the features of the logistics concept which is its greatest attraction whilst simultaneously being the greatest drawback to its widespread adoption in industry so far is that it places the emphasis on integrating activities that traditionally have been located in different functions of the business. Thus in many
互利共赢的供应商质量控制 前言 近年来，随着对供应链的重视，供应商管理正逐渐成为企业和学术界的关注对象，IS0９000族标准以及QS 9０00标准都对供应商的管理提出了相应的要求，与供应商管理有关的研究成果正逐渐增多，一些软件巨头也推出了供应商关系管理的软件，但是在这些研究成果和应用软件中，涉及到的供应商质量控制的内容只是一些最基本的要求，而供应商质量控制恰恰是供应商管理的最基本、最重要的内容。另一方而，质量管理界对质量控制的研究取得了大量的成果，遗憾的是这些成果大多依然局限于企业的内部控制，仅仅研究从企业内部各环节如何改善产品的质量，而基于供应链的角度来研究质量控制的成果尚不多见。因此，系统地研究经济全球化形势下供应商质量控制的理论与方法，将有助于推动我国企业产品质量的快速提高和供应链竞争优势的形成与巩固。 1、质量与企业共存 质量一直是一个随着时代的变化而不断变化的概念,人们对质量的认识也往往因关注点不同而有所不同。如，早在1908年，通用汽车公司的工程师们在皇家汽车俱乐部会员们的面前拆解了3辆凯迪拉克轿车，并把这些零件混在一起,而后从中选择零件重新组装成车，然后驾车绝尘而去。这令在场的会员极为震惊，认为凯迪拉克车质量之高令人惊叹。显然在当时，汽车零件具有互换性是一种了不起的质量特性,这也是福特公司的Ｎ型车和T型车取得辉煌成功的重要原因.时至今日，即使农用三轮车的零部件也具有极高的互换性，零部件的标准化和互换性已经是理所当然的事情，不再是吸引顾客的重要质量特性.可见质量的内涵是不断变化的.那么究竟什么是质量呢？ （１)市场竟争就是企业间对“顾客”的争夺，在日益激烈的“顾客"争夺战中，质量、价格、交付（交付日期、方式和手段）和服务是企业常用的四个法宝，其中质量是根本，离开质量其他三项将变得毫无意义，因此可以说质量己成为市场竞争的焦点.它反映了产品是否能够反映顾客需求、能否满足顾客需求，从面决定了产品的市场前途。有鉴于此，质量己成为一项全球性运动,世界上所有优秀企业无一不把质量作为企业战略的关键内容，从战略的角度来规划质量。 （2）对于企业经营者来说,认识到质量对企业的重要意义只是经营企业的第一步,重要的是如何利用科学的方法来保证产品和服务的质量，使顾客满意，来保证过程和工作的质量来获互利共炭的供应商质量控制得良好的业绩。 众所周知,企业管理是社会生产力发展到一定程度的历史产物,质量管理作为企业管理的组成部分,同样也是社会发展的客观要求，特别是顾客处于主导地位的今天,要使顾客满意，就必须有过硬的产品质量和服务质量，这就要求企业积极推行先进的质量管理理论与方法，不断进行质量管理创新. ２、企业与供应商质量控制 随着生产社会化的不断发展，企业的生产活动分工越来越细,专业化程度越来越强，促使生产技术水平越来越高,产品质量得到大幅度改善。通常，某一产品不可能由一个企业从最初的原材料开始加工直至形成顾客最终使用的产品，往往是通过多个企业分工协作来完成.另外，先进生产方式的广泛应用,如准时生产、敏捷制造、零库存等，使企业与供应商的关系愈加紧密，企业与供应商的关系也由单纯的买卖关系向互利共底的合作关系演变。 ISO 900０族标准自1987年诞生以来受到了世界各国的一致追捧,全球约５0多万家企业通过ISO90０1质量管理体系认证足以说明这套管理标准在引领国际管理潮流方面的巨大成功。在备受企业欢迎的新版标准ＩSO9000：2０00中，互利的供应商关系被作为八项质量管理原则之一，充分体现了供应商关系管理在企业经营实践中的作用和价值。企业要贯彻这一原则,就必须
银行英语： 出口信贷 export credit 出口津贴 export subsidy 商品倾销 dumping 外汇倾销 exchange dumping 优惠关税 special preferences 保税仓库 bonded warehouse 贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade 贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade 进口配额制 import quotas 自由贸易区 free trade zone 对外贸易值 value of foreign trade 国际贸易值 value of international trade 普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences-GSP 最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment-MFNT -------------------价格条件 ---------------------- 价格术语trade term (price term) 运费freight 单价 price 码头费wharfage 总值 total value 卸货费landing charges 金额 amount 关税customs duty 净价 net price 印花税stamp duty 含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues 回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价 wholesale price 目的港portof destination 零售价 retail price 进口许口证inportlicence 现货价格spot price 出口许口证exportlicence 期货价格forward price 现行价格（时价）current price prevailingprice 国际市场价格 world (International)Marketprice 离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board 成本加运费价（离岸加运费价） C&F-cost and freight 到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价） CIF-cost,insurance and freight --------------------交货条件 ---------------------- 交货delivery 轮船steamship(缩写S.S) 装运、装船shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间 time of delivery
中国服务贸易的国际竞争力探析 ——文献综述 随着世界经济进入服务经济时代，以产品为基础的竞争向以服务为基础的竞争转变，服务业在维护一国经济和政治利益方面处于重要的战略地位。据WTO发布的数据显示，全球服务贸易总体发展的趋势在不断加强，1980年到2007年间，世界服务贸易出口额从3650亿美元扩大到33000亿美元，27年间增长了8倍，占世界贸易出口的比重从1/7增长到近1/3。在2010年，世界服务贸易达到了36595亿美元，占当年世界贸易总额的1/3。由此可见，服务贸易势必成为全球经济发展的重要组成部分。 服务贸易在全球贸易比重不断增加，世界各国都从国际服务贸易中受益颇丰，此时，对我国服务贸易的竞争力进行研究，分析我国服务贸易发展不足的原因，发掘我国服务贸易的潜在优势以及探究提升我国服务贸易竞争力的策略便具有非常重要的意义。 1.服务贸易及其国际竞争力的定义 《服务贸易总协定》(General Agreements on Trade in Service，GATS，1994年4月15日)，其中对服务贸易做出了明确的定义:第一，跨境提供(cross-border supply)，即从缔约方境内向任何其他缔约方境内提供服务，这种服务无需人员、物资和资金流动，而是通过现代通讯、邮电、计算机网络实现的视听、金融、信息等服务;第二，境外消费(consumption abroad)，即缔约方境内任何向其他缔约方消费者提供服务，如接待外国游客、提供旅游服务，为国外病人提供医疗服务，接受外国留学生等;第三，商业存在(commercial
Presence)，即一缔约方在其他任何缔约方境内通过提供服务的商业存在而提供服务，如外国公司在中国开办银行、商店，设立会计、律师事务所等;第四，自然人流动(movement of natural persons)，即一缔约方的自然人在其他任何缔约方境内提供服务，如一国的医生、教授、艺术家到另一国从事个体服务。 服务贸易国际竞争力是指一个国家或地区在经济全球化趋势下，以提高国民收入和生活水平为目的，服务业参与国际市场竞争，创造增加值并保持良好的国际收支平衡的能力。在此，不仅强调出口能力，更重要的是保持国际收支的平衡。 2.国外学者相关研究 2.1对于国际服务贸易竞争力理论方面的研究 迈克尔·波特（Michael E·Porter),1990年提出了国家竞争优势理论，将竞争力与产业结合起来进行研究。在《国家竞争优势》一书中，他提出了著名的“产业国际竞争力国家钻石模型”，用一个形似钻石的菱形图表示出国家竞争力的四大要素（生产要素；需求条件；相关与支持性产业企业战略、结构、同业竞争)和两个辅助因素(机会和政府)。后来,有人将这一理论引入国际服务贸易领域,发现该理论不仅能较为全面和系统地对服务贸易格局进行解释与总结,而且对一国服务贸易的未来发展有一定的前瞻性和预见性,因此能更好地适应国际服务贸易的发展要求。 对于国际贸易比较优势方面，联合国贸发会国际贸易高级专家Murry Gibbs和Michiko Hayashi作了一个较为全面的总结，认为自然资源要素禀赋固然是决定一国服务贸易比较优势的一个方面，但一国服务贸易的比较优势还要取决于该国的经济发展水平和发展类型，以
绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策 当前，在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒已成为最重要的贸易的贸易壁垒之一，农业作为一种弱势产业更容易受到影响。绿色贸易壁垒是我国农产品出口所面临的严峻挑战，也是我国农产品出口最大的障碍。由于农产品贸易在我国对外贸易中占有重要地位，因此如何突破绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口限制，对推动我国农产品发展具有重要的现实意义。 本文首先从绿色贸易壁垒的相关理论出发，对绿色贸易壁垒的定义、产生的根本原因和表现的形式特点进行了综述，研究了国外绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响状况；同时本文还指出我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因，在此基础上运用国际贸易知识对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响分析结合，政府、企业、行业对我国农产品跨越绿色贸易壁垒提出相关的对策和建议。 随着生活水平的提高, 人们越来越重视自身的生活质量问题, 近年来兴起的绿色消费概念正是其中一种现象。而绿色壁垒则是国际社会对环境与贸易关注的结果, 各个国家越来越多地在对外贸易中实施这种保护手段。随着国际市场绿色需求的不断增强, 以及环境保护的共识, 绿色贸易保护迅速兴起, 以环境保护为名的绿色壁垒成为国际经济贸易中重要的非关税保护措施之一。然而, 由于发展中国家与发达国家经济发展程度的不同, 导致各国在对待经济发展与环境保护问题上侧重点的不同, 发达国家在环境保护意识、政策、法规及技术等方面的领先, 而且, 目前各国的绿色贸易壁垒是根据各国自身的情况来设置的,还没有形成世界统一标准的制度, 各国绿色壁垒的限制程度难以预测。这就使目前的绿色壁垒有可能被发达国家利用为限制发展中国家产品进口的重要手段。绿色壁垒不仅对产品的品质提出很高的要求, 而且涉及到产品的产前、产中、产后各个阶段, 给发展中国家的对外贸易与经济发展带来了很严重的影响。 绿色贸易壁垒，是指在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护生态环境、自然资源、维护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。由于发达国家所采取的这些措施复杂而严格，对发展中国家产品的出口构成绿色贸易壁垒。
外文翻译 原文 Supply chain management for agricultural products Resource: MBA (IT), IIIT Allahabad Pulastya Roy Agriculture is a significant sector of most of the economy of world. Agriculture derives its importance from the fact that it provides any a country self reliance in terms of food for their people, providing huge direct and indirect employment and more over huge revenue by export of surplus food grain. Agriculture is backbone of the economy and infrastructure for many countries like India, Brazil and others. Due to technical advancement, improved irrigation system and several other reasons production in agriculture has increased several folds. To meet this increased production and business in agriculture sector an equally reliable supply chain support is imperative. Supply chain is basically-“a set of processes functioning synergistically to satisfy a customer’s demand”. Any supply chain trades off between two main attributes of supply chain, “Efficiency and Responsiveness”. Any supply chain is adopted or designed keeping only this two attributes in mind because it defines about which kind of customer the supply chain wants to cater and what is the scale of “return on investment” is being planned for. Agricultural industry uses bo th kind of supply chain as per the need. Designing supply chain for agricultural products: Most of the produce in agriculture can not be sold directly; as per their mode of consumption they can be categorized as follows.There are some products which are not highly perishable like cereals but needed to be processed like- rice is polished, and wheat has to be husked.Some products are highly perishable so they must be sent to market very fast or otherwise needed to be processed and packaged well. For designing a supply chain for any Agriculture product, it’s important to know which kind of agriculture products is that, and accordingly a responsive or efficient supply chain is designed. Supply chain for non perishable items: Most all the cereals like Wheat, Rice, Maize etc. and some vegetables like
JG02 Unified Serial No. from Data Centre: Customs Export Declaration Form of the People’s Republic of China
Customs Declaration Form 报关单 An exporter has to apply to the customs for declaration of the commodity before the shipment. The customs officer will sign on the customs declaration form and release the goods if the goods are up to the requirement. 出口方必须在装运前对出口货物进行报关，如果货物符合要求，海关官员就签署报关单对货物进行放行。 The person who asks for declaration is required to be qualified, that is to say, he/she should have the certificate of customs declaration. The examination is held by the General Administration of Customs of 申请报关的人要求具备资质，就是说他或她应有报关证。考试由中华人民共和国海关部署举行。 The customs declaration form is in different colors, for example: the white one is made out for general trade and the pink one is used for processing trade. The contents of these documents are similar. We take the specification of an export customs declaration form for general trade as an example to show the method of making out the document. 报关单有不同颜色，如白色报关单按一般贸易缮制，粉红色报关单用于加工贸易。这些单据的内容相似。我们以一般贸易的出口货物报关单的内容为例介绍该单据的缮制方法。 The Main Contents and Notes of Customs Declaration Form： 报关单的主要内容及注释： 1. 预录入编号：No. of Pre-record It is given by the customs while the exporter is applying to customs. It is given by computers automatically. 出口方申请报关时由海关给的编号，是由计算机自动编制的。 2. 海关编号：No. of Customs It is given by the computer system automatically or given by the custom officer. 由计算机系统自动编制或由海关人员给出。 3. 出口口岸：Port of Export It refers to the name and code of the customs at final port of export. 指最后口岸的海关名称及代码。 说明：若出口货物在设有海关的发运地办理报关手续，出口口岸仍应填写出境口岸的名称。如在深圳办理报关手续，陆路运输至上海出境的货物，其出口口岸为上海。同时加注关区代码。 4. 备案号：record number for checking It refers the number of “Register Manual” or the number of “Certificate of Paid or Free Tax” 指《登记手册》编号或《征免税证明》编号。 5. 出口日期：Date of Export It refers to the date of shipment. It is the applied date of departure of the vessel. 指发运日期，也就是船申报出境的日期。 6. 申报日期：Date of Application It is the date that the exporter applies for declaration. 指出口方向海关申报出境的日期。 7. 经营单位：Executive company Fill in the company’s name who signs and executes the S/C in Chinese, (generally refers to the exporter), and the customs code of the company. 用中文填写签订和执行合同的公司(一般指出口人)名称及经营单位代码。 说明：如果总公司签订合同，由分公司执行，则填分公司名称。出口企业间相互代理，以代理方为经营单位。注意填写全称，注明经营单位代号，该代号是出口企业办理海关注册登记时，海关设置的编码，共10位数字。 8. 运输方式：Mode of Transportation It refers to the final departure mode of transportation , such as sea, road, railway and air, etc. 指货物出境的最后运输方式，如江海、公路、铁路及航空等。 9. 运输工具名称Name of Transportation Tool It refers to the name of departure tool of transportation (for example, sea for vessel and number of voyage, railway for the number of train and air for the number of flight). 指货物出境的运输工具名称(如江海填船名及航次，铁路填车次，航空填航班号)。
“我国际服务贸易存在的问题及对策”的文献综述 一、文献资料目录 【1】邓士燕浅谈当前中国服务贸易的现状与问题（期刊论文）-广东财经职业学院院报2007（06） 【2】孔祥荣加快发展我国服务贸易对策及研究2008（04） 【3】胡景岩中国发展服务贸易的战略思考（期刊论文）-国际贸易 【4】余道先中国服务贸易结构域贸易竞争的实证分析2008（10） 【5】肖雨洁我国服务贸易发展的现状与思路研究（期刊论文）-商场现代化2009（06）【6】陈娟服务贸易在我国的发展及存在的问题（期刊论文）-科学时代（上半月）2010（5） 【7】胡琴.HU Kin我国服务贸易发展的现状分析与对策研究（期刊论文）-武汉理工大学学报（信息与管理工程版）2010，32（5） 【8】徐婧.Xu Jing 我国服务贸易发展存在的问题与对策研究（期刊论文）-价值工程2008,27（1） 【9】辛娜我国服务贸易发展中存在的问题及对策研究（期刊论文）-教育教学论坛2010（9） 【10】王美伦浅谈我国服务贸易发展现状与对策（期刊论文）-才智2011（3） 【11】陈文玲.CHENG Wen-ling 推动服务贸易发展的政策选择（期刊论文）-商业研究2009（4） 【12】贾光宇我国服务贸易的现状及竞争力分析（期刊论文）-中国商贸2010（16）【13】孟建国我国服务贸易的现状及发展策略探讨（期刊论文）-商业时代2010（22）【14】杨慧华我国服务贸易发展存在的问题及对策（人文社会科学学刊）-南北桥2010（9）【15】季彬张欣我国服务贸易存在的问题及对策研究（期刊论文）-吉林农业科技学院2010（09） 二，文献综述 由于世界经济全球化和一体化带动了全球服务贸易的迅猛发展和改革开放以来特别是我国加入世贸组织后，服务业在整个国民产业中不断发挥着举足轻重的作用，党和政府高度重视以及服务贸易行业的不懈努力使得我国的服务贸易一直保持着高速增长的趋势。虽然我国的服务贸易现已取得了一些成绩，但是对其产业结构、分配发展方面、管理方面、法律法规方面等还存在着欠缺和不足。 毕业论文确定《我国国际服务贸易存在的问题及对策》这一选题，是希望通过整理和归纳各家所言，对我国国际服务贸易存在的问题进行全面性总结，并针对其存在的问题提出对策。 通过对相关文献资料的学习和分析，我发现绝大多数的学者所持的观点有： ﹙一﹚我国国际服务贸易存在的问题 ⑴我国服务贸易总体结构不合理：我国服务贸易出口仍然主要集中在传统的劳动密集
文献综述 供应链管理环境下家电企业第三方物流模式初探 中国目前正在成为世界家电的制造中心，在2000年前后，家电企业的规模效应就已经充分显现，国内市场处于供过于求的状态，企业承受着原材料涨价和价格战的双重压力，生产领域可挖掘的降低企业成本的潜力已不太大而在产品流通环节的竞争中却出现了最后一公里不能到位的情况，严重影响了企业的形象。高磊在《供应链一体化条件下我国家电企业物流管理的研究》一书中认为，随着家电行业价格战愈演愈烈，以及我国加入WTO国内家电生产企业遇到外来产品的冲击,家电业的利润空间持续萎缩。物流管理作为家电企业的第三利润源泉,如何降低其物流成本提高物流服务成为众多企业关注的焦点。 供应链目前尚未形成统一的定义，许多学者从不同的角度出发给出了许多不同的定义。早期的观点认为供应链是制造企业中的一个内部过程，它是指把从企业外部采购的原材料和零部件，通过生产转换和销售等活动，再传递到零售商和用户的一个过程。传统的供应链概念局限于企业的内部操作层上，注重企业自身的资源利用。哈理森（Harrison）将供应链定义为：“供应链是执行采购原材料、将它们转换为中间产品和成品、并且将成品销售到用户的功能网”。“供应链”作为一个引发行业热潮的词出现在1993 年左右, 吴清一在《现代物流概论》书中将供应链定义为：产品生产和流通过程中所涉及的原材料供应商、生产商、批发商、零售商以及最终消费者组成的供需网络，即由物料获取、物料加工、并将成品送到用户手中这一过程所涉及的企业和企业部门组成的一个网络。 “供应链管理”产生于20世纪80年代晚期，20世纪90年代得以广泛传播。Lambert，James Stock，Lisa Ellram在《Fundamentals of Logistics Management》将供应链定义为供应链是那些把产品或服务提供给市场的公司排列。供应链是一个设备和分销选择的网络，它的功能是获取原材料，把这些原材料转变成中间产品和最终产品，并把最终产品传递到顾客手中。 Douglas Lambert，James Stock，Lisa Ellram，在其著作《物流管理》中将供应链管理定义为：从终端用户到提供产品、服务和信息的初始供应商的业务过程的整合，综合考虑了供应链中物资、服务和商品的输入流和输出流，代表一种较新的业务运作方法和对所涉及的业务流程的不同观点，是一种高度互动而且复杂的系统方法，需要同时进行许多权衡。供应链管理是在供应链参与者中进行生产、存货、选址和运输的协调，从而在所服务的市场达到响应和效率的最佳组合，不仅包括传统的物流还包括诸如市场营销、新产品开发、金融和顾客服务等行为。 第三方物流一词是从国外引进的，其英文表达为Thrid Party Logistics，简称3TPL，是20世纪80年代中后期才在欧美发达国家出现的概念，源自业务外包。将业务外包引入物流管理领域就产生了第三方物流的概念。Robert C.Lieb认为，第三方物流指的是用外部公司去完成传统上由组织内部完成的物流功能，这些功能包括全部物流功能或所选择的部分物流功能。David Simchi—Levi等认为，第三方物流就是利用一家外部的公司完成企业全部或部分物料管理和产品配送职能。 美国物流管理协会于2002年10月1日公布的《物流术语词条2002升级版》的解释是：第三方物流是将企业的全部或部分物流运作任务外包给专业公司管理经营，