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British Literature
I。The Renaissance Period [the 14th & 17th centuries]：Humanism is the essence of the
Renaissance.
1.The Old English poetry includes: the religious group and the secular
one. Eg. The epic Beowulf
2.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language,
like Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.史诗指古代叙事诗中的长篇作品，常反应重大意义的历史事件或以古代传说为内容，塑造著名英雄人文。
3.Chaucer :The father of English poetry:
He was the first to introduce Octosyllabic couplet in The Romaunt the Rose
Heroic couplet: The Legend of Good Women; The Canterbury Tales He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.
4.Miracle play: the medieval中世纪dramatization of a Biblical story
(e.g. Cain and Abel ) or of a saint’s life, was chiefly popular from the
twelfth through the fifteenth centuries.
5.Morality play: a later medieval development, which remained
popular well into the sixteenth century, was an allegorical 寓言dramatization of the conflict between good and evil, including such
characters as Everyman, Gooddeeds, and Avarice.
6.Heroic couplet: is a rhyming韵律couplet of iambic pentameter,
often containing a complete thought. Commonly there is a parallel or an antithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the eighteenth century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.双行诗，由两个押韵的抑扬格五音步诗行构成，常包含一个完整的意思。
7.Popular Ballard: 民谣flourished from the 12th century to 15th
century, reflecting the life of the people then. Major collections of these ballads did not begin until the 18th century and the most credible among them are Thomas Percy’s Relics of Ancient English Poetry, Walter Scott’s Minstrels of the Scottish Border
8.Renaissance: it refers to a great bourgeois中产阶级cultural
movement in Europe which began in the 14th century and continued to the mid-17th century. It first started from Italy and then spread all over Europe. The term seems to be a rebirth or revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture. The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic封建主义ideas in Medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic church.
9.Humanism is a system of beliefs upheld坚持by writers and artists
of the Renaissance period in their fighting against medieval asceticism 禁欲主义. It puts man at the center of their beliefs and takes man to be the measure of every thing while the former asceticism puts God at the center of their beliefs and takes personal salvation to be the most important thing on the earth for man.
欧洲文艺复兴时期形成的一种资产阶级思想，也是一种再次肯定人的价值、智慧、尊严、人对现世幸福的追求的思想和学说。主张以人为本，反对以神为本。
10.B lank verse:五韵体诗was first introduced into England by
Surrey[English Poet]. It is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter line in poetry. 格律诗的一种，不押韵，五音步，抑扬格。
11.S onnet十四行诗: is a type of poem consisting of one single
fourteen-line stanza节段. It was perfected by the Italian poet in the 13th century and introduced into England in the early 16th century. It falls into two classes: the Petrarchian of Italian form and the Shakespearian of English form.
12.T he poet’s poet: Edmund Spenser(1552-1599), Faerie Queene
13.U niversity Wits: is a group of playwrights and pamphleteers in the
Elizabethan age. Nash, Greene, and Marlowe…
14.S hak espeare’s4 great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and
Macbeth
15.M etaphysical Poetry玄学派诗: refers to the works of the 17th
century poets who wrote under the influence of John Donne(1575-1613) leading figures of the school are Marvell, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, and Henry Vaughan. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away form the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry.
THE Leading figure: John Donne; Conceit is a far-fetched metaphor or simile. It means a
striking parallel between tow highly dissimilar things.
II. The Neoclassical Period ( 1660-1798) between the return of the Stuards to the English throne王位and the full assertion主张of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge.
Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature， prose should be precise， direct， smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical， epical， didactic，satiric or dramatic， & each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets （iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines）； the three unities of time， space & action should be strictly observed；
regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented.
1.The Enlightenment Movement: was a furtherance of the
Renaissance form the 14th to the 17th century. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrates reason, equality and science.
2.The “Three Unities”三一律: formulated by Renaissance dramatists,
are the unities of time, place and action.
3.Neoclassical literature: In the field of literature, the Enlightenment
Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism, and the typical works are collected as neoclassical literature. Three stages: the reign of so-called classicism; the revival of romantic period; the beginnings of the modern novel
4.The main writers:
Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe;
Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels
Samuel Richardson: Pamela; Clarissa Harlowe
Henry Fielding: The History of Tom Jones; A Foundling; The History
of the Life of the Late Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great Tobias Smollett: Roderick Random
Laurence Sterne: A Sentimental Journey
Robert Burns: Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs
Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Oliver Goldsmith: The Vicar of Wakefield
Richard B. Sheridan: The School of Scandal
5.Gothic Novel: A long prose narrative of horror, often involving eerie
古怪可怕medieval castles with secret passageways. Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto(1764) was the first one that has stressed horror. More: Ann Radcliffe: The Adventure of Mysteries of Udopho;
Mathew Lewis: The Monk; Mary Shelley: Frankenstein…
6.Graveyard School墓畔派诗人: refers to the 18th century poets who
wrote melancholy忧郁poems on death. Representative: Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.
Others: Thomas Parnell, Night Piece on Death; Edward Yang, Night Thoughts; Robert Blair, The Grave
7.Father of the English Novel: Henry Fielding, for his contribution to
the establishment of the
form of the English modern novel. He was the first to write a “comic epic in prose”戏剧性的散文体史诗. His great contribution to literature is his realistic novels.
8.The two famous essayists: Joseph Addison; Richard Steele
III. The Romantic Period: begins in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s the Lyrical Ballad 抒情歌谣集. English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge''s Lyrical Ballads & to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott''s death & the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.
1.Representatives: William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge;
George Gordan Byron; Percy Bysshe Shelley; John Keats; Jane Austen;
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17888071.html,ke Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey
3.Worshipper of Nature: William Wordsworth
4.Walter Scott: historical novels, Ivanhoe, based on English history.
IV. The Victorian Period: roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria over England from 1836 to 1901.
1.Critical Realism:
The first period: Charles Dickens; William Makepeace Thackery;
Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskel; Charlote Bronte
The second period: Thomas Hardy; George Bernard Shaw;
John Galsworthy
Critical Realism
The Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth，literature has come very close to daily life，reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrument of human progress.
2.Dramatic Monologue: a single speaker is saying something to
someone, even if only to himself. Robert Browning: My last Duchess
By dramatic monologue，it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis，in which his characters are made to talk about their lives，& about their minds & hearts. In " listening" to those one-sided talks，readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened.Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his "My Last Duchess" is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.
3.Aestheticism: advocated the independence of art form any moral or
didactic说教end. The implication of its slogan is Art for art’s sake.
Representative: Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Ballad of Reading Goal …
V. The Modern Period
1.Modernism: dehumanization of art 艺术的非人格化，it throws
away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration
All kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared：symbolism，expressionism，surrealism，cubism，futurism，Dadaism，imagism and stream of consciousness.
2.Stream of consciousness: James Joyce , he adopted a kind of
mock-heroic嘲讽史诗style.
American Literature
I. The Romantic Period
1.Age of Enlightenment: a term used to describe the trends in thought
and letters in Europe and the American colonies during the 18th century prior to the French Revolution.
2.Representatives: Thomas Paine, Common Sense; Franklin, Poor
Richard’s Almanack; Thomas Jefferson, Declaration.
3.Fireside Poets: William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and John Greenleaf Whittier, they frequently used the hearth as an image of comfort and unity.
4.Longfellow: it was with whom that American poetry began its
emergence from the shadow of its British parentage.
5.Transcendentalism: In New England, an intellectual movement
known as transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. It rejected both 18th-century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. Emerson: Nature; The American Scholar; Self-Reliance;
Thoreau: Walden
6.Symbolism: is a movement in literature and the visual arts that
originated in France in the poetry of Charles Baudelaire in the late 19th century. In literature, it was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements.
Representatives: Nathaniel Hawthorne; Herman Melville
7.Free verse: is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without
attention to conventional rules of meter. Walt Whitman: a precursor;
Ezra pound, Carl Sandburg
8.Puritanism:
9.The first American writer of fiction: James Fenimore Cooper, He
initiated three genres of fiction: the historical, sea novel, and frontier novel
10.T he first master of the short story: Edgar Allan Poe;
II. The Realistic Period: The period ranging form 1865 to 1914 is the Age of Realism in the literary history of the US.
William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James were the pioneers of realism in the U.S.
1.Realism: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain are the pioneers of
realism in the U.S.
2.Naturalism: following in general the biological determinism of
Darwin’s theory, or the economic determinism of Karl Marx.
Frank Norris, Sherwood Anderson; Theodore Dreiser;
3.Gilded Age: is a novel by Mark Twain- and C.D. Warner, published in
1873 which depicted the boom times of Post-Civil War years.
4.Theodore Dreiser: His “Trilogy of Desire” : The Financier, The Titan,
The Stoic.
IV. The Modern Period:
1.The Imagist Movement was led by the American poet: Ezra Pound.
Imagist Movement is a poetic movement that flourished in the U.S.
and England between 1909-1917.
It advances modernism in arts which concentrates on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism，especially Tennyson's worldliness and high-flown language in poetry. Pound endorsed three main principles as guidelines for Imagism，including direct treatment of poetic subjects，elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words，and rhythmical composition should be composed with the phrasing of music，not a metronome. The primary Imagist objective is to avoid rhetoric and moralizing，to stick closely to the object or experience being described，and to move from explicit generalization. The leading poets are Ezra Pound，Wallace Stevens，https://www.doczj.com/doc/3e17888071.html,wrence，etc.
Pound was one of the most important poets and critics of his time and
he was regarded as the father of modern American poetry. He is a leading spokesman of the "Imagist Movement"
2.F.S. Fitzgerald: His works reflected the Jazz Age.
The Jazz Age：It refers to the 1920s，a time marked by frivolity，carelessness，hedonism and excitement in the life of the flaming youth. Fitzgerald is largely responsible for the term and many of his literary works portray it. The Jazz Age is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.
The Lost Generation：It refers to，in general，the post-World WarⅠgeneration，but specifically a group of expatriate disillusioned intellectuals and artists，who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism.
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
美文学这门科目庞大之极，堪称英本自考之最。自己一个人看那么厚的一本书，不用说能不能看下来，能记住多少实在不好说！ 我在复习的时候，总结了一些规律，与大家分享，望对你有用，帮你顺利通过！ 1.题型分析： 一般来讲，肯定是这种类型：a.单项选择题（40道，40分） b.引文简析（无非就是问问作者是谁，出自哪个作品，主题意象什么的，4道，16分）c.简答题（4道，24分）d.论述题（无非就是分析加读后感，20分） 经验：你应该可以看出来了，重点当然是单选了，分数大，又好得分，实在不行还可以蒙。建议尽可能把书看一遍，但不要看作者生平，那肯定不会考。有个印象就可以了，不用去背，如果你汉语文学功底好，可以省去不少时间。 2.比例分析 据本人统计，历年来英美文学的国考试卷中英国文学占52%，美国文学占48%。（2003年4月例外，其中英国部分58%）其中，可以看出 单选题：前22题肯定为英国部分，其余为美国部分。 大题部分：基本上是一人一半，各占50% 经验：书上共652页，英国411页，美国241页。英国作家共38位，美国15位。其中，美国部分中，诗歌作品也比较少，比较好确认。结论：死学美国，顺带英国。 3.内容分析 历年命题的趋势逐渐由课文内容向选读作品转移，选读的比重越来越大。 经验：课文内容作到大体了解，但要特别重视作家艺术特色。选读部分加大力度，多注意书上的注释及选文大意和某些细节，尽量作到能用英语复述。实在不行，也至少作到能用汉语复述。 4.真题解析及预测 自学考试的一大特点就是重复率高，所以历年试题是必惫的复习材料，不可缺少。有人说：“一套真题等于3套模拟题！”这话绝对没错。所以要花大力气在上面。记得我考那回就有一道10分大题和前一年的一模一样。 注：马克吐温的《哈克贝里费恩历险记》的分析在2000~2002年中，连续考了三次。 经验：注意历年真题，尤其是去年的。去年的10分大题大致如下： a.《傲慢与偏见》中的三种婚姻 b.《白鲸》选文作品复述几分析象征意义。 ================================================ 4月14日]投机取巧教你过英美文学[压题篇] 本文是投机取巧过英美文学的最后一篇，收录北京市2004年4月10日英美文学考试的试题(除选择题外)，是我在北京自考论坛处网友处所得，特此对提供帮助的朋友表示感谢。 二、1、Thomas Gray：Elegy in the Country Churchyard的第一段 2、Yeats的Down by the sallen garden，考的是他俩站在河边，那个女孩*在他肩头，他觉得自己年轻懵懂，而且泪流满面。 3、Emyly Bronte的Whuthering Heights里面Hethcliff在他lover临死之前的那段表现，还问了narrator 是谁 4、Emlily Dikinson的I Heard a Fly Buzz--When I died，问那个blue Buzz是什么意思
英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》 《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人
9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣 10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一 《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人； 《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》
* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士 二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism 十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧 1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547) a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance 文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗), and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line. 2) Prose 散文 a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌
Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
美国文学 第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）（before the revolution of independence） 第一节美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学） 印第安传统文学的主要内容和形式：在各种典仪上咏颂的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，时代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山河岩壁上的象形史诗。 第二节北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末-----十七世纪中）（colonial settlement） 这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或者传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。 John Smith 约翰·史密斯《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》A True Relation of Virginia （被认为是美国文学史上的“第一部作品”） 第三节请教思想的表述（Puritanism） 他们的作品主要是以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主 第二阶段独立革命时期（十七世纪中期-------十八世纪末） （around the revolution of independence） 独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折 该期文学特色：充满浓烈的政治性和思辨性。主题多为爱国主义及对于独立民主自由的热切呼唤。 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac 《自传》The Autobiography Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩《常识》Common Sense 《美国危机》The America Crisis 《人的权利》Rights of Human《理性时代》The Age of Reason Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺（18世纪最杰出的美国诗人，被誉为“the poet of the American revolution） 《英国囚船》The British Prison Ship 《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》The Rising Glory of America 《印第安人殡葬地》（lyric）The Indian Burying Ground 《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle 第三阶段浪漫主义时期（18世纪末---19世纪中后期）（American Romanticism） 该时期主题多为传统文化与现代文明之间的冲突、“对久远与遥远故事的兴趣”以及对死亡、潜意识的剖析等。 Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文the first prose stylist of American Romanticism / “Father of American Literature” 《纽约史》A History of New York 《见闻札记》The Sketch Book---标致美国浪漫主义的开始 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》Rip Van Winkle 《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《旅行者的故事》Tales of Traveler 《阿尔罕伯拉》The Alhambra James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀《间谍》The Spy《领航者》The Pilot “皮袜子故事系列”: 《杀鹿者》The Deerslayer 《最后的莫希干人》The Last Mohicans 《拓荒者》The Pioneers 《探路人》The Pathfinder《大草原》The Prairie Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃慈沃斯·朗费罗（美国第一个写叙述诗的诗人） 《夜吟》Voices of the Night《人生礼赞》A Psalm of Life William Cullen Bryant 威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特（强调美国人个人意识，关注自然） 《泉》The Fountain 《白蹄鹿》The White-Footed Deer 《森林赋》The Forest Hymn 《似水流年》The Flood of Years 《死亡随想》Thanatopsis
英美文学 1. William Faulkner is the author of ______. A. Far From the Modeling Crowd B. Sound and Fury C. For Whom the Bell Tolls D. Scarlet Letter 1. Robert Frost is a famous ______. A. novelist B. playwright C. poet D. literary critic 3. The Old Man and the Sea is one of the great works by ______ A. Jack London B. Charles Dickens C. Samuel Coleridge DEmest Hemingway 4. Which of the following poets is different from the others? A. John Donne. B. John Keats. C. Lord Byron. D. Percy Bysshe Shelley. 5. Which of the following is not written by William Shakespeare? A. Othello. B. The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus. C. Romeo and Juliet. D. The Twelfth Night. 6. Beowulf narrates a story taking place in ______. A. the Mediterranean B. Northern Europe C. England D. Scandinavia 7. ______ refers to some contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality. A. Allegory B. Conflict C. Irony D. Flashback 8. William Wordsworth is an English _____. A. poet B. novelist C. playwright D. critic 9. The great transcendental work by Henry David Thoreau is ______. A. Nature B. Walden C. Experience D. Essays 10. James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT ______. A. Dubliners B. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man C. Jude the Obscure D. Ulysses 11. The Bronte Sisters published the following famous novels EXCEPT ______. A. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall B. Jane Eyre C. Wuthering Heights D. Agnes Grey 12. In which novel can "Yahoo" be found? A. John Bunyan' s Pilgrim' s Progress. B. Edmund Spencer' s The Faerie Queen. C. Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. D. Henry Fielding's Tom Jones. 13. The Victorian Age was largely an age of ______, eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray. A. pessimism B. naturalism C. modernism D. critical realism 14. Mark Twain shaped the world' s view of America and made a combination of ______ and
英国文学(English Literature) 一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪) 1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066) a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English song Cynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christ c. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901) 2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500): a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌 无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines ~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer: * Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”couplet; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家 The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发 The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作) * William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士 二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧 1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547) a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance 文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗), and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.
America Review Chapter 1 1、_______ usually was regarded as the first American writer. A. William Bradford B. Anne Bradstreet C. Emily Dickinson D. Captain John Smith 2、The common thread throughout American literature has been the emphasis on the_______. A. Revolutionsim B. Reason C. Individualism D. Rationalism 3、Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “_______” who appeared in America. A. Ninth Muse B. Tenth Muse C. Best Muse D. First Muse 4、Which statement about Benjamin Franklin is not true? A. He instructed his countrymen as a printer. B. He was a scientist. C. He was a master of diplomacy. D. He was a Puritan. 5、The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of_______. A. Thomas Hood B. Benjamin Franklin C. Thomas Jefferson D. George Washington 6、From 1732 to 1758 , Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous _______, an annual collection of proverbs. A. The Autobiography B. Poor Richard’s Almanac C. Common Sense D. The General Magazine 7、Which poem is not written by Philip Freneau? A. The British Prison Ship B. The Wild Honey Suckle C. The Indian Burying Ground D. The Day of Doom Answer: DCBDB BD
英美文学复习 F ? Scott Fitzgerald 1. F ? Scott Fitzgerald is not the author of ______. A. This Side of Paradise B. Tender is the night C. The Great Gatsby D. In Our Time 2. F ? Scott Fitzgerald shows an interest in the spiritual predicament of ______ i n his fiction. A. the working-class people B. the upper-class society C. the exiles in Paris D. intellectuals and artists 3. In Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, there are detailed descriptions of big parties.The purpose of such descriptions is to show______. A. emptiness of life B. the corruption of the upper class C. contrast of the rich and the poor D. the happy days of the Jazz Age 4. “He is the last of the romantic heroes, whose energy and sense of commitment take him in search of the Ame rican Dream.” The character referred to in the passage is most likely the protagonist of ______. A. Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby B. Dreiser’s An American Tragedy C. Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls D. Twain’s The Adventures of Hucklebe 5. When we say that a poor young man from the West tried to make his fortune in the East but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing. A. Henry James B. Scott Fitzgerald C. Ernest Hemingway D. William Faulkner 6. In the beginning paragraph of Chapter 3, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald describes a big party by saying that “men and girls came and went like moths.” The author most likely indicates that ______. A. there was a crowd of party-goers B. such life does not have real meaning C. these people were light-hearted D. these were crazy and ignorant characters 7. “He smiled understandingly—much more than understandingly. It was one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It faces—or seemed to face—the whole external world for an instant, and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your in your favor.” A. Identify the author and the title of the novel from which the passage is taken. B. Who is “He” ? C. What is going on in this part of the novel? 答案： A. F. Scoot Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby; B. Gatsby; C. A luxurious party is being held in Gatsby's house.