中南大学
医学考博真题试卷攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释：(15*3分=45分)
1.condition
第1页共1页
2017年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解 PART Ⅰ Cloze (20 points) Directions: Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank. During the mid–1980s, my family and I spent a (1)_____ year in the historic town of St. Andrews, Scotland. Comparing life there with life in America, we were impressed by a (2)_____ disconnection between national wealth and well-being. To most Americans, Scottish life would have seemed (3)_____. Incomes were about half that in the U.S. Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding St. Andrews, 44 percent did not own a car, and we never met a family that owned two. Central heating in this place (4)_____ south of Iceland was, at that time, still a luxury. In hundreds of conversations during our year there and during three half summer stays since, we (5)_____ notice that, (6)_____ their simpler living, the Scots appeared (7)_____ joyful than Americans. We heard complaints about Margaret Thatcher, but never about being underpaid or unable to afford wants. Within any country, such as our own, are rich people happier? In poor countries, being relatively well off does make (8)_____ somewhat better well off. But in affluent countries, where nearly everyone can afford life’s necessities, increasing affluence matters (9)_____ little. In the U.S., Canada, and Europe, the correlation between income and happiness is, as University of Michigan researcher noted in a 1980s 16–nation study, “virtually (10)_____”. Happiness is lower (11)_____ the very poor. But
English Test Paper for Doctoral Candidates (A) 2011.01.09 Part I Listening Comprehension (15%) Section A Directions:In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I). 1. A. She is in Vietnam. B. She is in Thailand. C. She is right here. D. She is in Tokyo. 2. A. By taxi. B. By bus. C. On foot. D. By train. 3. A. He stays late for the lesson. B. He is studying. C. He has little rest. D. He is resting. 4. A. She gave a lecture to the psychology class. B. She advised the woman to see a psychologist. C. She persuaded the woman not to take the course. D. She convinced the woman to apply to graduate school. 5. A. She read it selectively. B. She went over it chapter by chapter. C. She read it slowly. D. She finished it at a stretch. Section B Directions:In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I). Passage One 6. A. How to choose the qualified goods. B. The consumer's rights. C. The importance of the quality. D. How to demand the replacement.
武汉大学 2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 （满分值100分） 科目名称：英语科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.
2015中南大学考博英语经典阅读：An educationin finance 国庆长假，育明考博考博小编为同学们收集整理了经典阅读资料并附有例句解析，希望育明考博考博伴随同学们共度国庆，复习的更加顺利!联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。电话：四零零六六八六九七八 An educationin finance Less well known is the increasing willingness of colleges to borrowin the markets,too.On May15th,for example,Cornell University sold$250m-worth of bonds.In recent weeks both Harvard and the University of Texashave also raised hundreds of millions of dollars in this way. Such debt-raising is becoming more common.There are abundantreasons to believe that the market will grow much bigger yet. Largely this is because colleges are only belatedly becoming awareof how useful the financial markets can be.No doubt some of their hesitationhas been cultural:academics may have been reluctant to look at theiruniversities as businesses;or they may have misunderstood what was needed tohelp those businesses grow. If they did look at their institutions in economic terms,people ineducation tended not to think that universities lacked capital.Rather,theythought that they had a structural inability to use capital and labour moreefficiently.Unlike the car industry,many schools felt that they mustmaintain,or even increase,the ratio of employees(teachers)to customers(students).Small class sizes are taken as a signal of high quality,soinvesting money to save on teachers’salaries is not anattractive strategy. Schools had other reservations as well.Poor schools were worriedabout being unable to service debt.Rich schools with huge endowments may haveseen no need. So much for an academic perspective.A growing number of investorssaw
2017年北京清华大学考博英语真题 1. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to funds from armaments to health and education. A. derive B. deprive C. dispatch D. divert 2. To fund the event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD). A. beneficent B. expensive C. costly D. luxurious 3. Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week, but they are by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours at the grindstone. A. outdone B. outweighed C. outrun D. outrivaled 4. With the economy of the country going strong, the mood is optimism. A. presiding B. circulating C. floating D. prevailing 5. The hunter knows quite well that wild animals go seeking their in the jungle after dark. A. victim B. favorite C. prey D. sacrifice 6. The company, EDS, is smart enough to its 90,000-person workforce into independent micro teams that work directly with individual clients on creative business solutions. A. break out 、 B. break off C. break from D. break down 7. They agreed to take their disputes before the committee and by its decisions. A. stand B. observe C. abide D. precede 8. Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very . A. obscure B. indefinite C. dubious D. intriguing 9. Please don’t too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right.
2015年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解 Part ⅠReading Comprehension (2×20=40分) Directions: In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.”That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. T o make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract
2017年上海交通大学博士入学测试英语试题回忆 阅读理解Passage One Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II. In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level. In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters. One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The construction of apartments in the United States. (B) Causes and effects of rent control (C) The fluctuations of rental prices (D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States. 2. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California? (A) rapid population growth (B) inflation (C) economic conditions during wartime (D) record-high housing prices 3. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to (A) protect tenants
武汉大学考博英语经典复习方法 考博竞争日益激烈，英语成绩的高低往往具有“决定”意义，因为专业课很难拉开分数。那么考博英语到底如何复习准备呢?联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。电话：四零零六六八六九七八 1、题型由于考博英语试题由各招生单位自己独立命题，所以不同院校的考博英语试题题型风格不尽相同。就题型而言，一般都含有词汇结构、完形填空、阅读理解、汉英互译、作文题。很多院校初试不再考听力，而在复试通过口语形式考查。但有些院校仍在初试考查听力，甚至很重视听力分数。有些学校还有改错题，应用文，甚至其他题型。少数院校不考作文，但翻译比较长。很多院校主观题的分数所占比重都较高，占1/3甚至1/2比重。 2、难度考博英语重视考查翻译、写作等与攻读博士学位相关的应用能力，所以其难度不能简单与其他考试比较。但一般来说，考博英语试题的难度约相当于大学英语六级，但少数院校比六级难，有些院校甚至只相当于四级水平，甚至同一院校不同年份的难易程度也迥异。这是由于考博英语试题的命制没有其他英语水平考试、选拔考试规范，往往因出题人不同而有区别。所以，报考相应院校的考生一定要看一看该院校近年的考博英语真题。 3、词汇保守估计，考博英语需要掌握7000~8000单词，900常用动词短语。当然，一般掌握了六级及硕士研究生入学考试的词汇，通过考博英语也没有多大问题，只是词汇题可能失去少数分数。长期关注和研究考博英语试题，反对有些所谓考博英语词汇书所讲的考博需要掌握1万甚至1万以上词汇的观点。事实上，背诵那么多词汇是没有多大意义的，考博英语考查的重点不是考生掌握了多少词汇，而如上文所述，是阅读、翻译、写作能力。所以，词汇够用即可，建议复习自己当年很熟悉的考研词汇、六级词汇，然后略加拓展，如可看看公共英语等级考试五级词汇、新托福词汇、部分GRE
中南大学 2011年外科学博士学位研究生入学考试试题 长沙泰和医院神外-何承彪（2012年考博神外专业得分86分） 公共题 一、名词解释（每题4分） 1、微创外科：是通过微小创伤或微小入路，将特殊器械、物理能量或化学药剂送入人体 内部，完成对人体内病变、畸形、创伤的灭活、切除、修复或重建等外科手术操作，以达到治疗目的的医学科学分支，其特点是对病人的创伤明显小于相应的传统外科手术。如电视腹腔镜技术。 1、新辅助化疗：是指在恶性肿瘤局部实施手术或放疗前应用的全身性化疗，又称早期化疗。 即在肿瘤患者确诊后，在术前或放疗前行两个疗程的正规化疗，休息一两周后行手术治疗或放疗。理论点：术前或放疗前肿瘤血液供应和局部解剖尚未改变，从而可增加药物进入肿瘤组织内，增强抗肿瘤作用。 3、Systemic inflammatory response syndrome：即全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）是因感 染或非感染病因作用于机体而引起的机体失控的自我持续放大和自我破坏的全身性炎症反应。它是机体修复和生存而出现过度应激反应的一种临床过程。共同的特征性变化是血浆中炎症介质增多，而细菌感染并非必要条件。具有下列临床表现即可诊断：1）体温>38o C或<36o C；2）心率>90次/分；3）呼吸急促>20次/分或过度通气，PaCO2<4.3kPa；4）白细胞计数>12×109/L或<4×109/L，或未成熟白细胞>10%。 4、肠功能障碍：是指肠实质与（或）功能的损害，导致蠕动、消化、吸收营养与（或）黏膜屏 障功能出现障碍。 5、临界性肿瘤：少数肿瘤，形态上属良性，但常浸润性生长，切除后易复发，甚至可出现转移， 从生物行为上显示良性与恶性之间的类型，故称交界性或临界性肿瘤。诸如包膜不完整的纤维瘤、粘膜乳头状瘤、唾液腺混合瘤等。 二、问答题（每题5分） 1、临床出现高血钾如何治疗？ 答：由于高钾血症有导致病人心搏突然停止的危险，因此高钾血症一经诊断，应积极予以治疗。 1、停用一切含钾的药物或溶液 2、降低血钾浓度，可采取下列几项措施： 1）促使K+ 转入细胞内 ①输注碳酸氢钠溶液：先静脉注射5% NaHCO3溶液60-100ml，再继续静脉滴注NaHCO3 溶液100-200ml。（这种高渗碱性溶液输入后可使血容量增加，不仅可使血清K+得到 稀释，降低血钾浓度；又能使K+移入细胞内或由尿排出。同时，还有助于酸中毒的治 疗。注入的Na+可使肾远曲小管的Na+、K+交换增加，使K+从尿中排出）。
2017年武汉大学考博英语真题及答案 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions: In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong
English Test for Doctoral Candidates （A卷） Dec. 28, 2008 Part I Listening Comprehension (20%) Section A Directions:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center. 1. A. Touch all his friends. B. Write a lot. C. Have a lot of time. D. Have a lot of friends. 2. A. To work for a small company. B. To start a large company. C. To be independent. D. To graduate. 3. A. Buy a new car. B. Go to a new store. C. Find a new repair shop. D. Take a different bus. 4. A. 36 dollars. B. 15 dollars. C. 12 dollars. D. 4 dollars. 5. A. One hour. B. Two hours. C. Three hours. D. Four hours. 6. A. Perston's sister is going abroad. B. The man is probably reading a newspaper. C. The news today is very unusual. D. The Prime Minister is warmly welcomed. 7. A. She likes Mexican food. B. She expected a better dinner. C. The dinner was expensive. D. She enjoyed the food more than the man did. 8. A. 6 hours. B. 1 hour. C. 10 hours.
中南大学2015考博英语：高分经验阶梯复习方法分享考博是一个系统的学习、复习提高的过程。在这个漫长的复习过程中，你应该制定一个科学可行的复习方案，按部就班的踏实完成，才有可能将复习坚持到底，并达到卓有成效的目的。关于考博英语的复习，一千个人就有一千个方法，只要肯做方法便无穷。我认为英语是个积累性很强的学科，如果想要在有限的时间里提高英语成绩，前提就是要分阶段、分梯度，循序渐进的进行复习。当然，这个过程中，也应该根据自己的复习情况，对计划有针对性的调整。下面育明考博考博的小编就给大家分享下考博英语阶梯复习方法。联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。电话：四零零六六八六九七八 一、第一阶段：从基础入手 这个复习阶段在我的全程复习中，大约占到了3个月的时间。主攻的方向为单词和长难句。单词是提高英语的基础;而长难句考查的主要是语法知识，它是考博英语和其他各类英语考试最大区别。 词汇量是考博英语阅读能力和写作能力提高的根本。词汇复习需要你制定一个详尽复习计划，忌好高骛远，要注重循序渐进的反复及“消化”过程。对于重点词汇及同义词、反义词、派生词等区别、用法，要侧重记忆。 育明考博考博英语辅导老师根据多年的教学经验，为大家这部分的复习提出以下的建议： 1)词汇复习书籍的选择。建议你应该依据个人学习习惯和记忆模式去挑选资料。例如，如果你习惯快速记背，遗忘规律遵循的时间较短，建议你选择全都是词汇的小册子作为第一轮单词复习的首选。但是，无论你的记忆模式是怎样的，一定要认真的背完一遍。 2)找一本比较权威全面的语法书。这样的资料容易帮助你重温各种语法的基本结构。阅读和翻译中的长难句，是由各种简单结构组合而成的，所以