八年级英语下册（人教版）Unit1-10要点、考点【学霸笔记】
Unit 1 What’s the matter?
一．重点知识归纳
1. foot---feet脚 <复> tooth---teeth 牙齿 <复>
2. have a cold 感冒
3. have a stomachache 胃疼
4. have a sore back背疼
5. have a toothache牙疼
6. have a sore throat喉咙疼
7. have a fever发烧
8. hot tea with honey 加蜜的热茶
9.drink lots of water多喝水
10. That’s a good idea好主意
11. lie down and (have a)rest 躺下休息
12. see a dentist 看牙医
have a rest 休息
see a doctor 看医生
13.lots of ,a lot of, a lot的区别
a lot of=lots of，可以修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词，一般用在肯定句中。There are lots of （ a lot of） books in our library.
There is a lot of water on the ground
a lot,是一个副词词组，跟动词连用；表示十分，很等意思； Thanks a lot.
14. go to bed 去睡觉 go to bed early 早上床睡觉
15. feel well感到好 feel ill 感到不舒服
I don’t feel well= I’m not feeling well我感觉不舒服.
16. start doing/ to do sth开始做某事
TO DO 是一件事情完成了，开始做另外一件事情
DOING是原来的那件事情做到一半，现在又开始做了，是同一件事情。
17. two days ago两天前 18. get some rest 多休息, 休息一会儿
19. I think so我认为是这样 20. be thirsty口渴 21. be hungry 饥饿
22. be stressed out紧张
23. listen to music听音乐 24. healthy lifestyle健康的生活方式
25. traditional Chinese doctors传统中医
26. need to do sth 需要做某事
I have a toothache. I need to see a dentist. 我牙痛, 我需要去看牙医.
We need to keep our classroom clean. 我们需要保持教室的干净.
27. a balance of yin and yang阴阳平衡
28. for example例如
29. too much yin太多的阴, 阴气太盛
too much + 不可数名词太多的…
much too +形/副实在太…极其，非常
too many + 可数名词复数太多的…
30.be good for sth./ doing sth. 对什么有益，对什么有好处
be bad for sth./ doing sth. 对什么有害
be good to 对…好
be good at =do well in 在……方面好，擅长
be good(bad) for、be good at的相关用法:
1.be good for 对......有益
Doing morning exercises is good for your health.做早操对你们的建康有益。2.be good at 擅长于......
Li Ping is good at basketball. 李平擅长于篮球。
= Li Ping is good at playing basketball. 李平擅长于打篮球。
be good at = do well in 如：
I'm good at math. = I do well in math. 我擅长于数学。
3.be good to 对......好
Parents are always good to their children.父母亲总是对他们的孩子好。
31.get good grades 取得好成绩
32.angry 用法 :
be angry with sb生某人的气
I was angry with him for keeping me waiting.我对他很生气，因为他让我等了好久。
be angry at/ about sth 就某事生气
33.Chinese medicine 中药
34.be popular in + some place 在某地很流行
Chinese medicine is now popular in many western countries.
现在中药在许多西方国家受欢迎。
35.in western countries在西方国家
36.It’s easy to do sth做某事是容易的。 It’s important to do sth . 做某事很重要。
37.balanced diet平衡饮食
38.get tired 感到疲倦 be/get tired
39.go out at night在晚上出去
When you are tired, you shouldn’t go out at night. 疲倦时，晚上你不该外出
40.stay healthy 保持健康 =keep healthy=keep in good health
41.at the moment此时，此刻= now
I’m not feeling very well at the moment
42. enjoy sth. =like sth. (名词)喜欢某物,
enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事=like dong sth
enjoy oneself (myself, yourself,herself, himself, themselves, ourselves, itself 反身代词) 玩得高兴，过得愉快=have a good time = have a wonderful time =have fun
43. conversation practice会话练习
44. host family 寄宿家庭
45. have a lot of headaches经常疼痛
I’m tired and I have a lot of headaches. 我很疲劳，而且经常头痛。
46.a few + 可数名词复数少许… a little + 不可数名词/形/副一点…
47.He shouldn’t eat anything
=He should eat nothing. 他不应当吃任何东西.
48.give sb some advice给某人建议give advice 提出建议
advice 是不可数名词
a piece of advice 一则建议 take one’s advice 采纳或听从某人的建议
He gave me some good advice.
他向我提了一些很好的意见。
49.sleep 8 hours a night每晚睡眠八小时
50.take medicine 吃药服药
I have to take medicine three times a day for my cold.
因为感冒，我不得不一天吃三次药。
二、固定结构
It’s +形 + for sb. + to do sth.做某事对某人来说是…的。
It’s important to do sth .做某事很重要。
It’s important for me to eat a balanced diet. 平衡饮食对我来说是很重要的. It’s easy to do sth做某事是容易的。
It’s easy for us to find out the answer. 找出答案对我们来说是容易的
三、重点句子
1.What’s the matter ? What’s the mater with you ? 你怎么啦？
=What’s the trouble with you?=What’s wrong with you?
I have a cold / have a sore back / have a stomachache
2.That’s too bad. You should / shouldn’t …那太糟糕了. 你应该/不该…
You should lie down and rest / drink hot tea with honey / see a dentist / see a doctor .
He shouldn’t eat anything = He should eat nothing. 他不应当吃任何东西.
3.I’m not felling well . 这里well表示身体状况，不能用good代替
I don’t feel well= I’m not feeling well 我感觉不舒服.
4.When did it start ? About two days ago . 什么时候开始的？大约两天前
5.I hope you fell better soon . 我希望你很快好起来
这里better是well的比较级
6.Traditional Chinese doctors believe we need a balance of yin and yang to be healthy.传统中医认为我们需要阴阳调和以保持身体健康。
这里 to be healthy是动词不定式短语，作目的状语
7.You should eat hot yang foods, like beef. 你应该吃一些像牛肉之类的阳性食物。
8.Eating Dangshen and Huangqi herbs is also good for this.
吃党参和黄芪等草本植物也对这有好处。
9.People who are too stressed out and angry may have too much yang.
太紧张易怒的人或许吃了太多的阳性食物。too much后跟不可数名词，而too many后跟可数名词复数
10.It’s easy to have a healthy lifestyle ,and it’s important to eat a balanced diet . 有一个健康的生活方式很容易，饮食平衡是很重要的。
→It’s easy to do sth . 做某事容易 / It’s important to do sth . 做某事重要
11.You should rest for a few nights. 你应该休息几个晚上
12.I study late every night, sometimes until 2 am, but I don’t think I’m improving.
我每天晚上学到很晚，有时到凌晨2点钟，但我认为我没有提高。
13.believe in 信任某人，强调品质，believe sb.相信某人的话
I believe him, but I can’t believe in him.
他的话是真的，但是我不信任他这个人。
14 .I have a toothache . I need to see a dentist .
→need意思为“需要”，作实义动词时，后跟动词不定式，否定式为don’t /doesn’t / didn’t need (to do sth.) ；作情态动词时，只能用于否定句或疑问句中，否定式为needn’t(do sth.) ，除有过去式外，没有其它的形态变化
四．知识结构
1.情态动词should的用法
should是情态动词，它的基本用法是必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，意为"应该......"。
should（应当，应该）用于所有人称，表示劝告或建议。
eg. You should wait a little more.
你应该再多等一会儿。
--- I have a very bad cold.我感冒很厉害。
--- You should lie down and have a rest.你应该躺下，多喝水。
2.maybe与may be
1.maybe是副词，译为“也许、可能”，相当于“perhaps”。
如：Maybe he can answer the question.也许他能回答那个问题。
He maybe is from the USA, too. 他可能也来自美国。
2.may be中的may为情态动词，译为“可能是......”。如：
He may be from the USA, too. 他可能也来自美国。
She may be our English teacher.她可能是我们的英语老师
3.too many,too much与much too
1.too many意为“太多”，用于修饰可数名词的复数。如：
There are too many students in our class.我们班上有太多的学生。
2.too much意为“太多”，用于修饰不可数名词。如：
We have too much work to do. 我们有太多的工作要做。
3.much too表示“太”，用来修饰形容词或副词。如：
The box is much too heavy, so I can't carry it.
箱子太重了，所以我搬不动它。
4 、few、a few、little、a little的区别和联系：
1)few / a few用来修饰可数名词，few表示否定意义，没有，几乎没有；
a few表示有肯定意思，有几个。例如：
He has few friends here, he feels lonely. 他这里没朋友，他感觉寂寞。
There are a few eggs in the basket.篮子里有几个鸡蛋。
2)little / a little用来修饰不可数名词，little表示否定意思，没有，几乎没有。
a little 表示肯定意思，有一点儿。例如：
There is little ink in my bottle, can you give me a little ink?
我的瓶子里没有墨水了，你能给我点儿墨水吗？
5. not…until 直到…(否定句) 才，动词为短暂性或瞬间性动词
She didn’t leave until we came.
He went shopping after he got up. =He didn’t go shopping until /before he got up.
……until/till 直到···（肯定句）动词为延续性动词
We stayed here till/until 12 o’clock.
Unit 2 I'll help clean the city parks.
一、短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种：
1.动词+副词如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动
词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放
在短语动词后。
2. 动词+介词如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于
这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词如：come up with 提出，想出
run out of 用完，耗尽
4. 动词+名词(介词)如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住
二．知识要点总结：
1.cheer (sb.) up 使(某人)高兴、振作如：cheer me up 使我高兴
clean up 打扫 clean-up n. 打扫
2. homeless adj. 无家可归的 a homeless boy 一个无家可归的男孩home n. 家
4. sick adj. 生病的作表语、定语 ill adj. 生病的作表语，不能作定语
5. volunteer to do v. 志愿效劳、主动贡献
volunteer n. 志愿者
6. come up with 提出想出 === think up 想出
catch up with 赶上追上
7. put off doing 推迟做某事 put on 穿上(指过程) put up 张贴
8. write down 写下记下
9. call up 打电话 make a telephone call 打电话
10. set up 成立建立
The new hospital was set up in 2000. 这座医院是在2000年成立的。
11. each 每个各自的强调第一个人或事物的个别情况常与of 连用
every 每个每一个的一切的则有“全体”的意思不能与of 连用
12. put …to use 把…投入使用，利用
They put the new machine to use. 他们把新机器投入使用
13. help sb. (to) do 帮助某人做某事 help him (to) study
help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事 help him with English
help do 帮助做某事 help study
14. plan to do 计划做某事
plan + 从句
I plan to go to Beijing. === I plan (that) I will go to Beijing. 我计划去北京。
15. spend …doing 花费…做…I spent a day visiting Beijing.
我花了一天的时间去参观北京。
spend…on sth.花费…在…I spent 3 years on English.
16.not only …but (also) …不但…而且…用来连接两个并列的成分
(1)引导以 not only …but (also)…开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。因此⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句。也是说得要把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)…接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化也就是就近原则如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。
常见的就近原则的结构有：
①Neither…nor…即不…也不…(两者都不)Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。
②Either…or…不是…就是…(两者中的一个)Either Lily or you are a student.
③Not only …but (also)…
④There be
17. join 参加 (指参加团体、组织)如：join the Party 入党
take part in 参加 (指参加活动) 如：
take part in sports meeting 参加运动会
18. run out 与 run out of
①run out (become used up). 其主语往往为物。如时间，食物，金钱，油等，本身就含有被动意义。
His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花光了。
My patience has completely run out. 我没有一点耐心了。
Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。
②run out of 主语为人，表示主动含义。
He is always running out of money before pay day. 他总是在发工资的日子还没有到就把钱花完了。
两者在一定条件下可以互换
如：The petrol is running out. 汽油快用完了
= We are running out of petrol. 我们快把汽油用完了。
Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。= We are running out of time 19. take after (在外貌、性格等方面)与(父母等)相像
be similar to 与..相像 take after 相像 look after 照顾 take care of 照顾
20. work out v. + adj.
①结局，结果为
The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. 他提出的这个策略效果很好。
②算出，制订出，消耗完（精力等）
He never seems to be worked out. 他好像永远不会疲乏似的。
He worked out a plan. 他制订了一个计划。
I have worked out our total expenses. 我已经算出了我们总的费用。
21. hang out 闲荡闲逛
I like to hang out at mall with my friends. 我喜欢和我的朋友一起去购物中心闲荡。
22. be able to do 能会
be unable to do 不能不会
23. thank you for doing 谢谢做某事如：
thank you for helping me 谢谢做帮助我
24. for sure 确实如此，毫无疑问
You don’t have money. That’s for sure. 你没有钱，这是毫无疑问的。
25. fill…with…使…充满…用…填充…
She filled the bowl with water. 她用水填满碗。
26. like prep. 像…
27. help sb. out 帮助…做事，解决难题(摆脱困境)
I can’t work out this math problem. Please help me out. 我不能算出这道数学问题，请你帮我解决。
28. train n. 火车 train v. 训练
train sb. to do. 训练某人做某事
She trains her dog to fetch things. 她训练她的狗去取东西。
29.at once == right away 立刻马上如：
Do it at once. 马上去做。
I’ll go there at once/ right away. 我马上去那里。
30. one day 有一天 (指将来/过去) some day 有一天(指将来) 如：
One day I went to Beijing. 有一天我去了北京。
Some day I’ll go to Beijing. 有一天我将去北京。
31. specially adv. 特意地专门地特别地 special adj. 特别的
32. donation n. 捐赠物 donate v. 捐赠赠送
33. part of speech 词性词类
34. disabled adj. 肢体有残疾的 disable v. 不能
35. hand out 分发 hand out bananas
give out 分发 give out sth to sb. 分….给某人
give up doing 放弃… give up smoking 放弃吸烟
give away 赠送捐赠 give away sth. to …. give away money to kids
give sb. sth. 给某人某东西 give me money 给我钱
give sth. to sb. 给某人某东西 give money to me 给我线
36. volunteer ①可数名词“志愿者”②adj. 自愿的
vi. volunteer to do sth
They are the Chinese People’s Volunteers. 他们是中国人民志愿军。
I volunteer to help you. 我自愿帮助你。
37. no longer = not …any longer 指时间上不再延续。
no more = not …any more 指动作上不再延续。
二．短语
1.clean up 清扫
2.give out 分发，发放
3.cheer up=make…happier 使...高兴，使...振作
4.after school study program 课外学习班
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4018475747.html,e up with=think up 提出，想出
6.put off 推迟
7.write down 写下，记下
8.put up 张贴 9.hand out 分发，发放
10.call up 打电话 11.ser up=establish 建立
12.be home to sb 是某人的家园
13.volunteer one’s time to do sth 自愿花时间干...
14.put…to use…把...投入使用
15.elementary school 小学
16.plan to do sth 计划干...打算干
17.coach a football team for kids 训练少年足球队
18.start a Chinese History club 开办一个中国史俱乐部
19.run out of 用完，耗尽
20.take after 在性格或长相方面与父母相象
21.fix up 修理
22.give away 捐赠
23.be similar to 与...相似24.ask for 索要
25.a call-in center for parents 家长热线
26.hang out 闲荡
27.put up signs asking for singing jobs 张贴寻求唱歌工作的广告
28.run out of money for singing lessons 学唱歌的钱用完了
29.disabled people 残疾人
30.for sure 确实如此，毫无疑问
31.fill…with... 用...填充... be full of 装满了...
32.help...out 帮助...做事，解决难题（摆脱困境）
33.a specially trained dog 一只经过特殊训练的狗
34.train sb to do sth 训练某人干...
35.fetch my book 把我的书拿来
36.part of speech 词性
三．句子
1．We can’t put off making a plan. Clean-up Day is only two weeks from now. 我们不能推迟制订计划，清洁日离现在只有两周了。
2．She puts this love to good use by working in the after-school care centre at her local elementary school. 她在当地的一所小学的课后辅导中心工作，使这个爱好得到较好的利用
3．Not only do I feel good about helping other people, but I get to spend time doing what I love to do. 帮助别人不但自己感到快乐，而且我开始花时间做自己喜欢做的事了。
4．The three students plan to set up a student volunteer project at heir school. 这三个学生计划在他们校开展一个学生志愿者项目。
5.He also put up some sign asking for old bikes.他还贴了一些需求旧自行车的告。
6.The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. 几米想出的这个办法很效。
7．He did a radio interview. 他接受了电台的采访。
8．We need to come up with a plan. 我们需要指定一个计划。
9．You could help clean up the city parks. 你可以帮助打扫城市公园。
10．He now has sixteen bikes to fix up and give away to children who don’t have bikes.
他现在有16辆要修理的自行车，并准备把这些修好的自行车赠送给那些没有自行车的孩子。
Unit 3 Could you please clean your room?
一．重要词组及短语
1. Could you please do sth.? 你能……吗？/ 请你干……好吗？
2. do the chores 做杂务
3. do the dishes 洗餐具
4. sweep the floor 清扫地板
5. take out the trash 倒垃圾
6. make one's bed 铺床
7. fold one's clothes 叠衣服
8. clean the living room 清扫客厅
9. stay out late 晚归 10. come over 过来 11. have a test 考试
12. get a ride 搭车 13. use one's computer 使用某人的电脑
14. hate sth. / hate to do sth. / hate doing sth. 讨厌某事/做某事
like to do (doing) sth.
15. do the laundry = do some washing = wash clothes 洗衣服16. make breakfast / make dinner = do some cooking 做饭
17. wash the car 刷车
18. work on 从事，忙于
work at 学习、致力于、在……上下工夫
19. borrow some money 借一些钱
borrow sth. from sb. 向某人借某物(借入)
lend sb. sth.= lend sth. to sb. 借给某人某物(借出)
You can borrow some money from your brother.
你可以向你哥哥借些钱。
Can you lend me your bike? 你能借给我你的自行车吗？
20. invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事
They invited me to join their club. 他们邀请我参加俱乐部。
invite sb to a place
invite you to my party
21. go to the store 去商店
22. agree sb. to do sth. 同意某人做某事
agree with sb. 同意某人的意见
disagree sb. to do sth. 不同意某人做某事
disagree with sb. 不同意某人的意见
23. take care of = look after 照顾、照看、照料
take good care of = look after …well 把……照管得好
26. take sb. for a walk 带某人去散步
27. play with sb. 和某人玩
28. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事(做过)
（1）do, make 短语归类
do the dishes 洗餐具 do my homework 做我的家庭作业
do chores 做家务，处理琐事 do the laundry 洗衣
do the shopping 购 do some reading 读书
make your bed 铺床 make breakfast 做早餐 make dinner 做晚饭make tea 泡茶，沏茶 make a cup of coffee 冲一杯咖啡
（2）关于to 的短语总结：
have to do sth. 不得不，必须做某事 need to do sth. 需要做某事hate to do sth. 讨厌做某事 like to do sth. 喜欢做某事love to do sth. 热爱做某事 want to do sth. 想做某事
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
备战2021中考英语，学霸笔记500个英语高频词汇拓展汇总 A accept (v.)→refuse(反义词v.) 拒绝 accident(n.)→accidental (adj.)意外的；偶然的 achieve(v.)→achievement (n.) 成就；成绩 active(adj.)→activity(n.)活动 advantage(n.)→disadvantage (n.反义词)缺点；不利条件 advice (n.)→advise(v.) 建议；劝告→suggestion (n.同义词)劝告→suggest (v.同义词)劝告；建议 agree(v.)→disagree(v.反义词)不赞成→agreement(n.)意见一致→disagreement(n.反义词)不赞成 art(n.)→artist (n.)艺术家 Asia (n.)→Asian (adj.) 亚洲的；亚洲人的 Australia (n.)→Australian (adj.&n.)澳大利亚(人)的；澳大利亚人
awake(adj.)→wake (v.)醒来→sleep (v.)睡觉→asleep(adj.)睡着的→sleepy(adj.)困倦的 B bad(adj.)→badly (adv.)差；严重地 beautiful (adj.)→beautifully (adv.)美好地；漂亮地→beauty (n.)美；美丽beauty(n.)→beautiful(adj.)美丽的 begin(v.)→beginning(n.)开头；开端 behave(v.)→behavior (n.)表现；举止 believe (v.)→believable (adj.) 可信任的→unbelievable (反义词adj.) 难以置信的 big(adj.)→large/huge (同义词adj.)巨大的；大的→small (反义词adj.)小的；小号的 birth(n.)→birthday (n.)生日→bear (v.)出生→born (过去分词)出生 bored(adj.)→boring (adj.)令人感到厌倦的 borrow (v.)→lend(反义词v.) 借出；借给 break(n.&v.)→broken (adj.)破损的
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
中考英语学霸笔记精华分享 （短语/固定搭配） 1 A 1(see、hear、notice、find、feel、listen to、look at(感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump. 2（比较级+and+比较级） 表示越来越怎么样 3a piece of cake=easy小菜一碟（容易） 4agree with sb赞成某人 5all kinds of各种各样 a kind of一样 6all over the world=the whole world 整个世界 7along with同……一道，伴随…… eg:I will go along with you. 我将和你一起去 8As soon as一怎么样就怎么样 9as you can see你是知道的 10ask for ……求助,向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11ask sb for sth向某人什么 12ask sb to do sth让某人某事 ask sb not to do叫某人不要做某事
13at the age of在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen. I am at the age of sixteen. 14at the beginning of…… ……的起初；……的开始 15at the end of+地点/+时间: 最后,尽头,末尾. eg:At the end of the day. 16at this time of year在每年的这个时候 2 B 17be/feel confident of sth/that clause+从句 感觉/对什么有信心,自信 eg:I am/feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test. 18be+doing：1现在进行时2将来时 19be able to(+v原)=can(+v原）能够…… eg:She is able to sing She can sing. 20be able to do sth能够干什么 eg:she is able to sing. 21be afraid to do(of sth恐惧，害怕…… eg:I'm afraid to go out at night. 22be allowed to do被允许做什么 eg:I'm allowed to watch TV.我被允许看电视
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
初中英语笔记大全（超级精华版） ● This is the key to the door .这是开门的钥匙。 ● ?? ? ??电话号码电话号码at .sth .sb call call sb. = phone sb. = ring sb. up please give me a call .请打电话给我 ● family 指家庭时是单数，谓语动词用“is ”，family 指家人时是复数，谓语动词用“are ”。 ● of 表示无生命物体的所有格，s 表示有生命物体的所有格。有生命物体的所有格也可以用of ，但有生命物体后要加“s ”。 ● 以副词there 或here 开头的句子常要倒装，以示强调。 ● What’s your name, please? = Could you tell me your name, please? = May I have your name, please? ● Nice to meet you. = Glad to meet you. = Pleased to meet you. ● 写启示的方法： 1.启示的主题； 2.描述细节； 3.留下联系方式。 ● 表示惊讶、忧伤、微怒、失望等，可以用dear 作感叹词。 ● 名词如果有数量词修饰它，使用谓语动词适应看他的数量词，如： ??? keys of sets two are here keys of set a is here ● get to somewhere (get home 除外)到达…… ● ? ? ?)无生命物体的“有”( is there ) 有生命物体的“有”( have 有 ● 肯定：Let+宾语（人称代词的宾格或名词）+ V 原型+…… 否定：Don’t let +宾语+V 原型+……/Let + 宾语 + not + V 原型+…… ● have 表示“有”时才可以用来提问或写成否定“haven’t”。 ● ?? ?????？ you will 问： ) 听话的人include 不(us Let ？ we shall 问： )说话的人和听话的人(include s Let' ● ● myself （我自己） yourself （你自己） himself （他自己） herself （她自己） itself
语言学考研笔记整理 一、语言和语言学 1．语言的本质 （1）自然属性：语言从本质上来说是一套符号系统。 （2）社会属性：是人类最重要的交际工具。 （3）心理属性：是人类进行思维的工具。 语言的自然属性从本质上来说是一套符号系统。 2．什么是符号？语言符号和其它符号的不同特点。 符号：用甲事物指代乙事物，甲即乙的符号。 语言符号的特点：①有声的；②成系统的；③分层次的装置，语音→音素→音节→语素→词；④音义结合是任意的，是约定俗成的（不可论证，无理据）；⑤线条性：语言符号在输出时是一个接一个的，不能全盘端出。 语言符号与客观事物的关系。 3．语言最基本的社会功能：交际功能。 文字：是在语言的基础上产生的，是记录语言的书写符号。 符号：是形式和内容（意义）的统一体。 （1）语言符号的形式：声音（语音）是语言的物质外壳，听觉可感知。 （2）语言符号的内容：意义（语义）是人们对现实现象的概括反映。 （99年填空） 4．语言符号的特点：①任意性和强制性；②线条性；③系统性。 人的语言和动物语言有何不同？ 简要说明语言符号的任意性和强制性。 答：①任意性：语言符号的音与义之间没有必然的、本质的联系，它们的结合是由社会“约定俗成”的。表现：某种具体语言的音义结合关系；形成人类语言多样性的一个重要原因。②强制性：符号的任意性知识是就创制符号时的情形说的。符号一旦进入交际，也就是某一语音形式与某一意义结合起来，表示某一特定的现实现象以后，它对使用它的社会成员来说就具有了强制性。任何人不能借口任意性而随意改变音义之间的结合关系。符号的音义结合是社会约定俗成的，它们之间的关系改变也要由社会来决定。
学霸初中三年精华英语笔记 1 A 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump. 2 （比较级+ and + 比较级） 表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you. 我将和你一起去 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助, 向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 让某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen . I am at the age of sixteen. 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间: 最后,尽头,末尾. eg : At the end of the day. 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 2 B 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心,自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test. 18 be + doing ：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing. 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing. 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg:I'm afraid to go out at night . 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV. 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV. 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from……和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing . He comes from Bejing . Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: The glass is full of water .
Unit3 Could you please clean your room? 【词汇解析】 rubbish [?r?b??] n. 垃圾，废物 take out the rubbish 倒垃圾 fold [f??ld] v. 对折，折叠 fold the clothes 叠衣服 mess [mes] n. 混乱，脏乱，食堂 throw [θr??] v. 扔，投掷 throw down扔下 all the time 频繁，反复 neither [?ni:e?] pron.adv. 二者都不；也不1.倒装句 So+主语+情/系/助（的确如此） 和上文/前句的主语是同一人Neither/Nor+主语+情/系/助(的确不一样) 和上文/前句的主语是同一人 且前句/上文为否定句 So +情/系/助+主语（某人也一样） 和上文/前句的主语非同一人 Neither/Nor +情/系/助+主语(的确不一样) 和上文/前句的主语非同一人 且前句/上文为否定句 2.辨析both，all ，neither & none both 两者“都”----→ neither 两者“都不”both of….V.复数----→neither of …V.单数both…and…----→neither…nor… all 三者或以上“都”----→none all of…V.复----→none of …. V.复/V.单shirt [??:t] n. 运动衫，衬衫 as soon as 一…就…，尽快 3.主将从现 if “如果”引导条件状语从句if…not =unless “除非”引导条件状语从句…as soon as…一…就…引导时间状语从句 pass [pɑ:s] v. 前行，经过，批准 pass sb. sth. =pass sth. to sb.把某物传给某人 snack [sn?k] n. 小吃，点心，快餐 stress [stres] n. 精神压力，心理负担 finger [?fi?g?(r)] n. 手指 since [s?ns] conj. 因为，既然 borrow ['b?r??] v. 借，借用 lend [lend] v. 借给，借出 4. 辨析三个“借” borrow 借进；借入 borrow sth. from sb./sp. 从某人/某地借到某物lend 借给；借出 lend sb. sth.=lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人keep 保存have/has kept+段时间 hate [he?t] v. 憎恶，讨厌 5. dislike v.不喜欢?→like v.喜欢 hate v.憎恨?→ love v.爱 to do sth. like/love/hate doing sth. dislike doing sth.(不喜欢干某事) chore [t??:(r)] n. 杂务，乏味的工作 do chores 做杂务 while [wail] conj. 当...时候，而，然而 6.辨析when & while _进行时__when_过去/现在_ 当…的时候主句从句 进行时___ while__进行时__ 主句从句 waste [we?st] v. 浪费，消耗 a waste of time浪费时间 in order to 目的是，为了 7.in order （not）to do sth. 为了（不）做某事 provide [pr?'vaid] v. 提供，供给，供应 1
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 重点知识锦集： 1. According to semanticists（意义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning. 2. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is …no logical relationships between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself?. 3. Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency. 4. Words may fall into content words and functional words by notion. 5. Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by origin. 6. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. 7. ‘all national character’（全民性）is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others. 8. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. 9. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. 9. The English language is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowings. 10. According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four classes: Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans. 11. The differences between sound and form are due to innovations made by linguists. 12. Of all the five characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important is all national character.（全民性） 13. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are stable. 14. In Old English there was more agreement between sound and form. 15. A word is a symbol that represents something else in the world. 16. Some words in the basic words stock are said to be stable because they refer to the commonest things in life. 17. In different language, the same concept can be represented by different sounds and the same sound can show different meanings. 18. The internal reason for the difference between sound and form is the fact of more phonemes than letters in English. 19. Native words are neutral in style and frequent in use. 20. The expression of “long time no see”is translation-loan among the four classes of borrowings. 名词解释： 1. word(词): A word is a minimal free form of a Language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2. vocabulary（词汇）: The term ‘vocabulary’is used in different senses. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given disicipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 3. Jargon（专门术语）: It refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular
1.What is polysemy? Having multiple meanings that are related. 2.What are the two different ways of organising polysemous words? Explain them 1)The diachronic approach begins with the primary meaning and then arrange the other meanings (derived meanings) in the order in which they developed. 2)The synchronic approach begins with the most popular meaning (central meaning) and then arrange the other meanings (marginal meanings) in order of popularity. 3.What are the two different ways in which polysemy develops? Explain them 1)Radiation. Secondary meanings are independent from one another and are derived directly from the primary meaning. 2)Concatenation. Secondary meanings are connected and derive from primary meaning through successive shifts of meaning from one secondary meaning to another. 4.What is homonymy? Homonyms are works different in meaning but either identical both in sound or spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 5.Give an example of a perfect homonym, a homophone and a homograph 1)perfect homonym 同音同形date日期/date红枣 2)homophone 同音异形Knew/new, meet/meat 3)homograph 异音同形record(v.)/record(n.) 6.Give an example of the rhetorical use of homonymy Hi Jack （你好杰克）– hijack（打劫） 7.What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy? Give an example to illustrate the difference 1)Polysemy is about connection of meanings. Book can mean a book as in “I read a book”, and “I book a hotel room”. The second meaning is related to the first one because in the past hotel staff will write the customers’ information on a book when reserving a room. 2)homonymy is about form. Lie can mean not being honest or being in a horizontal position. These two meanings have the same form but no connection. 8.Classify the following pairs of antonyms into complementaries (binaries), contraries (gradable) or converses (relational). Explain why 1)Good/bad, contraries 2)odd/even, complementaries 3)above/below, converses 4)clean/dirty, contraries 5)remember/forget, complementaries? 6)old/young, contraries 7)before/after, converses 9.What is hyponymy? Give an example The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word.
英语词汇学笔记整理 Part 1 前缀(Prefixes) 1.Negative prefixes a-;an-缺少、缺乏 amoral(缺德) asexual(雌雄同体的) asymmetry(不均匀的) anarchy(无政府的) dis-否、不 dishonest non-非、否 non-black(非黑人区的) non-science non-smoker nonresistant(非抵抗) in-；i-；im-；ir- complete——incomplete correct——incorrect 小结：清辅音[k],[f],[t]前的前缀加in-;唇音之前加im-;“l”前加il-;“r”前加ir-。所以加什么样的前缀由单词的首字母决定。 un-不 unhappy unfriendly infamous 2.Pejorative prefixes 表贬义 mal-不好的，坏的 maltreat(虐待) malformed(畸形的) malnutrition(营养不良的) malfunction(功能紊乱) mis-错误的 misdial(拨错号) misleading(误导) misbehaved(行为不规范) misconception(错误的认知) pseudo-错，假的 pseudoscience(伪科学) pseudo teaching(实习) 3.Reversative prefixes 表逆转的前缀 de- defrost(除霜) deplane(下飞机) deindustrialization(非工业化的) decode(解码) dis- 表示动作的逆转 disconnect(切断) dishearten(泄气) disown(抛弃) 4.Prefixes of degree or size arch- means “most”\”supreme”常带有贬义 archenemy archbishop(红衣大主教) arch monetarist(拜金主义者) co- “joint”or “equally” coexistence(共存的) combine colleague correspondence(通信联系) 小结：co-这个前缀根据所跟单词的首字母而发生变化 在元音前加co-；-b\-p之前用com-;-l之前用col-;-f\-c\-g前用con-;-r之前用cor- hyper-means “extreme” hyperactive(过于活跃的) hyper cautious(过分小心的) mini-means “little” minibus miniskirt ministered minimal maxi-means “big” maxi coat maxi skirt out-means “surpassing”,程度多，超过