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国际经济学,选择题集(含答案)

国际经济学,选择题集(含答案)
国际经济学,选择题集(含答案)

Contents

Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model 2 Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution 13 Chapter 5 Resources and Trade: The Heckscher-Ohlin Model 22 Chapter 6 The Standard Trade Model 31 Chapter 7 Economies of Scale, imperfect Competition, and International Trade 41 Chapter 8 International Factor Movements 50 Chapter 9 The Instruments of Trade Policy 60

Chapter 3: Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage - The Ricardian Model

Multiple Choice Questions

1.Countries trade with each other because they are _______ and because of

______.

A. different, costs

B. similar, scale economies

C. different, scale economies

D. similar, costs

E.None of the above.

2.Trade between two countries can benefit both countries if

A.each country exports that good in which it has a comparative advantage.

B.each country enjoys superior terms of trade.

C.each country has a more elastic demand for the imported goods.

D.each country has a more elastic supply for the supplied goods.

E.Both C and D.

3.The Ricardian theory of comparative advantage states that a country has a

comparative advantage in widgets if

A.output per worker of widgets is higher in that country.

B.that country's exchange rate is low.

C.wage rates in that country are high.

D.the output per worker of widgets as compared to the output of some other

product is higher in that country.

E.Both B and C.

4.In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the

production of one particular product we need information on at least ____unit

labor requirements

A.one

B.two

C.three

D.four

E.five

5. A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative

advantage gains from trade because it

A.is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.

B.is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could

domestically.

D.is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.

E.None of the above.

6.Given the following information:

Unit Labor Requirements

Cloth Widgets

Home 10 20

Foreign 60 30

A.Neither country has a comparative advantage.

B.Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.

C.Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.

D.Home has a comparative advantage in widgets.

E.Home has a comparative advantage in both products.

7.If it is ascertained that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports,

then home should

A.export cloth.

B.export widgets.

C.export both and import nothing.

D.export and import nothing.

E.All of the above.

8.If the Home economy suffered a meltdown, and the Unit Labor Requirements in

each of the products quadrupled (that is, doubled to 30 for cloth and 60 for

widgets) then home should

A.export cloth.

B.export widgets.

C.export both and import nothing.

D.export and import nothing.

E.All of the above.

9.If wages were to double in Home, then Home should:

A.export cloth.

B.export widgets.

C.export both and import nothing.

D.export and import nothing.

E.All of the above.

10.If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 4 Cloths, then

A.both countries could benefit from trade with each other.

B.neither country could benefit from trade with each other.

C.each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative

advantage.

D.neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys

comparative advantage.

E.both countries will want to specialize in cloth.

11.Given the following information:

Number of Units Produced by one Unit of Labor

Cloth Widgets

Home 10 20

Foreign 60 30

A.Neither country has a comparative advantage.

B.Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.

C.Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.

D.Foreign has a comparative advantage in widgets.

E.Home has a comparative advantage in both products.

12.The opportunity cost of cloth in terms of widgets in Foreign is if it is ascertained

that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home should

A.export cloth.

B.export widgets.

C.export both and import nothing.

D.export and import nothing.

E.All of the above.

13.If wages were to double in Home ,then Home should

A.export cloth.

B.export widgets.

C.export both and import nothing.

D.export and import nothing.

E.All of the above.

14.If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 4 Cloths, then

A.both countries could benefit from trade with each other.

B.neither country could benefit from trade with each other.

C.each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative

advantage.

D.neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys

comparative advantage.

E.both countries will want to specialize in cloth.

15.If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 40 cloths, then

A.both countries could benefit from trade with each other.

B.neither country could benefit from trade with each other.

C.each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative

advantage.

D.neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys

comparative advantage.

E.both countries will want to specialize in cloth.

16. In a two product two country world, international trade can lead to increases in

A.consumer welfare only if output of both products is increased.

B.output of both products and consumer welfare in both countries.

C.total production of both products but not consumer welfare in both

countries

D.consumer welfare in both countries but not total production of both

products.

E.None of the above.

17.As a result of trade, specialization in the Ricardian model tends to be

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c17365042.html,plete with constant costs and with increasing costs.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c17365042.html,plete with constant costs and incomplete with increasing costs.

C.incomplete with constant costs and complete with increasing costs.

D.incomplete with constant costs and incomplete with increasing costs.

E.None of the above.

18. A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find its

consumption bundle

A.inside its production possibilities frontier.

B.on its production possibilities frontier.

C.outside its production possibilities frontier.

D.inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.

E.on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.

19.In the Ricardian model, if a country's trade is restricted, this will cause all except

which?

A.Limit specialization and the division of labor.

B.Reduce the volume of trade and the gains from trade

C.Cause nations to produce inside their production possibilities curves

D.May result in a country producing some of the product of its comparative

disadvantage

E.None of the above.

20.If a very small country trades with a very large country according to the

Ricardian model, then

A.the small country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.

B.the large country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.

C.the small country will enjoy gains from trade.

E.None of the above.

21.If the world terms of trade for a country are somewhere between the domestic

cost ratio of H and that of F, then

A.country H but not country F will gain from trade.

B.country H and country F will both gain from trade.

C.neither country H nor F will gain from trade.

D.only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.

E.None of the above.

22.If the world terms of trade equal those of country F, then

A.country H but not country F will gain from trade.

B.country H and country F will both gain from trade.

C.neither country H nor F will gain from trade.

D.only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.

E.None of the above.

23. If the world terms of trade equal those of country ,F then

A.country H but not country F will gain from trade.

B.country H and country F will both gain from trade.

C.neither country H nor F will gain from trade.

D.only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.

E.None of the above.

24.If a production possibilities frontier is bowed out (concave to the origin), then

production occurs under conditions of

A.constant opportunity costs.

B.increasing opportunity costs.

C.decreasing opportunity costs.

D.infinite opportunity costs.

E.None of the above.

25.If two countries have identical production possibility frontiers, then trade

between them is not likely if

A.their supply curves are identical.

B.their cost functions are identical.

C.their demand conditions identical.

D.their incomes are identical.

E.None of the above.

26.If two countries have identical production possibility frontiers, then trade

between them is not likely if

A.their supply curves are identical.

B.their cost functions are identical.

D.their incomes are identical.

E.None of the above.

27.The earliest statement of the principle of comparative advantage is associated

with

A.David Hume.

B.David Ricardo.

C.Adam Smith.

D.Eli Heckscher.

E.Bertil Ohlin.

28. If one country's wage level is very high relative to the other's (the relative wage

exceeding the relative productivity ratios), then if they both use the same

currency

A.neither country has a comparative advantage.

B.only the low wage country has a comparative advantage.

C.only the high wage country has a comparative advantage.

D.consumers will still find trade worth while from their perspective.

E. None of the above.

29.If one country's wage level is very high relative to the other's (the relative wage

exceeding the relative productivity ratios), then

A.it is not possible that producers in each will find export markets

profitable.

B.it is not possible that consumers in both countries will enhance their

respective welfares through imports.

C.it is not possible that both countries will find gains from trade.

D.it is possible that both will enjoy the conventional gains from trade.

E.None of the above.

30.The Ricardian model is based on all of the following except

A.only two nations and two products.

B. no diminishing returns.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c17365042.html,bor is the only factor of production.

D.product quality varies among nations.

E.None of the above.

31. Ricardo's original theory of comparative advantage seemed of limited real-

world value because it was founded on the

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c17365042.html,bor theory of value.

B. capital theory of value.

C. land theory of value.

D. entrepreneur theory of value.

E.None of the above.

32.According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparative advantage in the

product in which its

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c17365042.html,bor productivity is relatively low.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c17365042.html,bor productivity is relatively high.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c17365042.html,bor mobility is relatively low.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c17365042.html,bor mobility is relatively high.

E.None of the above.

33.In a two-country, two-product world, the statement "Germany enjoys a

comparative advantage over France in autos relative to ships" is equivalent to

A.France having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.

B.France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in

autos and ships.

C.Germany having a comparative advantage over France in autos and ships.

D.France having no comparative advantage over Germany.

E.None of the above.

34.Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United

States equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production

costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan if

A.U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan's 15 units per

hour.

B.U.S. productivity equaled 30 units per hour whereas Japan's was 20.

C.U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 and Japan's 30.

D.U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 and Japan's 25 units per hour.

E.None of the above.

35.If the United States’ production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis,

whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis, we know that

A.the United States has no comparative advantage

B.Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.

C.the U.S. has a comparative advantage in butter.

D.Not enough information is given.

E.None of the above.

36.Suppose the United States' production possibility frontier was flatter to the

widget axis, whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German mark is sharply depreciated against the U.S. dollar. We now know

that

A.the United States has no comparative advantage

B.Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.

C.the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.

D.Not enough information is given.

E.None of the above.

37.Suppose the United States' production possibility frontier was flatter to the

widget axis, whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German wage doubles, but U.S. wages do not change at all. We now know

that

A.the United States has no comparative advantage.

B.Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.

C.the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.

D.Not enough information is given.

E.None of the above.

Essay Questions

1.Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have very low labor productivities in

many sectors, in manufacturing and agriculture. They often despair of even

trying to attempt to build their industries unless it is done in an autarkic context,

behind protectionist walls because they do not believe they can compete with

more productive industries abroad. Discuss this issue in the context of the

Ricardian model of comparative advantage.

2.In 1975, wage levels in South Korea were roughly 5% of those in the United

States. It is obvious that if the United States had allowed Korean goods to be

freely imported into the United States at that time, this would have caused

devastation to the standard of living in the United States.,because no producer in this country could possibly compete with such low wages. Discuss this assertion in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.

3.The evidence cited in the chapter using the examples of the East Asia New

Industrializing Countries suggests that as international productivities converge,

so do international wage levels. Why do you suppose this happened for the East

Asian NICs? In light of your answer, what do you think is likely to happen to

the relative wages (relative to those in the United States) of China in the coming

decade? Explain your reasoning.

4.When we examine the 2 Good 2 Country version of the Ricardian model of

comparative advantage, we note that comparative advantage is totally

determined by physical productivity ratios. Changes in wage rates in either

country cannot affect these physically determined comparative advantages, and

hence cannot affect, which product will be exported by which country. However, when more than 2 goods are added to the model (still with 2 countries), changes

in wage rates in one or the other country can in fact determine which good or

goods each of the countries will export. How can you explain this anomaly?

5.An examination of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage yields the

clear result that trade is (potentially) beneficial for each of the two trading

partners since it allows for an expanded consumption choice for each. However, for the world as a whole the expansion of production of one product must

involve a decrease in the availability of the other, so that it is not clear that trade

is better for the world as a whole as compared to an initial situation of non-trade

(but efficient production in each country). Are there in fact gains from trade for

the world as a whole? Explain.

Quantitative/Graphing Problems

1. Given the following information:

Unit Labor Requirements

Cloth Widgets

Home 100 200

Foreign 60 30

What is the opportunity cost of Cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign?

2. Given the following information:

Unit Labor Requirements

Cloth Widgets

Home 100 200

Foreign 60 30

If these two countries trade these two goods in the context of the Ricardian

model of comparative advantage, then what is the lower limit of the wo rld

equilibrium price of widgets?

3. Given the following information:

Unit Labor Requirements

Cloth Widgets

Home 100 200

Foreign 60 30

If these two countries trade these two goods with each other in according to the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, what is the lower limit for the price of cloth?

4. Given the following information:

Units Produced by One Worker/Hour

Cloth Widgets

Home 100 200

Foreign 60 30

What is the opportunity cost of cloth in terms of Wwdgets in Foreign?

5. Given the following information:

Cloth Widgets

Home 100 200

Foreign 60 30

If these two countries trade these two goods with each other in the following the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then what is the lower limit for the

world equilibrium price of cloth?

1. Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is

2.

a. Graph Home's production possibility frontier.

b. What is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas?

c. In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be? Why?

2. Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with a labor force of 800. Foreign's unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana prod uction it is 1.

a. Graph Foreign's production possibility frontier.

b. Construct the world relative supply curve.

3. Now suppose world relative demand takes the following form: Demand for apples / demand for bananas = price of bananas / price of apples

a. Graph the relative demand curve along with the relative supply curve.

b. What is the equilibrium relative price of apples?

c. Describe the pattern of trade.

d. Show that both Home and Foreign gain from trad

e.

4. Suppose that instead of 1200 workers, Ho me had 2400. Find the equilibrium relative price. What can you say about the efficiency of world production and the division of the gains from trade between Home and Foreign in this case?

5. Suppose that Home has 2400 workers, but they are only half as productive in both industries as we have been assuming. Construct the world relative supply curve and determine the equilibrium relative price. How do the gains from trade compare with those in the case described in problem 4?

6. “ Korean workers earn only $2.50 an hour; if we allow Korea to export as much as it likes to the United States, our workers will be forced down to the same level. You can’t import a $5 shirt without importing the $2.50 wage that goes with it.” Discuss.

7. 请对下列观点加以评价:

(1)只有当一个国家的生产率达到足以在国际竞争中立足的水平时,它才能从自由贸易中获益;(2)如果来自外国的竞争是建立在低工资的基础上,那么这种竞争是不公平的,而且会损害其他参与竞争的国家;

(3)如果一个国家的工人比其他国家工人的工资低,那么贸易就会使这个国家受到剥削并使福利恶化。

8.用标准的李嘉图假设,分析如下模型:

假设本国共拥有3000万工时的劳动量,而外国共有2000万工时的劳动量。

a.哪个国家在葡萄酒的生产上具有绝对优势?哪个国家在奶酪的生产上具有绝对优势?

b.哪个国家在葡萄酒的生产上具有比较优势?哪个国家在奶酪的生产上具有比较优势?

c.在开放贸易后,两个国家各出口何种商品?如果均衡国际价格比率是每磅奶酪 1/2 瓶葡萄

酒,各国的生产会发生什么变化?

9. 实际工资的含义是每小时劳动的报酬所具有的购买力。用每种产品表示,就是指一个工人用他1小时劳动的报酬所能买到的该产品的单位数量。在李嘉图模型中,对于某工人所生产的任何产品来说,他只是根据其劳动生产率得到报酬,这就是他的以这种产品表示的实际工资。请结合以下表格回答下列问题。

a.在无贸易条件下,本国用各种商品表示的劳动的实际工资分别是多少?外国呢?哪个国家劳

动的实际工资更高?

b.假定在自由贸易条件下,均衡的价格比率为1,本国用奶酪表示的实际工资是多少?国际贸

易后,本国用葡萄酒表示的新的实际工资是多少?这表明本国的贸易收益状况如何?外国用葡萄酒表示的实际工资是多少?国际贸易后,外国用奶酪表示的新的实际工资是多少?这表明外国的贸易收益状况如何?

c.在自由贸易情况下,哪个国家劳动的实际工资比较高?绝对优势的重要性体现在何处?

10. 我们重点讨论了只包含两个国家的例子。假定有许多国家能生产两种产品,每个国家都只有一种生产要素:劳动。在这种情况下,贸易模式和生产模式会怎样(提示:画出世界相对供给曲线)?

11. 在李嘉图模型中,如果A国在两种产品上都具有绝对优势,那么贸易后A国的名义工资水平肯定高于B国。这句话对吗?请评论。

12. 假设某一国家拥有 20000 万单位的劳动,X、Y产品的单位产出所要求的劳动投入分别为 5 个单位和 4 个单位,试确定生产可能性边界方程。如果X 的国际相对价格为 2,该国的进口数量为 2000 个单位,试确定该国的出口量,并在图中画出贸易三角形。

13. 如果两国各在某一商品上具有绝对优势,那么两国在相应的商品上也必然具有比较优势,这句话对吗?请评论。

Chapter 5: Specific Factors and Income Distribution

Multiple Choice Questions

1.International trade has strong effects on income distributions. Therefore,

international trade

A.is beneficial to everyone in both trading countries.

B.will tend to hurt one trading country.

C.will tend to hurt some groups in each trading country.

D.will tend to hurt everyone in both countries.

E.will be beneficial to all those engaged in international trade.

2.Factors tend to be specific to certain uses and products

A.in countries lacking comparative advantage.

B.in the short run.

C.in capital-intensive industries.

D.in labor-intensive industries.

E.in countries lacking fair labor laws.

3.In an economy described by the Specific Factors Model, the production

possibility frontier will be

A.linear.

B.concave to the origin.

C.convex to the origin.

D.parabolic with one root.

E.collapsed to a point.

4.At the point of production, the production possibility frontier will be tangent to

A.the origin.

B. a line whose slope is the relative quality of the two goods.

C. a line whose slope is the relative quantity of the two goods.

D. a line whose slope is the relative price of the two goods.

E.None of the above.

5.If the price of the capital intensive product rises more than does the price of the

land intensive product, then

A.demand will shift away from the capital-intensive product, and its

production will decrease.

B. demand will shift away from the capital-intensive product, and its

production will decrease relative to that of the land intensive product.

C. the production of the capital-intensive product will indeed decrease, but

not for the reasons mentioned in A or B.

D.the countries exporting the capital-intensive good will lose its

comparative advantage.

E. None of the above.

6.If the price of the capital intensive product rises, wages will

A.rise but by less than the price of the capital-intensive product.

B.rise by more than the rise in the price of the capital-intensive product.

C.remain proportionally equal to the price of the capital-intensive product.

D.fall, since higher prices cause less demand.

E.None of the above.

7.If Australia has relatively more land per worker, and Belgium has relatively

more capital per worker, then if trade were to open up between these two

countries,

A.the relative price of the capital-intensive product would rise in Australia.

B.the world price of the land-intensive product would be higher than it had

been in Belgium.

C.the world price of the land intensive product would be higher than it had

been in Australia.

D.the relative price of the land intensive product would rise in Belgium.

E.None of the above.

8.If Australia has more land per worker, and Belgium has more capital per worker,

then if trade were to open up between these two countries,

A. Australia would export the land-intensive product.

B.Belgium would import the capital-intensive product.

C.Both countries would export some of each product.

D.trade would not continue since Belgium is a smaller country.

E.None of the above.

9.If Australia has more land per worker, and Belgium has more capital per worker,

then if trade were to open up between these two countries,

A.the real income of capital owners in Australia would rise.

B.the real income of labor in Australia would clearly rise.

C.the real income of labor in Belgium would clearly rise.

D.the real income of landowners in Belgium would fall.

E.the real incomes of capital owners in both countries would rise.

10.If trade opens up between the two formerly autarkic countries, Australia and

Belgium, then

A.the real income of Australia and of Belgium will increase.

B.the real income of Australia but not of Belgium will increase.

C.the real income of neither country will increase.

D.the real income of both countries may increase.

11.The marginal product of labor in manufacturing slopes downward because o f

A.diseconomies to scale.

B.discontinuities in the production function.

C.diminishing returns.

D.gross substitution with the food sector.

E.None of the above.

12.In the Specific Factors model, each of the two sectors

A.employs the same factors used by the other.

B.employs different factors than those employed in the other.

C.employs a fixed coefficient production function.

D.shares one factor of production with the other sector.

E.None of the above.

13.The Specific Factors model assumes

A.imperfections in the labor market.

B.imperfections in the land market.

C.imperfections in the capital market.

D.imperfections in the entrepreneurship market.

E.None of the above.

14.At the production point the production possibility frontier is tangent to a line

whose slope is

A.the price of manufactures.

B.the relative wage.

C.he real wage.

D.the relative price of manufactures.

E.None of the above.

15.If the price of manufactures and the price of food increase by 25%, then

A.the economy moves down its aggregate supply curve.

B.the economy moves back along its aggregate demand curve.

C.the relative quantities of manufactures and food remain unchanged.

D.the relative quantities of products change by 25%.

E.None of the above.

16.If the price of manufactures rises, then

A.the price of food also rises.

B.the quantity of food produced falls.

C.the quantity of both manufactures and food falls.

D.the purchasing power of labor in terms of food falls.

E.None of the above.

A.the real income of capital rises.

B.the real income of land rises.

C.the purchasing power of landowners rises.

D.the production of both products falls.

E.None of the above.

18.If the price of food rises , then the income of capital owners will fall because

A.capital owners consume only food.

B.the real wage in terms of manufactures rises.

C.they must pay higher wages to maintain subsistence levels.

D.food is an element of organic capital for capitalists.

E.None of the above.

19.If additional land were to be brought into cultivation in the Specific Factor

model, the output of manufactures would fall because of

A.lower marginal productivity of labor in this sector.

B.lower marginal productivity of labor in food production.

C.higher marginal productivity of labor in manufacture sector.

D.lower labor input in manufacture sector.

E.None of the above.

20.If Japan is relatively capital rich and the United States is relatively land rich,

then trade between these two, formerly autarkic countries will

A.lead to perfect specialization with Japan alone producing manufactures.

B.create a world relative price of food that is lower than that of the U.S.

C.lower the price of food in both countries.

D.raise the price of food in both countries.

E.None of the above.

21.If Japan is the land-rich country, then international trade will clearly

A.raise the real income of all factor owners in that country.

B.lower the real income of workers.

C.lower the real income of capital owners.

D.lower the real income of landowners.

E.None of the above.

22.The reason trade clearly benefits a country is that

A.it raises the real income of the more productive elements in society.

B.it lowers the real income of the less productive elements in society.

C.it increases the levels of consumption of everyone.

D.it increases society's consumption choices.

E.None of the above.

A.are likely to migrate to another country.

B.tend to be more effectively organized politically.

C.tend to reject compensation as smacking of socialism.

D.are universally opposed by economists who consider them parasites.

E.None of the above.

24.Those who stand to gain from trade

A.do not really care about the issue of income redistribution.

B.could not compensate losers since there are so many poor people.

C.could compensate losers but would rather not in modern industrial

economies.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c17365042.html,pensate losers at least partially through such legislation as

unemployment compensation.

E.None of the above.

25.Groups that lose from trade tend to lobby the government to

A.shift the direction of comparative advantage.

B.abolish the Specific Factor model from practical application.

C.provide public support for the relatively efficient sectors.

D.provide protection for the relatively inefficient sectors.

E.None of the above.

26.It is known that the existence of the sugar quota causes several billion dollars of

added expenses to U.S. consumers, while paying much less in benefits to U.S.

sugar producers. The continued existence of this quota for many years to the

present is attributable to the fact that

A.as a growing proportion of the U.S. population develops Type II

Diabetes, no one is really interested in making sugar even cheaper than it

is.

B.obviously the quota will be removed now that it has been calculated that

the costs exceed the benefits.

C.the per-capita harm to the public is so small that it is not worth the time

for anyone to fight this quota.

D.it is understood that the sugar quota is an important weapon in keeping

Communism from sweeping the Caribbean.

E.None of the above.

27.It was found that when the United States imposed steel quotas, this caused harm

not only to steel consumers, but also to many producers for whom steel is an

important input. This insight

A.suggests that general equilibrium models of tariffs will demonstrate that

the partial equilibrium deadweight loss triangles tend to overstate the

tariff harm.

B.suggests that the deadweight loss triangles from partial equilibrium

C.suggests that it is quite sensible that producers tend to support quotas.

D.suggests that steel production is an infant industry in the U.S.

E.None of the above.

28.It was found that when the United States placed quotas on imported Japanese

semiconductors, this harmed the international competitiveness of U.S. computer manufacturers. This is a good illustration of the principle that

A.trade benefits the factor that is specific to the export sector.

B.protectionism helps manufacturers but harms consumers.

C.protectionism harms the factor that is specific to the export sector.

D.effective protection is not the same as a nominal tariff or tariff equivalent.

E.None of the above.

29.The specific factor model argues that if land can be used both for food

production and for manufacturing, then a quota that protects food production

will

A.clearly help landowners.

B.clearly hurt landowners.

C.clearly help manufacture but hurt food production.

D.have an ambiguous effect on the welfare of landowners.

E.None of the above.

30.Ricardo's model of comparative advantage demonstrated no harm to any group

in the economy as a result of free trade. This was probably because

A.Ricardo did not understand the concept of diminishing returns.

B.the specific factor model had not yet been invented.

C.Heckscher and Ohlin had not yet been born.

D. a model, which demonstrated such harm, was counter-productive to

Ricardo's political or polemical aims.

E.None of the above.

31.When the Napoleonic Wars were over, the Corn Laws were enacted in England.

This may be understood in terms of the following:

A.The Specific Factors model.

B.The intra-trade model.

C.The monopolistic competition model

D.The scale economies model

E.None of the above.

32.The production function may be analyzed using calculus. For example, the total

product may be calculated as being equal to

A.the first derivative of the total product curve.

B.the second derivative of the marginal product curve.

《国际经济学》篇章精选练习题及答案(DOC)

第1章绪论 重点问题:国际经济学的产生、发展、对象及其其他经济学科的关系 单选 1.国际经济学分析的最基本的出发点是(B) A经济增长 B经济自然增长 C制度创新的经济增长 D经济发展 2.经济发展是(D) A经济结构的变革 B社会和政治体制的变革 C经济自然增长 D制度创新的经济增长 3.国际经济最基本的出发点是(B ) A社会分工 B国际分工 C产业内分工 D产业之间的分工和合作 4.国际经济交往的主要方式是(A) A生产要跨国界流动 B国际分工 C商品跨国界流通 D开放经济 第2章古典国际贸易理论 重点问题:绝对利益说的基本内容及其评价比较利益说的基本内容及其评价 单选 1.在斯密的绝对优势贸易理论中,(C)。 A所有产品均具有绝对优势的国家最终将获得全部黄金和白银 B具有绝对优势的国家将获得大量贸易余额 C如果两个国家分别出口本国劳动成本相对较低的产品,将同时从贸易中获益 D如果一国不用关税壁垒保护本国产业,将丧失绝对优势 2.李嘉图的比较优势理论指出,(B)。 A贸易导致不完全专业化 B即使一个国家不具有绝对成本优势,也可以从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益 C与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比,具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多 D只有具备比较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额 3.如果一个阿根廷工人能生产3蒲式耳小麦或1辆汽车,而一个巴西工人能生产4蒲式耳小麦或2辆汽车,则(D)。 A巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势,而阿根廷没有比较优势 B阿根廷在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势,而巴西没有比较优势 C巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势,而阿根廷在汽车生产上具有比较优势 D巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势,而阿根廷在小麦生产上具有比较优势 4.根据比较优势原理的政策经验,一国从国际贸易中获益的条件是(B)。 A制造大量出口顺差 B以较低的机会成本进口商品而不是在国内生产 C本国比贸易伙伴强大 D本国相对于贸易伙伴具备绝对效率优势 5.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是( A ) A.劳动生产率的差异 B.技术水平的差异 C.产品品质的差异 D.价格的差异 6.在比较利益模型中,两种参与贸易商品的国际比价( C ) A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上 B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下 C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间 D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同 简答: 1.请从国际贸易实际出发评价绝对利益说 P20 斯密的绝对利益学说揭示了在自由市场经济条件下,国际贸易产生的原因在于两国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异,按照绝对利益学说的原则进行国际分工,贸易的参与者与整个世界会因此而获得利益。这一学说在一定程度上反映出了国际贸易中的某些规律,为产业资本的发展提供了相应的理论支撑,具有重要的实践意义和理论意义。 从国际贸易实际出发的评价斯密的绝对利益学说在实践中运用存在着一个必要的假设前提:一国要参加国际贸易,就必然要有至少一种产品与贸易伙伴相比处于劳动生产率绝对高或生产所耗费的劳动绝对低的地位上,以便利用劳动生产率的绝对差异进人国际市场。如果一国在所有的产品生产上,劳动生产率均低于贸易对象国,该国便不具备参加国际分工的条件,或者在国际贸易中没有任何的利益获得。这一点在理论上过于绝对,在实践中也不符合实际情况(发展中国家劳动生产率很可能在所有产品上都不如发达国家,但仍然在进行国际贸易),实际上陷入了理论与实践的两难境地:如果没有超过贸易对手的高劳动生产率部门,该国便被排除在国际贸易的大门之外,或者在贸易中本国的生产部门将被对方的竞争击垮。显然,世界贸易的历史与现实并不完全、普遍地符合斯密这样的假设。

国际经济学选择题(有答案)

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三、名词解释 1.生产者剩余 答:生产者剩余是指生产者愿意接受的价格和实际接受的价格之间的差额。 2.罗伯津斯基定理 答:罗伯津斯基定理是指在生产两种产品的情况下,如果商品的国际比价保持不变,一种生产要素增加所导致的密集使用该生产要素的产品产量增 加,会同时减少另外一种产品的产量。 3.产品生命周期 答:产品生命周期是指新产品经历发明、应用、推广到市场饱和、产品衰落,进而被其他产品所替代四个阶段。 4.购买力平价 答:购买力平价是指两种货币之间的汇率决定于它们单位货币购买力之间的比例。 5.市场内部化 答:市场内部化是指企业为减少交易成本,减少生产和投资风险,而将该跨国界的各交易过程变成企业内部的行为。 6.黄金输送点 答:黄金输送点包括黄金输入点和黄金输出点,是黄金输入、输出的价格上限和下限,它限制着一个国家货币对外汇率的波动幅度。 7.要素禀赋 答:要素禀赋,即要素的丰裕程度,是指在不同国家之间,由于要素的稀缺程度不同导致的可利用生产要素价格相对低廉的状况。赫克歇尔-俄林 定理认为,要素禀赋构成一个国家比较优势的基础 8.比较优势 答:比较优势也称为比较成本或比较利益,是由英国古典经济学家大卫李·嘉图提出的。李嘉图通过两个国家两种产品的模型阐明,比较优势是一国 在绝对优势基础上的相对较大的优势,在绝对劣势基础上的相对较小的 劣势,遵循“两利相权取其重,两弊相衡取其轻”的原则。根据各自的 比较优势来来确定国际分工并进行贸易往来,双方便都可以获得比较利 益。 9.人力资本 答:所谓人力资本是资本与劳动力结合而形成的一种新的生产要素,然们通过劳动力进行投资(如进行教育、职业培训、保健等),可以提高原有 劳动力的素质和技能,劳动生产率得到提升,从而对一个国家参加国际 分工的比较优势产生作用与影响。 10.布雷顿森林体系 答:布雷顿森林体系是指从第二次世界大战结束到1971年所实行的金汇兑本位制。这一以美元为中心的固定汇率制度的特征简而言之便是“美元

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Home's PPF 200400600800200400600800 Q apple Q banana Foreign's PPF 200400600800100080160240320400 Q*apple Q*banana Chapter 2 1a.画出本国的生产可能性边界: b. 用香蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是, 5.1=Lb La a a c .劳动力的自由流动使两部门的工资率相等,自由竞争使得他们生产两种产品的机会成本相同。相对价格等于相对成本,后者可以表示为(*)/(*)a a b b w a w a ,由于两部门间的工资率相等,a b w w ∴=,只有在Lb La b a /a a /P P =,两种商品才都会被生产。所以 1.5 /P P b a = 2a. b. 3 a. a b b a /P P /D D =∵当市场达到均衡时, 1b a ) (D D -**=++=b a b b a a P P Q Q Q Q ∴RD 是一条双曲线 x y 1 =

b.苹果的均衡相对价格由RD 和RS 的交点决定: RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5.1],5.0(5.0) 5.0,0[=∈=??? ??+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴x=0.5, y=2 ∴2/=b P a P e e c. ∵b a b e a e b a P P P P P P ///>>**∴只有两个国家的时候,本国专门生产苹果,出口苹果并进口香蕉:外国则正好相反。 d . 国际贸易允许本国和外国在阴影区内任何一点消费,专门生产某种产品然后和另一个国家进行贸易的间接方式,要比直接生产该商品的方式更有效率。在没有贸易时,本国要生产3单位的香蕉必须放弃2单位的苹果,外国要生产1单位的苹果要放弃5单位的香蕉。贸易允许两国以两单位香蕉交换一单位苹果。通过出让2单位苹果,本国可以获得四单位的香蕉;而外国可以用2单位向交换得1单位苹果。所以两个国家都从贸易中获利。 4. RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5 .1] ,1(1)1,0[=∈=?? ???+∞∈=∈y y y x x x →5.13 2==y x →5.1/=b P a P e e 在这种情况下,外国将专门生产并出口香蕉,进口苹果。但本国将同时生产香蕉和苹果,并且香蕉相对于苹果的机会成本在本国是相同的。所以本国既没有得益也没有受损,但外国从贸易中获益了。 5.在这种情况下,劳动力总量加倍了而劳动生产率减半,所以有效劳动力总量仍是相同的。答案类似于第三小题,两国都从贸易中获益了。但是,相对于第四小题,外国的获益减少了。 6.实际上,相对工资率由相应的劳动生产率和对产品的相对需求决定。韩国的低工资率反映了韩国大部分行业的劳动生产率比美国低。和低劳动生产率,低工资率的国家进行贸易可以提高像美国那样高劳动生产率国家的福利和生活水平。所以这种贫民劳动论是错误的。

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国际经济学练习题及答案(内部资料)

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国际经济学练习题 一、判断题 1、当开放贸易时,所有消费者的境况都会得到改善。 2、根据简单贸易模型,在贸易发生之前,如果各国的某种商品价格相同,这些国家之间就不会有交换该种商品的动机。 3、如果一国中某生产者通过贸易能使自己的境况得到改善,那么,该国中所有的生产者都会通过贸易来改善自己的境况。 4、在两国间均衡贸易价格条件下,一国对某种商品的过度供给必然与另一国对该商品的过度需求相等。 5、不存在free lunch,但却存在free trade。 6、一国即便在某种商品的生产上具有绝对劣势,它也可以在该商品的生产上具有相对优势。 7、根据H—O理论,一国如果比他国拥有更多英亩的土地,该国便是“土地丰富”的国家。 8、在成本递增的条件下,各国并不一定要完全专业化于一种商品的生产。 9、H—O理论假设各国拥有相同的商品偏好。 10、我们或许可以通过更为细分化的生产要素定义而解决Leontief Paradox。 11、Stolper-Samuelson定理认为,贸易将使丰富要素的所有者得到更低的实际收入,同时使稀缺要素的所有者得到更高的实际收入。 12、如果各国的生产技术相同,贸易便不会使生产要素价格均等化。 13、一国的非技术性工人会比技术性工人更加反对贸易自由化。 14、大国可投资发展进口替代产业而不是出口产业,进而改善本国的贸易条件。 15、按照定义,小国的经济增长将不会使贸易条件发生变化。 16、青春期是一个贫困化增长的好例子。 17、一国生产要素的增长总会使该国更加自给自足,进而减少对国际贸易的依赖。 18、一个与外界隔绝的国家一定会降低其公民的生活水平。 19、产业内贸易在充分竞争性产业中更为盛行。 20、根据H—0理论,各国应进行大量的产业内贸易。 21、规模经济是指资源的平衡增长导致平均成本上升。 22、产业内贸易发生的原因包括产品差异化、规模经济以及收入分配效应。 23、如果瑞士旅行鞋的进口增加,英国皮鞋制造商就会受到损失。 24、自由贸易总是一种比征收关税更好的政策。 25、从量关税的优越性之一是其保护价值量与进口商品的价格上涨保持同步。 26、关税对一个国家来说可能是最优的,但对全球来说不会是最优的。 27、关税给消费者带来的损失要大于它给生产者带来的收益。 28、与关税相比,配额给政府官员以更大的管理灵活性。 29、只要进口许可证是被拍卖的,配额的福利效应就与关税相同。 30、如果一国政府的税收收入很少,它就会倾向于采用关税而不是配额。 31、对于进口国来说,自愿出口限制比进口配额效果更差。 32、自愿出口限制实际上很少是自愿的。 33、对症规则(specificity rule)认为,关税通常不是纠正一国经济中扭曲的最佳方法。 34、贸易保护的国防理论和国家荣誉理论基本上是次优的。 35、如果“learning by doing”意味者今天更多的生产会使未来的成本降低,那么最好的政策就是实行保护性关税。

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贸易条件变化前,该国生产均衡点为A,消费点为C;由于该国传统出口产品X 的出口规模极大增长,使得该国贸易条件恶化,此时,生产点变为A’,消费点变为C’。由图中的无差异曲线可以看出,该国贸易条件的变化使得它的福利水平低于增长前。这种情形就成为“出口贫困化增长”。 产生出口贫困化增长的原因主要有:(1)该国在该种出口产品的出口量中占到相当大的比重,这样,当其出口大幅度增加时,会导致世界市场上出现供大于求的情况,导致价格大幅下跌。(2)该种产品的需求国的需求弹性很低,当产品价格降低时,需求是并不会相应大幅增长。(3)该国经济结构十分单一,依赖该种产品的出口来促进经济的发展,因此在贸易条件恶化的时候也不能压缩出口,而是进一步扩大出口量从而保持一定的出口收入。 试说明国际贸易中要素密集度逆转的情况 答:这是解释列昂惕夫反论的观点之一,它认为,某种商品在资本丰富的国家属于资本密集型产品,而在劳动力相对丰富的国家则属于劳动密集型产品,如小麦在非洲是劳动密集生产过程的产品,而在美国则是资本密集型的产品,也就是大机器和高效化肥生产的产品。所以,同一种产品是劳动密集型产品还是资本密集型产品并没有绝对的界限。在国外属于劳动密集型的产品,也有可能在国内属于资本密集型的产品。 即如果两种要素在行业间的替代弹性差异很大,以至于两种等产量曲线相交两次,那么,可能产生生产要素密集度逆转的现象。即一种产品在A国是劳动密集型产品在B国是资本密集型产品。可能就无法根据H-O的模式预测贸易模式了。

国际经济学英文题库(最全版附答案)

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国际经济学练习题

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