1、
About 216–224 g. (1.62–1.68 moles) of powdered anhydrous is added to a
1Lthree-necked flask.在1L的三口烧瓶中加入大约216-224g(1.62–1.68 moles)的无水三氯化铝。While the free-flowing catalyst is stirred , 81 g. (0.67 mole) of is added from the dropping funnel in a slow stream over a period of 20–30 minutes. 自由流动的催化剂边搅拌边用滴液漏斗缓慢滴加81g苯乙酰。Considerable heat is evolved, and, if the drops of ketone are not dispersed, darkening or charring occurs. 放热反应，假如滴加的酮不能被分散，就会变黑或是碳化。When about one-third of the has been added, the mixture becomes a viscous ball-like mass that is difficult to stir.当三分之一的乙酰苯被滴加，反应混合物变成一个很难搅拌的粘性的球状团块。Turning of the stirrer by hand or more rapid addition of ketone is necessary at this point. 在这时，改用手动搅拌或快速滴加酮是非常必要的。The addition of ketone, however, should not be so rapid as to produce a temperature above 180°. 然而，速度不能太快，当反应温度超过180℃时。Near the end of the addition, the mass becomes molten and can be stirred easily without being either heated or cooled. The molten mass, in which the is complexed with , ranges in color from tan to brown.当快滴加完时，团块开始融化，表明苯乙酰已经和三氯化铝混合完全，颜色也逐渐从黄褐色变为棕色。
(128 g., 0.80 mole) is added dropwise to the well-stirred mixture over a period of 40 minutes . 在40分钟内在搅拌下把溴缓慢滴加到混合物中。After all the has been added, the molten mixture is stirred at 80–85° on a steam bath for 1 hour.溴滴加完后，熔融混合物在80-85℃蒸气浴下搅拌1小时。The complex is added in portions to a well-stirred mixture of 1.3 l. of cracked ice and 100 ml. of concentrated in a 2-l. beaker .反应物加入到1.3L碎冰和100ml浓盐酸的混合物中在2L的烧杯中混合均匀。Part of the cold aqueous layer is added to the reaction flask to decompose whatever part of the reaction mixture remains there, and the resulting mixture is added to the beaker.把部分的冰水层加入到烧瓶中洗涤残留物，然后合并到烧杯中。The dark oil that settles out is extracted from the mixture with four 150-ml. portions of 分四次把深色的油从混合物中用150ml萃取出来。The extracts are combined, washed consecutively with 100 ml. of water and 100 ml. of 5% aqueous solution, dried with anhydrous , and transferred to a short-necked distillation flask. 合并萃取液，用100ml水和100ml 5%的小苏打洗涤，用无水硫酸钠干燥。The is removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure, and crude 3-bromoacetophenone is stripped from a few grams of heavy dark residue by distillation at reduced pressure. 乙醚在常压下蒸馏，微量的溴苯乙酮通
过减压蒸馏的方法从大量深色残渣中被分离出来。The colorless distillate is carefully fractionated to obtain 94–100 g.通过分馏，得到无色的流出液94-100g
2、
反应式：
3、
2-Methyl-4-ethoxalylcyclopentane-1,3,5-trione. A solution of is prepared in a 2-l. three-necked, round-bottomed flask fitted with a mercury-sealed stirrer, a reflux condenser carrying a drying tube, and a stopper by the addition of 69.0 g. (3 moles) of to 950 ml. of absolute . 69.0g（3mol）钠和950ml无水乙醇在配有干燥回流冷凝管和汞封搅拌器的2L三口圆底烧瓶中制备乙醇钠。The solution is cooled to 0–5° in an ice bath and stirred.溶液在0-5℃下冰浴搅拌。The stopper is replaced by a dropping funnel, and a cold mixture (5–15°) of 108 g. (1.50 moles) of freshly distilled and 482 g. (3.30 moles) of is added gradually over a period of 30 minutes.瓶塞用分液漏斗取代，108g（1.5mol）的丁二酮和482g（3.3mol）的乙二酸二乙酯在5-15℃下低温混合，在30分钟内逐步滴加到溶液中。After the addition is complete, the thick, orange-red mixture is allowed to warm with continued stirring to room temperature, heated under reflux for 30 minutes, and cooled again to 0° in an ice bath. 完全加入后，橘红色的粘稠物继续搅拌至室温，加热回流30分钟后在冰浴中冷却至0℃。The mixture is decomposed by stirring with 165 ml. of (1:1 by volume) added in portions.将165ml浓硫酸（体积比1:1）在搅拌加入，分解混合物。The formed is filtered by suction and washed with (150–200 ml.) . 硫酸钠抽滤后用乙醇（150–200 ml）洗涤。The
washings and filtrate are combined and concentrated by evaporation .合并滤液和洗涤液后蒸发浓缩。The yellowish brown product which accumulates by slow crystallization is collected by filtration, washed with small quantities of ice-cold water, and dried in air. 过滤缓慢析出的棕黄色产品用小剂量的冰水洗涤后在空气中干燥。The crude product weighs 140–150 g.粗产品140-150g。Further evaporative concentration of the mother liquor followed by cooling furnishes an additional 40–50 g. of the keto ester, 此外将母液用冷冻蒸发浓缩后又得到40-50g的酮酯。bringing the total yield to 180–200 g. (53–59%)产品总共180-200g（产率53-59%） . This crude material (m.p. 120–130°) is used in the next step.粗品（熔点120–130℃）用于下一步中A pure sample can be obtained by crystallization from after treatment with activated , m.p. 160–162°.纯品是经过活性炭处理后在乙酸乙酯中结晶得到，熔点
160–162℃。
The procedure for 2- pyrrolealdehyde 2-吡咯甲醛
In a 3-l. three-necked round-bottomed flask, fitted with a sealed stirrer, a dropping funnel, and a reflux condenser, is placed 80 g. (1.1 moles) of dimethylformamide (Note 1).在配有封闭搅拌器、滴液漏斗和冷凝回流装置的三口圆底烧瓶中放入80g（1.1mol）的二甲基甲酰胺。The flask is immersed in an ice bath, and the internal temperature is maintained at 10–20°, while 169 g.
(1.1 moles) of phosphorus oxychloride is added through the dropping funnel over a period of 15 minutes. 烧瓶浸入冰浴中，内部温度保持在10-20℃，169g（1.1mol）的磷酰氯通过滴液漏斗在15分钟内滴加。An exothermic reaction occurs with the formation of the phosphorus oxychloride - dimethylformamide complex. 放热反应生成磷酰氯二甲基甲酰胺化合物。The ice bath is removed, and the mixture is stirred for 15 minutes (Note 2). 移去冰浴，在搅拌15分钟。
The ice bath is replaced, and 250 ml. of ethylene dichloride is added to the mixture. 重新再冰浴下加入250ml的二氯乙烯。When the internal temperature has been lowered to 5°, a solution of 67 g. (1.0 mole) of freshly distilled pyrrole in 250 ml. of ethylene dichloride is added through a clean dropping funnel to the stirred, cooled mixture over a period of 1 hour. 当内部温度降到5度时，把67g（1.0mol）新蒸馏的吡咯加入到250二氯乙烯中，通过滴液漏斗在1小时内低温下边搅拌边滴加。After the addition is complete, the ice bath is replaced with a heating mantle, and the mixture is stirred at the reflux temperature for 15 minutes, during which time there is copious evolution of hydrogen chloride.滴加完后，用加热装置取代冰浴，搅拌回流15分钟，直到有大量氯化氢产生。
The mixture is then cooled to 25–30°, and to it is added through the dropping funnel a solution of 750 g. (5.5 moles) of sodium acetate trihydrate (Note 3) in about of water, cautiously at first, then as rapidly as possible. 当混合物降温到25-30℃后，通过滴液漏斗加入750g（5.5mol）的三水醋酸钠溶液，开始要小心，然后要尽可能地快。The reaction mixture is again refluxed for 15 minutes, vigorous stirring being maintained all the while (Note 4). 反应物在充分搅拌下重新回流15分钟。
The cooled mixture is transferred to a 3-l. separatory funnel, and the ethylene dichloride layer is removed. 冷却的混合物转移到分液漏斗中，出去二氯乙烯层。The aqueous phase is
第六章 氧化反应习题及答案 1. 根据以下指定原料、试剂和反应条件，写出其合成反应的主要产物 (1) 32o CrO 3 (2) CCH 3 O SeO 2 (3) H 2CrO 4OH 3 CH(CH 3)2 丙酮 (4)HOCH 2CH 22CH=CHCO 2CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 PCC (5) CO 2CH 3 32 (6)CH 3CH 2CHCCH 2CH 3 O MnO 2 (7)CH 3CH=CHCO 2C 2H 5 CF 3CO 3H (8)(CH 3)2CHCH=CHCH=CHCH 2OH DMSO (9) O H HOH 2C 6 (10) O 222) KOH/MeOH 武汉工程大学化工与制药学院
(11) 2) NaOH COOH (12) O H 3CH 3H H 3 C H 2SO 4 (13) H 2O 2, CH 3CN 3 3 (14) KMnO 4 (15) N O 3 2
2. 在下列指定原料和产物的反应式中分别填入必需的化学试剂（或反应物）和反应条件。
(1) Cl CH 3 Cl COOH (2)PhCH=CHCH 2OH PhCH=CHCH=O (3) O (4) C H 2CO 2CH 3 H C(CH 3)2 H C H CH 2CO 2CH 3 H C H CHO (5) CH H 3CO 2C CH H 3CO 2C (6) OH OCH 3 O OCH 3 (7) 2H (8) CONH 2CH(CH 3)2 CONH 2CH(CH 3) 2O (9) OH OH (10)H 2C=CHCH(OC 2H 5)2 H 2C CHCH(OC 2H 5)2OH OH
第二章课后翻译 Preparation of cyclopropane 1,1- dicarboxylic acid环丙烷1,1-二甲酸的制备(1). To a 1-L solution of aqueous 50% sodium hydroxide(Note 1), mechanically stirred in a 2-L, three-necked flask, was added, at 25°C, 114.0 g (0.5 mol) of triethylbenzylammonium chloride（TEBA三乙基苄基氯化铵）(Note 2).1L的50%氢氧化钠加入到2L的三口烧瓶中，加入TEBA三乙基苄基氯化铵114.0g（0.5mol）在25℃机械搅拌。To this vigorously stirred suspension was added a mixture of 80.0 g (0.5 mol) of diethyl malonate and 141.0 g (0.75 mol) of 1,2-dibromoethane all at once.充分搅拌至混悬状，一次性加入丙二酸二乙酯80.0g（0.5mol）和1,2-二溴乙烷141.0个（0.75mol）的混合物。The reaction mixture was vigorously stirred for 2 hr (Note 3).反应混合物强烈搅拌2小时。The contents of the flask were transferred to a 4-L Erlenmeyer flask by rinsing the flask with three 75-mL portions of water.把烧瓶中的物质转移到4L的锥形瓶中，并用75ml清水洗涤烧瓶三次。The mixture was magnetically stirred by dropwise addition of 1 L of concentrated hydrochloric acid.混合物在磁力搅拌下缓慢滴加浓盐酸。The temperature of the flask was maintained between 15 and 25°C during acidification. 在酸化过程中烧瓶内的温度保持在15-25℃之间。The aqueous layer was poured into a 4-L separatory funnel and extracted three times with 900 mL of ether.反应物的水层在4L的分液漏斗中用900ml乙醚分三次萃取。The aqueous layer was saturated with sodium chloride and extracted three times with 500 mL of ether.水层用氯化钠饱和，并且用500ml乙醚分三次萃取。The ether layers were combined, washed with 1 L of brine, dried (MgSO4), and decolorized with activated carbon.合并乙醚液，用浓盐水洗涤，干燥，用活性炭脱色。Removal of the solvent by rotary evaporation gave 55.2 g of a semisolid residue.用旋转蒸发器出去溶剂得55.2g的半固体。The residue was triturateed with 100 mL of benzene.残渣用100ml苯磨碎。Filtration of this mixture gave 43.1–47.9 g (66–73%) of 1 as white crystals, mp 137–140°C.过滤的混合物为43.1-47.9g(66–73%)白色晶体熔点137–140°C Preparation of mesitaldehyde (2,4,6- trimethyl benzaldehyde) 2,4,6-三甲基苯甲醛的制备 A solution of 72 g. (0.60 mole) of mesitylene in 375 ml. of dry methylene chloride is placed in a 1-l. three-necked flask equipped with a reflux condenser, a stirrer, and a dropping funnel. 72g （0.60mol）的1,3,5-三甲基苯和无水的二氯甲烷放入配有冷凝回流、搅拌和滴液漏斗装置的三口烧瓶中。The solution is cooled in an ice bath, and 190 g. (110 ml., 1.0 mole) of titanium tetrachloride is added over a period of 3 minutes. 在冰浴的条件下，在三分钟内滴加190g （110ml，1.0mol）的四氯化钛。While the solution is stirred and cooled, 57.5 g. (0.5 mole) of dichloromethyl methyl ether 2 is added dropwise over a 25-minute period.之后再冰浴和搅拌下，在25分钟内滴加57.5g（0.5mol）滴加二氯甲基甲醚。The reaction begins (as indicated by evolution of hydrogen chloride) when the first drop of chloro ether is added. 当开始滴加氯代醚，则反应开始（有氯化氢放出）After the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred for 5 minutes in the ice bath, for 30 minutes without cooling, and for 15 minutes at 35°.在滴加完成后，混合物在冰浴下搅拌5分钟，移开冰浴反应30分钟，再在35℃下反应15分钟。 Th e reaction mixture is poured into a separatory funnel containing about 0.5 kg. of crushed ice and is shaken thoroughly.反应混合物移入分液漏斗，并加0.5kg的碎冰，充分振摇。The organic layer is separated, and the aqueous solution is extracted with two 50- ml. portions of
1、 About 216–224 g. (1.62–1.68 moles) of powdered anhydrous aluminum chloride is added to a 1Lthree-necked flask.在1L的三口烧瓶中加入大约 216-224g(1.62–1.68 moles)的无水三氯化铝。While the free-flowing catalyst is stirred (Note 3), 81 g. (0.67 mole) of acetophenone is added from the dropping funnel in a slow stream over a period of 20–30 minutes. 自由流动的催化剂边搅拌边用滴液漏斗缓慢滴加81g苯乙酰。Considerable heat is evolved, and, if the drops of ketone are not dispersed, darkening or charring occurs. 放热反应，假如滴加的酮不能被分散，就会变黑或是碳化。When about one-third of the acetophenone has been added, the mixture becomes a viscous ball-like mass that is difficult to stir.当三分之一的乙酰苯被滴加，反应混合物变成一个很难搅拌的粘性的球状团块。Turning of the stirrer by hand or more rapid addition of ketone is necessary at this point. 在这时，改用手动搅拌或快速滴加酮是非常必要的。The addition of ketone, however, should not be so rapid as to produce a temperature above 180°. 然而，速度不能太快，当反应温度超过180℃时。Near the end of the addition, the mass becomes molten and can be stirred easily without being either heated or cooled. The molten mass, in which the acetophenone is complexed with aluminum chloride, ranges in color from tan to brown.当快滴加完时，团块开始融化，表明苯乙酰已经和三氯化铝混合完全，颜色也逐渐从黄褐色变为棕色。 Bromine (128 g., 0.80 mole) is added dropwise to the well-stirred mixture over a period of 40 minutes (Note 4). 在40分钟内在搅拌下把溴缓慢滴加到混合物中。After all the bromine has been added, the molten mixture is stirred at 80–85° on a steam bath for 1 hour.溴滴加完后，熔融混合物在80-85℃蒸气浴下搅拌1小时。The complex is added in portions to a well-stirred mixture of 1.3 l. of cracked ice and 100 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in a 2-l. beaker (Note 6).反应物加入到1.3L碎冰和100ml浓盐酸的混合物中在2L的烧杯中混合均匀。Part of the cold aqueous layer is added to the reaction flask to decompose whatever part of the reaction mixture remains there, and the resulting mixture is added to the beaker.把部分的冰水层加入到烧瓶中洗涤残留物，然后合并到烧杯中。The dark oil that settles out is extracted from the mixture with four 150-ml. portions of ether 分四次把深色的油从混合物中用150ml萃取出来。The extracts are combined, washed consecutively with 100 ml. of water and 100 ml. of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and transferred to a short-necked distillation flask. 合并萃取液，用100ml 水和100ml 5%的小苏打洗涤，用无水硫酸钠干燥。The ether is removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure, and crude 3-bromoacetophenone is stripped from a few
2-Methyl-4-ethoxalylcyclopentane-1,3,5-trione. A solution of sodium ethoxide is prepared in a 2-l. three-necked, round-bottomed flask fitted with a mercury-sealed stirrer, a reflux condenser carrying a drying tube, and a stopper by the addition of 69.0 g. (3 moles) of sodium to 950 ml. of absolute ethanol. 69.0g （3mol）钠和950ml无水乙醇在配有干燥回流冷凝管和汞封搅拌器的2L三口圆底烧瓶中制备乙醇钠。The solution is cooled to 0–5° in an ice bath and stirred.溶液在0-5℃下冰浴搅拌。The stopper is replaced by a dropping funnel, and a cold mixture (5–15°) of 108 g. (1.50 moles) of freshly distilled 2-butanone and 482 g. (3.30 moles) of diethyl oxalate(Note 1) is added gradually over a period of 30 minutes.瓶塞用分液漏斗取代，108g（1.5mol）的丁二酮和482g（3.3mol）的乙二酸二乙酯在5-15℃下低温混合，在30分钟内逐步滴加到溶液中。After the addition is complete, the thick, orange-red mixture is allowed to warm with continued stirring to room temperature, heated under reflux for 30 minutes, and cooled again to 0° in an ice bath. 完全加入后，橘红色的粘稠物继续搅拌至室温，加热回流30分钟后在冰浴中冷却至0℃。The mixture is decomposed by stirring with 165 ml. of sulfuric acid (1:1 by volume) added in portions.将165ml浓硫酸（体积比1:1）在搅拌加入，分解混合物。The sodium sulfate formed is filtered by suction and washed with ethanol (150–200 ml.) (Note 2). 硫酸钠抽滤后用乙醇（150–200 ml）洗涤。The washings and filtrate are combined and concentrated by evaporation .合并滤液和洗涤液后蒸发浓缩。The yellowish brown product which accumulates by slow crystallization is collected by filtration, washed with small quantities of ice-cold water, and dried in air.过滤缓慢析出的棕黄色产品用小剂量的冰水洗涤后在空气中干燥。The crude product weighs 140–150 g.粗产品 140-150g。Further evaporative concentration of the mother liquor followed by cooling furnishes an additional 40–50 g. of the keto ester,此外将母液用冷冻蒸发浓缩后又得到40-50g的酮酯。bringing the total yield to 180–200 g. (53–59%)产品总共180-200g（产率53-59%）(Note 2). This crude material (m.p. 120–130°) is used in the next step.粗品（熔点120–130℃）用于下一步中A pure sample can be obtained by crystallization from ethyl acetate after treatment with Norit activated carbon, m.p. 160–162°.纯品是经过活性炭处理后在乙酸乙酯中结晶得到，熔点160–162℃。 The procedure for 2- pyrrolealdehyde 2-吡咯甲醛 In a 3-l. three-necked round-bottomed flask, fitted with a sealed stirrer, a dropping funnel, and a reflux condenser, is placed 80 g. (1.1 moles) of dimethylformamide (Note 1).在配有封闭搅拌器、滴液漏斗和冷凝回流装置的三口圆底烧瓶中放入80g（1.1mol）的二甲基甲酰胺。The flask is immersed in an ice bath, and the internal temperature is maintained at 10–20°, while 169 g.
第一章 卤化反应 一、烯丙型、苄基型化合物自由基卤化反应 卤化试剂：NBS 、卤素 溶剂：CCl4、氯仿、苯、石油醚或反应底物自身 二、芳香环上的亲电卤化反应 （一）卤素单质为卤化剂的亲电取代反应 （二）氢卤酸及其盐为卤化剂的卤化反应 （三）胺氮卤化剂为卤化剂的卤代反应（N-氯代丁二酰亚胺NCS ，N-溴代丁二酰亚胺NBS ，N-溴代乙酰胺NBA ，N-氯代乙酰胺NCA ） （四）次卤酸及其衍生物的卤化剂的卤化反应 三、芳香烃卤甲基化反应（Blanc 反应 ） 卤甲基化试剂：甲醛-卤化氢、多聚甲醛-卤化氢、卤甲醚等。 质子酸：硫酸、磷酸、乙酸和Lewis acid 等均可催化反应。 四、不饱和烃与卤素的亲电加成反应 机理： 1桥金属离子历程 2碳正离子历程 OEt O NBS O Br Br CH 3Br hv / Br 2160 ~ 180o C Br Br 85%+Cl 23Cl +HCl MeO CONMe 2MeO CONMe 2Cl TBHP / HCl +MeO CONMe 2 50%35 : 65S H 3C S H 3C X X = Cl 94% Br 83%NXS / solvent 4H 3 CO H 3CO H 3CO Cl Cl t-BuOCl / (C 2H 5)3N-3HF 0o C / CH 2Cl 265%4% ++HCHO +HCl ZnCl 2 Cl
五．不饱和烃与卤化氢、氢卤酸的亲电加成 六、羰基化合物α-位卤化反应 卤化剂：X2、N-卤代酰胺、 次卤酸酯、硫酰卤 溶剂：CCl4, CHCl3, Et2O, AcOH 七、羟基的置换卤化反应 卤化剂：卤化氢、氢卤酸、卤化磷、含硫卤化物 （基本规律：1苄醇=烯丙醇>叔醇>仲醇>伯醇2HI>HBr>HCL>HF) 二章 硝化反应 直接硝化（电子云密度高的芳烃） HO Br HO 2+2Me H H Et Me H H Et Me H H Et Cl Cl Cl OAc Me H H Et AcO Cl + 52% 13% 33%LiCl 69% 8% 21%LiCl CH 3CH=CH 2CH 3CHBrCH 3CH 3CH 2CH 2Br 无过氧化物过氧化物Markovnikov 加成反Markovnikov 加成 O MeOOC HO Br 2O MeOOC HO Br ROH +HX RX +H 2O
《药物合成技术》 习题集 适用于制药技术类专业 第一章概论 一、本课程的学习内容和任务是什么？学好本课程对从事药物及其中间体合成工作有何意义？ 二、药物合成反应有哪些特点？应如何学习和掌握？ 三、什么是化学、区域选择性？举例说明。 四、什么是导向基？具体包括哪些类型？举例说明。 五、药物合成反应有哪些分类方法？所用试剂有哪些分类方法？举例说明。 六、查资料写一篇500字左右的短文，报道药物合成领域的新技术及发展动态？ 第二章卤化技术（Halogenation Reaction） 一、简答下列问题 1．何为卤化反应？按反应类型分类，卤化反应可分为哪几种？并举例说明。 2．在药物合成中，为什么常用卤化物作为药物合成的中间体？ 3.在较高温度或自由基引发剂存在下，于非极性溶剂中，Br 2 和NBS都可用于烯丙位和苄位的溴取代，试比较它们各自的优缺点。 4.比较X 2 、HX、HOX对双键离子型加成的机理、产物有何异同，为什么？ 5.解释卤化氢与烯烃加成反应中，产生马氏规则的原因（用反应机理）。为什么Lewis酸能够催化该反应？ 6．解释溴化氢与烯烃加成反应中，产生过氧化效应的原因？ 7．在羟基卤置换反应中，卤化剂（HX、SOCl 2、PCl 3 、PCl 5 ）各有何特点，它们的 使用范围如何？ 二、完成下列反应 三、为下列反应选择合适的试剂和条件，并说明原因。 四、分析讨论 1．试预测下列各烯烃溴化（Br 2/CCl 4 ）的活性顺序。
2．在乙胺嘧啶中间体对氯氯苄的制备中，有如下两条路线，各有何特点？试讨论其优缺点。 3．以下是三种制备溴乙烷的方法，其中哪种适合工业生产，哪种适合实验室制备？ 4．在氯霉素生产过程中，对-硝基-α-溴代苯乙酮的制备时， （1）反应有无催化剂？若有，属于哪种催化剂？ （2）将对硝基苯乙酮与溶于氯苯中,加热至24-25℃，滴加少量溴，当有HBr生成并使反应液变色则可继续加溴，否则需升温至50℃直至反应开始方可继续滴加溴，为什么？ （3）反应毕开大真空排净溴化氢，反应过程中溴化氢也不断移走，是不是移得越净越有利于反应？为什么？ （4）生产过程中，影响因素有哪些？ 第三章烷基化技术 (Hydrocarbylation Reaction ,Alkylation) 一、解释概念及简答 1．常用的烃化剂有哪些？进行甲基化及乙基化时，应选择哪些烃化剂？引入较大烃基时应选用哪些烃化剂？ 2．什么叫相转移催化反应？其原理是什么？采用相转移催化技术有什么优点？ 3．利用Gabriel反应与Delepine反应制备伯胺时，有什么相同与不同点？ 4．什么是羟乙基化反应？在药物合成中有什么特别的意义？ 5．进行F-C烃化反应时，芳香族化合物结构、卤代烃对反应有何影响？常用哪些催化剂？如何选择合适的催化剂。 6．若在活性亚甲基上引入两个烃基，应如何选择原料和操作方法？并解释原因。 二、利用Williamson法制混合醚时，应合理选择起始原料及烃化试剂，试设计下列产品的合成方法，并说明原因，掌握其中的规律。 三、完成下列反应 四、为下列反应选择适当的原料、试剂和条件，并说明依据。 五、利用所给的原料，综合所学知识合成下列产品 1．以甲苯、环氧乙烷、二乙胺为主要原料，选择适当的试剂和条件合成局麻药盐酸普鲁卡因。 2．以乙苯为主要原料，选择适当的试剂和条件合成氯霉素中间体对硝基-α-胺基
1、 216-224g(1.62–1.68 moles)的无水三氯化铝。While the free-flowing catalyst is funnel in a slow stream over a period of 20–30 minutes. 自由流动的催化剂边搅拌边用滴液漏斗缓慢滴加81g苯乙酰。Considerable heat is evolved, and, if the drops of ketone are not dispersed, darkening or charring occurs. 放热反应，假如滴加的酮不能被分散， mixture becomes a viscous ball-like mass that is difficult to stir.当三分之一的乙酰苯被滴加，反应混合物变成一个很难搅拌的粘性的球状团块。Turning of the stirrer by hand or more rapid addition of ketone is necessary at this point. 在这时，改用手动搅拌或快速滴加酮是非常必要的。The addition of ketone, however, should not be so rapid as to produce a temperature above 180°. 然而，速度不能太快，当反应温度超过180℃时。Near the end of the addition, the mass becomes molten and can be stirred easily 时，团块开始融化，表明苯乙酰已经和三氯化铝混合完全，颜色也逐渐从黄褐色变为棕色。 Bromine (128 g., 0.80 mole) is added dropwise to the well-stirred mixture over a period of 40 minutes (Note 4). 在40分钟内在搅拌下把溴缓慢滴加到混合物中。After all the bromine has been added, the molten mixture is stirred at 80–85° on a steam bath for 1 hour.溴滴加完后，熔融混合物在80-85℃蒸气浴下搅拌1小时。The complex is added in portions to a well-stirred mixture of 1.3 l. of cracked ice and 100 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in a 2-l. beaker (Note 6).反应物加入到1.3L碎冰和100ml浓盐酸的混合物中在2L的烧杯中混合均匀。Part of the cold aqueous layer is added to the reaction flask to decompose whatever part of the reaction mixture remains there, and the resulting mixture is added to the beaker.把部分的冰水层加入到烧瓶中洗涤残留物，然后合并到烧杯中。The dark oil that settles out is extracted from the mixture with four 150-ml. portions of ether 分四次把深色的油从混合物中用150ml萃取出来。The extracts are combined, washed consecutively with 100 ml. of water and 100 ml. of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and transferred to a short-necked distillation flask. 合并萃取液，用100ml 水和100ml 5%的小苏打洗涤，用无水硫酸钠干燥。The ether is removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure, and crude 3-bromoacetophenone is stripped from a few
第一章绪论 1、药物合成反应中反应类型有哪些？ ①按有机分子的结构变换方式分：新基团的导入反应；取代基的转化反应；有机分子的骨架。 ②按反应机制分：极性反应（a?亲核试剂、b.亲电试剂）；自由基反应；协同反应 2、药物合成反应主要研究对象：化学合成药物 3、化学品的安全使用说明书一一MSDS 4、原子经济性反应：“原子经济性”是指在化学品合成过程中，合成方法和工艺被设计成能把反应过程中使用的所有原料尽可能多的转化到最终产物中。 5、三废：废气、废水、废渣 第二章硝化反应 1、混酸硝化试剂的特点有哪些？ ①硝化能力强；②氧化性较纯硝酸小；③对设备的腐蚀性小 2、硝化试剂的活泼中间离子为：硝酰正离子NO?十 3、桑德迈尔反应定义及应用 定义:在氯化亚铜或漠化铜的存在下，重氮基被氮或漠置换的反应;重氮基被氧基置换：将重氮盐与氧化亚铜的配合物在水介质中作用，可以使重氮基被氧基置换，该反应也称Sandmeyer反应。 应用：CuX+Ar-N2X ---------- >Ar-X+N2（X:CI,Br,?CN） 4、常用的重氮化试剂 一般是由盐酸、硫酸、过氯酸和氟硼酸等无机酸与亚硝酸钠作用产生。 5、硝化艮应定义：指向有机分子结构屮引入硝基（一NO?）的反应过程，广义的硝化反应包括生产（C—NO2、N —1\1。2和0—反应。 6、重氮化反应定义：含有伯氨基的有机化合物在无机酸的存在下与亚硝酸钠作用牛成重氮盐的反应。 7、硝化剂：单一硝酸、硝酸和各种质子酸、有机酸、酸酹及各种Lewis酸的混合物。 8、生成硝基烷桂的难易顺序： 卤代怪中卤素被取代的顺序： 9、DMF: DMSO: 10、常用的重氮化试剂有哪些？NaNO2+HCI/H2SO4 第三章卤化反应 1、Ph上取代基对卤化反应的影响 ①催化剂的影响；
药物合成反应（第三版）的期末试卷 一．选择题(本大题共10题，每空2分，共20分) 1.下列论述正确的是（ A ） A吸电子基的有-CHO，-COR，-NH2，-COOH，-NO2，-COOR，-COCl,-CN B酸催化的α-卤化取代反应中，过量卤素存在下反应停留在α-单取代阶段 C一般情况下，不同结构下羧酸的置换活性是脂肪羧酸<芳香羧酸 D活性较大的叔醇、苄醇的卤置换反应倾向于S N2机理，而其他的醇反应以S N1机理为主 2.下列催化剂在F-C反应中活性最强的是 ( B ) A.AlCl3 B.SnCl4 C.ZnCl2 D.FeCl3 3.对卤化剂的影响下面正确的是（ A ） A．PCl5>PCl3 >POCl3>SOCl3 B. PCl5>PCl3 >SOCl3>POCl3 C. PCl5>SOCl3>POCl3>PCl3 D. PCl3 >POCl3>SOCl3>PCl5 4.离去基团活性正确的是( D ) A. I->Br->F->Cl- B. I->Br->Cl->F- C. Br->F->I->Cl- D. Br->Cl->F->I- 7.下列哪项不是DDC的特性？（ C ） A．脱水剂，吸水剂,应用范围广，用于多肽合成等 B．反应条件温和，在室温下进行 C．反应过程激烈，时间短 D．反应过程缓慢，时间长 8．为了使碘取代反应效果变好，下列哪项不行（ C ） A.氧化剂 B．碱性缓冲物质 C.还原剂 D.与HI形成难溶于水的碘化物的金属氧化物 9.下列重排中不是碳原子到碳原子的重排的是（ D ） A. Wangner-Meerwein重排 B. 频纳醇重排（Pinacol） C. 二苯乙醇酸型重排 D. Beckmann重排 10.下列什么反应可以用于延长碳链（ A ） A．Blanc氯甲基化反应 B.芳醛的α-羟烷基化 C.芳烃的β-羟烷基化 D.β-羰烷基化反应 二．填空题 (本大题共20空，每空1分，共20分) 1.重排反应是指在同一分子内，某一原子或基团从一个原子迁移至另一原子而形成新分子的反应。其按机理可分为？亲电重排、亲核重排、自由基重排、协同重排。 2.DDC缩合法的三个特征是？吸水剂、脱水剂、应用范围广，尤其用于多肽合成；反应条件温和，温室下进行；反应过程缓慢，时间长。 3.常见的酰化试剂有？羧酸、羧酸酯、酸酐、酰氯。 4.几乎可被称为万能催化剂的是？AlCl3 5.Blanc 反应条件ArH+HCHO_ HCl/ZnCl2______ArCH2Cl 6.有机化学反应的实质是旧键的断裂和新键的形成 7.由于分子经过均裂产生自由基而引发的反应称为_自由基型反应________ 8.常用的卤代试剂：卤素、NBS、次卤酸酯、硫酰卤 三．判断题(本大题共10题，每题1分，共10分) 1.分子中存在多个羟基事，M n O2可选择性地氧化烯丙位（或苄位）羟基（对） 2.羧酸酯为酰化剂时，酸催化增强羧酸酯（酰化剂）的活性，碱催化增强醇（酰化剂）的活性（对） 3.相转移催化剂是一种与水相中负离子结合的两性物质，可以把亲核试剂转移到有机相进行亲核反应。（对）
第一章 卤化反应习题及答案 1. 根据以下指定原料、试剂和反应条件，写出其合成反应的主要产物。 (1)(CH 3)2NCH 2CH 2OH SOCl 2 (2) CuCl 24 (3) P, Br 2o (4)CH 2CHCOOCH 3 干燥 HBr 2 (5)CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2COOH SOCl 2 4o (6) S CH 3 2266 (7) H 3C CH 3 NBS, H 2SO 43o (8) NHCOCH 3 CH 3 Br 2,CH 3COOH o (9) OH C CH 3 CH 2t -BuOCl, CHCl 3 o (10) NBS, (C 6H 5 )3P (11) KI, H 3PO 4
(12) C 6H 5 H 3 Br 2,Cl 4o (13)CH 3 CH CH CH 3 232 (14)(CH 3)3CCH 2OH HBr (15) O O P 2 (16) NBS, Et 3N ·3HF 22o (17) O H Br 2 4o (18) O 23o
2. 在下列指定原料和产物的反应式中分别填入必需的化学试剂（或反应物）和反应条件。 (1)CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH CHCH 3 CH 3CH 2CH 2CHCH CHCH 3 Br (2) COOH Br (3) (4) OH Br (5) 2CH 2Br Br (6) (7)(CH 3)3CCH 2OH (CH 3)3CCH 2Br (8)O O BocHN O O BocHN Br (9) O O Br O O Br Br
1、 stream over a period of 20–30 minutes、自由流动得催化剂边搅拌边用滴液漏斗缓慢滴加81g苯乙酰。Considerable heat is evolved, and, if the drops of ketone are not dispersed, darkening or charring occurs、放热反应,假如滴加得酮不能被分散,就会变黑 bees a viscous ball-like mass that is difficult to stir、当三分之一得乙酰苯被滴加,反应混合物变成一个很难搅拌得粘性得球状团块。Turning of the stirrer by hand or more rapid addition of ketone is necessary at this point、在这时,改用手动搅拌或快速滴加酮就是非常必要得。The addition of ketone, however, should not be so rapid as to produce a temperature above 180°、然而,速度不能太快,当反应温度超过180℃时。Near the end of the addition, the mass bees molten and can be stirred easily without being either 明苯乙酰已经与三氯化铝混合完全,颜色也逐渐从黄褐色变为棕色。 Bromine (128 g、, 0、80 mole) is added dropwise to the well-stirred mixture over a period of 40 minutes (Note 4)、在40分钟内在搅拌下把溴缓慢滴加到混合物中。After all the bromine has been added, the molten mixture is stirred at 80–85° on a steam bath for 1 hour、溴滴加完后,熔融混合物在80-85℃蒸气浴下搅拌1小时。The plex is added in portions to a well-stirred mixture of 1、3 l、of cracked ice and 100 ml、of concentrated hydrochloric acid in a 2-l、beaker (Note 6)、反应物加入到1、3L碎冰与100ml浓盐酸得混合物中在2L得烧杯中混合均匀。Part of the cold aqueous layer is added to the reaction flask to depose whatever part of the reaction mixture remains there, and the resulting mixture is added to the beaker、把部分得冰水层加入到烧瓶中洗涤残留物,然后合并到烧杯中。The dark oil that settles out is extracted from the mixture with four 150-ml、portions of ether 分四次把深色得油从混合物中用150ml萃取出来。The extracts are bined, washed consecutively with 100 ml、of water and 100 ml、of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and transferred to a short-necked distillation flask、合并萃取液,用100ml 水与100ml 5%得小苏打洗涤,用无水硫酸钠干燥。The ether is removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure, and crude 3-bromoacetophenone is stripped from a few
药物合成反应第三版闻韧 《药物合成反应》(第三版) 闻韧主编习题及答案 第一章卤化反应习题及答案 1. 根据以下指定原料、试剂和反应条件，写出其合成反应的主要产物。 SOCl2(1) (CH)NCHCHOH 3222 CuCl 2(2) CCl, reflux 4 P, BrCOOH 2(3) o 100 C 干燥 HBr (4) CHCHCOOCH 32 EtO, r.t. 2 SOCl2 (5) CHCHCHCHCHCOOH 32222oCCl, 65 C 4 CH3 ONBA, Bz 22(6) CH, reflux 66 S HC CH 33NBS, HSO 24(7) o CHOH, 0~25C3H H NHCOCH 3 Br,CHCOOH 23(8) o 50~55C CH 3 OH t-BuOCl, CHCl 3 (9) o50CHC C 2 CH 3 O H)PNBS, (C 653 (10) HO H KI, HPO 34(11) 1 《药物合成反应》(第三版) 闻韧主编习题及答案 HH C 65 Br,Cl 24(12) o 10~20C H COCH 3 Ca(ClO) 2(13) CH CHCHCH 3 3CH COOH, H O3 2 HBr (14) (CH)CCHOH 332o 100C, 封管 P (15) O Br, ?2 O N?3HFNBS, Et 3(16) oCHCl, 20C 22 O Br 2 (17) H o CCl, 70C 4EtO O , PBr2Br(Cat.) 23(18) o -10~0C
1. 根据以下指定原料、试剂和反应条件，写出其合成反应的主要产物。(参考答案) 题号答案注释 (1) (CH)NCHCHCl?HCl 3222 (2) Cl (3) (CH)CHBrCOBr 32 (4) O Br OMe (5) Br CHCHCHCHCHCOCl 3222 (6) CHBr 2 S (7) 与参考答案不符～Br Br Me H Me H Me H Me H OMe OMe 2 《药物合成反应》(第三版) 闻韧主编习题及答案 (8) NHAc Br CH 3 Johnson J. R., et al. J. Org. (9) O Chem., 1964, 29: 3320. Me CHCl 2 O (10) Bose A. K., et al. Tetrahedron Lett., 1973, 40: 3937. ClH (11) I (12) In dark state. Br O Ph CH 3