unit1
all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. At the other extreme ,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acide repeat units are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less usefull,since an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself,rather than the degree of the polymerization ,is generally used to describe the molecule. When the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由一个重复单元链接在一起而形成的。在另一个极端的情形中，蛋白质分子是由n个氨基酸重复单元链接在一起形成的聚酰胺。尽管在这个例子中，我们也许仍然把n称为聚合度，但是没有意义，因为一个氨基酸单元也许是在蛋白质中找到的20多个分子中的任意一个。在这种情况下，一般是分子量本身而不是聚合度被用来描述这个分子。当知道了特定的氨基酸分子的实际含量，它们的序列正是生物化学家和分子生物学家特别感兴趣的地方。
1,题目：Another striking ...答案：.that quantity low saturation bottom much absorb
2. 乙烯分子带有一个双键，为一种烯烃，它可以通过连锁聚合大量地制造聚乙烯，目前，聚乙烯已经广泛应用于许
多技术领域和人们的日常生活中，成为一种不可缺少的材料。
Ethylene molecule with a double bond, as a kind of olefins, it can make chain polymerization polyethylene, at present, polyethylene has been widely used in many fields of technology and People's Daily life, become a kind of indispensable materials.
Unit3
1 The polymerization rate may be experimentally followed by measuring the changes in any of several properties of the system such as density,refractive index,viscosity, or light absorption. Density measurements are among the most accurate and sensitive of the techniques. The density increases by 20-25 percent on polymerization for many monomers. In actual practice the volume of the polymerizing system is measured by carrying out the reaction in a dilatometer. This is specially constructed vessel with a capillary tube which allows a highly accurate measurement of small volume changes. It is not uncommon to be able to detect a few hundredths of a percent polymerization by the dilatometer technique. 聚合速率在实验上可以通过测定体系的任一性质的变化而确定，如密度、折射率、黏度、或者吸光性能。密度的测量是这些技术中最准确最敏感的。对许多单体的聚合来说，密度增加了20%-25%。在实际操作中，聚合体系的体积是通过在膨胀计中进行反应测定的。它被专门设计构造了毛细导管，在里面可以对微小体积变化进行高精确度测量。通过膨胀计技术探测聚合过程中万分之几的变化是很常见的。
Unti4
2 合成聚合物在各个领域中起着与日俱增的重要作用，聚合物通常是由单体通过加成聚合与缩合聚合制成的。就世界上的消耗量而论，聚烯烃和乙烯基聚合物居领先地位，聚乙烯、聚丙烯等属聚烯烃，而聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯等则为乙烯基聚合物。聚合物可广泛地用作塑料、橡胶、纤维、涂料、粘合剂等The synthetic polymers play an increasingly important role on a range of domains, which are synthesized by monomers through addition polymerization or condensation polymerization. Polyolefin and vinyl polymer have taken the lead in terms of the world consumption. PE, PP, etc. belong to the polyolefin, while PS, PVC etc. belong to the vinyl polymer. Polymers can be widely applied in plastics, rubbers, fibers, coatings, glues and so on.
Unit7
Ring-opening polymerizations proceed only by ionic mechanisms, the polymerization of cyclic ethers mainly by cationic mechanisms, and the polymerization of lactones and lactones by either a cationic or anionic mechanism. Important initiators for cyclic ethers and lactone
polymerization are those derived from aluminum alkyl and zinc alkyl/water systems. It should be pointed out that substitution near the reactive group of the monomer is essential for the individual mechanism that operates effectively in specific cases; for example, epoxides polymerize readily with cationic and anionic initiators, while fluorocarbon epoxides polymerize exclusively by anionic mechanisms.开环聚合反应只能通过离子机理进行，环醚（的开环）聚合主要通过阳离子机理，而内酯和内酰胺的聚合物是通过阳离子或阴离子机理。对于环醚和内酯型聚合物很重要的引发剂是那些来自于烷基铝和烷基锌/水的体系。应该指出的是（对于）在活性基团附近有取代的单体，只能由单一机理，（这一机理）是在特定条件下的有效操作，例如环氧聚合能用阳离子和阴离子引发剂，然而碳氟环氧化物的聚合只能是阴离子机理。
Unti8
1 Polymers can be classified into two main groups, addition polymers and ___condensation__ polymers. This classification is based on whether or not the repeating unit of the polymer contains the same atoms __as____ the monomer. The repeating unit of an addition polymer is identical _with/to____ the monomer, while condensation polymers contain __different/less___ because of formation of __compound/byproduct___ during the polymerization process. The corresponding polymerization processed would then be called addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. As was mentioned earlier, this classification can result ___in__ confusion, since it has been shown in later years that many important types of polymers can be _prepared by both addition and condensation processes. For example, polyesters, polyamides and polyurethanes are usually considered to be _condensation____ polymers, but they can be prepared by addition as well as by condensation reaction. Similarly, polyethylene normally considered an _addition_ polymer, can also be prepared by _condensation_ reaction.
2. Answer the following questions in English
(1) What is chain polymerization
Many?olefinic?and?vinyl?unsaturated?compounds?are?able?to?form?chain-like?macromolecules ?through?elimination?of?double?bond.
(2) Which kinds of monomers can carry out step-growth polymerization process
There are two kinds of monomers could carry out step-growth polymerization process. One is?polyfunctional?monomers and the other is?a?single?monomer?containing?both?types?of?functional groups.
(3) What properties of polymers can be based on for measuring the molecular weight
The molecular weight of polymer could be measured based on colligative?properties, light?scattering, viscosity, ultracentrifugation sedimentation.
3. Please write out at least 10 kinds of polymers both in English and in Chinese
corresponging chemical structure
Cl
F
F COOH
乙烯 氯乙烯 丙烯 1-丁烯 丙烯腈
1,4-丁二烯 四氟乙烯 苯乙烯 异丁烯 丙烯酸
ethylene vinylchloride propylene 1- butene acrylonitrile
1,4-butadiene tetrafluoroethylene styrene isobutene acrylic acid
5 In general ，head-to-tail addition is considered to be the predominant mode of propagation in all polymerizations 。However ，when the substitutes on the monomer are small (and do not offer appreciable steric hindrance to the approaching radical) or do not have a large resonance stabilizing effect ，as in the case of fluorine atoms ，sizable amounts of head-to-head propagation may occur. The effect of increasing polymerization temperature is to increase the amount of head-to-head placement 。Increased temperature leads to less selective (more random) propagation but the effect is not large. Thus ，the head-to-head content in poly (vinyl acetate) only increases from to percent when the polymerization temperature in increased from 30 to 90 ℃.
通常在所有聚合物的链增长中，头-尾加成是主要方式。然而，当单体中的取代基很小（对接近的自由基没有空间阻碍）或没有较大的共振稳定作用，如氟原子，则有相当量的头头增长发生。提高聚合温度的影响是提高头-头排列的量。温度的提高导致较少的选择（更多的无规）增长，但影响不大。因而，在聚乙酸乙烯酯中，当聚合温度由30C提高到90C，头-头含量仅由%提高到%。
2．Write out an abstract in English for the text in this unit
Polymers with different structures present various properties. Usually, polymers are divided into three categories, . plastic, elastomer, fiber with different initial modulus range respectively. Polymers show quite different behaviors due to the different interchain forces in elastomer and fiber. However, with the advent of new techniques and mechanisms to improve the structure of polymers, polymers may be classified and named according to the mechanism, and their properties will largely depend on the structure.
3．Put the following words into Chinese
entanglement 纠缠 irregularity 无规 sodium isopropylate异丙醇钠 permeability渗透性crystallite 微晶stoichiomertric balance 当量平衡fractionation分馏法light scattering光散射 matrix 基体 diffraction衍射
4．Put the following words into English
形态 morphology 酯化 esterification 异氰酸酯isocyanate
杂质impurity 二元胺 diamine 转化率change ratio 多分散性polydispersity 力学性能mechanical property 构象conformation 红外光谱法infrared spectroscopy
常见聚合物命名
（1）常见杂链和元素有机聚合物类型
Polyamide ----聚酰胺. Polyester----聚酯 Poly‘urethane ------聚氨酯 Polysiloxane -------聚硅氧烷Phenol-formaldehyde----酚醛.Urea-formaldehyde-----脲醛Polyureas------聚脲Polysulfide -----聚硫Polyacetal-------聚缩醛Polysulfone (polysulphone)------聚砜 Polyether---------聚醚
unit1 1.Not all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. At the other extreme ,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acide repeat units are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less usefull,since an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself,rather than the degree of the polymerization ,is generally used to describe the molecule. When the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由一个重复单元链接在一起而形成的。在另一个极端的情形中，蛋白质分子是由n个氨基酸重复单元链接在一起形成的聚酰胺。尽管在这个例子中，我们也许仍然把n称为聚合度，但是没有意义，因为一个氨基酸单元也许是在蛋白质中找到的20多个分子中的任意一个。在这种情况下，一般是分子量本身而不是聚合度被用来描述这个分子。当知道了特定的氨基酸分子的实际含量，它们的序列正是生物化学家和分子生物学家特别感兴趣的地方。 1,题目：Another striking ...答案：.that quantity low saturation bottom much absorb 2. 乙烯分子带有一个双键，为一种烯烃，它可以通过连锁聚合大量地制造聚乙烯，目前，聚乙烯已经广泛应用于许多技术领域和人们的日常生活中，成为一种不可缺少的材料。 Ethylene molecule with a double bond, as a kind of olefins, it can make chain polymerization polyethylene, at present, polyethylene has been widely used in many fields of technology and People's Daily life, become a kind of indispensable materials. Unit3 1 The polymerization rate may be experimentally followed by measuring the changes in any of several properties of the system such as density,refractive index,viscosity, or light absorption. Density measurements are among the most accurate and sensitive of the techniques. The density increases by 20-25 percent on polymerization for many monomers. In actual practice the volume of the polymerizing system is measured by carrying out the reaction in a dilatometer. This is specially constructed vessel with a capillary tube which allows a highly accurate measurement of small volume changes. It is not uncommon to be able to detect a few hundredths of a percent polymerization by the dilatometer technique. 聚合速率在实验上可以通过测定体系的任一性质的变化而确定，如密度、折射率、黏度、或者吸光性能。密度的测量是这些技术中最准确最敏感的。对许多单体的聚合来说，密度增加了20%-25%。在实际操作中，聚合体系的体积是通过在膨胀计中进行反应测定的。它被专门设计构造了毛细导管，在里面可以对微小体积变化进行高精确度测量。通过膨胀计技术探测聚合过程中万分之几的变化是很常见的。 Unti4 2 合成聚合物在各个领域中起着与日俱增的重要作用，聚合物通常是由单体通过加成聚合与缩合聚合制成的。就世界上的消耗量而论，聚烯烃和乙烯基聚合物居领先地位，聚乙烯、聚丙烯等属聚烯烃，而聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯等则为乙烯基聚合物。聚合物可广泛地用作塑料、橡胶、纤维、涂料、粘合剂等The synthetic polymers play an increasingly important role on a range of domains, which are synthesized by monomers through addition polymerization or condensation polymerization. Polyolefin and vinyl polymer have taken the lead in terms of the world consumption. PE, PP, etc. belong to the polyolefin, while PS, PVC etc. belong to the vinyl polymer. Polymers can be widely applied in plastics, rubbers, fibers, coatings, glues and so on. Unit7 Ring-opening polymerizations proceed only by ionic mechanisms, the polymerization of cyclic ethers mainly by cationic mechanisms, and the polymerization of lactones and lactones by either a cationic or anionic mechanism. Important initiators for cyclic ethers and lactone polymerization are those derived from aluminum alkyl and zinc alkyl/water systems. It should be pointed out that substitution near the reactive group of the monomer is essential for the individual mechanism that operates effectively in specific cases; for
高分子材料工程专业英语第二版(曹同玉) 课后单词
专业英语 accordion 手风琴 activation 活化（作用） addition polymer 加成聚合物，加聚物 aggravate 加重，恶化 agitation 搅拌 agrochemical 农药，化肥 Alfin catalyst 醇（碱金属）烯催化剂align 排列成行 aliphatic 脂肪（族）的 alkali metal 碱金属 allyl 烯丙基 aluminum alkyl 烷基铝 amidation 酰胺化（作用） amino 氨基，氨基的amorphous 无定型的，非晶体的anionic 阴（负）离子的antioxidant 抗氧剂 antistatic agent 抗静电剂 aromatic 芳香（族）的arrangement （空间）排布，排列atactic 无规立构的 attraction 引力，吸引 backbone 主链，骨干 behavior 性能，行为 biological 生物（学）的 biomedical 生物医学的 bond dissociation energy 键断裂能boundary 界限，范围 brittle 脆的，易碎的 butadiene 丁二烯 butyllithium 丁基锂 calendering 压延成型 calendering 压延 carboxyl 羧基 carrier 载体 catalyst 催化剂，触媒categorization 分类（法） category 种类，类型 cation 正[阳]离子 cationic 阳（正）离子的centrifuge 离心 chain reaction 连锁反应 chain termination 链终止 char 炭 characterize 表征成为…的特征 chilled water 冷冻水 chlorine 氯（气） coating 涂覆 cocatalyst 助催化剂 coil 线团 coiling 线团状的 colligative 依数性 colloid 胶体 commence 开始，着手 common salt 食盐 complex 络合物 compliance 柔量 condensation polymer 缩合聚合物，缩聚物 conductive material 导电材料conformation 构象 consistency 稠度，粘稠度contaminant 污物 contour 外形，轮廓 controlled release 控制释放controversy 争论，争议 conversion 转化率 conversion 转化 copolymer 共聚物copolymerization 共聚（合）corrosion inhibitor 缓释剂countercurrent 逆流 crosslinking 交联 crystal 基体，结晶 crystalline 晶体，晶态，结晶的，晶态的 crystalline 结晶的 crystallinity 结晶性，结晶度crystallite 微晶 decomposition 分解 defect 缺陷 deformability 变形性，变形能力deformation 形变 deformation 变形 degree of polymerization 聚合度dehydrogenate 使脱氢 density 密度 depolymerization 解聚deposit 堆积物，沉积depropagation 降解 dewater 脱水 diacid 二（元）酸 diamine 二（元）胺 dibasic 二元的 dieforming 口模成型 diffraction 衍射 diffuse 扩散 dimension 尺寸 dimensional stability 尺寸稳定性dimer 二聚物（体） diol 二（元）醇diolefin 二烯烃 disintegrate 分解，分散，分离 dislocation 错位，位错 dispersant 分散剂 dissociate 离解 dissolution 溶解 dissolve 使…溶解 distort 使…变形，扭曲 double bond 双键 dough （生）面团，揉好的面 drug 药品，药物 elastic modulus 弹性模量 elastomer 弹性体 eliminate 消除，打开，除去 elongation 伸长率，延伸率 entanglement 缠结，纠缠 entropy 熵 equilibrium 平衡 esterification 酯化（作用） evacuate 撤出 extrusion 注射成型 extrusion 挤出 fiber 纤维 flame retardant 阻燃剂 flexible 柔软的 flocculating agent 絮凝剂 folded-chain lamella theory 折叠链片晶 理论 formulation 配方 fractionation 分级 fragment 碎屑，碎片 fringed-micelle theory 缨状微束理 论 functional group 官能团 functional polymer 功能聚合物 functionalized polymer 功能聚合物 gel 凝胶 glass transition temperature 玻璃化温度 glassy 玻璃（态）的 glassy 玻璃态的 glassy state 玻璃态 globule 小球，液滴，颗粒 growing chain 生长链，活性链 gyration 旋转，回旋 hardness 硬度 heat transfer 热传递 heterogeneous 不均匀的，非均匀的 hydocy acid 羧基酸 hydrogen 氢（气） hydrogen bonding 氢键 hydrostatic 流体静力学 hydroxyl 烃基 hypothetical 假定的，理想的，有前提的 ideal 理想的，概念的 imagine 想象，推测 imbed 嵌入，埋入，包埋 imperfect 不完全的 improve 增进，改善 impurity 杂质 indispensable 不了或缺的 infrared spectroscopy 红外光谱法 ingredient 成分 initiation （链）引发 initiator 引发剂 inorganic polymer 无机聚合物 interaction 相互作用 interchain 链间的 interlink 把…相互连接起来连接 intermittent 间歇式的 intermolecular (作用于)分子间的 intrinsic 固有的 ion 离子 ion exchange resin 离子交换树 脂 ionic 离子的 ionic polymerization 离子型聚合 irradiation 照射，辐射 irregularity 不规则性，不均匀的 isobutylene 异丁烯 isocyanate 异氰酸酯 isopropylate 异丙醇金属，异丙氧化金属 isotactic 等规立构的 isotropic 各项同性的 kinetic chain length 动力学链长 kinetics 动力学 latent 潜在的 light scattering 光散射 line 衬里，贴面 liquid crystal 液晶 macromelecule 大分子，高分子 matrix 基体，母体，基质，矩阵 mean-aquare end-to-end distance 均方末端距 mechanical property 力学性能， 机械性能 mechanism 机理 medium 介质中等的，中间的 minimise 最小化 minimum 最小值，最小的 mo(u)lding 模型 mobility 流动性 mobilize 运动，流动 model 模型 modify 改性 molecular weight 分子量 molecular weight distribution 分子量分布 molten 熔化的 monofunctional 单官能度的 monomer 单体 morphology 形态（学） moulding 模塑成型 neutral 中性的 nonelastic 非弹性的 nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振 nuclear track detector 核径迹探测 器 number average molecular weight 数均分子量 occluded 夹杂（带）的 olefinic 烯烃的 optimum 最佳的，最佳值[点，状态] orient 定向，取向 orientation 定向 oxonium 氧鎓羊 packing 堆砌 parameter 参数 parison 型柸 pattern 花纹，图样式样 peculiarity 特性 pendant group 侧基 performance 性能，特征 permeability 渗透性 pharmaceutical 药品，药物，药物的，医药 的 phenyl sodium 苯基钠 phenyllithium 苯基锂 phosgene 光气，碳酰氯 photosensitizer 光敏剂 plastics 塑料 platelet 片晶 polyamide 聚酰胺 polybutene 聚丁烯 polycondensation 缩（合）聚 （合） polydisperse 多分散的 polydispersity 多分散性 polyesterification 聚酯化（作 用） polyethylene 聚乙烯 polyfunctional 多官能度的 polymer 聚合物【体】，高聚物 polymeric 聚合（物）的 polypropylene 聚苯烯 polystyrene 聚苯乙烯 polyvinyl alcohol 聚乙烯醇 polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯 porosity 多孔性，孔隙率 positive 正的，阳（性）的 powdery 粉状的 processing 加工，成型 purity 纯度 pyrolysis 热解 radical 自由基 radical polymerization 自由基聚合 radius 半径 random coil 无规线团 random decomposition 无规降解 reactent 反应物，试剂 reactive 反应性的，活性的 reactivity 反应性，活性 reactivity ratio 竞聚率 real 真是的 release 解除，松开 repeating unit 重复单元 retract 收缩 rubber 橡胶 rubbery 橡胶态的 rupture 断裂 saturation 饱和 scalp 筛子，筛分 seal 密封 secondary shaping operation 二次成型 sedimentation 沉降（法） segment 链段 segment 链段 semicrystalline 半晶 settle 沉淀，澄清 shaping 成型 side reaction 副作用 simultaneously 同时，同步 single bond 单键 slastic parameter 弹性指数 slurry 淤浆 solar energy 太阳能 solubility 溶解度 solvent 溶剂 spacer group 隔离基团 sprinkle 喷洒 squeeze 挤压 srereoregularity 立构规整性【度】 stability 稳定性 stabilizer 稳定剂 statistical 统计的 step-growth polymerization 逐步聚合 stereoregular 有规立构的，立构规整性的 stoichiometric 当量的，化学计算量的 strength 强度 stretch 拉直，拉长 stripping tower 脱单塔 subdivide 细分区分 substitution 取代，代替 surfactant 表面活性剂 swell 溶胀 swollen 溶胀的 synthesis 合成 synthesize 合成 synthetic 合成的 tacky （表面）发粘的 ,粘连性 tanker 油轮，槽车 tensile strength 抗张强度 terminate （链）终止 tertiary 三元的，叔（特）的 tetrahydrofuran 四氢呋喃 texture 结构，组织 thermoforming 热成型 thermondynamically 热力学地 thermoplastic 热塑性的 thermoset 热固性的 three-dimensionally ordered 三维有序的 titanium tetrachloride 四氯化钛 titanium trichloride 三氯化铁 torsion 转矩 transfer （链）转移，（热）传递 triethyloxonium-borofluoride 三乙基硼氟 酸羊 trimer 三聚物（体） triphenylenthyl potassium 三苯甲基钾 ultracentrifugation 超速离心 （分离） ultrasonic 超声波 uncross-linked 非交联的 uniaxial 单轴的 unsaturated 不饱和的 unzippering 开链 urethane 氨基甲酸酯 variation 变化，改变 vinyl 乙烯基（的） vinyl chloride 氯乙烯 vinyl ether 乙烯基醚 viscoelastic 黏弹性的 viscoelastic state 黏弹态 viscofluid state 黏流态 viscosity 黏度 viscosity average molecular weight 黏均分子量 viscous 粘稠的 vulcanization 硫化 weight average molecular weight 重均分子量 X-ray x射线 x光 yield 产率 Young's modulus 杨氏模量
高分子化学练习题 一、名词解释 1、重复单元在聚合物的大分子链上重复出现的、组成相同的最小基本单元。 2、结构单元高分子中多次重复的且可以表明合成所用单体种类的化学结构。 3、线型缩聚 2 官能度单体或 2-2 体系的单体进行缩聚反应，聚合过程中，分子 链线形增长，最终获得线型聚合物的缩聚反应。 4、体型缩聚有官能度大于 2 的单体参与的缩聚反应，聚合过程中，先产生支链，再交联成体型结构，这类聚合过程称为体型缩聚。 5、半衰期物质分解至起始浓度（计时起点浓度）一半时所需的时间。 6、自动加速现象聚合中期随着聚合的进行，聚合速率逐渐增加，出现自动加速现象，自动加速现象主要是体系粘度增加所引起的。 7、竞聚率是均聚和共聚链增长速率常数之比， r 1 =k11/ k12，r 2 = k 22/ k21, 竞聚 率用来直观地表征两种单体的共聚倾向。 8、悬浮聚合悬浮聚合一般是单体以液滴状悬浮在水中的聚合，体系主要由单体，水、油溶性引发剂、分散剂四部分组成。 9、乳液聚合是单体在水中分散成乳液状而进行的聚合，体系由单体、水、水溶 性引发剂、水溶性乳化剂组成。 10、接枝共聚物聚合物主链只由某一种结构单元组成，而支链则由其它单元组 成。 二、选择题 1、聚酰胺反应的平衡常数为400，在密闭体系中最终能够达到的反应程度为 （ B ） A. 0 .94 B. 0.95 C. 0.96 D. 0.97 2、在线型缩聚反应中，成环反应是副反应，其中最易形成的环状化合物是（ B ） A. 3， 4 元环 B. 5，6 元环 C. 7 元环 D. 8-11 元环 3、所有缩聚反应所共的是（A） A. 逐步特性 B. 通过活性中心实现链增长 C. 引发率很快 C. 快终止 4、关于线型缩聚，下列哪个说法不正确？（B）
加工processing 反应性加工reactive processing 等离子体加工plasma processing 加工性processability 熔体流动指数melt [flow] index 门尼粘度Mooney index 塑化plasticizing 增塑作用plasticization 内增塑作用internal plasticization 外增塑作用external plasticization 增塑溶胶plastisol 增强reinforcing 增容作用compatibilization 相容性compatibility 相溶性intermiscibility 生物相容性biocompatibility 血液相容性blood compatibility 组织相容性tissue compatibility 混炼milling，mixing 素炼mastication 塑炼plastication 过炼dead milled 橡胶配合rubber compounding 共混blend 捏和kneading 冷轧cold rolling 压延性calenderability 压延calendering 埋置embedding 压片preforming 模塑molding 模压成型compression molding 压缩成型compression forming 冲压模塑impact moulding，shock moulding 叠模压塑stack moulding 复合成型composite molding 注射成型injection molding 注塑压缩成型injection compression molding 射流注塑jet molding 无流道冷料注塑runnerless injection molding 共注塑coinjection molding 气辅注塑gas aided injection molding 注塑焊接injection welding 传递成型transfer molding
1、使自由基聚合反应速率最快的聚合方式是（C ）。 A.热引发聚合 B.光聚合 C.光敏聚合 D. 热聚合 答案（ C ） 2、在自由基聚合反应中，链自由基的（ D ）是过氧类引发剂引发剂效率降低 的主要原因 A.屏蔽效应 B.自加速效应 C.共轭效应 D.诱导效应 3、MMA（Q=0.74）与（ C ）最容易发生共聚 A. St（1.00 ） B. VC（0.044 ） C. AN ( 0.6 ) D. B( 2.39) 4、异戊二烯配位聚合理论上可制得（ 6 ）种立体规整聚合物。 A. 6 B. 4 C. 5 D.3 1、丁二烯配位聚合可制得（B ）种立体规整聚合物。 A. 6 B. 4 C. 5 D.3 5、是阻聚剂并可用于测定引发反应速率的是（ B ） A.对苯二酚 B.DPPH C.AIBN D.双酚A 3、丁二烯（e=-1.05）与（D ）最容易发生交替共聚 A.苯乙烯（-0.8） B.氯乙烯（0.20） C.丙烯腈(0.6) D.马来酸酐(2.25) 4、不需要引发剂的聚合方法是（D ）。 A.热引发聚合 B.光聚合 C.光敏聚合 D. 热聚合 5、常用于保护单体的试剂是（ D ） A. BPO B.FeCl3 C.AIBN D. 对苯二酚 1、某一聚合反应，单体转化率随反应时间的延长而增加。它属于(连锁)聚合 反应。 2、BPO在高分子合成中是(引发剂)剂，对苯二酚加在单体中用作（阻聚剂）。 3、氧在低温时是(阻聚剂 )、在高温时是（引发剂）。 4、常用的逐步聚合反应方法有(熔融)缩聚、( 溶液) 缩聚、(界面 ) 缩聚。 5、链转移剂能使聚合物的分子量(降低 ) 7、梯形结构聚合物有较高的(热 )稳定性。 8、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯和聚丙烯的结构分别是（-[CH2CH2]n- ）、（-[CH2CH(C6H5)]n- ）、（-[CH2CHCl]n- ）和（-[CH2CHCH3]n- ）。 9、腈纶的化学名称是（聚丙烯腈）。 精品文档
专业英语考试基本题型和重点 （纯属个人上课所听所写，小伙伴快来补充指正不足，最后分享）期末70% 平时30% 考试时间6月17日 一、专业术语30*1分=30分 10题汉译英 A、表达甲乙丙丁...甲乙丙丁烷...甲乙丙丁基...甲乙丙丁烯... 序号烷烃（-ane）基（-yl）烯烃（-ene）醇（-anol） 甲meth 甲烷methane 甲基methyl * 甲醇methanol 乙eth 乙烷ethane 乙基ethyl 乙烯ethene 乙醇ethanol 丙prop 丙烷propane 丙基propyl 丙烯propene 丙醇propanol 丁but 戊pent 己hex 庚hept B、表达一二三四... C、聚合反应类型 1、Mono- 本体聚合bulk polymerization 2、Bi-（或di-）溶液聚合Solution polymerization 3、Tri- 逐步聚合 4、Tetra- 连锁聚合Chain polymerization 5、Penta- 乳液聚合Emulsion polymerization 6、Hex- 悬浮聚合suspension polymerization 7、Hept- D、实验室常用动词 8、Oct- 蒸发Evaporate 9、Non- 过滤Filter 10、Dec- 旋转Rotate 合成实例: 搅拌Stir 3,3-二甲基乙烷3,3-dimethylhexane 等等。。。 E.实验室常见仪器名称（ppt里的） Tube 试管cylinder 量筒 Flask 烧瓶（V olumetric flask 容量瓶round bottom flask圆底烧瓶）watch glass 表面皿Melting pot 坩埚 weighing bottle 称量瓶Condenser 冷凝器 Thermometer 温度计
《高分子化学》课程试题 得分 一、基本概念（共15分,每小题3分） ⒋动力学链长 ⒌引发剂半衰期 二、填空题（将正确的答案填在下列各题的横线处）( 每空1 分，总计20分) ⒈自由聚合的方法有本体聚合、溶液聚合、乳液聚合和悬浮聚合。 ⒉逐步聚合的方法有熔融缩聚、溶液缩聚、固相缩聚和界面缩聚。 ⒊聚氨酯大分子中有、、 和基团。 ⒋聚合反应按反应机理可分为连锁聚合、逐步聚合、 开环聚合和聚合物之间的化学反应四类。 ⒌聚合物按大分子主链的化学组成碳链聚合物、杂链聚合物、元素无机聚合物和元素有机聚合物四类。 得分 三、简答题（共20分，每小题5分） ⒈乳液聚合的特点是什么 ⒊什么叫自由基自由基有几种类型写出氯乙烯自由基聚合时链终止反应方程式。 四、（共5分，每题1分）选择正确答案填入( )中。 ⒈自由基共聚合可得到( 1 4 )共聚物。 ⑴无规共聚物⑵嵌段共聚物⑶接技共聚物⑷交替共聚物 ⒉为了得到立构规整的PP，丙烯可采用( 4 )聚合。 ⑴自由基聚合⑵阴离子聚合⑶阳离子聚合⑷配位聚合
⒊工业上为了合成聚碳酸酯可采用( 1 2 )聚合方法。 ⑴熔融缩聚⑵界面缩聚⑶溶液缩聚⑷固相缩聚 ⒋聚合度基本不变的化学反应是( 1 ) ⑴PVAc的醇解⑵聚氨酯的扩链反应⑶高抗冲PS的制备⑷环氧树脂的固化 ⒌表征引发剂活性的参数是( 2 4 ) ⑴k p(⑵t1/2⑶k i⑷k d 五、计算题（共35分，根据题目要求计算下列各题） ⒈(15分)用过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)作引发剂，60℃研究甲基丙烯酸甲酯的本体聚合。 已知：C (偶合终止系数)＝；D (歧化终止系数)＝； f ＝； k p＝×102 L/ ；k d ＝×10-6 s-1； k t＝×106 L/ ；c(I)＝mol / L； C M＝×10-5；C I＝2×10-2； 甲基丙烯酸甲酯的密度为g./ cm3； X。 计算：聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)的平均聚合度 n 《高分子化学》课程试题 一、基本概念（共14分，5. 2分, 其余3分） ⒋自由基共聚合反应 ⒌引发剂 二、填空题（将正确的答案填在下列各题的横线处）( 每空1 分，总计20分) ⒈自由聚合的单体有、、和等。 ⒉单体可分为、和三大类。 ⒊表征乳化剂性能的指标是、和。 ⒋阴离子聚合的引发体系有强碱、碱金属和碱金属配合物。 ⒌某些聚合物按大分子主链中含的特征基团可命名为聚酯、聚酰胺、和 聚醚聚合物等。
unit1 all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. At the other extreme ,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acide repeat units are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less usefull,since an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself,rather than the degree of the polymerization ,is generally used to describe the molecule. When the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由一个重复单元链接在一起而形成的。在另一个极端的情形中，蛋白质分子是由n个氨基酸重复单元链接在一起形成的聚酰胺。尽管在这个例子中，我们也许仍然把n称为聚合度，但是没有意义，因为一个氨基酸单元也许是在蛋白质中找到的20多个分子中的任意一个。在这种情况下，一般是分子量本身而不是聚合度被用来描述这个分子。当知道了特定的氨基酸分子的实际含量，它们的序列正是生物化学家和分子生物学家特别感兴趣的地方。 1,题目：Another striking ...答案：.that quantity low saturation bottom much absorb 2. 乙烯分子带有一个双键，为一种烯烃，它可以通过连锁聚合大量地制造聚乙烯，目前，聚乙烯已经广泛应用于许 多技术领域和人们的日常生活中，成为一种不可缺少的材料。 Ethylene molecule with a double bond, as a kind of olefins, it can make chain polymerization polyethylene, at present, polyethylene has been widely used in many fields of technology and People's Daily life, become a kind of indispensable materials. Unit3 1 The polymerization rate may be experimentally followed by measuring the changes in any of several properties of the system such as density,refractive index,viscosity, or light absorption. Density measurements are among the most accurate and sensitive of the techniques. The density increases by 20-25 percent on polymerization for many monomers. In actual practice the volume of the polymerizing system is measured by carrying out the reaction in a dilatometer. This is specially constructed vessel with a capillary tube which allows a highly accurate measurement of small volume changes. It is not uncommon to be able to detect a few hundredths of a percent polymerization by the dilatometer technique. 聚合速率在实验上可以通过测定体系的任一性质的变化而确定，如密度、折射率、黏度、或者吸光性能。密度的测量是这些技术中最准确最敏感的。对许多单体的聚合来说，密度增加了20%-25%。在实际操作中，聚合体系的体积是通过在膨胀计中进行反应测定的。它被专门设计构造了毛细导管，在里面可以对微小体积变化进行高精确度测量。通过膨胀计技术探测聚合过程中万分之几的变化是很常见的。 Unti4 2 合成聚合物在各个领域中起着与日俱增的重要作用，聚合物通常是由单体通过加成聚合与缩合聚合制成的。就世界上的消耗量而论，聚烯烃和乙烯基聚合物居领先地位，聚乙烯、聚丙烯等属聚烯烃，而聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯等则为乙烯基聚合物。聚合物可广泛地用作塑料、橡胶、纤维、涂料、粘合剂等The synthetic polymers play an increasingly important role on a range of domains, which are synthesized by monomers through addition polymerization or condensation polymerization. Polyolefin and vinyl polymer have taken the lead in terms of the world consumption. PE, PP, etc. belong to the polyolefin, while PS, PVC etc. belong to the vinyl polymer. Polymers can be widely applied in plastics, rubbers, fibers, coatings, glues and so on. Unit7 Ring-opening polymerizations proceed only by ionic mechanisms, the polymerization of cyclic ethers mainly by cationic mechanisms, and the polymerization of lactones and lactones by either a cationic or anionic mechanism. Important initiators for cyclic ethers and lactone
2.4 整数、有理数与实数 4－A Integers and rational numbers There exist certain subsets of R which are distinguished because they have special properties not shared by all real numbers. In this section we shall discuss such subsets, the integers and the rational numbers. 有一些R 的子集很著名，因为他们具有实数所不具备的特殊性质。在本节我们将讨论这样的子集，整数集和有理数集。 To introduce the positive integers we begin with the number 1, whose existence is guaranteed by Axiom 4. The number 1+1 is denoted by 2, the number 2+1 by 3, and so on. The numbers 1,2,3,…, obtained in this way by repeated addition of 1 are all positive, and they are called the positive integers. 我们从数字 1 开始介绍正整数，公理 4 保证了 1 的存在性。1+1 用2 表示，2+1 用3 表示，以此类推，由 1 重复累加的方式得到的数字 1,2,3，…都是正的，它们被叫做正整数。 Strictly speaking, this description of the positive integers is not entirely complete because we have not explained in detail what we mean by the expressions “and so on”, or “repeated addition of 1”. 严格地说，这种关于正整数的描述是不完整的，因为我们没有详细解释“等等”或者“1的重复累加”的含义。 Although the intuitive meaning of expressions may seem clear, in careful treatment of the real-number system it is necessary to give a more precise definition of the positive integers. There are many ways to do this. One convenient method is to introduce first the notion of an inductive set. 虽然这些说法的直观意思似乎是清楚的，但是在认真处理实数系统时必须给出一个更准确的关于正整数的定义。有很多种方式来给出这个定义，一个简便的方法是先引进归纳集的概念。 DEFINITION OF AN INDUCTIVE SET. A set of real number s is cal led an i n ductiv e set if it has the following two properties: (a) The number 1 is in the set. (b) For every x in the set, the number x+1 is also in the set. For example, R is an inductive set. So is the set . Now we shall define the positive integers to be those real numbers which belong to every inductive set. 现在我们来定义正整数，就是属于每一个归纳集的实数。 Let P d enote t he s et o f a ll p ositive i ntegers. T hen P i s i tself a n i nductive set b ecause (a) i t contains 1, a nd (b) i t c ontains x+1 w henever i t c ontains x. Since the m embers o f P b elong t o e very inductive s et, w e r efer t o P a s t he s mallest i nductive set. 用 P 表示所有正整数的集合。那么 P 本身是一个归纳集，因为其中含 1，满足(a)；只要包含x 就包含x+1, 满足(b)。由于 P 中的元素属于每一个归纳集，因此 P 是最小的归纳集。 This property of P forms the logical basis for a type of reasoning that mathematicians call proof by induction, a detailed discussion of which is given in Part 4 of this introduction.