请先阅读讲义“不定式与v-ing分词用法区别”
主语表语定语宾语宾补状语
不定式??????
-ing ??????
一、不定式与-ing都可作以上句子成分，其区别如下：
1、主语
"使用不定式：it作形式主语，多用不定式，置语句末）
It is hard to find a true friend.
It is impolite to talk with your mouth full.
"使用-ing
(1) 在句首时
Shopping is her best way to relax herself.
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
Developing the economy and protecting the environment can be possible at the same time.
(2) 前有所有格修饰时
Her swimming has improved quickly since she started training every day.
The president’s attending the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
（3）在以下固定句型中（虽以it做形式主语,也用-ing））
It is no good/use persuading him to change his mind.
It is worth reading all the Chinese famous novels.
2、表语
" My job is to teach you English.
=My job is teaching you English.
"The news is exciting/surprising/shocking……
3、定语
"使用不定式：
（1）在以下句型中, 常用不定式表将来（主动形式表被动意义）
We still have a long way to go. (have sth to do)
There is a long way to go. (there be… to do)
With a lot of homework to do, I have to stay home all day. (with sth to do) （2）有序数词first, second,…last 修饰的名词后
He was determined not to be the first one to voice opinions.
"使用-ing：
（1）表____________
a developing country the fast-growing economy a sleeping boy the rising sun
Do you know the person talking to the headteacher now?
= Do you know the person who are talking to the headteacher now?
（2）表_____________
Those wishing to join this club should sign here.
= Those who wish to join this club should sign here.
Everyone attending the meeting agreed to the plan.
= Everyone who attended the meeting agreed to the plan.
（3）表_____________
an interesting story exciting news puzzling lights confusing
rules disappointing results
（4）表_____________
a swimming pool a walking stick a writing desk a smoking area a changing room
4、宾语
"使用不定式：在某些动词后
He wishes to sleep at least for 8 hours every day.
My father promised to buy me a cellphone if I got straight A in SAT.
He pretended to be asleep when I approached her.
后接不定式作宾语的动词还有：
______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________
"使用-ing
（1）在某些动词后
He is considering changing for a new job.
后接-ing作宾语的动词还有：
______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________
（2）在介词后
She relaxes herself by shopping。
Look forward to seeing you again.
to 是介词的词组还有：
______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________
"使用不定式和-ing意义不同
(1) forget doing(having done)________________ forget to
do________________________
remember doing(having done)_______________ remember to
do_____________________
regret doing(having done) __________________ regret to
do______________________
(2) try doing _______________ try to do_______________
(3) mean doing______________ mean to do______________
(4) cant help doing______________ can’t help (to) do _____________
(5) stop doing_______________ stop to do_______________
(6）need doing_______________ need to do_______________
5、宾补：
不定式或-ing作宾补一般用在动词：
（1）感官动词: find, see, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel后
（2）使役动词make, have, let, keep, leave后
宾补用（省to）不定式，-ing，过去分词都可，但意义不同。
I saw him come in.（说明的对象是宾语，表主动，动作全过程）
I saw him coming towards us.（说明的对象是宾语，表主动，进行）
He raised his voice to make himself heard ( by the students).（说明的对象是宾语，表被动）
Sorry to keep you waiting so long. （说明的对象是宾语，表主动和“一直所处的状态”）
He hurried out of the washing room, leaving the water still running. （说明的对象是宾语，表主动和“一直所处的的状态”）
People along the coast had all their houses ruined by the typhoon. （说明的对象是宾语，表被动）
6、状语
"使用不定式常表目的。
He came here to attend an important meeting.
"使用-ing可表时间、原因、结果、条件、伴随、补充说明等。
Turning around, he saw a car driving up.（表_________）
Not knowing his address, he had much difficulty finding his home. （表
_________）
The fire lasted a month, leaving nothing valuable. （表_________）
Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. （表_________）
He lay on the bed, thinking what to do the next day. （表_________）Yesterday John sent me a letter, telling me that he would come to see me the next month.
（表_________）
二、不定式与-ing的语态与时态
一般式
复杂形式
被动式完成式完成被动式否定式
to do
主动/将来 to be done
被动/将来 to have done
主动/完成 to have been done
被动/完成 not to do，
not to be done
-ing
主动/进行/同时性 being done
被动/进行 having done
主动/完成 having been done
被动/完成 not doing，
not having done
以上各种形式的使用场合及区别
1. to be done / being done/doing 常作定语
to be done 与说明对象之间表被动和将来;
being done与说明对象之间表被动和进行；
doing与说明对象之间表主动和进行.
The students to be interviewed tomorrow are required to bring all the necessary papers.
= The students who ______ _ tomorrow are required to bring all the necessary papers.
The problem being discussed now is about “Economy or environment”.
= The problem which ________ ________ _________ now is about “Economy or environment”.
The old man sitting at the table wears a white shirt.
= The old man who _________________ __________ wears a white shirt.
2. to do/ to be done作状语时的区别：
to do 与说明对象之间表____________;
to be done 表_____________.
He hurried back home to tell his father he had won the first place.
He went there to be trained for a pilot.
3. to be doing/to do have done/to have been done 常作宾语
常用于以下句型：
sth/sb is said(reported/thought/believed/considered) to do…
sb/sth pretend (happen) to do…
sb/sth is likely to do…
to do 与说明对象之间表主动和将来;
to be doing说明对象之间表主动和进行；
to do have done说明对象之间表主动，在谓语动词之前已发生;
to have been done说明对象之间表被动，在谓语动词之前已发生。
1) He is said to study abroad.
=It is said that he _________ __________abroad.
2) He is said to be studying abroad.
=It is said that he _________ ___________ abroad.
3) He is said to have studied abroad. （表主动，在谓语动词is said之前发生）
=It is said that he studied (has studied) abroad.
4) Liu Xiang was reported to have broken the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.
（表主动，发生在谓语动词was reported之前）
=It was reported that Liu Xiang had broken the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.
5) Loulan City is believed to have been covered by sandstorms from AD 200 to AD 500.
（表被动，发生在谓语动词is believed之前）
=It is believed that Loulan city was covered by sandstorms from AD 200 to AD 500.
When I came in, he happened to go out.
When I came in, he happened to be having dinner.
When I came, he happened to have finished his homework.
4. having done/ having been done 常作状语
doing与说明对象之间表主动，与谓语动词同时发生；
having done说明对象之间表主动，在谓语动词之前发生；
having been done表说明对象之间被动，在谓语动词之前发生。
1) Turning around, he saw a car driving up.（表主动,与谓语动词saw同时发生）
= When he _________ around, he saw a car driving up.
2) Having finished his homework, he went to bed.（表主动，发生在谓语动词went 之前）
=After he _________ __________ his homework, he went to bed.
3) Having been separated for millions of years, Australia has a lot of unique plants and animals that cannot be found in any other continent. （表被动，发生在谓语动词has之前）
= Because Australia __________________ ___________for millions of years, it has a lot of unique plants and animals that cannot be found in any other continent.
小试牛刀，挑战高考！
第一组
1. The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket the desert.
A. covering
B. covered
C. cover
D. to cover
2. There is a great deal of evidence _______ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.
A. indicate
B. indicating
C. to indicate
D. to be indicating
3. Peter received a letter just now his grandma would come to see him soon.
A. said
B. says
C. saying
D. to say
4. The government plans to bring in new laws _______ parents to take more responsibility for the
education of their children.
A. forced
B. forcing
C. to be forced
D. having forced
5. With the world changing fast, we have something new with all by ourselves every day.
A. deal
B. dealt
C. to deal
D. dealing
6. Hanks was the first biologist ________ one plant to another, making plant species richer.
A. to transplant
B. transplanted
C. transplanting
D. transplant
7. We are invited to a party _________in our club next Friday.
A. to be held
B. held
C. being held
D. holding
8. Henry can’t attend the party at Tom’s house at present because he is preparing tomorrow’s presentation.
A．hold B．to hold C．to be held D．being held
9. Don’t sit there nothing. Come and help me with this table.
A. do
B. to do
C. doing
D. and doing
10. Many ran to the crowd what was happening there.
A. saw
B. to see
C. to seeing
D. see
11. When asked why he went there，he said he was sent there for a space flight.
A. training
B. being trained
C. to have trained
D. to be trained
12. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle .
A. to be heard
B. to have heard
C. hearing
D. being heard
13. ________ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president would attend
B. The president to attend
C. The president attended
D. The president’s attending
第二组
1. ______ the project in time, the workers were working day and night.
A. Completing
B. Having completed
C. To have completed
D. To complete
2. —Did the book give the information you needed?
—Yes. But it，I had to read the entire book.
A. to find
B. find
C. to be finding
D. finding
3. ___ their hats into the air，the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
A. To throw
B. Thrown
C. Throwing
D. Being thrown
4. __ in the queue for half an hour，the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the
car.
A. Waiting
B. To wait
C. Having waited
D. To have waited
5. around the Water Cube，we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
A. Having shown
B. To be shown
C. Having been shown
D. To show
6. __that he was in great danger，Eric walked deeper into the forest.
A. Not realized
B. Not to realize
C. Not realizing
D. Realizing not
7. The secretary worked late onto night, ________ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare
B. preparing
C. prepared
D. was preparing
8. My cousin came to see me from the country， me a full basket of fresh fruits.
A. brought
B. bringing
C. to bring
D. had brought
9. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year， a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4.
A. have reached
B. reaching
C. to reach
D. to be reaching
10. At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, _ in a small apartment near Boston and ______ what to do about his future.
A. living; wondering
B. lived; wondering
C. lived; wondered
D. living; wondered
11. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not ______, and asked myself what I was going to do.
A．moved B．moving C．to move D．being moved
第三组
1. —There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.
—My goodness! I can’t imagine that old.
A. to be
B. to have been
C. being
D. having been
2. Bill suggested _____ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.
A. having held
B. to hold
C. holding
D. hold
3. I can’t stand with Jane in the same office. She just refuses talking while she works.
A. working; stopping
B. to work; stopping
C. working; to stop
D. to work; to stop
4. After he became conscious，he remembered and on the head with
a rod.
A. to attack; hit
B. to be attacked; to be hit
C. attacking; be hit
D. having been attacked; hit
5. —Jack, seeing the wonderful diamond necklaces on display, I can’t help
________one．
—Really? But I’m sorry I can’t help _________ one for you because I know little about it.
A. buying; choosing
B. to buy; to choose
C. buying; to choose
D. to buy; choosing
6. There is nothing more I can try you to stay，so I wish you good luck.
A. being persuaded
B. persuading
C. to be persuaded
D. to persuade
7. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried alone，but she didn’t like it and moved back home.
A. living
B. to live
C. to be living
D. having lived
8. He told us whether _________ a picnic was still under discussion
A. to have
B. having
C. have
D. had
9. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang，who was reported the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.
A. breaking
B. having broken
C. to have broken
D. to break
10. Loulan City is believed by many people _________ by sandstorms between AD 200 and AD 500.
A. to be covered
B. to have been covered
C. to cover
D. having been covered
11．When the telephone rang, I happened _________ in the kitchen, but when I came over to get it, it rang off.
A. to be cooking
B. to have cooked
C. to cook
D. having cooked
12. --Why did you go back to the shop?
--I left my friend ________ there.
A. waiting
B. to wait
C. wait
D. waits
13. When I came in, I found Lucy _________ by the window_________ to music.
A. sitting; listening
B. sit; listen
C. sitting; listen
D. sit; listening
14. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _______ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeing
B. having seen
C. to have seen
D. to see
15. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless every day.
A. watered
B. watering
C. water
D. to water
G1 1-5 ABCBC 6-13 AADCB DAD
G2 1-5 DACCC 6-11 CBBBA B
G3 1-5 CCCDC 6-10 DAACB 11-15AAADA
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3d13728706.html, 动名词与动词不定式用法例析 作者：朱小峰 来源：《初中生世界(初二年级)》2007年第01期 英语中某些动词后可跟动名词或动词不定式，有时两者意思差别不大，有时却截然不同。现分别例析如下： 一、两者意思相似，但稍有差别 1．start／begin doing sth．(或to do sth．) 析：start／begin doing sth．与start／begin to do sth．两者均表示“开始做某事”，一般可通用，但指开始一项长期或习惯的活动时，多用doing形式，例如： (1)I started／began learning(或to learn)English in 1992． 我学英语开始于1992年。 (2)How old were you when you first started playing football? 你第一次踢足球时多大? 2．like doing sth．(或to do sth) 析：like doing sth．与like to do sth．两者均表示“喜欢做某事”，有时可以通用，但表示一般性或抽象的多次性行为多用doing形式；表示某一特定场合具体的动作时，多用to do形式。类似此用法的动词还有hate(憎恨)，love(爱、喜欢)，prefer(更喜欢)等，例如： (1)For example，Lily likes to dance(或dancing)，but I like to sing(或singing)． 例如，莉莉喜欢跳舞，但我喜欢唱歌。 (2)He likes(hates)swimming，but he doesn’t like(hate)to swim today． 他喜欢(讨厌)游泳，但他今天不喜欢(讨厌)游泳。
不少英语语法书上认为英语中的感官动词如feel, hear, see, look at, listen to, notice, watch等后要跟复合宾语，即"宾语+宾语补足语"并举例说：I heard him speak.我听了他的发言句中的不带to的不定式speak表示已发过言了，表示一个完成的动作I heard him speaking.我听见他在说话句中的现在分词speaking表示"正在说话"笔者认为上述的解释是不正确的下面谈谈自己的一点肤浅见解，与同行们探讨 如果按上述I heard him speak.句中的解释，speak表示"一个完成的动作"，"讲过话了"，在我听的时候，speak怎么会是一个完成的动作呢?按理可推，I heard her singing.能理解为说话的此刻她还在唱歌吗? 由此可见，"一个完成的动作"是对哪个时间参照点而言，如果是对说话的此刻而言，那么，当hear,feel,notice,watch等为过去时，不管是不带to的动词不定式，还是现在分词都表示"完成的动作" 如果hear,feel,notice,see,watch等为一般现在时或一般将来时，则不带to的不定式不可能是"一个完成的动作"如：We want to come and hear you play.能解释为说话的此刻，play是"一个已完成的动作(已演出过了)"吗? 在语言的运用中，实际上不带to的动词不定式表示整个活动(a complete activity, a complete action或a whole action)，而现在分词表示正在进行的动作(an activity in progress)或者不管是不是全过程试比较： I saw him change the wheel of his car.我看见他在换汽车轮子(意味着我看到了整个动作过程) I saw him changing the wheel of his car.我看见他换汽车轮子(可能意味着我只看到动作过程的一部分) 又如：I saw him cross the road.是指"我看到他穿过马路的整个过程"(从离开人行道到另一侧的人行道)，而I saw him crossing the road.则是指"我看到他正在穿越马路"再比较下列动
不定式和动名词做主语的区别 不定式和动名词都可在句子中作主语，一般说来, 有下面几点须给予注意： (1)不定式一般表示具体的、特定的行为，通常表示一种意愿、目的或者未完成的事情。；而-ing分词一般表示抽象的、一般的行为通常表示已经知道的事实或者经验。 如： To complete the program needs much effort. 完成这项计划需要很大的努力。 Riding a bike can make a man smart. 骑单车能使一个人敏捷。 (2)在疑问句中，只能用动名词的复合结构作主语。如： Is his speaking reasonable? 她的说话有道理吗？ (3)在某些句型中通常要用动名词短语作主语。如：It is no use doing…/ It is no goo d doing…/ It is useless doing…/ It is worthwhil e doing…如： It is no use talking your trouble to a man like him. 跟他那样的人谈你的烦恼没有用。 (4)一般说来，作主语和表语的非谓语动词形式应一致，即：或同时为不定式，或同时为-ing分词。如： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实(from https://www.doczj.com/doc/3d13728706.html,)。 但是，在现代英语中，当表语用来说明主语的特定意义或具体内容时，主语和表语的非谓语动词的形式可以不一致，即，主语用动名词，而表语用动词不定式。如：Waving your hand is to say “Good-bye”. 挥手就是说“再见”。 Nodding your head is to say “Yes”. 点头就是说“对，是的”。
接不定式和动名词含义不同的动词 1. remember(记得)，forget(忘记)，regret(后悔)后接不定式指该不定式所表示的动作还未发生，后接动名词(有时可用完成式)，则指该动名词所表示的动作已经发生。比较。如：Remember to post the letter. 记住把这封信寄了。(“寄信”未发生) I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄了那封信。(“寄信”已发生) He forgot to pay me the money. 他忘记要给我付钱了。(“付钱”未发生) He forgot paying me the money. 他忘记曾给我付过钱。(“付钱”发生了) 2. try 后接不定式表示设法做某事，接动名词表示做某事试试(看有什么效果)。如： I’ll try to come tomorrow. 我明天设法来。 Let’s try knocking at the back door. 咱们敲敲后门试试。 3. mean 后接不定式表示打算(想要)做某事，接动名词表示意味着(要)做某事。如： He means to be a teacher. 他打算当老师。 He did not mean to hurt you. 他不是有意要伤害你。 This illness will mean going to hospital. 得了这种病就意味着要住院。 4. stop 后接动名词表示停止做某事，接不定式表示停下正在做的事去做另一事。如： He stopped speaking, and there was not a sound in the room. 他停止讲话，房里一点声音也没有了。 He stopped to listen, but there was no more sound. 他停下来听，但再也没有听到什么声音。 【注】后接不定式时，不定式不是宾语，而是目的状语。 5. can’t help后接动名词表示禁不住去做某事，接不定式表示不能帮助做某事。如： He couldn’t help crying when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息时禁不住哭了。 The medicine can’t help to get rid of your cold. 这药不能帮你治好感冒。 6. go on 后接不定式表示做完某事后接着做另一事，接动名词表示继续做正在做的事。如： You oughtn’t to go on living this way. 你不应该再这样生活下去了。 Go on to do the other exercises after you have finished this one. 做完这个练习后, 请接着做其他的练习。 【注】也人认为go on doing sth中的doing是现在分词而不是动名词。
动词不定式、动名词的用法和区别 动词不定式：动词不定式是由to + 动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。 1. 动词不定式作主语： To mast a language is not an easy thing. / To teach English is my favorite. 动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。 It's very kind of you to have given us much help. 2. 动词不定式作宾语： 某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语，这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask. I like to help others if I can. 3. 动词不定式作宾语补语。 We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。/ Please ask him to come here quickly.请叫他快过来。 4. 动词不定式作表语： What I should do is to finish the task soon. / The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 5. 动词不定式作定语： There are many ways to solve the problem. / I have something important to tell you. 6. 不定式作状语： We went to the hospital to see our teacher. / She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower. 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to + 动词原形 The teacher told us not to swim in that river. 老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。 It's unfair not to tell us. 没告诉我们真是不公平。 带疑问词的不定式： 疑问词who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。Where to go is not known yet. I don't know when to begin.。 Can you tell me where to get the battery. Do you know how to get to the station. 带逻辑主语的不定式： 动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是：for + 逻辑主语+ 不定式。 注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式，for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。 It's necessary for us to help each other. / There are much work for me to finish, 动词不定式的被动形式：表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系。 He is the man to be examined. 他是受检查的人。/ There are much work to be done. 有好多工作要做。 ●动名词 动名词是由动词原形+ ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。 1) 动名词作主语： Talking like that is not polite. / Learning from others is important . / Putting on more clothes is not so good . （注：动名词可以象动词不定式一样，用it作形式主语，而把动名词写在后面做真正的主语。）It's no use waiting here, let's go home. / It's very difficult climbing this mountain. 2) 动名词作表语 The nurse's job is looking after the patients. 3)动名词作宾语 有些动词须用动名词来作宾语,它们是begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep. Please stop smoking in the house. / I like reading in the forest. / Do you mind my opening the windows? 4）动名词作定语 She is studying in the reading room. / He slept in the sleeping bag. （动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词） He pretend not knowing it at all. 他假装全然不知。/ We considered not doing it now. 我们考虑现在不做这件事。 动名词的被动形式：当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。）His being looked down upon made him sick. / I can't really stand being treated like that.
非谓语动词:英语中两个动词不能直接放在一起，要么加TO，要么加ING！不定式:to do (表示事情没做，将要做） 动名词：V+ing 现在分词：V+ing(表主动，进行） 过去分词：done(表被动，完成） 特殊类动词直接加动原的：1.使役动词（have ,let, made ) 2.感观动词3.情态动词 2.区别 1.加to与加ing无区别的：start, begin, continue... 2.加to do 与加ing 区别小的(前者表一次性的动作，后者表习惯性动作）：like , love ,hate... 3.加to do 与加ing 区别大的 forget to do sth:忘记做某事(还没做) remember to do sth:记得做某事(还没做) forget doing sth忘记已经做了某事 rembember doing sth:记得已经做了某事stop to do sth:停止某事去做另外一件事regret to do sth:遗憾/后悔没做某事 stop doing sth:停止正在做的事情rgeret doing sth:遗憾/后悔做了某事 mean to do sth:打算做某事 try to do sth:努力做某事 mean doing sth:意味着.. .try doing sth:尝试做某事 三,接to do 还是V-ing (常考词） 接to do 的词： want/hope/wish/agree/ask/choose/learn/plan/seek/fail/offer/manage/pretend/promise/ref use 接V-ing的词：finish/avoid/mind/suggest/miss/practise/risk/feel like/give up/cann't help 四，用现在分词还是过去分词 Walking in the street, you must be careful. 表主动，逗号后面的主语是人，用现在分词. Written in English, it is difficult to read. 表被动,逗号后面的主语是物,用过去分词.
动名词作主语和动词不定式做主语的区别? 动词不定式与动名词的区别：）to+V 放句首为动词不定式，用法与V+ing差不多，多用于后面所说的事情还没有发生。例：To be a author is my dream. V+ing 放句首是动名词，其相当于名词，例：Doing lots of exercise is good for health. 一般来讲，to+ v. 表主动，表将来，表一次行动作。-ing 表主动，表进行。动词不定式与动名词的一些用法：）不定式与动名词都可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但用法不尽相同。1．作主语一般情况下,不定式与动名词作主语可以互换,也常常可以用it充当形式主语,而把不定式和动名词放在句子的后半部分。但二者也有区别,不定式常常指某次具体的、将要发生的行为;而动名词则表示一般的、抽象的行为。例如: To save money now is not easy. 现在攒钱不容易。Saving money is a good habit. 攒钱是个好习惯。2．作定语不定式多为后置定语,动名词多为前置定语;不定式多表示将来的动作,动名词只能表示事物的属性、用途等。例如: He is looking for a room to live in.他正在找一间房子去住。Take these sleeping pills and you\'ll sleep better. 吃了这种安眠药,你会睡得更好。3．作宾语：有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语,不能跟动名词作宾语;有些动词后常跟动名词作宾语,不能跟不定式作宾语;有些动词后跟不定式和动名词作宾语皆可, 1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例 如：Collecting inform ation about children’s health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：（1）It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do （2）It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do. 3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：It’s no good (use, fun) doing. It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing.另:1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) (3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job. Ⅰ.动名词和不定式做主语的相同点 1.不定式短语和动名词做主语时，常常为了保持句子的平衡，用it来做形式主语，如： It is not easy to learn English well. It is no use asking him for help. 2.如果主语用了不定式,表语和宾语也要用不定式;主语用了动名词,表语和宾语也要用动名词,这在英语中称为对称性,如: To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. (眼见为实) It is better to stay home than _A__ out. A. to go B. going C. go D. gone
何时用不定式何时用分词和动名词 Ⅰ.动名词和不定式做主语的相同点 1.不定式短语和动名词做主语时，常常为了保持句子的平衡，用it来做形式主语，如： It is not easy to learn English well. It is no use asking him for help. 2.如果主语用了不定式,表语和宾语也要用不定式;主语用了动名词,表语和宾语也要用动名词,这在英语中称为对称性,如: To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. (眼见为实) (85)It is better to stay home than _A__ out. A. to go B. going C. go D. gone Ⅱ.动名词和不定式做主语的不同点 1.不定式做主语常表示具体的某一动作;表示泛指或一般的抽象的概念时,多用动名词,如: (92)_B_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk 2.在”There/It +be+ no use(good/help/need)”之后常用动名词做主语,而少用不定式,如: It /There is no use crying over the split milk. It /There is no help taking this medicine. ★但是如果该句型中用了for引出不定式的逻辑主语,就只能用不定式,如: (93) There is no good for us to do that exercise. 3.不定式可以和when, where, how, what, whether等连用,在句子中做主语,宾语和表语,而动名词则不能,如: How to solve the problem is a hot potato. Where to put the box seems hard to decide. Whether to do it hasn’t been decided. What to do next is up to you. 时态、语态及其基本用法 A. 不定式 1．不定式的时态、语态有三种形式：①一般式，如，to write / to be written ;②进行式，如，to be writing / to have been writing;③完成式，如，to have written / to have been written 。 2．基本用法 ①不定式的一般式，表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时也发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如： He seems to know this.(=It seems that he knows this.) I hope to see you again.(=I hope that I’ll see you again.) He doesn’t like to be laughed at. (=He doesn’t like that he is being laughed at.) ②不定式的进行式，表示不定式的动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如： When the mother went into the room, the boy pretended to be sleeping. (=… , the boy pretended that he was sleeping .) I heard the English song being sung by him. (=I heard that the English song was being sung by him.) ③．不定式的完成式，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如： I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. (= I am sorry that I kept you waiting so long. ) Having been well written, the book was translated into many languages. (=Because it had been well written, …) B. 分词 1.只有现在分词才有时态和语态形式的变化。现在分词的时态、语态有两种形式：①一般式，如，doing / being done;
动词不定式语法单选题 【真题在线】 1. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears ________ everything. A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told 2. I feel it is your husband who ________ for the spoiled child. A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame 3. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving ________ their products more competitive. A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made 4. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered ________ clear warnings before firing any shots. A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued 5. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ________ a look at the sports stars. A. had B. having C. to have D. have 6. Energy drinks are not allowed ________ in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. A. to make B. to be made C. to have been made D. to be making 7. There is nothing more I can try ________ you to stay, so I wish you good luck. A. being persuaded B. persuading C. to be persuaded D. to persuade 8. If there's a lot of work ________, I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing 9. David threatened ________ his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid. A. to be reported B. reporting C. to report D. having reported 10. Thai is the only way we can imagine ________ the overuse of water in students' bathrooms. A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce 11. Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing… but w e seem ________ the art of communicating face-to-face. A. losing B. to be losing C. to be lost D. having lost 12. The students are looking forward to having an opportunity ________ society for real-life experience. A. explore B. to explore C. exploring D. explored 【随堂检测】 (A)
高中英语语法：不定式和现在分词 一、不定式(to do的构成 1. 不定式的构成 不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时式和语态的变化,通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例: 主动式 被动式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing / 完成进行式 to have been doing /
1 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。如: They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。 2 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之后发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。如: She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。 I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do. 我本来想告诉你这件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。 It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 对我来说,在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。 3 不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如: It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好,这些天一直帮我们。 He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地 听老师讲课。
动词不定式和动名词是英语非谓语动词的两个重要部分 一、作主语 1、不定式作主语：动词不定式可直接用作主语, 句子的谓语动词常用单数。 To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 对于主语较长的不定式，可以用it 作形式主语。例如： It's our duty to take good care of the old.How long did it take you to finish the work It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. It seemed impossible to save money.It's kind of you to help me with my English. 2、动名词作主语：动名词也可直接用作主语，或者用it 作形式主语。例如： Learning without practice is no good.It's no good reading in dim light.It's no use sitting here waiting.It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.There is no saying what will happen next. 3、动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，或者表示将要进行的动作。而动名词作主语经常表示 抽象的一般性的动作。例如：It's no good for you to eat so much fat. ( 有具体的人for you) It's no good eating too much fat. ( 泛指 ) (2) 不定式的逻辑主语常用 of, for 表示；动名词逻辑主语则常用物主代词、名词、代词表示。例如：It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. (of you) It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules. (your) The doctor suggested them having their health check-up once a year. 二、作宾语 1、不定式作宾语 (1) 以下动词后 , 一般只用不定式作宾语 .如 :agree, attempt ， apply， ask, aim, arrange, beg ，choose, decide, demand, expect, fail , help, hope, lean, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish afford 等。 I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot. (2)不定式可先用 it 做形式宾语。 2、动名词作宾语 (1)以下动词后 , 一般只用动名词作宾语 , 如 :admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, save, suggest, don't mind, give up, insist, on, put off 等。 I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health. (2)介词后只能接动名词做宾语 I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech (3)少数特殊结构中只用动名词做宾语。它们可以看作是省略的介词的形式。例如： have difficulty prevent/stop (in) doing sth. have ? (from) doing sth. no trouble (in) doing sth.lose no ti me (in) there is no use (in) doing sth. doing sth. 3、不定式与动名词做宾语的区别 (1)动词后是接不定式还是动名词作宾语，主要是根据使用习惯。有些动词后一般只接不定
不定式与动名词专题练习 1．I don't allow _____ in my drawing room. I don't allow my family _____ at all. A. smoking；to smoke B. to smoke；smoking C. to smoke；to smoke D. smoking；smoking 选A。allow要用动名词做宾语，用动词不定式作宾语补足语。 2．Your clothes need _____. A. washed B. to be washed C. to wash D. being washing 选B。need to be done相当于need doing, 表示被动语态。 3．This bike is not worthy _____. A. to be repaired B. of repairing C. to repair D. repairing 选A。be worthy to be done的意思是"某事值得被做"。 4．_____ provides us with essential nutrients, while _____ provides us with oxygen. A. To eat; breathing B. Ea ting; to breathe C. Eating; breathing D. Eaten; breathed 选C。while是并列连词，连接两个并列的动名词结构。 5．Rebecca was unhappy for _____ the first chance to go abroad. A. not having been given B. not having given C. not giving D. having been given 选A。not having been done是动名词的完成被动式的否定形式，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前，而且是被动的。 6．_____ is better to love than _____. A. That; to be loved B. That; be love C. It; be loved D. It; to be loved 选D。It在句中作形式主语；than连接两个并列的动词不定式。 7．I've got the loaf；now I'm looking for a bread knife _____. A. cutting it by B. cutting it with C. to cut it with D. to cut it by 选C。动词不定式作后置定语；with表示工具；by表示手段。 8．I'm glad _____ by him yesterday. A. not be seen B. to not have been seen C. not to have been seen D. not to have seen 选C。not to have been done是动词不定式的完成被动式的否定形式，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。 9．-What do you think about English? -It's a difficult language _____. A. speaking B. to be spoken C. to speak D. spoken 选C。可以在不定式前加上for sb.作为逻辑主语，因此是主动的。 10．He would rather stay at home than _____ out with you. A. go B. to go C. going D. goes
动名词作主语和动词不定式做主语的区别？ 动词不定式与动名词的区别：）to+V放句首为动词不定式，用法与V+ing差不多，多用于 后面所说的事情还没有发生。例：To be a author is my dream. V+i ng 放句首是动名词，其 相当于名词，例：Doi ng lots of exercise is good for health. 一般来讲，to+ v.表主动，表 将来，表一次行动作。-ing表主动，表进行。动词不定式与动名词的一些用法：）不定 式与动名词都可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但用法不尽相同。 1 ?作主语一般情 况下，不定式与动名词作主语可以互换，也常常可以用it充当形式主语，而把不定式和动名词放在句子的后半部分。但二者也有区别，不定式常常指某次具体的、将要发生的行为；而动名 词则表示一般的、抽象的行为。例如：To save money now is not easy. 现在攒钱不容易。 Savi ng mo ney is a good habit. 攒钱是个好习惯。 2 .作定语不定式多为后置定语，动名词 多为前置定语；不定式多表示将来的动作，动名词只能表示事物的属性、用途等。例如：He is look ing for a room to live in. 他正在找一间房子去住。Take these sleep ing pills and you\'ll sleep better.吃了这种安眠药，你会睡得更好。3 .作宾语：有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语,不能跟动名词作宾语；有些动词后常跟动名词作宾语，不能跟不定式作宾语；有些动词后跟不定式和动名词作宾语皆可， 1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例女口： Collect ing in formation about childre n ' s health is his jc收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。It ' s necessry to discuss the problem with an experieneed teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。2、常用不定式做主语的句型有： （1） It ' s difficult （important，necessary） for sb. to do （2）It ' s kind （good，friendly，polite， careless，rude，cruel，clever，foolish，brave） of sb. to do. 3 、常用动名词做主语的句型 有: It ' s no good （use，fun） doing. It ' s （a） waste of time one 另：1）s动o名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited（禁止）here .这里禁止抽烟。（抽象）It is not very good for you to smoke so much .你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。（具体）（2）动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climb ing mou ntai ns is interesting .爬山很有趣。（经验）Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring .在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。（经验）（3 ）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minu tes to finish the job. I .动名词和不定式做主语的相同点 1. 不定式短语和动名词做主语时，常常为了保持句子的平衡，用it来做形式主语，如： It is not easy to learn English well. It is no use asking him for help. 2. 如果主语用了不定式，表语和宾语也要用不定式；主语用了动名词，表语和宾语也要用动名词，这在英语中称为对称性，如：