英美文学知识点总结（专八）
Old English Literature （古英语文学）
（450-1066年）
Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》: The first English national epic.
S ir Gawain and the Green Knight 《高文爵士与绿林骑士》：knight literature.
中世纪英语文学（1066-1500）
Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English literature ―英国文学诗歌之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?), the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》.
文艺复兴（16-17世纪）
William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》
Shakespeare‘s greatest works:
1．Greatest tragedies are King Lear《李尔王》, Macbeth《麦克白》, Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》, Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》.
2．Great comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》, As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》, The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night《第十二夜》
3．great historical plays:Richard III 《理查三世》, Henry IV《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》
Francis Bacon (弗朗西斯·培根, 1561-1626) a representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.
Works by Bacon:
The Advancement of Learning（1605）《学术的推进》，New Instrument (1620) 《新工具》，Essays (1625) 《培根文集》.
John Donne (约翰·邓恩，1572-1631), a leading figure of the ―metaphysical school‖（玄学派主要代表人物），who frequently applies conceits (奇喻) or fantastic metaphors in his poems, involving dramatic contrasts. His poems feature a diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods, achieving vividness of imagery, vitality of rhythms, ingenuity of speech and depth of philosophy.
Works by Donne: Songs and Sonnets《歌与十四行诗》，of which ―The Flea‖, ―The Good Morrow‖, ―Break of Day‖and ―A Valediction: Forbidding Morning‖are most popular. Holy
Sonnets 《圣十四行诗》，of which Holy Sonnet 10 ―Death Be Not Proud‖ is the most famous.
John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was a Puritan English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epics Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson《力士参孙》.
18世纪文学和新古典主义
Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet (inherited from Chaucer) 英雄双韵体. His major works include mock epic satirical poem ―An Essay on Man‖《人论》and ―An Essay on Criticism‖《论批评》
Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people.
Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel: The History of Tom Jones《汤姆·琼斯》.
Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特, 1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》.
Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal (造谣学校). He was a representative writer of Comedies of Manners.
Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy 《商第传》.
Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德牧师传记》.
Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园哀歌》, writer of sentimentalism (感伤派作家).
浪漫主义（18世纪末19世纪初）
浪漫主义诗人：
William Blake (1757 –1827) was an English poet, best known for his poetical collections of Song of Innocence 《天真之歌》(1789) and Song of Experience《经验之歌》（1794）.
William Wordsworth (1770-1850), a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, started the Romantic Movement in the 19th-century English literature. Their collaborated work Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》（1798）marked the beginning of the Romantic Movement. Wordsworth is the major member of the Lake poets and his beautiful lyrics include Lucy Poems《露西》（1799），Poems in Two Volumes《两卷诗集》（1807），of which ―I Wondered lonely as a cloud”(1804)is the most popular. His The Prelude《序曲》（1850）is generally considered as his autobiographical poem.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (柯勒律治, 1772 –1834) was an English poet who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子颂》and Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》.
George Gordon Byron (拜伦，1788—1824 )was a English poet and a leading figure of Romanticism. Among Byron‘s best-known works are his narrative poems Childe Harold‘s
Pilgrimage 《哈罗尔德游记》（1812），Don Juan《唐璜》（1818-1823）and his collection of lyrics Hebrew Melodies《希伯来歌曲》（1815），of which lyrics like ―She Walks in Beauty‖《她在美中行》（1814）and ― When We Two Parted ‖《当我们分别》（1813）are most popular.
Percy Bysshe Shelley (雪莱，1792—1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets in English Literature. He is perhaps most famous for his ―Ode to the West Wind‖《西风颂》（1820）, ―To a Skylark‖《致云雀》（1820）, ―Ozymandias‖《奥西曼提斯》（1818）and Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》. Mary Shelley (1797 –1851) was a British novelist best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》, considered as the first science fiction.
John Keats ( 济慈, 1795—1821) was an English poet who became one of the principal poets of the English Romantic movement. His masterpieces include ―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖《希腊古瓮颂》（1819）and ―Ode to a Nightingale‖《夜莺颂》（1819）.
浪漫主义时期小说家
Jane Austen (简·奥斯丁，1775—1817) , was an English novelist. Her major novels include Sense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》（1811）, Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》（1813）, Emma 《爱玛》（1816）.
Walter Scott (司各特, 1771---1832),a prolific Scottish historical novelist . His major work is Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》.
Realism 现实主义时期（Victorian Age 维多利亚时期1837-1901）
Bronte sisters 勃朗特姐妹: Charlotte (夏洛蒂, 1816 – 1855), Emily (艾米丽, 1818 – 1848) and Anne (安妮, 1820 –1849), were English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. Charlotte?s Jane Eyre《简爱》（1847）, Emily‘s Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》（1847）and Anne's Agnes Grey 《艾格妮斯·格雷》（1847）are masterpieces of English literature.
George Elliot (乔治-爱略特，1819—1880 ) was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Her novels, largely set in provincial England. Her major novels include: The Mill on the Floss《佛洛斯河上的磨坊》Middlemarch《米德尔玛契》.
Charles Dickens (1812–1870)：one of the greatest English novelists of critical realism in the Victorian era. His major novels include: A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》（1854）, Oliver Twist 《奥利弗退斯特》（1838）, David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔德》（1849）, Great Expectation《远大前程》（1860）, Hard Times 《艰难时世》（1854）.
William Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷，1811—1863) was an English novelist of critical realism in the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair《名利场》.
Mrs. Gaskell (盖斯凯尔夫人, 1810-1865) was an English novelist during the Victorian era. Her major novels include: Mary Barton《玛丽? 巴顿》.
Thomas Hardy (哈代, 1840 –1928) , an English novelist of the naturalism (自然主义). His major novels include those of ― Character and Environment‖ : Tess of the d‘Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》（1891），Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》（1874），Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》（1896）. Most of his novels are set in Wessex（威塞克斯）.
现实主义时期诗歌
Robert Browning (布朗宁, 1812–1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues戏剧独白, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets, and ― My Last Duchess‖《我已故的公爵夫人》is known as one of his best
monologues.
Alfred Tennyson (丁尼生，1809 – 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets in the 19th century. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, including "Break, break, break" 《溅吧，溅吧，溅吧》（1842）.
Oscar Wilde (王尔德, 1854 – 1900)
A playwright and novelist, who is known for his ideas of aestheticism唯美主义(art for art‘s sake:为了艺术而艺术). His major plays include The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》（1895）; His major novel is The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林-格雷的画像》（1891）.
20世纪和现代主义
George Bernard Shaw (萧伯纳, 1856-1950), an Irish playwright, the greatest dramatist in English literature in the 20th century. He adhered to the tradition of realism, writing plays as a way to discuss social problems. He won Nobel Prize for literature in 1925. His major plays include Mrs Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的职业》（1898）, Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》（1905）, Pygmalion《皮革马力翁》（1913）and Saint Joan《圣女贞德》（1924）. Joseph Conrad (约瑟夫·康拉德, 1857-1932). Conrad was a Polish-born English novelist. His major novels include Lord Jim《吉姆老爷》（1900）and The Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》（1899）.
James Joyce (詹姆斯·乔伊斯, 1882-1941): An Irish-born novelist, known for the technique of the stream of consciousness. His main works: Ulysses《尤利西斯》（1922），A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《青年艺术家的肖像》（1916），Finnegan’s Wake《芬尼根守灵》（1939）Dubliners《都柏林人》（1914）.
E. M. Forster （福斯特, 1879-1970）was an English novelist. His main work is A Passage to India《印度之行》（1924）.
T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：an American poet, one of the most important Modernist writers in the 20th century, best known for his poem The Waste Land《荒原》（1922）. In 1948, he won the Nobel Prize for literature.
David Herbert Lawrence (D.H.劳伦斯, 1885-1930),an English novelist. His most important novels are Rainbow 《彩虹》and Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》. His novels on the one hand, explore the psychological development of the characters, and on the other, criticize the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.
William Butler Yeats (叶芝, 1865-1939) was an Irish poet and awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1923. His major poems include “Sailing to Byzantium”《驶向拜占庭》and ―Leda and Swan‖《利达和天鹅》.
Samuel Beckett (贝克特，1906-1989), an Irish dramatist and Nobel Prize winner for Literature. His masterpiece is Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》. He is the exponent of the theatre of the absurd (荒诞派戏剧).
Iris Jean Murdoch (默多克, 1919-1999), an English female novelist, her major novels include Black Prince《黑王子》, The Sea, the Sea《大海啊，大海》and Unicorn 《独角兽》.
Doris Lessing (莱辛, 1919--) is a British writer, author of works such as the novels The Grass is Singing《野草在唱》. In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Muriel Spark （斯帕克, 1918-2006）an English female novelist, best known for her novel The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie《布罗迪小姐的青春》(1961).
Virginia Woolf (伍尔夫, 1882-1941) Woolf is an exponent of modernism and one of the most
important female novelists. Her major works include Mrs. Dalloway《达洛威夫人》, To the Lighthouse《向灯塔去》.
美国文学
殖民地革命时期
Benjamin Franklin (富兰克林, 1706-1790) one of the American founding fathers (美国之父). Major works:Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanack《理查德的年鉴》. Jonathan Edwards (爱德华兹，1703 –1758) was a colonial theologian and writer. His works are often associated with the Puritan heritage. His famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"《落在忿怒之神手中的罪人》is credited for starting the First Great Awakening.
Thomas Pain (托马斯·潘恩, 1737-1809), an American pamphleteer. Major works: Common Sense《常识》（1776）.
浪漫主义时期
Romantic Period（1790-1865）：Earlier Romantic Period (1790-1830)
Romantic Heyday (1830-1865)
I. Earlier Romantic Period. Major writers:Washington Irving (1783-1859)
Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)
Washington Irving (华盛顿? 欧文, 1783-1859):An American romantic novelist. He was best known for his short stories ―The Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖ and ―Rip Van Winkle‖, both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book《见闻札记》. Irving is the first American writer who gained the international fame.
James Fenimore Cooper (库珀, 1789-1851): An American romantic novelist , best remembered for his Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事》，The Pioneer《拓荒者》, Deer Slayer《猎鹿者》, Pathfinder《探路人》, Prairie《大草原》, The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo.
II. Romantic Heyday (1830-1865). Major Writers:Waldo Ralph Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Walt Whitman
Emily Dickinson
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Herman Melville
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Edgar Allan Poe
Transcendentalists（超验主义作家）: Waldo Ralph Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Walt Whitman
Walt Whitman (惠特曼，1819-1882): An American romantic poet, father of free verse (自由诗) , best known for his collection of poems Leaves of Grass《草叶集》.
Waldo Ralph Emerson (爱默生，1803-1882):leader of the transcendentalism, and his essay “Nature‖《论自然》is the manifesto of transcendentalism. His another essay “The American Scholar”《美国学者》is considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence‖. Henry David Thoreau (梭罗, 1817–1862) : An American romantic writer, best known for his
book Walden《瓦尔登湖》, a reflection upon simple living.
Herman Melville ( 麦尔维尔, 1819–1891) : An American novelist, best known for his novel Moby-Dick《白鲸》.
Nathaniel Hawthorne ( 霍桑, 1804–1864): An American novelist, best known for his four romances (传奇小说): The Scarlet Letter《红字》
The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》
The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》
The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》
Emily Dickinson(艾米丽·狄金森，1830–1886) , an American poetess, whose poems are concerned with life, death and immortality, of which the most famous are ―This is My Letter to the World‖, ―I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died‖, ―Because I Could Not Stop for Death‖.
Harriet Beecher Stowe (斯托夫人, 1811–1896), an American female novelist, whose novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》attacked the cruelty of slavery.
Realism 现实主义
Mark Twain (马克?吐温1835 –1910), an American novelist, most noted for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚历险记》, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝恩历险记》, Life on the Mississippi River《密西西比河上的生活》, The Gilded Age《镀金时代》. Henry James (亨利?詹姆斯1843-1916), an American realist novelist, the first American writer to achieve his career of international terms.
Important works: The American 《美国人》
The Europeans 《欧洲人》
The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》
The Wings of the Dove《鸽冀》
The Ambassadors 《大使》
The Golden Bowl《金碗》
O. Henry （欧·亨利）was the pen name of the American novelist William Sydney Porter (1862 –1910). O. Henry?s short stori es are well known, such as ―Cop and Anthem‖《警察和赞美诗》and ―Gift of Magie‖《麦琪的礼物》.
William Dean Howells (豪威尔斯, 1837 –1920) was an American realist novelist and literary critic. Major works include The Rise of Silas Lapham 《赛拉斯? 拉帕姆的发迹》.
American Naturalists （自然主义作家）Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞)
Stephen Crane (克莱恩)
Frank Norris (诺里斯)
Jack London (杰克·伦敦)
Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞, 1871–1945) , an American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for his novels Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》, An American Tragedy 《美国悲剧》and his desire trilogy《欲望三部曲》: The Financier 《金融家》
The Titan 《巨头》
The Stoic 《斯多葛》
Stephen Crane (克莱恩, 1871–1900) was an American novelist. He won the international acclaim for his Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage《红色的英勇勋章》in 1895.
Frank Norris (诺瑞斯, 1870–1902) was American novelist. His notable works include McTeague
《麦克提格》, The Octopus《章鱼》.
Jack London (杰克? 伦敦, 1876–1916), an American novelist, known for his novel Martin Eden 《马丁? 伊登》, The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》.
20世纪和现代主义诗歌
T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：an American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, in 1948 he won the Nobel Prize for literature.
Ezra Pound（埃兹拉·庞德）: an American imagist poet (意象派诗人), major poems include Cantos《诗章》, Hugh Selwyn Maubery《莫伯里》, Cathay 《华夏》a collection of translation of ancient Chinese poems.
Robert Frost (罗伯特·弗罗斯特, 1874–1963), an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life in New England and his command of American colloquial speech. His work was first recognized in England and then in America. Major poems include ―After Apple-Picking‖《摘苹果之后》, ―The Road Not Taken‖《未选之路》.
Wallace Stevens（斯蒂文斯, 1879-1955）, an American poet, best known for his poem Anecdote for the Jar and his emphasis on Imagination.
Ernest Hemingway (海明威, 1899—1961)an American novelist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I, later known as "the Lost Generation". He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Major works:
The Sun also Rises《太阳照样升起》
A Farewell to Arms 《永别了-武器》
The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》
For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》
F. Scott Fitzgerald (斯科特·菲茨杰拉德, 1896–1940), an American writer of novels, whose works are evocative of the Jazz Age (爵士时代). Fitzgerald is considered as a member of the ―Lost Generation‖. Most important work is The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》which represents the destruction of American dream.
Lost Generation迷惘的一代:
The 'Lost Generation' is a phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his first published novel The Sun Also Rises. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson.
William Faulkner (威廉·福克纳，1897-1962): an American novelist, winner of Nobel Prize for literature in 1950. Most of his works were set in an imaginary location named Yoknapatawpha. Major works include:
The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》, Go Down, Moses《去吧，莫西》, Light in August 《八月之光》, Absalom, Absalom!《押沙龙，押沙龙！》, Sanctuary《圣地》.
John Steinbeck (约翰·斯坦贝克, 1902–1968), an American novelist, Nobel Prize winner. He is known for his novel The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》.
James Baldwin （鲍德温, 1924-1987）, a black American novelist, best known for his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain 《向苍天呼吁》.
Alex Harley (1936-1969), a black American novelist, best known for his Roots《根》.
Toni Morrison (莫里森, 1931-)Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize-winning female American novelist. among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》and Beloved《宠儿》.
20世纪戏剧家
Eugene O‘Neil（尤金-奥尼尔, 1888-1953）was an American playwright, a Nobel Prize winner, best known for his Long Day’s Journey Into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》, Beyond the Horizon《天边外》，The Hairy Ape《毛猿》.
Arthur Miller （亚瑟·米勒,1915-2005）, an American playwright, best known for his The Death of Salesman《推销员之死》.
Edward Albee (阿尔比1928---) is an American playwright best known for Who‘s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫》. His early works reflect an Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd (荒诞派) that found its peak in works by Irish playwrights such as Samuel Beckett.
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》 《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人
9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣 10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一 《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人； 《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》
* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士 二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism 十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧 1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547) a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance 文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗), and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line. 2) Prose 散文 a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌
美国文学 第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）（before the revolution of independence） 第一节美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学） 印第安传统文学的主要内容和形式：在各种典仪上咏颂的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，时代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山河岩壁上的象形史诗。 第二节北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末-----十七世纪中）（colonial settlement） 这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或者传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。 John Smith 约翰·史密斯《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》A True Relation of Virginia （被认为是美国文学史上的“第一部作品”） 第三节请教思想的表述（Puritanism） 他们的作品主要是以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主 第二阶段独立革命时期（十七世纪中期-------十八世纪末） （around the revolution of independence） 独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折 该期文学特色：充满浓烈的政治性和思辨性。主题多为爱国主义及对于独立民主自由的热切呼唤。 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac 《自传》The Autobiography Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩《常识》Common Sense 《美国危机》The America Crisis 《人的权利》Rights of Human《理性时代》The Age of Reason Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺（18世纪最杰出的美国诗人，被誉为“the poet of the American revolution） 《英国囚船》The British Prison Ship 《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》The Rising Glory of America 《印第安人殡葬地》（lyric）The Indian Burying Ground 《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle 第三阶段浪漫主义时期（18世纪末---19世纪中后期）（American Romanticism） 该时期主题多为传统文化与现代文明之间的冲突、“对久远与遥远故事的兴趣”以及对死亡、潜意识的剖析等。 Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文the first prose stylist of American Romanticism / “Father of American Literature” 《纽约史》A History of New York 《见闻札记》The Sketch Book---标致美国浪漫主义的开始 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》Rip Van Winkle 《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《旅行者的故事》Tales of Traveler 《阿尔罕伯拉》The Alhambra James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀《间谍》The Spy《领航者》The Pilot “皮袜子故事系列”: 《杀鹿者》The Deerslayer 《最后的莫希干人》The Last Mohicans 《拓荒者》The Pioneers 《探路人》The Pathfinder《大草原》The Prairie Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃慈沃斯·朗费罗（美国第一个写叙述诗的诗人） 《夜吟》Voices of the Night《人生礼赞》A Psalm of Life William Cullen Bryant 威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特（强调美国人个人意识，关注自然） 《泉》The Fountain 《白蹄鹿》The White-Footed Deer 《森林赋》The Forest Hymn 《似水流年》The Flood of Years 《死亡随想》Thanatopsis
英国文学(English Literature) 一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪) 1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066) a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English song Cynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christ c. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901) 2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500): a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌 无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines ~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer: * Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”couplet; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家 The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发 The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作) * William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士 二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧 1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547) a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance 文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗), and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.
America Review Chapter 1 1、_______ usually was regarded as the first American writer. A. William Bradford B. Anne Bradstreet C. Emily Dickinson D. Captain John Smith 2、The common thread throughout American literature has been the emphasis on the_______. A. Revolutionsim B. Reason C. Individualism D. Rationalism 3、Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “_______” who appeared in America. A. Ninth Muse B. Tenth Muse C. Best Muse D. First Muse 4、Which statement about Benjamin Franklin is not true? A. He instructed his countrymen as a printer. B. He was a scientist. C. He was a master of diplomacy. D. He was a Puritan. 5、The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of_______. A. Thomas Hood B. Benjamin Franklin C. Thomas Jefferson D. George Washington 6、From 1732 to 1758 , Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous _______, an annual collection of proverbs. A. The Autobiography B. Poor Richard’s Almanac C. Common Sense D. The General Magazine 7、Which poem is not written by Philip Freneau? A. The British Prison Ship B. The Wild Honey Suckle C. The Indian Burying Ground D. The Day of Doom Answer: DCBDB BD
英美文学知识点总结（专八） Old English Literature （古英语文学） （450-1066年） Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》: The first English national epic. S ir Gawain and the Green Knight 《高文爵士与绿林骑士》：knight literature. 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English literature ―英国文学诗歌之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?), the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: 1．Greatest tragedies are King Lear《李尔王》, Macbeth《麦克白》, Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》, Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》. 2．Great comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》, As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》, The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night《第十二夜》 3．great historical plays:Richard III 《理查三世》, Henry IV《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 Francis Bacon (弗朗西斯·培根, 1561-1626) a representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose. Works by Bacon: The Advancement of Learning（1605）《学术的推进》，New Instrument (1620) 《新工具》，Essays (1625) 《培根文集》. John Donne (约翰·邓恩，1572-1631), a leading figure of the ―metaphysical school‖（玄学派主要代表人物），who frequently applies conceits (奇喻) or fantastic metaphors in his poems, involving dramatic contrasts. His poems feature a diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods, achieving vividness of imagery, vitality of rhythms, ingenuity of speech and depth of philosophy. Works by Donne: Songs and Sonnets《歌与十四行诗》，of which ―The Flea‖, ―The Good Morrow‖, ―Break of Day‖and ―A Valediction: Forbidding Morning‖are most popular. Holy
British Literature I。The Renaissance Period [the 14th & 17th centuries]：Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 1.The Old English poetry includes: the religious group and the secular one. Eg. The epic Beowulf 2.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.史诗指古代叙事诗中的长篇作品，常反应重大意义的历史事件或以古代传说为内容，塑造著名英雄人文。 3.Chaucer :The father of English poetry: He was the first to introduce Octosyllabic couplet in The Romaunt the Rose Heroic couplet: The Legend of Good Women; The Canterbury Tales He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. 4.Miracle play: the medieval中世纪dramatization of a Biblical story (e.g. Cain and Abel ) or of a saint’s life, was chiefly popular from the twelfth through the fifteenth centuries. 5.Morality play: a later medieval development, which remained popular well into the sixteenth century, was an allegorical 寓言dramatization of the conflict between good and evil, including such
专八复习资料总结 词汇用书 : 刘毅10000(与八级的词汇相符,特别是对于翻译部分).如果学有余力的话,可以 再看看刘毅22000. 听力部分: 真题和邹申专八指南.还听了点中级听力.高口笔试部分的听力和专八很像. 阅读部分 英语专业七级习题集和英语专业八级习题集,书中的阅读不是现在的新题型,都 是每个文章后只有2,3个问题的那种.这书满足专八阅读考的就是快速捕捉信息的训练,. 翻译部分 1.人事部三级笔译教材. 2.人事部三级笔译教材辅导. 3.人事部三级笔译历年真题 这3本书都是实战用书,开卷有益啊. 4.英语专业八级改错与翻译100+100,常骏跃主编,大连理工大学出版社.小本的, 这本书中的翻译多是中国翻译杂志上的节选,和专八的风格很相似,以散文为主. 写作部分 1.冲击波系列---英语专业八级写作.徐永,姚小蒙主编,大连理工大学出版社. 2.星火英语---2007英语专业八级考试写作标准范文背诵中国社会出版社.这 本书都是背诵的范文. 人文部分
1.英语专业八级人文知识精讲,王苏春主编,南京大学出版社 2.冲击波系列和海冰系列. 改错部分 1.英语专业八级改错与翻译100+100 专八人文知识必背 7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常 在由 like或 as引导的短语中，如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的 思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚） 8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之 间的相似之处，如“忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚) the ship of desert 沙漠之舟 9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法, 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在震耳欲 聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观 cruel kindness 10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben. 11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him. 12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通 常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。
英语专业八级考试 人文知识复习：美国地理概况 本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分，总结了美国国家的主要地理概况，希望对同学们有所帮助。 The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one. 瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。 The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range. 阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。 The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains. 科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。 The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus. 指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。 The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians. 指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。 The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain. 大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。 The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. . It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers. 密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。它的流域面积达3225000平方公里。 The Five Great Lakes北美五大湖：Lake Michigan, Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario. 北美五太湖指的是密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、休伦湖以及安大略湖。 The Niagara Falls尼亚加拉瀑布：Famous falls in North America, 1240 meters wide, the drop averages 49 meters. 尼亚加拉瀑布是北美最著名的瀑布，有1240米宽，平均落差为49米。 Yellow stone National Park黄石国家公园：Located in the northern part of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world and the largest wildlife preserve in the U.S.A. 黄石国家公园位于怀俄明州的北部地区。是世界上最古老的国家公园，是美国最大的野生保护区。 Grand Canyon大峡谷：In northern Arizona, one of the great natural wonders of the world. It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and more than a mile deep. Its walls show layers that tell the story of the formation of the earth. 大峡谷在亚利桑那州的北部，是世界上最伟大的自然奇迹之一。它约有277英里长，18英里宽，约1英里深。它的墙壁断层记录了地球形成的过程。 Old Faithful老忠实喷泉：The most famous gayer in Yellowstone National Park, erupting more than l00 feet in the air about every 73 minutes. 老忠实喷泉是黄石国家公园最著名的喷泉，每73分钟向空中喷水100英尺多高。 Chinatown唐人街：An area in a city where many Chinese people live and where are Chinese shops, restaurants, clubs; two, important Chinatowns: New York City and San Francisco.
专八人文知识 一、概况 1. 英国： ①国旗：Union Jack，国歌：Godsave the queen，首都：伦敦 ②爱丁堡：苏格兰首府，Cardiff：威尔士首府，Belfast：北爱尔兰首府，英联邦成立于1931年，共53个成员国。 ③英格兰脊梁：the Pennine Chain，最高峰：Ben Nevis，最重要的河：Thames river，第一大河：Severn river ④英国政治：议会君主制，君主仅是国家首脑，真正的权利在首相（Prime Minister）及其内阁（cabinet）手中。议会(Parliament)是立法机构，包括女王、上院(house of lords)、下院(house of commons)（权利真正来源）。司法(judiciary) ⑤党派：保守党（来源托利党）和工党（来源辉格党） 2. 美国： ①国旗：stars and stripes，国歌：the star-spangled banner星条旗永不落，国庆：7月4日，首都：华盛顿 ②北美脊梁：Rocky Mountains，五大湖（在美国和加拿大中间）：Lake Michigan/Superior/Erie/Huron/Ontario, 其中Lake Michigan是唯一一个全在美国的湖，Lake Ontario 和Lake Erie 之间有Niagara Falls，father of waters: the Mississippi River ③纽约被称为“the Big Apple”，洛杉矶：有好莱坞，芝加哥：又名“the windy city”，旧金山：UN诞生地（1945年），波士顿：很多著名大学所在地 ④著名总统：Thomas Jefferson：撰写独立宣言，Abraham Lincoln：内战时期任职，废除奴隶制，解放妇女等，Roosevelt在经济大萧条时新政，Nixon：冷战及越南战争（楚门条约） ⑤1812年，美国彻底摆脱英国控制。 ⑥美国政治：总统(President)：执行（下属内阁）、议会（the Congress）：立法（分成the Senate 上院6年制, the House of Representatives2年制）、司法（judicial）：最高the Supreme Court ⑦党派：民主党（驴）：注重政府干预，和共和党（象）：注重市场 ⑧美国哈佛最老，英国牛津最老 3. 加拿大： ①国庆：7月1日，官方语言为英语和法语，首都：渥太华，最老的城市：魁北克 ②John Cabot：意大利探险家发现加拿大 ③加拿大政治：英联邦成员国，英国女王是其君主，总督（Governor-General）：名义上行政首脑，总理(Prime Minister)：实际行政权，议会组成：女王、the House of Lords,the House of Commons) ④党派：保守党（the Conservative Party）和自由党(the Liberal Party)，新民主党(the New Democratic Party) 4. 澳大利亚： ①国庆：1月26日(1788年成立)，首都：堪培拉，悉尼是最大城市，墨尔本第二大（Victoria） ②1986年彻底摆脱英国控制 ③澳大利亚政治：同加拿大 ④党派：工党、自由党、国民党（the National Party） 5. 新西兰： ①国庆：2月6日，官方语言：英语和毛利语，首都：惠灵顿，最大城市：奥克兰 ②新西兰政治：大部分同加拿大，但议会为一院制（unicameral），即只有众议院