英汉翻译技巧
第一部分英译汉
CHAPTER ONE THE GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF TRANSLATION
THE V ARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION
1)ALEXANDER FRASER TYTLER (1747-1814)
I WOULD THEREFORE DESCRIBE A GOOD TRANSLATION TO BE: THAT, IN WHICH THE MERIT OF THE ORIGINAL WORK IS SO COMPLETELY TRANSFUSED INTO ANOTHER LANGUAGE, AS TO BE DISTINCTLY APPREHENDED, AND AS STRONGLY FELT, BY A NATIVE OF THE COUNTRY TO WHICH THAT LANGUAGE BELONGS, AS IT IS BY THOSE WHO SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF THE ORIGINAL WORK.
好的翻译应该是把原作的长处如此完备地移注入另一种语言，以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。THE THREE GENERAL RULES FOR TRANSLATION:
FIRST GENERAL RULE: A TRANSLATION SHOULD GIVE A COMPLETE TRANSCRIPT OF THE IDEAS OF THE ORIGINAL WORK.
译文完全复写出原作的思想。
SECOND GENERAL RULE: THE STYLE AND MANNER OF WRITING IN A TRANSLATION SHOULD BE OF THE SAME CHARACTER WITH THAT OF THE ORIGINAL.
译文的风格与笔调应与原作具有相同的特性。
THIRD GENERAL RULE: A TRANSLATION SHOULD HA VE ALL THE EASE OF ORIGINAL COMPOSITION.
译文应和原作同样流畅自然。
2)巴尔胡达洛夫
3)EUGENE A. NIDA: A WORLD WELL-KNOWN AMERICAN TRANSLATOR
AND TRANSLATION THEORIST
TRANSLATION CONSISTS IN REPRODUCING IN THE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE THE CLOSEST NATURAL EQUIV ALENCE OF THE SOURCE LANGUAGE MESSAGE, FIRST IN TERMS OF MEANING AND SECONDLY IN TERMS OF STYLE.
翻译就是在译入语中再现与源语的讯息最切近的自然对等物，首先是就意义而言，其次是就文体而言。
4)PETER NEWMARK: A WORLD WELL-KNOWN TRANSLATION THEORIST
IN GREAT BRITAIN
WHAT IS TRANSLATION? OFTEN, THOUGH NOT BY ANY MEANS ALWAYS, IT IS RENDERING THE MEANING OF A TEXT INTO ANOTHER LANGUAGE IN THE WAY THAT THE AUTHOR INTENDED IN THE TEXT.
什么是翻译？通常（虽然不能说总是如此）翻译就是把一个文本的意义按照原作者所意想的方式移入另一种语言。
I.THE BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF CHINESE TRANSLATION THEORIES
1)道安（312-385）：东汉佛经翻译的代表人物，中国翻译理论的奠基人。
“五失本，三不易”理论：
“译梵为秦，有五失本也。一者，梵语尽倒而使从秦，一失本也。二、梵经尚质，秦
人好文，传可众心，非文不可，斯二失本也。三者，梵语委悉，至于咏叹，叮咛反复，或三或四，不嫌其烦，而今裁斥，三失本也。四者，梵有义说，正似乱辞，寻说向语，文无以异，或千、五百，划而不存，四失本也。五者，事已全成，将更傍及，反腾前辞，已乃后说，而悉除此，五失本也。
2）玄奘（600-664）唐代佛经翻译的主要代表人物。
“五不翻”理论：一、秘密故，二、含多义故，三、此无故，四、顺古故，五：生善故。3）严复（1853-1921）我国翻译史上第一个明确提出翻译标准的人。他在《天演论译例言》中说：“译事三难，信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。”
4）林语堂5）鲁迅6）傅雷7）钱钟书8）刘重德
CHAPTER 2 THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF TRANSLATION
UNIT 1 PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS
I.THE FAITHFULNESS
IN TRANSLATING, A TRANSLATOR SHOULD TRY TO BE FAITHFUL TO THE ORIGINAL MEANING, IDEAS AND STYLE.
II.THE EXPRESSIVENESS
IN E-C TRANSLATION, THE TRANSLATED WORKS SHOULD BE EASILY ACCEPTED AND NATURAL TO THE CHINESE RECEPTORS. THAT IS TO SAY, THE TRANSLATED WORDS, PHRASES OR SENTENCES SHOULD LOOK LIKE BE WRITTEN BY CHINESE, NOT BY FOREIGN WRITERS.
EXAMPLES:
1. THE HEAVILY LADEN INFANTRY, THOUGH ENJOYING A SUPERIORITY OF
6-1, SIMPLY COULD NOT KEEP TO SCHEDULE AND LOST 60,000 MEN IN ONE DAY.
这支步兵尽管在数量上享有6比1的优势，但是由于个人负重量很大，根本无法按时行动，因而在一天之内就损失了6万人。
2. BUT FROM THAT POINT ON WE ENCOUNTERED THE OBSTACLE ON
WHICH ALL DISCUSSIONS SPLIT AND PRACTICALLY EXPLODED IN OUR FACES.
但是从这里再前进一步，我们就遇到了一个问题，每次讨论都使大家发生分歧，而且几乎当面吵了起来。
UNIT 2 THE VARIOUS STAGES OF TRANSLATION
STAGE ONE: UNDERSTANDING THE ORIGINAL
1.MAKE CLEAR THE WORD MEANINGS
EXAMPLES:
SOPHISTICATED MAN：老于世故的人
SOPHISTICATED WOMAN：狡诈的女子
SOPHISTICATED COLUMNIST：老练的专栏作家
SOPHISTICATED ELECTRONIC DEVICE：高度精密的电子装置
SOPHISTICATED WEAPON：尖端武器
2.THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURES
EXAMPLES:
1) I DON’T LIKE IT WHEN SHE TELLS ME HOW TO DO THINGS
2) FROM WHAT YOU SAY, SHE SOUNDS LIKE THE RIGHT PERSON FOR THE JOB.
3) HE WENT UP TO HER ALL INNOCENT, LIKE, AS IF HE’D DONE NO THING.
4) RUNNING, SWIMMING AND LIKE SPORTS ARE ALL HER HOBBIES.
5) DO YOU MAKE BREAD LIKE YOU MAKE CAKES?
6) WILL WE EVER SEE THE LIKE OF MOZART AGAIN?
7) I WON’T GO INTO DETAILS, BUT THE LONG AND THE SHORT OF IT WAS
THAT WE MISSED THE TRAIN.
8) I’M LONGING TO SEE HER AGAIN.
3.MAKE CLEAR THE LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
EXAMPLES:
1)PLEASE TELL ME IF YOU CAN HELP US.
2)I AM SURE I’LL BEAT JOHN THIS TIME.
3)WE HAVE NO SPRING HERE.
STAGE TWO: EXPRESS THE ORIGINAL IN CHINESE IDIOMATICALLY
AND SMOOTHLY
PRINCIPLES: IN TRANSLATING, THE TRANSLATOR SHOULD BEAR IN HIS MIND THAT THE TRANSLATED WORK IS FOR CHINESE, NOT FOR ENGLISH-SPEAKING READERS, SO THAT HE HAS TO RENDER AS NATURALLY AS POSSIBLE TO CHINESE READERS.
EXAMPLES:
1)IT WAS A GIRL WITH GOOD MANNERS.
这是一位举止得体的姑娘。
2)THESE WERE ALL LABELED AS GOOD EGGS.
这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。
3)DOGS ARE OFTEN REGARDED AS MAN’S GOOD FRIENDS.
狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。
4)HE WAS TOLD, WHEN COMPLAINING THAT HE COULD NOT FOLLOW
NASSER’S MOVES, THAT NASSER WAS A GOOD CHESS PLAYER.
有一次，当他抱怨纳塞尔棋步难以琢磨时，有人对他说，纳塞尔是个高明的棋手。
5)…. YET, AS IT SOMETIMES HAPPENS THAT A PERSON DEPARTS HIS
LIFE, WHO IS REALLY DESERVING OF THE PRAISES THE STONE-CUTTER CARVES OVER HIS BONES; WHO IS A GOOD CHRISTIAN, A GOOD PARENT, A GOOD CHILD, A GOOD WIFE OR A GOOD HUSBAND; WHO ACTUALLY DOES HA VE A DISCONSOLATE FAMILY TO MOURN HIS LOSS.
不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的话。真得是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝顺的儿女，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他们家里人也确实哀思绵绵地追悼他们。
6)HE ONCE AGAIN IMPARTED TO US HIS GREAT KNOWLEDGE,
EXPERIENCE AND WISDOM.
我们又一次领受了他那广博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。
7)IN EVERY CHINESE CITY, WE GOT INTO THE STREETS, SHOPS,
PARKS, THEATRES AND RESTAURANTS.
在中国我们每到一个城市，就逛大街、逛商场、逛公园、上剧场、下饭馆。
8)AFTER THE FALL OF FRANCE, GERMANY WAS INCOMPARABLY
STRONGER THAN ENGLAND ON THE GROUND, ABOUT EQUALLY MATCHED IN THE AIR, AND GRA VELY INFERIOR AT SEA.
9)THE HAPPINESS- THE SUPERIOR ADV ANTAGE OF THE YOUNG
WOMEN ROUND ABOUT HER, GA VE REBECCA INEXPRESSIBLE PANGS OF ENVY.
10)HE WAS A CLEVER MAN; A PLEASANT COMPANION; A CARELESS
STUDENT; FOR WITH A GREAT PROPENSITY RUNNING INTO DEBT, AND A PARTIALITY FOR THE TA VERN.
CHAPTER 3 THE TECHNIQUES OF WORD TRANSLATION
UNIT1 THE WORD UNDERSTANDING AND CHOICE
IN TRANSLATING, SOMETIMES THE ORIGINAL POLYSEMANTS ARE OBSTACLES TO TRANSLATORS, ESPECIALLY TO THOSE BEGINNERS. WHEN YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH MEANING YOU SHOULD CHOOSE IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION, THE CONTEXT, THE LOGICAL RELATIONS AMONG SENTENCES OR EVEN PARAGRAPHS AND GRAMMAR ARE THE MAIN BASIS FOR YOU TO RELY ON.
EXAMPLES:
1)SOME LAWMAKERS ALSO QUESTIONED THE NEED FOR A COSTLY
NEW CARGO AIRPLANE CAPABLE OF DELIVERING ONLY A SINGLE TANK TO THE PERSIAN GULF IN A CRISIS.
有些议员还就是否需要这种昂贵的新型运输机提出了疑问，在发生危机时，每架飞机一次只能向波斯湾运去一辆坦克。
2)THE GREAT AND GOOD DO NOT DIE EVEN IN THIS WORLD.
甚至在人世间，杰出的伟人也是永生不灭的。
3)HE JUST HAS TO AIM IT IN THE DIRECTION OF THE TANK OR CLOUD
OF SMOKE SURROUNDING IT.
他只要把武器朝着坦克或坦克周围的那股烟尘发射就行了。
4)THE U.S.-ARRANGED CEASE-FIRE BETWEEN ISRAEL AND
PALESTINIAN GUERRILLAS IN LATE JULY REVERSED--- AT LEAST TEMPORARILY--- A DRIFT TOWARD A NEW MIDEAST WAR AND POTENTIAL DISASTER FOR US POLICY.
由美国安排的七月下旬在以色列和巴勒斯坦游击队之间的停火扭转了-至少是暂时扭转了-在中东爆发一场战争，从而给美国的政策带来一场灾难的发展趋势。
5)THESE LAWS ARE DESIGNED TO PREVENT MONOPOLY AND TO
MAINTAIN COMPETITION.
制定这些法律的目的在于防止垄断，保持竞争。
6)ALTHOUGH THE RECESSION HAS REACHED EVERY CORNER OF THE
PLANET, THE IMPACT IS UNEVEN.
虽然这场经济衰退波及地球的每个角落，但各地受到的影响不尽相同。
ALTHOUGH FEEDING THE WORLD’S POPULATION WILL BE A MAJOR
PROBLEM, THE WORLD IS NOT PROBABLY HEADED FOR DISASTER.
养活全球的人将是一个很大的问题，不过大概还不至于因此而使世界走向灾
难。
7)IT WOULD HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO FIND A HAPPIER CHILD THAN I
WAS.
恐怕再也找不到比我更幸福的孩子了。
UNIT 2 THE EXTENSION OF WORD MEANING
THE EXTENSION OF WORD MEANING REFERS TO TAKING
ADV ANTAGE OF CHINESE LANGUAGE’S CHARACTERISTICS IN
TRANSLATION, KEEPING INTACT THE ORIGINAL MEANING, SO AS
TO EXPRESS THE ORIGINAL IDEAS AND STYLES MORE NATURALLY
AND SMOOTHLY.
EXAMPLES:
1)WE SHOULD BY NO MEANS NEGLECT THE EVAPORATION OF
WATER.
我们决不能忽视水的蒸发作用。
2)ALL THE PEOPLE WERE EXASPERATED BY HIS FAULT-FINDING.
大家都被他那种吹毛求疵的做法激怒了。
3)THE PUBLISHING HOUSE HAS TO TAKE THE READABILITY OF
THE NOVEL INTO CONSIDERATION.
出版社不得不考虑这部小说的可读性。
4)HER JEALOUSY IS THE CAUSE OF HER FAILURE
她的嫉妒心理是她失败的根源。
5)THERE HAD BEEN TOO MUCH VIOLENCE IN THAT REGION.
那个地区发生了很多暴力事件。
6)I WAS PRACTICALLY ON MY KNEES, BUT HE STILL REFUSED.
我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。
7)HE IS A ROLLING STONE, I DON’T THINK HE CAN LAY UP ANY
MONEY.
他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会存钱。
8)SINCE I ONLY GOT THE NEWS AT SECOND HAND, I TOOK IT WITH
A GRAIN OF SALT.
这个消息我只是间接听来的，所以不完全相信。
9)I WILL BREAK MY NECK TO GET THIS DONE BY FRIDAY, BUT I
CAN’T PROMISE FOR SURE.
我一定要尽最大的努力在星期五以前完成此事，但我不能说定。
10)IF HE IS UNHAPPY WITH HER… WHY DOESN’T HE LEA VE HER?
SHE CAN BE HAPPY WITHOUT HIM. IT IS SILLY--- THIS
CAT-AND-DOG EXISTENCE.
假使他同她在一起是那么不幸福……他为什么不离开她呢？她没有他还可以
幸福的。这是多么无聊啊------ 这种经常吵架的生活。
MAN FOR THE FIELD AND WOMAN FOR THE HEARTH;
MAN FOR THE SWORD AND FOR THE NEEDLE SHE.
MAN WITH THE HEAD AND WOMAN WITH THE HEART;
MAN TO COMMAND AND WOMAN TO OBEY.
男人适于农耕，女人适于家务；
男人适于征战，女人宜于缝纫；
男人善于深思，女人富于感情；
男人发号施令，女人惟有服从。
HOMEWORK(1):
1)BECAUSE MUCH OF THE PAST LEARNING EXPERIENCE OF
FOREIGN STUDENTS MAY HA VE BEEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF
PASSING EXAMINATIONS, THEY MIGHT BE INCLINED TO PUT OFF
UNTIL LATE IN THE TERM. SUCH BEHA VIOR CAN RESULT IN
FAILURE IN THE UNITED STATES SYSTEM, WHERE ASSIGNMENTS
MUST BE COMPLETED ON TIME AND DONE REGULARLY EACH
DAY.
2)GAUSS PUBLISHED SOME 155 TITLES DURING HIS LIFETIMES,
AND HE LEFT BEHIND A LARGE QUANTITY OF UNPUBLISHED
WORK.
3)JUST YESTERDAY, IT SEEMS, IRELAND WAS ONE OF EUROPE’S
POOREST COUNTRIES. TODAY IT IS ABOUT AS PROSPEROUS AS
THE EUROPEAN A VERAGE, AND GETTING RICHER ALL THE TIME.
1.外国学生过去的学校经验大部分可能只是为了考试及格，所以他们可能会把
课外阅读暂时搁置起来留到学期快结束的时候，这种做法在美国制度下会失
败，因为老师指定的作业必须准时完成并且每天都做。
2. 高斯一生发表过大约155篇论文，而且还留下了大量未发表过的著作。
3.就在昨天，爱尔兰似乎还是欧洲最穷的国家之一，而今天它与欧洲中等国家
差不多一样繁荣，而且还在不断发展。
UNIT 4 THE TRANSLATION OF COMMENDATORY AND DEROGATORY TERMS 词汇按照语法中的词性可分成名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词和叹词等；词汇按感情色彩可分为褒义、贬义和中性。在翻译过程中，词汇的词性并不是原封不动地从原文搬到译文，而要根据译文的语言习惯进行；词汇感情色彩的翻译一般应严格按照原文的精神来进行，也就是说，褒义词必须译成褒义词，贬义词必须译成贬义词，中性词必须译成中性词。
EXAMPLES:
1)HE DIDN’T YIELD IN THE FACE OF THE RUTHLESS ENEMIES.
他在残忍的敌人面前没有屈服。
2)I ALWAYS CONSIDERED HIM CALCULATING AND DID MY BEST TO A VOID
HIM.
我一向认为他这个人工于心计，所以总是尽量避开他。
3)ALL THE INVENTORS HA VE A RESTLESS MIND
所有的发明家都有一个思想活跃的头脑。
4)SHE IS RESTLESS AND FIDGETY.
她生性急躁好动。
5)AS LUCK WOULD HAVE IT, NO ONE WAS IN THE BUILDING WHEN THE
EXPLOSION OCCURRED.
真幸运，发生爆炸时大楼里赶巧没有人。
6)AS LUCK WOULD HAVE IT, THERE WAS RAIN ON THE DAY OF THE PICNIC. 真不凑巧，野餐那天下雨了。
7)THE OLD COUPLE MAKE A PERSISTENT EFFORT TO SEARCH FOR THEIR
DAUGHTER LOST IN THE WAR
这对年老的夫妇执着地寻找着他们在战争中丢失的女儿。
8)SHE WAS VEXED BY THE PERSISTENT RINGING OF THE PHONE.
她被没完没了的电话搞得心烦意乱。
9)MANY PEOPLE THINK THAT HE IS ONE OF THE MOST AMBITIOUS
POLITICIANS OF OUR TIMES.
很多人认为他是现在最有野心的政客之一。
10)ALTHOUGH HE IS VERY YOUNG, HE IS VERY AMBITIOUS IN HIS
RESEARCH WORK.
他虽然年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。
UNIT 5 ADDING WORDS IN TRANSLATION
所谓增词译法，就是在原文的基础上添加必要的单词，词组，分句或完整句，从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景，词语联想方面与原文一致起来，使得译文和原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等。
EXAMPLES:
1.EARL AND I TOOK TO WALK OUR DOG. SOMEHOW OUR PATH TOOK
US TOWARD THE PARK, ACROSS THE FOOTBRIDGE HIGH ABOVE THE ROLLING WATERS OF THE LOS ANGELES RIVER. IT IS LIKE A DREAM TO ME NOW, FLOATING THROUGH MY MIND IN SLOW MOTION.
MANY CHILDREN WERE PLAYING CLOSE TO THE WATER.
我和埃勒决定把狗带出去溜溜，不知不觉朝公园走去。公园就在小桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的洛山矶河水滚滚流过。现在回想起来，就仿佛是一场梦，当时的情景还在我的脑海里缓缓浮动。那一天，许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍。（增加主语和时间状语）
2．IDEALLY, ONE DAY, RESEARCHERS WILL KNOW ENOUGH ABOUT THE GENESIS OF EARTHQUAKES AND THE NATURE OF PARTICULAR FAULTS TO PREDICT QUAKES DIRECTLY.
最理想的情况是，有朝一日研究人员能够对地震的成因及具体断层的性质有足够的了解，从而能够直接预报地震。（增加修饰语，以示强调）
4.HE DISMISSED THE MEETING WITHOUT A CLOSING SPEECH.
他没有致闭幕词就宣布会议结束。（增加动词）
5.BASICALLY, THE THEORY PROPOSED, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THAT
THE MAXIMUM SPEED POSSIBLE IN THE UNIVERSE IS THAT OF LIGHT…
就其基本内容而言，这一学说提出的论点包括：光速是宇宙最快的速度……（增加修
饰语，以示强调）
6．I HAD IMAGINED IT TO BE MERELY A GESTURE OF AFFECTION, BUT IT SEEMS IT IS TO SMELL THE LAMB AND MAKE SURE THAT IT IS HER OWN.
原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。（增加时间状语，英语动词有过去时和完成时等时态，而汉语动词没有，需要我们添加相应的时间状语）
UNIT6 OMISSION IN TRANSLATION
省词译法就是把原文中需要而译文中不需要的单词、词组等在翻译过程中加以省略。省词译法一般是处于译文语法和习惯表达法的需要。
EXAMPLES:
1.HE IS NOT WELL TODAY, BUT HE STILL COMES TO CLASS.
2.HE IS A GOOD FRIEND THAT SPEAKS WELL OF US BEHIND OUR BACKS.
3.IT IS BETTER TO DO WELL THAN TO SAY WELL.
4.THAT DISHONEST BOY IS NOT AT ALL ILL. HE IS ALIVE AND KICKING IN
THE SWIMMING POOL. WE ALL SAW HIM.
5.THE SUN IS BRIGHT, AND THE SKY IS CLEAR.
6.IF YOU DON’T GO THERE TOMORROW, THEY WILL GET ANGRY.
7.IT’S YOUR PEN. I FOUND IT ON THE PLAYGROUND.
UNIT7转句译法
英语中的一个用作状语或定语的词组，或者名词词组，经常包含有丰富的语义。有时，要把原文词组的内容和形式一起翻译成地道的汉语几乎不可能。我们不得不把这个词组（有时甚至是整个单词）转译成汉语的一个句子。
EXAMPLES:
1. A CRASHING THUNDERSTORM, WITH THICK RAIN HISSING DOWN FROM
SKIES BLACK AS NIGHT, STOPPED HIM FROM LEA VING THE WHITE HOUSE.（主语转句）
轰隆几声雷响，从漆黑的天空哗啦哗啦下起大雨来。他无法离开白宫。
2.THEN WHEN PUG FIRST RETURNED TO THE GRUNEWALD HOUSE, THE
ART MUSEUM DIRECTOR WHO LIVED NEXT DOOR, A VASTLY LEARNED LITTLE DARK MAN NAMED DR. BALTZER, RUSHED OVER, DRAGGING A LAME LEG, TO OFFER HIS NEIGHBOR A DRINK AND TO CHAT ABOUT THE IMMINENT BRITISH COLLAPSE.（同位语转句）帕格回到绿林区自己的住宅，隔壁的那个美术馆馆长马上拖着一条残疾的腿跑了过来，邀请邻居喝一杯，同时谈起英国迫在眉睫的覆灭。这位馆长名叫巴泽尔博士，学问渊博，身材矮小，肤色黝黑。
3.WINSTON CHURCHILL, TODAY AN IDEALIZED HERO OF HISTORY, WAS IN
HIS TIME V ARIOUSLY CONSIDERED A BOMBASTIC BLUNDERER, AN UNSTABLE POLITICIAN, AN INTERMITTENTLY INSPIRED ORATOR, A RECKLESS SELF-DRAMATIZER, A VOLUMINOUS ABLE WRITER IN AN OLD-FASHIONED VEIN, AND A WARMONGERING DRUNKARD.（同位语转句）温丝顿丘吉尔今天是一个被理想化了的历史英雄，但当时却被看作各种各样的人物，爱唱高调但常犯错误的人，摇摆不定的政客，有几分才气的演说家，轻率的装腔作势者，写有大量著作但文风古老的多产作家，以及贩卖战争的酒徒。
4.HE HAD A SOUND FEELING THAT IDIOM WAS THE BACKSTONE OF A
LANGUAGE AND HE WAS ALL FOR THE RACY PHRASES.（定语转句）
他感到习语是语言的主要支柱，因此特别主张用生动的短语。他的想法是非常正确的。
5.I TRIED VAINLY TO PUT THE PIECES TOGETHER.（状语转句）
我想把这些碎片拼在一起，可是拼不起来。
6.SPRING HAS SO MUCH MORE THAN SPEECH IN ITS UNFOLDING
FLOWERS AND LEAVES, AND THE COURSING OF ITS STREAMS, AND IN ITS SWEET RESTLESS SEEKING.（状语转句）
春花怒放，春水奔流，春天欢腾地无休止地追逐着，这一切都比语言要丰富得多。
7.HE, WITH THE BEST OF CHARACTER AND HANDWRITINGS,HAD BEEN
ABLE VERY SOON AFTER HIS MASTER’S DISASTER TO FIND OTHER EMPLOYMENT FOR HIMSELF. （状语转句）
他品行端正，一笔字又写得好，因此主人坏了事以后不久又找到了别的工作。
8.LUCKILY, AT THIS TIME HE CAUGHT A LIVER COMPLAINT, FOR THE
CURE OF WHICH HE RETURNED TO EUROPE, AND WHICH WAS THE SOURCE OF GREAT COMFORT AND AMUSEMENT TO HIM IN HIS NATIVE COUNTRY. （插入语转句）
算他运气好，正在那时害了肝病，必须回欧洲去医治，才算有机会在本国享福。
UNIT 8 合句译法
一般来说，英语句子要比汉语句子长，一个英语句子比一个汉语句子具有更大的容量，但是比较口语话的句子也比较短，我们在英译汉时经常用合句译法，把两个或两个以上的英语句子翻译成一个汉语句子。
EXAMPLES:
1.THE YOUNG MAN WAS VERY MISERABLE. HE HAD NO MONEY ABOUT
HIM. ALL HIS SA VINGS HAD BEEN STOLEN.
这个年轻人很惨，已落到身无分文的地步，因为他所有的积蓄被窃。
2.DARKNESS FELL. AN EXPLOSION SHOOK THE EARTH. IT DIDN’T SHAKE
HIS WILL TO GO TO THE FRONT.
夜幕降临时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没有动摇他上前线的决心。
3.THAT DAY, THE PRESIDENT HAD AN INTERVIEW WITH HER FATHER.
HER FATHER WAS GOING TO THE MOON BY SPACESHUTTLE.
那天，总统会见了他的父亲，因为他的父亲即将乘航天飞机去登月。
4.SHE IS VERY BUSY AT HOME. SHE HAS TO TAKE CARE OF THE CHILDREN
AND DO THE KITCHEN WORK.
她在家里很忙，又要看孩子，又要下厨。
UNIT 8 .缩句译法
所谓缩句译法，就是根据原文的逻辑关系和译文的语言习惯，把原文中的一个句子紧缩成译文中另一个句子的组成部分。一般来说，我们把原文上下文中相对次要的句子紧缩成相对主要的句子的组成部分，大多紧缩成状语，也有一部分紧缩成定语同位语乃至主语。
EXAMPLES:
1.IT WAS APRIL 1945. THE SECOND WORLD WAR WAS COMING TO AN END. 1945年4月，第二次世界大战已接近尾声。（缩成状语）
2.SHE WENT BACK HOME TO TAKE CARE OF HER HUSBAND. HE WAS
SERIOUSLY ILL.
她回去照料病重的丈夫。（缩为定语）
3.THEY SAT DOWN IN THE WAITING-ROOM TO DO SOME READING.
PEOPLE CAME TO AND FRO THERE.
他们在人来人往的候车室里坐下来看点书。(缩为定语）
4.HER FATHER BECAME THE MAYOR OF THE CITY. HE WAS A MURDERER
IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR.
她的父亲，二次世界大战中的一个杀人凶手，竟当上了这个城市的市长。（缩为同位语）
TRANSLATION PRACTICE:
I.IT MAY ALSO BE SAID THAT RATIONAL, INDUSTRIOUS, USEFUL
HUMAN BEINGS ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO CLASSES: FIRST, THOSE WHOSE WORK IS WORK AND WHOSE PLEASURE IS PLEASURE; AND SECONDLY, THOSE WHOSE WORK AND PLEASURE ARE ONE. OF THESE THE FORMER ARE THE MAJORITY. THEY HA VE THEIR COMPENSATIONS. THE LONG HOURS IN THE OFFICE OR THE FACTORY BRING WITH THEM AS THEIR REWARD, NOT ONLY THE MEANS OF SUSTENANCE, BUT A KEEN APPETITE FOR PLEASURE EVEN IN ITS SIMPLEST AND MOST MODEST FORMS, BUT FORTUNE’S FA VORED CHILDREN BELONG TO THE SECOND CLASS. THEIR LIFE IS
A NATURAL HARMONY. FOR THEM THE WORKING HOURS ARE
NEVER LONG ENOUGH. EACH DAY IS A HOLIDAY, AND ORDINARY HOLIDAYS WHEN THEY COME ARE GRUDGED AS ENFORCED INTERRUPTIONS IN AN ABSORBING VOCATION. YET TO BOTH CLASSES THE NEED OF AN ALTERNATIVE OUTLOOK, OF A CHANGE OF ATMOSPHERE, OF A DIVERSION OF EFFORT, IS ESSENTIAL.
INDEED, IT MAY WELL BE THAT THOSE WHOSE WORK IS THEIR PLEASURE ARE THOSE WHO MOST NEED THE MEANS OF BANISHING IT AT INTERV ALS FROM THEIR MINDS.
也可以这样说，明智的、勤奋的和有用的人可以分为两种类型：第一类人，他们工作就是工作，娱乐就是娱乐。第二类人，他们的工作和娱乐是一回事。在这两类人当中，前一类人是大多数，他们能得到补偿。长时间呆在办公室里或工厂里，给他们作为报酬带来的，不仅仅是可以借此维持生计，而且还有一种渴望消遣的强烈欲望，哪怕是用一种最简单最朴实的方式。但是“命运的宠儿”属于第二种类型的人。他们的生活是一种自然的和谐。对他们来说，工作时间永远不会太长，每一个工作日就像假日一样。他们会抱怨，平时节日的来临是对他们全神贯注的工作的强行中断，然而，对所有这两种类型的人来说，变换一下看法，改变一下环境和转换一下注意力是最基本的需要。的确，这很可能是那些认为工作就是消遣的人们最需要获得的一种方式，以便使大脑能每隔一段时间就从“工作就是消遣”这种念头中解脱出来。
II. SOME PEOPLE WOULD SAY THAT THE ENGLISHMA N’S HOME IS NO LONGER HIS CASTLE; THAT IT HAS BECOME HIS WORKSHOP. THIS IS PARTLY BECAUSE THE A VERAGE ENGLISHMAN IS KEEN ON WORKING
WITH HIS HANDS AND PARTLY BECAUSE HE FEELS, FOR ONE REASON OR ANOTHER, THAT HE MUST DO HIMSELF MANY HOUSEHOLD JOBS FOR WHICH, SOME YEARS AGO, HE WOULD HA VE HIRED PROFESSIONAL HELP. THE MAIN REASON FOR THIS IS A FINANCIAL ONE: THE HIGH COST OF LABOR HAS MEANT THAT BUILDERS’ AND DECORATORS’ COST HA VE REACHED A LEVEL WHICH MAKES THEM PROHIBITIVE FOR HOUSE-PROUD ENGLISH PEOPLE OF MODEST MEANS. SO, IF THEY WISH TO KEEP THEIR HOUSES LOOKING BRIGHT AND SMART, THEY HA VE TO TACKLE SOME OF THE REPAIRS AND DECORATING THEMSELVES. AS A RESULT, THERE HAS GROWN UP IN THE POST-WAR YEARS WHAT IS SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS THE “DO-IT-YOURSELF MOVEMENT”.
有人会说英国人的家不再是他们的城堡，而是变成了他们的工作间。一部分原因是，一般的英国人都喜欢自己干活，一部分原因是他们出于某种缘故感到必须为自己做许多家务，而这些在几年前则是雇请专业人员干的。最主要的原因是还是经济方面的问题。高昂的劳物费用意味着雇佣建筑人员和装修人员的花费，已经高到使得那些收入不多却又热衷于美化居室的英国人望而却步。因此，他们要想把自己的房子装饰得漂漂亮亮，就得自己动手进行整修装潢。这样，在战后的数年中就发展出了一种人们有时称之为“自己动手干的运动”。
UNIT 9.转态译法
所谓转态译法，就是在翻译过程中把原文中的被动语态转化成译文中的主动语态，或把原文中的主动语态转化成译文中的被动语态。一般来说，无论是书面语中，还是口头语中，英语比汉语用更多的被动语态。英语中那些用了被动语态的句子在翻译成汉语时，我们可以根据汉语的语言习惯把被动语态转变成主动语态。
EXAMPLES:
1.HIS SUCCESSES WERE SO REPEATED THAT NO WONDER THE ENVIOUS
AND THE V ANQUISHED SPOKE SOMETIMES WITH BITTERNESS REGARDING THEM.
他赢钱的次数那么多，无怪乎眼红的人，赌输的人，有时说起这事便要发牢骚。
2.MANY VOICES HA VE BEEN RAISED DEMANDING THE SETTING UP OF AN
ARAB COMMON MARKET.
很多人要求建立一个阿拉伯共同市场。
3.MEMORANDA WERE PREPARED IN ADV ANCE OF PRIV ATE MEETINGS ON
MATTERS TO BE DISCUSSED.
在举行个别交谈之前，我已经就所有要讨论的问题预先拟好了备忘录。
4.HE SAID HE WAS ASSURED BY THE STATE DEPARTMENT THAT THE U.S.
IS WILLING TO NORMALIZE RELATIONS WITH HIS COUNTRY.
他说，国务院向他担保美国愿意同他的国家恢复正常关系。
5.NEW ZEALAND HAD NO KNOWLEDGE OF THIS AND HAD NOT BEEN
CONSULTED ON THESE REPORTED PLANS.
新西兰不知道这件事，也没有人同它商量过这些传闻的计划。
6.THE VISITOR WAS FLATTERED AND IMPRESSED.
这位客人受宠若惊，深为感动。
UNIT 10定语从句的翻译
定语从句的翻译视具体情况而定，一般说来，限定性定语从句由于对主句起限定性作用，
并影响主句的完整性，所以在翻译时只要读起来上口而又不引起误解，都可以前置。但在实践中，由于汉语中短句的使用比英语更普遍，因此常将限制性定语从句翻译为与主句并列的句子。非限制性定语从句一般译为并列句或独立句。
一、限制性定语从句
1．译成前置定语
1）HE THEREFORE RESOLVED IMMEDIATELY TO ACQUAINT HIM WITH THE FACT WHICH WE HA VE ABOVE SLIGHTLY HINTED.
因此，他马上把我们在上面隐约提到的那件事告诉他。
2）THE PEOPLE WHO WORKED FOR HIM LIVED IN MORTAL FEAR OF HIM.
在他手下工作的人对他都怕得要死。
3）IN THE EARLY DAYS OF THE CLIPPER SHIPS, SAILORS WHO WENT ON LONG VOYAGES WOULD OFTEN GET A DANGEROUS DISEASE CALLED SCURVY.
在使用快速帆船的初期，远洋海员们往往会患一种叫“坏死病”的危险疾病。
2．译成并列句
1）IT SEEMED TO HIM THAT HIS HEART WAS BOUND WITH CORDS WHICH AN UNSEEN HAND WAS TIGHTENING WITH EVERY TICK OF THE CLOCK.
他觉得他的心让许多绳子捆住，有一只看不见的手跟着钟的滴答声一下一下地把它收紧。
2）I HA VE STRONG OPINIONS WHICH WOULDN’T SUIT YOU.
我有一些坚决的主张，怕对你们不合适。
3）YOU COMPARE HER WITH YOUR ENGLISH WOMEN WHO WOLF DOWN FROM THREE TO FIVE MEAT MEALS A DAY; AND NATURALLY YOU FIND HER A SYLPH.
你们英国女人都要狼吞虎咽地吃上三到五餐肉食，你们拿她们相比，当然觉得她是个窈窕淑女了。
二、非限制性定语从句
1.译成并列句
1）BUT FRANK CHECKS HER WITH A GESTURE, AND STEALS TO THE COTTAGE DOOR, WHICH HE SOFTLY SETS WIDE OPEN.
可是富兰克赶紧打手势制止她，然后蹑手蹑脚地走到茅屋门口，轻轻地把门全部敞开。2）ACTUALLY, IT ISN’T. BECAUSE IT ASSUMES THAT THERE IS AN AGREED ACCOUNT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, WHICH IS SOMETHING THE WORLD DOES NOT HA VE.
事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
3）WHEN THAT HAPPENS, IT IS NOT A MISTAKE: IT IS MANKIND’S INSTINCT FOR MORAL REASONING IN ACTION, AN INSTINCT THAT SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED RATHER THAN LAUGHED AT.
这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲笑。
2. 译成独立句
1）I HOPE YOUR SUCCESS, WHICH IS AN INSPIRATION TO ME, WILL
CONTINUE.
你的成功对我是个鼓舞，我希望你不断取得成功。
2）NEVERTHELESS THE PROBLEM WAS SOLVED SUCCESSFULLY, WHICH SHOWED THAT COMPUTATIONS WERE ACCURATE.
不过问题还是圆满地解决了。这说明计算是准确的。
3）HE HAD TALKED TO VICE-PRESIDENT, WHO ASSURED HIM THAT EVERYTHING THAT COULD BE DONE WOULD BE DONE.
他和副总统谈过话。副总统向他保证，凡是能够做到的都竭尽全力去做。
三、分述法
无论是限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句的翻译，常常存在着一个普遍现象，即把主句与从句分成两个句子来翻译，这就是分述法。
1．将关系代词还原
1）AT DINNER I FOUND MYSELF PLACED BETWEEN MRS. BRADLEY AND A SHY DRAB GIRL WHO SEEMED EVEN YOUNGER THAN THE OTHERS.
席间我发现我的两旁分别是布得雷太太和一位腼腆乏味的姑娘。这姑娘看上去比别人都要年轻。
2．简化或概括先行词
1）SHE LIVED IN THAT LEISURELY AGE WHEN SERV ANTS WERE EMPLOYED TO DO HOME WORK.
她生活在一个悠闲的时代，那时家务事都可以雇佣人来做的。
3．主从糅合，重新组织
有时定语从句在句中的位置很难安排得当，可以考虑把主从关系糅合在一起，将原文重新组织。
1）IN COUNTRIES WHERE PEOPLE REMAIN IN ONE TOWN OR CITY FOR MOST OF THEIR LIVES, THE SOCIAL CUSTOMS ARE QUITE DIFFERENT.
有些国家的人民几乎终生未离开一个市镇，所以社会风俗颇为不同。
2）TO THOSE VISITORS WHO COME FROM COUNTRIES WHERE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS DEVELOP MORE SLOWLY DURING A LONGER PERIOD OF TIME, THE AMERICAN WAY MAY SEEM VERY FRIGHTENING, TOO PERSONAL, AND RUDE.
在一些国家里，居民的社会关系是要长期慢慢培养的，习惯了这种情形的游客一旦到了美国，可能觉得美国人的方式很可怕，太注意私人问题，没有礼貌。
3) I HAD A PROBLEM, WHICH BECAME CLEARLY OBVIOUS JUST AS I WAS TO APPEAR AT THE MEETING.
我遇到了一个问题。当我要出席会议时，这个问题变得越发明显了。
四．带有状语功能的定语从句
在英语句子中，有些定语从句同时具有状语从句的功能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，表明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。在翻译定语从句的时候，要善于从原文中发现这些逻辑上的关系，然后翻译成汉语中相应的偏正复句。
1．翻译成表示“原因”的分句
1）WE KNOW THAT A CAT, WHOSE EYES CAN TAKE IN MANY MORE RAYS OF LIGHT THAN OUR EYES, CAN SEE CLEARLY IN THE NIGHT.
2) THE STUDENT, WHO HAS NEVER DONE SUCH A THING BEFORE, SHOULD
BE PARDONED.
3) BUT HE DID NOT TALK AT LENGTH ABOUT THE MATTER, WHICH WAS CONSIDERED BY THE WHITE HOUSE TO BE A PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT QUESTION.
2. 翻译成表示“结果”的分句
1）LATE LAST CENTURY ALL THE UNIVERSITIES IN THE UNITED STATES ADOPTED THE CREDIT SYSTEM WHICH BENEFITED STUDENTS A GREAT DEAL.
2) THERE WAS SOMETHING ORIGINAL, INDEPENDENT, AND HEROIC ABOUT THE PLAN THAT PLEASED ALL OF THEM.
3) AS I JUST SAID, THE FIRST DECADE IN SPACE SAW ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WHICH AFFECTED OUR CONCEPT OF THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE.
3. 翻译成表示让步的分句
1）THE CAT, WHICH YOU DESPISE SO MUCH, IS A VERY USEFUL ANIMAL.
2) HE INSISTED ON BUYING ANOTHER CAR, WHICH HE HAD NO USE FOR. 4. 翻译成表示目的的分句
1）HE WISHES TO WRITE AN ARTICLE THAT WILL ATTRACT PUBLIC ATTENTION TO THE MATTER.
2) WE RECOGNIZE THE NEED TO ESTABLISH AND DEVELOP INSTITUTIONS WHICH HELP TO TAME THE UNBRIDLED EXERCISE OF POWER.
我们认为需要建立和发展一些机构以有助于控制滥用权力的行为。
5．翻译成表示条件、假设的分句
1）MEN BECOME DESPERATE FOR WORK, ANY WORK, WHICH WILL HELP THEM TO KEEP ALIVE THEIR FAMILIES.
2) CANCER SHOULD BE SUSPECTED IN PERSONS WHO HA VE ANY OF THESE SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS FOR UNACCOUNTABLE CAUSES AND FOR AN UNREASONABLE PERIOD OF TIME.
如果病人具有任何这些症状和表征，病因又难以说明，而且持续时间又过长，就应怀疑患了癌症。
UNIT 11 转译法
在翻译过程中，由于汉语和英语两种语言在语法功能和表达习惯上的差异，有时必须改变原文某些词类或句子成分才能有效地传达原文的准确思想。
转译法就是服务于这一目的的翻译方法。英译汉的词类转换主要涉及各种词类的转译。它包括转换成动词、名词、形容词或副词；而句子成分的转换包括主语和宾语之间的转换、主语转换成谓语、状语等。
1．英语名词的转译
A 英语名词转译成动词
主要有以下四种情况：A 由动词派生的名词；B 具有动作意味的名词；C以ER结尾表示身份或职业的名词；D 作为习语主体的名词
1）THE GROWING AWARENESS BY MILLIONS OF AFRICANS OF THEIR EXTREMELY POOR AND BACKWARD LIVING CONDITIONS HAS PROMPTED THEM TO TAKE RESOLUTE MEASURES AND CREATE NEW ONES.
数以百万计的非洲人已经逐渐意识到他们的生活状况异常贫困落后，这就促使他们采取
坚决措施去创造新的生活。
2) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SOCIAL SYSTEMS OF STATES SHALL NOT BE AN OBSTACLE TO THEIR APPROACH AND COOPERATION.
各国社会制度的不同，不应妨碍彼此接近和相互合作。
3) THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS MAKES FOR A TREMENDOUS RISE IN LABOR PRODUCTIVITY.
电子计算机的应用可以大大提高劳动生产率。
4) HE IS NO SMOKER, BUT HIS FATHER IS A CHAIN-SMOKER.
他不抽烟，但他父亲却一枝接着一枝抽个不停。
5) HE TOOK A FINAL LOOK AT HIS FORMER WIFE, AND LEFT WITHOUT A WORD.
他最后看了前妻一眼，一言不发地离开了。
B．英语名词转译成形容词
由形容词派生的名词，以及有些加不定冠词的名词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词。1）THE PEOPLE OF SOME NATIONS GREET WITH OTHERS SMILINGLY, BUT THERE ARE ETHNIC GROUPS IN WHICH IT IS A RULE TO GREET ON ANOTHER WITH TEARS IN THE EYES.
有些国家的人民以微笑的方式打招呼，但有些民族中，规定的方式是眼中含泪与人打招呼。
2) ALLOW ME, ON BEHALF OF THE DELEGATION THAT ACCOMPANIES ME AND IN MY OWN NAME, TO SINCERELY THANK YOU FOR THIS AND CONVEY TO YOU THE MESSAGE OF FRIENDSHIP AND FRATERNITY OF OUR PEOPLE.
请允许我以陪同我访问的代表团和我本人的名义，向你们表示诚挚的谢意，并向你们传达我们人民兄弟般的友好情谊。
C．英语名词转译为副词
1）THE NEW MAYOR EARNED SOME APPRECIATION BY THE COURTESY OF COMING TO VISIT THE CITY POOR.
新市长礼貌性地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。
2) IT IS OUR GREAT PLEASURE TO NOTE THAT OUR SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY IS DEVELOPING VIGOROUSLY.
我们很高兴地看到，我国的造船业正在蓬勃发展。
1．英语动词的转译
A.英语动词转译成名词
英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转换的动词，在翻译成汉语的时候，往往不易找到相对应的动词，这时候可以将其转译成名词。
1）AS THE WAR PROGRESSED, HE WOULD SYMBOLIZE THEIR FRUSTRATIONS, THE EMBODIMENT OF ALL EVILS.
2）OUR AGE IS WITNESSING A PROFOUND POLITICAL CHANGE.
3）THE MOST US SPY SATELLITES ARE DESIGNED TO BURN UP IN THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE.
另外，在被动句式的某些动词，可以翻译成“受（遭）到+名词”、“予以+名词”的结构。
1）AND HE WARNED THAT THE IMPROVEMENT IN BILATERAL RELATIONS MIGHT BE “JEOPARDIZED” BY A CONTINUATION OF THE WAR.
2）SATELLITES, HOWEVER, MUST BE CLOSELY WATCHED, FOR THEY ARE CONSTANTLY BEING TUGGED AT BY THE GRA VITATIONAL ATTRACTION OF THE SUN, MOON AND EARTH.
B.英语的动词转成副词。
1）HE SAID, IF THIS WAS THE CASE, HE WOULD BE TEMPTED TO TRY.
他说，如果情况是这样，他颇有跃跃欲试之意。
3. 英语形容词的转译
A.英语形容词转译成动词
在英语句子中，表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在联系动词后面作表语时，往往可以转译成动词。如：ABLE, AFRAID, ANGRY, ANXIOUS, ASHAMED, AWARE, CAREFUL, CAUTIOUS, CERTAIN, CONCERNED, CONFIDENT, DELIGHTED, DOUBTFUL, GLAD, GRATEFUL, IGNORANT, SORRY, SURE, THANKFUL 等。1)DOCTORS HA VE SAID THAT THEY ARE NOT SURE THEY CAN SA VE HIS
LIFE.
2) A SOCIALLY MATURE PERSON GETS WELL WITH ALL TYPES OF PEOPLE
IN ALL TYPES OF SITUATION. HE DOESN’T NECESSARILY LIKE OR RESPECT ALL PEOPLE, BUT HE IS TOLERANT AND UNDERSTANDING AND DOES NOT INTENTIONALLY HURT ANYONE’S FEELINGS.
3)THE FACT THE SHE W AS ABLE TO SEND A MESSAGE WAS A HINT. BUT I
HAD TO BE CAUTIOUS.
B.英语形容词转化为名词
1）TELEVISION IS DIFFERENT FROM RADIO IN THAT IT SENDS AND RECEIVES A PICTURE.
2) THIS PROBLEM IS NO MORE IMPORTANT THAN THAT ONE.
C.英语形容词转化为副词
1）CAN YOU GIVE AN ACCURATE TRANSLATION OF THE SENTENCE?
2）WE MUST MAKE FULL USE OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES A V AILABLE.
4. 英语副词的转译
A. 英语副词转译成形容词
1）THE PRESIDENT HAD PREPARED METICULOUSLY FOR HIS JOURNEY.
2) THE ELECTRONIC COMPUTER IS CHIEFLY CHARACTERIZED BY ITS ACCURATE AND QUICK COMPUTATIONS.
3) HOPEFULLY, IT WILL BE DONE EARLY NEXT MONTH.(C)
B. 英语的副词转名词
1）THEY HA VE NOT DONE WELL IDEOLOGICALLY, HOWEVER, AS ORGANIZATIONALLY.
2) CHEMICALLY，NYLON IS OF THE SAME GENERAL COMPOSITION AS SILK OR HAIR BUT IT IS ARTIFICIALLY MADE.
尼龙的化学成分大体上和丝或头发相同，只不过尼龙是人工制成的。
B.英语副词转译成动词
在英语句子中，作表语或宾语补足语的副词有时可以翻译成动词，这类副词常有IN, OUT, OVER等。
1)HE OPENED THE WIDOW TO LET FRESH AIR IN.
2)THEIR EXPERIMENT IS OVER.
3)LET ME THROUGH.
4)THE LIBRARIAN TOLD ME THAT THE BOOK WAS OUT.
二．句子成分的转译
1．主语的转译
A. 主语转译成谓语。
如果英语原文中的主语是由含有动作意义的名词充当的，而且这个名词在译文中也具有谓语动词的意义，适宜充当谓语成分，可以翻译成谓语。
1）IN RECENT YEARS INCREASING ATTENTION HAD BEEN PAID TO THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT IN THE PRODUCTION OF OUR FACTORY.
2）IN EVERY CORNER OF THE CAMPUS, TALK OF CHINA’S ENTERING WTO IS IN THE AIR.
3）THE PROTECTION OF THE EAR TO REDUCE SOUND PRESSURE ON IT IS NECESSARY IF THE EAR IS TO BE SUBJECTED TO NOISE AT A SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL MORE THAN 85 DECIBLES.
4）CARE MUST BE TAKEN AT ALL TIMES TO PROTECT THE INSTRUMENT FROM DUST AND DAMP.
B. 主语转译为宾语
1) AS THE MATCH BURNS, HEAT AND LIGHT ARE GIVEN OFF.（D）
2) THORP WAS ALMOST UNANIMOUSLY CHOSEN THE GREATEST ATHLETE OF MODERN TIMES.
3) MANY OF HIS IDEAS ARE ESPECIALLY INTERESTING TO MODERN YOUTH. HERE ARE SOME OF THE THINGS HE SAID AND WROTE.
C. 主语转译为状语
有时候英语句中的主语是说明行为的原因、条件、时间等，这个时候就可以考虑将主语翻译成状语（从句）。
1）WAITING FOR MR. AMBASSADOR TO SEE ME FOR SUCH A LONG TIME MADE ME VERY UNHAPPY LAST FRIDAY.
2）THE MORE SIGHT OF IT TURNED ONE’S MIND.
3）BAD WEATHER PREVENTED US FROM GOING CAMPING LAST WEEKEND. 4）HIS WEARINESS AND THE INCREASING HEAT DETERMINED HIM TO SIT DOWN IN THE FIRST CONVENIENT SHADOW.
他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热。于是，他决定只要一碰到舒适的荫凉处，就坐下来休息。
D. 主语转译成为定语
1) NOWADAYS, A TYPICAL RADIO TRANSMITTER HAS A POWER OF 100 KILOWATTS SO THAT IT CAN BROADCAST INFORMATION OVER A LARGE AREA OF INFLUENCE.
2) HE HAS A DIFFERENT OPINION FROM OTHERS.
3) WITHOUT AIR, THE EARTH WOULD UNDERGO EXTREME CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE.
2. 谓语的转译
英语句子中作谓语的动词在英译汉时有时要转译成名词才符合汉语的表达习惯，并在句子中充当主语成分。
1）IT IS SURPRISING THAT THE NAUGHTY BOY BEHAVED VERY WELL IN
SUCH A BIG PARTY.
2）WATER WITH SALT CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY VERY WELL.
3.宾语的转译
A. 宾语转译成主语
英语句子中宾语成分有时候在意义上具有句中行为的主体的含义，那么就可以考虑将它转译成汉语中的主语，这比较符合现代汉语将行为的主体放在句首的习惯。这种宾语多为动作和介词的宾语。
1) LIGHT BEAMS CAN CARRY MORE INFORMATION THAN RADIO SIGNALS BECAUSE LIGHT HAS A MUCH HIGHER FREQUENCY THAN RADIO WA VES.
2) CAREFUL COMPARISON OF THEM WILL SHOW YOU THE DIFFERENCES.
B. 宾语转译成谓语
英语句子中的宾语有时候是动名词或名词，以及动词加名词的词组充当的。这种宾语有时候无法翻译成汉语中对应的宾语，因为这种宾语本身含有动作的意味，那么就可以考虑翻译成谓语。
1）THE SECRETARY CAST IMPATIENT GLANCES AT THE YOUNG MAN, TURNED AWAY WITHOUT ANSWERING HIS QUESTION.
2）BEFORE GRADUATION WE SHOULD MAKE FULL USE OF THE TIME LEFT TO ARM OURSELVES WITH MORE KNOWLEDGE.
2．状语的转译
状语尽管在句子中占次要成分，但在英语句子中的出现率却很高。状语的形式多样，不同的状语起着不同的作用，翻译起来要注意它的转译。英语中的状语在翻译成汉语时，除了可以翻译成对应的状语外，还可以转译成主语和定语。
A.状语转译成主语
有些表示地点、方式或“在……方面”意义的介词短语在英语句子中作状语时，在翻译成汉语后可以在句子中充当主语。
1)WE KNOW THAT OXYGEN IS NECESSARY FOR THE BREATHING OF
ANIMALS AND PLANTS, AND FOR BURNING.
2)HIGH-TECH PRODUCTS OF V ARIOUS TYPES ALSO CAN BE
MANUFACTURED IN OUR COUNTRY.
B. 状语转译为定语
有些充当状语的副词和介词短语，在意义上是在修饰句中的主语或宾语。在翻译成汉语时可以把它转译成定语。
1）COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES ACROSS THE NATION HA VE DECIDED TO DO MORE THAN TALK ABOUT THE RISE IN STUDENT CHEATING.
除了谈论学生作弊现象的上升外，全国各地的大学已决定采取实际行动。
2）IN THIS WORLD, THINGS ARE COMPLICATED AND ARE DECIDED BY MANY FACTORS.
世上的事情是复杂的，是由各方面的因素决定的。
C. 状语转译成补语
这种方法就是将英语中的状语放在被修饰的动词后面译出。这种状语多表示方式、地点、时间、程度或结果，其位置多数在谓语后面。
THE PRETTY DOLL W AS PLACED TOO HIGH FOR HER TO GET IT DOWN.
CHAPTER 6 THE TRANSLATION OF LONG ENGLISH SENTENCES
I. KEEP INTACT THE ORIGINAL ORDER（保持原序）
1.THE GLOBAL ECONOMY THAT BOOMED IN THE 1960S, GROWING AT
AN A VERAGE OF 5.5 PERCENT A YEAR, AND PUSHED AHEAD AT A 4.5 PERCENT-A-YEAR RATE IN THE MID-1970S, SIMPLY STOPPED GROWING IN 1981-1982.
世界经济在60年代很繁荣，每年平均以5.5%的比率增长，到了70年代中期仍以平均每年4.5%的比率增长。但是在1981年到1982年就完全停止了。
2.IF YOU REACH CHICAGO BY TRAIN ONLY AN HOUR OR TWO THERE
YOU WILL FEEL THE LIGHT WIND OFF THE LAKE WHICH GIVES IT THE NAME “ WINDY CITY”.
如果你乘火车抵达芝加哥，即使只是在那里逗留一两个小时，你也会感到从密歇根湖那边吹拂过来的阵阵清风，这就是芝加哥之所以叫做“风城”的缘故。
3.WE DON’T COVERT ANYTHING FROM ANY NATION, EXCEPT THEIR
RESPECT.
我们并不贪图别国的任何东西，我们所迫切希望的只是得到他们的尊敬。
II.CHANGE THE ORIGINAL ORDER （变序）
A. 在改变语序方面最重要的是定语语序的变化。英语中后置定语短语和定语从句译成汉语时往往变成放在中心词的前面。
1.HIS FAMOUS WILL, IN WHICH HE LEFT MONEY TO PROVIDE PRIZES
FOR OUTSTANDING WORK IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICINE, LITERATURE AND PEACE, IS A MEMORIAL TO HIS INTERESTS AND IDEALS.
他那著名的遗嘱是他爱好和理想的结晶，在遗嘱中他留下了钱，为在物理学、化学、生理学、医学、文学与和平方面的杰出成就提供奖金。
B.变序的第二个方面是状语的语序变化。短语作状语在翻译时一般不会产生什么困难，在汉语中它们大部分是放在被修饰语的前面，但表示程度或结果的可以放在形容词或动词后面做补语，为了表示强调往往可以把一些状语提前放到句首。
WHEN 带出的从句
1．WHY LEARN TO PLAY THE PIANO, WHEN YOU CAN LISTEN TO THE WORLD’S GREATEST PIANISTS IN YOUR OWN DRAWING-ROOM?
当你能在客厅里欣赏到世界上最杰出的钢琴家的演奏时，你干吗要学钢琴呢？BEFORE 带出的从句
1．THIS IS DUE LARGELY TO THE FACT THAT MANY WRITERS THINK, NOT BEFORE, AS THEY WRITE.
出现了这种现象，主要是因为许多作家不是想好了再写，而是边想边写。
2．THE TRAIN HADN’T YET FULLY STOPPED BEFORE JONES WAS OFF AND RUNNING ALONG THE SIDE LOOKING UNDERNEATH FOR HIS
SON.
列车还没有完全停下来，琼斯就跳了下来，沿着列车狂奔，在列车下面寻找自己的儿子。
BECAUSE带出的从句
1.THE 25-YEAR-TEACHING VETERAN SAYS HE WAS DENIED A
PROMOTION AND PAY RAISE LAST YEAR BECAUSE HE HADN’T
PUBLISHED A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF RESEARCH PAPERS.
这位有25年教龄的老教师说，由于他未能发表足够数量的论文，去年没给他
提职，提薪。
2.BUT ALL MEN NOW LIVE IN A CHANGED WORLD BECAUSE THIS
SIMPLE MAN OF GENIUS GA VE OF HIS INTELLIGENCE AND
HEART TO HIS FELLOWMEN.
由于这位淳朴的天才满腔热情地把自己的智慧献给了人类，人们现在才都生活在一个与过去不同的世界里。
3.PEOPLE THINK THAT THE LANGUAGE IS BEING CORRUPTED,
BECAUSE THEY ARE LOOKING AROUND FOR SOMETHING THAT
ACCOUNTS FOR THE FALLING AWAY OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE
IN THE WEST.
人们认为英语正在变坏，这是因为大家都在寻找，是什么促使西方社会的生
活质量下降。
IF带出的从句
1.NO DOUBT I COULD HA VE EARNED SOMETHING IF I HAD
REALLY MEANT TO.
毫无疑问，我本来是可以赚到一点的，如果我真有那样打算的话。THOUGH带出的从句
1.EINSTEIN HATED VIOLENCE. THOUGH HE WAS NOT
PERSONALLY INVOLVED, THE WAR AND ITS MISERY AFFECTED
HIM DEEPLY.
爱因斯坦痛恨暴力。虽然他并没有直接受害，但这场战争及其造成的苦难却对
他产生了很深的影响。
TRANSLATION PRACTICE:
1. YET IT IS PAINFULLY APPARENT THAT MILLIONS OF AMERICANS WHO WOULD NEVER THINK OF THEMSELVES AS LAW-BREAKERS, LET ALONE CRIMINALS, ARE TAKING INCREASING LIBERTIES WITH THE LEGAL CODES THAT ARE DESIGNED TO PROTECT AND NOURISH THEIR SOCIETY.
显然，数百万美国人从来没有想过自己会违法，更别说犯罪了，而就是他们正在肆意歪曲旨在保护和培育这个社会的法律条文，这真令人痛心。
2. WE RECOGNIZE THAT CHINA’S LONG-TERM MODERNIZATION PROGRAM UNDERSTANDABLY AND NECESSARILY EMPHASIZES ECONOMIC GROWTH. 我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点，这是可以理解的，也是必要的。
3. THE PRISONERS ARE PERMITTED TO RECEIVE RED CROSS FOOD PARCELS AND WRITE CENSORED LETTERS.
允许战俘领取红十字会的食品包裹，也允许他们写信，不过信要受到检查。
4. WHITE HOUSE OFFICIALS HA VE ACKNOWLEDGED DURING THE PAST WEEK THAT DISCLOSURE OF THE SECRET DEALINGS WAS THE LATEST AND MOST SERIOUS IN A NUMBER OF RECENT ISSUES THAT HA VE RAISED BROAD QUESTIONS ABOUT THE ADMINISTRATION’S CREDIBILITY.
在过去的一周中，白宫官员们承认，秘密交易的泄露是近来发生的一系列问题中最新最严重的一个。这些问题已使许多人对政府的信誉明显地产生了怀疑。
英汉翻译技巧大全 定语从句: 定语从句是由一些关系代词或者关系副词引导的从句组成，用来修饰名词中心词。 Person has pieced togethter the workd of hundereds of researcher around theworld to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we can expect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place. 皮而森汇集了...生产出独特的千年历，这种千年历(它)能够... 定语的翻译要特别注意位子上的变化，即:如果是单词修饰名词就放在中心词的前面，这和汉语的词序是一样的;如果定语太长，定语就要放在中心词的后面，这时就要注意断句，重复先行词，例如: 1.I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在学英语的问题上，我和你有同样的问题。 2.She has a perfect figure. 她身材不错。 3.This is indeed a most pressing problem. 这的确是一个非常棘手的问题。 4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother. 别的知道这个秘密的人就是他的父母。 5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities
《英汉翻译技巧》教学大纲 一、课程的性质、目的、任务和基本要求 1、性质：本课程为专业必修课程，是英语专业一门重要的专业技能课，授课对象为英语专业本科三年级学生。 2、目的：通过本课程学习，使学生掌握必要翻译知识与翻译技巧，培养学生翻译实践能力，并提升其英语 语言运用意识，为后续课程及实践教学环节打下必要基础。 3、任务：（1）使学生深入理解翻译并了解国内外翻译研究动态。 （2）使学生掌握基本翻译技巧并能在翻译过程中加以运用。 （3）培养学生翻译实践能力。 （4）培养学生英语语言运用意识，强调书本知识与实践的结合。 此外，在教学过程中还必须有意识地培养自学能力，分析问题和解决问题能力。 4、基本要求：翻译方法和技巧训练阶段的基本要求： （1）词汇： 掌握10000－12000个词汇以及这些单词构成的常用词组；正确而熟练地使用其中5000－6000个词汇及最常用的搭配，能够运用到汉英互译中。 （2）语法： 熟练地使用各种衔接手段，连贯地表达思想，侧重语法结构在翻译过程中的理解和应用。 （3）阅读能力： 能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评，理解文章大意，分辨事实与细节；能读懂有一定难度的历史传记及文学作品，理解其真实含义；能分析上述题材文章的思想观点，语篇结构，语言特点和修辞手法。（4）翻译能力： 能借词典将文字资料译成理解正确、表达准确、译文连贯通顺具一定修辞手段的规范语句，写译的速度达到每小时250－300词。 二、教学安排 《英汉翻译技巧》课程涉及到双语的各项能力，因此技能测试是检查教学效果和检查学生语言水平和应用能力的重要手段，在各个教学阶段结束时安排测验和考试。测验着眼于考核学生的应用和技能的发挥。平时安排阶段测验，期末安排考试。课程学时安排：每周４学时。 学期总学时17 x 2= 34；周学时 2 x 2 = 4。 成绩评定标准：平时成绩占30%（包括出勤、练习、小组作业、讨论发言,翻译实践）；期末考试占70% 。 教学内容讲授学时 第一章翻译标准 1 第二章英汉语言对比 2 第三章直译与意译 1 第四章英汉翻译中词义的选择 2 第五章汉翻译中词类的转换 2 第六章英汉翻译中增补、省略与重复技巧 4 第七章拆译与缩译 2
翻译技巧 第一节否定句式的翻译 She is not a dancer. 她不是一个舞蹈家。 She is no dancer. 她算不上个舞蹈家。It is not an easy task.这不是一件容易的事情（客观评价） It is no easy task. 这可不是一件容易的事情。（主观评价） 一、完全否定 e.g. 1. There are no denying facts. 2. None of the answers are right. 二、部分否定 e. g. 1. All that glitters is not gold.(=Not all
that glitters is gold.) 闪光的不都是金子。 None that glitters is gold. 闪光的都不是金子。 Glitter/ twinkle/ sparkle/ flash/ shine/ brighten/ light/ lit/ blink/ glisten/ gleam/ flame/ illuminate / glow / glorify 2. I do not want everything. I do not want anything. 三、形式否定 1、cannot ….too…. 意思是不可能是过分的，一般翻译为无论怎样…都不过分 1）We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much. 2) We cannot be too careful in doing
experiments. 2. It is adj. + N. + that + 否定从句1). It is a wise man that never makes mistakes. 再聪明的人也会犯错误。2）It is a good horse that never stumbles and a good wife that never grumbles. 3. too…..to….. 太。。。而不能。。。。1）Beginners are too apt to make mistakes in grammar. 2) She was too eager to know the result of her experiment. 4. not ….other than ….原意是除了。。。就不。。。。 1) We do not like him other than he is now. 我们就喜欢他现在的样子。2) I can not read the long letter other than cursorily.
翻译技巧总结 个人认为，翻译题很重要！考研是个充实自己的过程，只要你还需要英语，就离不开翻译，所以大家应该引起足够重视。 首先个人推荐一本书，XDF唐静老师的《拆分与组合翻译法》，我听过他的课，他的方法很实用，感觉很象下面介绍的第四种方法。 翻译题里考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等) 其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。 可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解) 一、常用方法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： (1) What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？(增译主语和谓语) (2) If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句) 中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。 The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词) 3转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧 翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外，翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践，使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1. 词义的选择 一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此，在平日的翻译练习和测试中，我们在弄清原文句子结构后，务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义，以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择： 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 例如：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. ［译文］：审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。 ［注释］：本句中like作介词，意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用，则意为"喜欢；想要"。例如：He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如：Would you like to leave a message? (你要不要留个话儿?)此外，like还可以作形容词用，意为"相同的"，如：Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥，异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 例1 According to the new s chool of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. ［译文］：新学派的科学家们认为，技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。 ［注释］：school一词常被误译为"学校"，其实，school还有一个词义"学派"。可见，正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响，而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。 例2 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. ［译文］：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。 ［注释］：许多人把scale译为"范围"，和文章的语篇意思和句子的确切含义大相径庭。
英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧 要真正掌握英文翻译的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难，下面就和大家分享英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐，来欣赏一下吧。 英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐 首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。 二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好像在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。 另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的*，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。 正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，
以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。 一、词义的选择和引伸技巧 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。(形容词) He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜 欢物理。(动词) Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。(名词) 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。
翻译技巧 由于汉英两种语言在词法、句法上的差异，翻译并不是简单的一对一复制，而是根据具体情况，灵活地运用翻译技巧坐车必要的调整和改变，使译文最大程度地再现原文的意义，又使它符合译语的表达习惯。 翻译技巧大体分为八类。它们是：加注（annotation）、释义（paraphrase）、增词（amplification）、减词（omission）、转换（shift of perspective）、归化（adaptation）、切分（division）和合并（combination）。 1．加注 由于汉英文化的不同，英语中某些词义在汉语中根本不存在，形成词义上的空缺。在这种情况下，常常采用加注法来弥补空缺。加注可分为音译加注和直译加注两种。 音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，可以在文中注释，也可采用脚注。 Cartoon 卡通片 Hamburger 汉堡包 Benz 奔驰车 Hippie 嬉皮士（20世纪60年代出现在美国的青
年颓废派一员，喜群居，蓄长发，穿奇装 异服） El Nino 厄尔尼诺（现象）（指严重影响全球气候的 太平洋热带海域的大风及海水的大规模移 动） Saint Valentine’s Day 圣瓦伦丁节情人节，2月14日）1.Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regiment; and how much more this poor old nervous victim? 按照这样的养生之道，别说这可怜的老太太了，就连健康女神哈奇亚本人也会生病。 2.You look like Al-Capone in that suit. 你穿上那套衣服，看上去就像个流氓阿尔·卡彭。 3.He saw himself, in a smart suit, bowed into the opulent suites of Ritzes. 他发现自己身着漂亮的礼服，被恭恭敬敬地引进了像里兹饭店一般的豪华旅馆的客房里下榻。 4.It’s true that the enemy won the battle, but theirs is but a Pyrrhic victory,” said the general. 将军说：“敌人确实赢得了战斗，但他们的胜利只是皮洛士的胜利，得不偿失。” 5.Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallup, may well have the final say. 拥有最后发言权的，并非乔治·盖洛普民意测验，而是南希·里根。 直译加注指直译原文，并附加解释性注释。
常用十大翻译技巧之一：增译法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。 1、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： （1）What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语） （2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）
第5章英汉常用的方法和技巧（中） 5.1 分句、合句法 一、试译下列各句，将斜体的单词或短语译成一个汉语句子 1. At present, people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply. 【译文】现在的人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。 2. George nodded, thankful that his wife was not the talkative kind. 【译文】乔治点点头，他妻子不是那种絮絮叨叨的人，对此他心存感激。 3. The intent to make an immediate gift must be clear and unmistakable, and the transfer must take immediate and permanent effect. 【译文】直接赠予的意图必须明白无误，转让行为必须立即产生效力，且该效力应具有永久性。 4. Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants. 【译文】离公园几个街区便是与公园平行的克莱门特街。那儿有十几家民族餐馆，热闹得如
同第二个唐人街。 5. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot. 【译文】那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家都容易看出来的。 6. The depth of some of those changes is , to me at least, pleasingly remarkable and extraordinary. 【译文】其中一些变化有深度，至少在我看来是非常了不起的，不同凡响，令我由衷地高兴。 7. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four. 【译文】大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。 8. A cold that rapidly grew worse caused his unlamented return to Paris. 【译文】他得了感冒，而且越来越严重，只好回巴黎去了。但是，对他的离去，谁也没有感到遗憾。 9. There is also distressing possibility that Alunni isn’t quite the catch the police thought. 【译文】还存在这样一种可能性：被抓住的那位阿鲁尼不见得就是警察当局所设想的那位头号人物。当然，这种可能性说出来叫人泄气。
英汉翻译常用技巧 2008-05-29 20:47:46| 分类：英汉笔译|举报|字号订阅 一、在翻译过程中如何进行词义的选择? 英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意思。一词多义是说同一词在同一词类中，有几个不同的词义。词义的选择可以从以下三方面着手。 （一）根据词类 1、The earth goes round （介词）the sun. 地球环绕太阳运行。 2、 The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing （动词）food. 食品供应无法跟上人口增长的步伐，这意味着在粮食的生产和销售方面 我们将陷入危机。 分析:market可以既作名词又作动词。在作名词时，可译为“市场”、 “行业”、“需求”等等。例句中的market是作动词用的，可以 译为“买，卖”或“销售”，根据句中描述的情形，用“销售”更 妥当。 （二）根据上下文和搭配关系 3、Power can be transmitted over a long distance. 电力可以被输送到很远的地方。 4、A car needs a lot of power to go fast. 汽车高速行驶需要很大的动力。 5、Explosive technological development after1990gave the medical profession enormous power to fight disease and sickness. 1990年以来，随着技术的迅速发展，医学界大大提高了战胜疾病的能力。 （三）根据可数或不可数
An Applied Course in English-Chinese Translation Skills and Practice 实用英汉翻译技巧与实践 (Definition of Translation) 1.2 翻译的原则(Principles of Translation) 忠实(Faithfulness) 通顺(Smoothness) 1.3 翻译的基本步骤(Basic Steps in Translation) a. 原文理解（Comprehension of Source Texts) ?词义确定（Determination of Word Meaning) It is quite another story now. The officials concerned refused to confirm the story in the Post. The white-haired girl's story is one of the saddest. A young man came to police station with a story. ?语法分析（Grammatical Analysis) W hile I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. ?逻辑判断（Logical Judgement) H e bought a picture of the house which many people thought to be replica. ?文体把握（Understanding of Style) 旅游景点警示语：路滑, 小心跌倒！ 译1：The road is slippery, fall down carefully！ 译2：The path is so slippery that you should be careful not to fall down. 译3：Slippery // Wet path！ b.译文表达（Expression of Target Texts) c. 译文校核(Proofreading of Target Texts) 1.4 翻译的主要方法（Major Translation Approaches) a. 直译法（Literal Translation） p aper tiger l ose face r unning dog G ood to begin well, better to end well. b. 意译法（Free Translation） Q ueen’s English s mall talk r eceive glove money E very life has its roses and thorns． c. 归化法（Domestication） b lack sheep a s timid as a hare d.异化法（Foreignization） 1.5 翻译的常用技巧（Practical Translation Skills)
实用翻译表达技巧：英汉翻译中的反译 在英译汉过程中，我们常常遇到这样一种情况，即原词所表达的并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面意义的否定，可这种否定又往往不出现否定词，这种情况并不很少，给翻译工作带来很大的麻烦。 下面是常见的两个词组，请注意它们的汉语意思： ① riot police 防暴警察（即anti-riot police，而不是暴乱的警察） ②crisis law 反危机法案（即anti-crisis law) 这两个词组的翻译采用的就是反译法，译文都是其字面意思的否定或反义，这样既表达了原文的真正含义，又符合汉语的表达习惯，使人一看就懂。 另外，英文报刊文章标题的翻译有时也采用反译法。如《中国日报》China Daily）1995年1月16日头版刊登一则新闻，题目是Inflation is target of bank’s new policy，主要说的是银行在1995年将来取有力措施制止通货膨胀。但题目的字面意思恰恰相反。因此我们在翻译时必须把inflation看成是anti-inflation，使之文题一致。这样的标题在英文报刊中比较常见，目的是为简练及醒目，我们在
翻译时要格外注意，切勿望文生义。 再让我们来看看下面的例子： （1）Sidney Simon called the college grading system “archaic, prescientific, bureaucratic invention”，and “about as accurate as police estimates of crowds of peace marches.” 如果按字面翻译，这句话是这样的： 西德尼•西蒙称这种大学评级制度“是过时的，缺乏科学验证的”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”，“同警察估计的和平示威人数一样准确。” 既然前面已说了这个评级制度“过时无用，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”，后面又怎么能说它“准确”呢？这显然自相矛盾，西蒙所表达的真正含义绝非如此。 以上译文，忽略了说话人的语气。其实，西蒙是在抨击大学评级制度。他说话时，前面直接用了archaic，prescientific和bureaucratic几个贬义词，而后面的褒义词accurate实际上是一个反语。因为我们知道，警察在估计示威人数时只能说出大概，往往和实际人数出入很大，极不准确。所以说话人所表达的真正含义是not accurate，或inaccurate。这样，可理解成about as inaccurate，as police estimates of crowds of peace marches，译成汉语就是：
英语常用十大翻译技巧
常用十大翻译技巧之一：增译法 增译法： 指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： （1）What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语） （2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句） （3）Indeed, the reverse is true. 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词） （4）就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词） （5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词） （6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。 This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.（增译介词）
英汉翻译常用的方法和技巧练习（一） 一，对斜体部分，根据汉语表达习惯作些增添 1. unemployement is widespread in some countries 有些国家失业现象普遍 2 。the employers there used violence. 那里的雇主使用了暴力手段 3. mary spoke with restraint in her face. 玛丽说话时脸上露出了拘谨的神色 4. after aunt lena had heard about the family trouble , she agreed to look for a job. 丽娜阿姨听到了家庭的困难情况后，同意去找工作。 二、对斜体部分，根据汉语表达习惯作些省略 1. there is some thruth in what he says . 他的话有些道理 2. don't let your imagination run away with you 不要乱想 3. i can't even remember clearly what he looked like . 我连他的模样也记不清楚了 4. he also asked what had happened to me since we separated. 他还问我别后的情况。 三、对斜体部分，根据汉语表达习惯改变词类 1. our hearty desire is the establishment of a lasting peace in the world 我们的衷心愿望时建立世界持久和平 2.the sentry stood guard with a submachine gun in his hand. 哨兵持冲锋枪站岗 3. the workers turned hopefully to that organization
英语翻译技巧之英译汉的八处注意事项 ~从细节处把握翻译~ 要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难；首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的文章，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。 一、词义的选择和引伸技巧 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。（形容词） He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。（动词） Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。（名词） 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。 He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you .我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死译，就会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引伸，引伸时，往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。 1、词义转译。当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，引伸转译。 The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat .太阳能主要以光和热的形式传到地球。
英汉翻译常用的方法和技巧(一) 词义的选择 英汉语言中都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。 一词多类指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有不同的意义。 一词多义就是说同一个词在同一类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。 在英汉翻译过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义： 一、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 选择某个词的词义，首先判明这个词在原句中应属于哪一种词类，再确定词义 ----Like charges repel; unlike charges attract( 相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸) adj ---He likes mathematics more than physics ( 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学) v ---In the sunbeam passing through the window ther are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮。（前置词） ---Like knows like. 英雄识英雄（名词） 二、根据上下文练习以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义 英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往也有不同含义。 ----He is the last man to come 他是最后来的 ---He is the last man to do it 他绝不会干那件事 ---He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干这个工作 ---He should be the last (man) to blame. 怎么也不该怪他 ---He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量 ---This is the last place where i expected to meet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你
第一节省略法 所谓“省略”并不是把原文的意义删去，而是省略一些可有可无的，或者有了反而显得累赘甚至违背译文语言习惯的词。 一、结构考虑的省略 1．代词的省略 A．省略作主语的代词 在英文句子中，作主语的代词较多。为了使译文前后句子的意思紧凑，避免重复用词，或者为了使译文前后句子的主语能清楚地表示出来，有时可以将作主语的代词省去。但省去的人称代词在意思上仍明显地包含在译文里。例如： 1). That is the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。 2）Like his friends he had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice. 像他的朋友一样，他头脑里虽然有许多美妙的想法，却只有少数付诸实施。 B. 在英语句子中，泛指的人称代词常常不译出来。例如： 1）One is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 2）They say it’s so. 据说是这样。 C. 作宾语的代词往往也可省略。 在英语句子中，有时作宾语的代词，无论在前面是否提到过，翻译成汉语的时候往往可以不译出来。例如： 1）The following letter will explain itself and needs no apology. 下面的话一看就明白，用不着道歉。 2）If you have read these stories, tell them in your own words. 如果你读过这些故事，就用自己的话讲出来。 3）The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he revealed them. 他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤，就越是会暴露。 D. 省略物主代词 在英语句子里的物主代词，出现的频率很高。一个句子中往往会出现好几个物主代词，如果将每个物主代词都翻译出来那么汉语译文就显得非常罗嗦。所以在没有其他人称的物主代词出现的情况下，在翻译的时候物主代词大多省略。例如： 1）For two weeks, he had been studying the house, looking at its room, its electric wiring, its path and its garden. 两个星期以来，他一直注意房子的情况，查看各个房间、留心电路的走向以及通道和花园的布局。 2) In order to survive, to feed, clothe and shelter himself and his children, man is engaged in a constant struggle with nature. 为了生存，为了自己和子孙后代的衣食住行，人类和大自然不断地进行着斗争。 1)She felt the flowers were in her finger, on her lips, growing in her breast. 她觉得手里和唇上都是花儿，胸中也生长着花儿。 2．省略非人称或无意义的代词it “it”也起着代词的作用，在译文中，当它被用作非人称或没有意义的时候，往往可以省略。A．非人称的it 1) Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.