中国散文翻译的新收获——喜读张培基教授《英译中国现代散文选》
论文关键词:潜层语义表层语义增益删略
论文摘要:《英译中国现代散文选》是一本不是教材的好教材,它为中国学者深入研究翻译理论与技巧提供了丰富多彩的典型实例;张培基教授半个世纪译苑耕耘的经验及其科学的一丝不苟的译风不可多得;同时该书也为外国人研究1919年“五四”运动以来中国人鲜活的思想铺了一条近路。
Key Words:inside meaning literal meaning amplification and omission
Abstract:The Selected Modern Chinese Prose Writingstranslated in English by Professor Zhang Peijiseems not to be a textbook but in fact it is a perfect theoretic textbook on how to translate from Chinese into English for it provides abundant typical examples to illustrate general principles and skills of translation;it is worth making research on his half_century experience and his careful consideration of translating ; andat the same time the version provides foreign scholars with a short way
to understand the Chinese ideological development since the May 4th Movement of 1919.
近百年来把西方一些知识分子的思想或理论译介给国人者不乏其人,中国人中自己主动把一九一九年“五四“运动以来存在于散文中那些鲜活的思想译介给外国人的学者却并不多见。张培基教授《英译中国现代散文选》弥补了那个缺憾。二十世纪末能在炒得沸沸扬扬的书市上偶拾到如此一本选材精当、译功踏实的新书《英译中国现代散文选》,幸甚!《英译中国现代散文选》的译者专门看重所选散文中的“真情”——那种迫于必要而非出于志愿的应景文章一概不译;译者对曾有过争议的名人作品也不看其名气大小,而着眼于其散文是否仍有现实意义;假如能给后人留下一点值得考虑的东西,那么就将其译出。例如所译胡适的《差不多先生传》在揭示我们民族劣根性方面专门有特色,至今读来尤有极深刻的现实意义。《英译中国现代散文选》篇幅有限,但它几乎囊括了1919年“五四”运动以来中国一大批杰出作家寓意深邃的有一定代表性的散文作品。这些作家或名人包括李大钊、方志敏、鲁迅、郭沫若、胡适、叶圣陶、朱自清、郁达夫、柔石、萧红、老舍、郑振铎、萧乾、冰心等等;也有至今仍在笔耕的文学巨匠如巴金、季羡林等等。《英译中国现代散文选》
可成为让当代的西方人了解中国,了解中国人的思想脉搏的一面三棱镜或一本好教材。目前西方一些国家首脑人物都专门重视其“智囊团”对孔子、老子、孙子等我国古代思想家或军事家的研究,这方面的译作也较多,但对上述我国知识层面的代表人物知之甚少。因此,《英译中国现代散文选》的推出对国人的翻译指导思想或翻译观念的更新也会起到先导作用。让世人了解中国,了解中国人民真实的思想感情,有条件的有识之士应多做些这方面的译介工作。张培基教授《英译中国现代散文选》问世的意义不可低估。
假如只读《英译中国现代散文选》(汉英对比)中的英文,你可不能觉得这是译文,可不能觉得其英文是出自一位中国人的手。译者不仅在句子层面上力求做到语言自然流畅、准确细致、雅俗得当而且又特不着意语篇神韵的再制造,力求既完美地保持原文的信息、原文的功能又译出原文的风格或味道来。
那个地点不妨先看一看收在《英译中国现代散文选》中郭沫若五篇散文译文,即《路畔的蔷薇》《夕暮》《白发》《水墨画》《墓》。拜读之后笔者觉得张先生在处理“增益”与“删略”关系、“表层语义”与“潜层语义”关系、以及声色词语对应与非对应性关系等诸多方面出手不凡,均有独到之处。
“蔷薇的花色依旧鲜艳的,一朵紫红,一朵嫩红,一朵是病黄的象牙色中带点血晕。”译者把出现在《路畔的蔷薇》中这句话译为“They (roses) were still fresh in color. Onewas purplish_red, another pink , still another a sicklyivory_yellow slightly tinged with blood_red.”他首先把原句分为两句来译,显得洁净利落。原句中有三个“一朵”作为量词来用,从中文来看其相互关系是并列的;译者却按照以英语为母语的读者的思维模式将其译为“递进”关系,用了“one...another... still another...”这就使译文变得特不地道,完全摆脱了那种所谓表面上“形似”的金科玉律。更值得一提的是译者在处理原文四个有关色彩词语时显得特不得心应手。其中用 a sickly ivory_yellow slightly tingedwith blood_red不仅与原意铢两悉称,且文字典雅精当。原文的“病”指“病态”,译者用sickly表达,比用unhealthy更为确切。又,ivory_yellow和blood_red都以实物颜色词和颜色词相配合的形式出现,甚为地道。译者早在1964年出版的专著《英语声色词与翻译》中就对这种“实基合用式”在理论上进行了概括。这是以英语为母语的读者较为适应并乐于同意的英语色彩表达法。
“昨晚上甜蜜的私语,今朝的冷清的露珠”这诗一般的语言
也被译者译得专门到位。“Last night’s whispers of love;this morning’s drops of cold dew...”两个英语并列词组在结构上前后完全对称,与原文形似,并有同样言外之意,可称其为内容与形式有机结合的不可多得的一例。此外,译者用了“增益”“删略”互补的手法,译出了文中所“无”,如“love”;又割舍了文中所“有”,如“甜蜜的”,在潜层语义上实现了更完美的“统一”。
《路畔的蔷薇》中“花瓶我没有”一句译成“I have noflower vase.”也是无可非议的,但没有“Flo wer vase Ihave none”感情色彩那么浓或文学性那么强。张先生的这种译法不仅做到了与原文信息“等值”,而且连语序与原文都差不多一致。译者若不特不熟悉none有时可作形容词用以及“宾语+主语+ to have+none”这种句式,就不可能有这种与原文维妙维肖的译法。
《夕暮》结尾一句是“‘今年的成绩真好呢,竟养大了十只。’欢快的音波,在金色的暮霭中游泳。”原文没有“施主”,但译成英文时译者为其增添了beamed my wife等英文字样。这种“无中生有”是有充分依照的,因为文章开头有“我携着三个小孩在屋后……”等“伏笔”在先,把鸡养大的非他的妻子莫属。可见,译者在翻译的实践中决不是只在句子层面上“对译”,
而始终注意把握“全局”,着意通篇的信息的转换。这就从全然上杜绝了望文生义。该句中有“游泳”等字样,一般译者无疑会同swim产生联想,而张先生却总是能跳出表层语义的局限进入潜层语义中来,力求译出原文的精神实质: The joyous sound wave drifted through the goldenevening mist,即使我们把该译文再回译成中文“欢快的声波在金色的暮霭中漂移”,同原文比也毫不逊色。
“许久储蓄在内心的诗料,今晨在理发店里又浮现了心来了。——”这是郭沫若《白发》一文的首句,开门见山地点出了作者写作动机,其中关键词为“诗料”。因为通篇讲的是作者对一位“年青的,年青的远隔河山的小姐”为其理发时“拔去了一根白发”后的感情经历,为此将其译为poetic emotion显得专门得体,如译成“poetic material”便有伤大雅;全句的译文My long pent_up poetic emotion emerged again this morning at a h airdresser’s也专门简练,把“储蓄在内心的”较长的定语浓淡缩成意为“心扉封闭”或“被压抑”的pent_up也专门经济实惠又形象逼真。把“远隔河山的”有意淡化为of the distant land也专门不俗,不然“mountains”“rivers”通通直译出来必定使句子变得专门臃肿,甚至言不及义。“你的慧心
替我把青春留住了”句中的“慧心”颇不行译。中国人常有“慧眼”“慧心”之讲,“慧心”原是佛教用语,指能领悟真理之心,英文中没有十分贴切的对应词,译者将其“模糊”处理译为feeling heart,颇有见地。
《水墨画》这篇同其它几篇一样其译风同郭沫若早期小品的特色专门吻合。把“海水蓝得惊人”译为“Theseawasghastlydarkblue.”,也涉及颜色词处理问题。译者巧妙地把“蓝”与“浓”合起来译为darkblue(深蓝),然后在前面冠以ghastly一词,灵活得体,切合原意。所用ghastly与frightful同义,但前者常和颜色词连用,如aghastlywhite(苍白)等。
将《墓》文中“啊,死了的我昨日的尸骸哟,哭坟的是你自己的灵魂……”译为O ye remains of my yesterday’s deadself, it was your own soul that had come to mourn at thegrave!…那个地点译者有意用了O ye等字样以造成一种古诗一般的情调,对全篇的“情绪”起到了“定格”的作用。非英语民族对ye和you的差不往往专门难领会;这种差不可同中文“她”和“伊”类比。试想,假如把“衣带渐宽终不悔,为伊消得人憔悴”改为“……为她消得人憔悴”那“味道”就不一样了,前者显得典雅,
后者则相形见绌,显得粗俗。简言之,译者用心良苦,不放弃任何一点机会传达出原文中深层次的美。《英译中国现代散文选》篇篇都有“闪光点”那个地点只能仅就自己能体会到的地点蜻蜓点水似地点一点。
小处见大,翻译的真功夫往往在一些小地点流露出来。收在《英译中国现代散文选》中夏尊一篇散文标题是《我之于书》,一般译者多半会译为I and Books。但Booksand I的译法却符合英文适应,而且读起来也上口。该文中“我的房子里比较贵重的东西确实是书。”一句的译法也专门有特色——用“under my roof”来译“我的房子里”而不用“inmy house”这不能不讲是对原文的再制造,恰到好处。
柯灵的《巷》是一篇专门难译的描写江南小巷独具诗情画意特色的散文。“巷,是都市建筑艺术中一篇飘逸恬静的散文,一篇古雅冲淡的图画。”(The lane, in the terms of theart of urban architecture, is like a piece of prose of gentlegracefulness or a painting of classic elegance and simplicity.)这是文章第一句,其中“飘逸恬静”和“古雅冲淡”乍看不易捉摸其确切含意,是英译时的难点。译者巧妙运用一对抽象词组gentle gracefulness和classic elegance and
simplicity分不再现了原意,是通过认真推敲而译出的好例子。值得注意的是: gentle gracefulness使原文两个并列形容词“飘逸”“恬静”转变为“定语+抽象名词”的形式,内容不变,是文学翻译常用方法。译者把文章后面出现的词组“阴森和肃杀”译为gloomy sternness也是采纳同一方法。
“不高不矮的围墙挡在两边,斑斑驳驳的苔藓,墙上挂着一串串苍翠欲滴的藤萝,简直像古朴的屏风。墙里常是人家的竹园,修竹森森,天籁细细;春来时常有几枝娇艳的桃花杏花,娉娉婷婷,从墙头殷勤地摇曳红袖,向行人招手。”(Oneither side of the lane stand enclosing walls of mediumheight, which, moss_covered and hung with clusters offresh green wisteria, look almost like screens of primitivesimplicity. Inside the walls are residents gardens withdense groves of tall bamboos as well as soft sounds of nature. Inspring, beautifulpeach and apricot blossoms atopthe walls, like graceful girls waving their red sleeves,willsway hospitably to beckon pedestrians. )在这几句田园诗般的散文里一连用了五次“重叠”的修辞手段——“斑斑驳驳”“串串”“森森”“细细”“娉娉婷婷”,译起来颇不容易。英文里,
当然也有如“long long ago”、“very very glad”等单词重叠的用法,但决不如中文字词重叠现象那么普遍,在中译英时往往只好“割爱”,另辟蹊径。译者的这段译文没有拘泥于“叠字”形式上的对译,而是着眼于大局,有意把“叠字”韵味分散或转移到相关的词语中去,追求译文总体效果,用了“淡化”或“简化”的处理方法,十分得体。译者把鲁迅《螃蟹》中螃蟹“觉得全身太硬了”不译为Finding his whole body stiff而译为Finding himself stiffall over;把螃蟹“身子还软”不译为with his body still being soft而是译为with his new shell still being soft——处处表现了一位翻译家深思熟虑、反复推敲、技高一筹的严谨治学态度。
《英译中国现代散文选》中廖承志《致蒋经国信》一文原为新华社电讯稿,现经张先生重译,在内容和文字准确性方面均有大幅度提高。例如,“世交深情,于公于私,理当进言”原译文为Considering both the public interests and ourclose friendship which has lasted for generations, I re-gard it as my duty to offer some advice which I hope youwill consider carefully.”重译为“In view of the public andpersonal concerns as well as the long_standing
deepfriendship between our two families, I feel duty_bound tooffer you a word of advice for careful consideration.——原译文中没有译出“于公于私”中的“于私”的内容;原文中所谓“世交”并非“祖祖辈辈”(for generations)实则只是始于双方的父辈。重译后译文不仅修正了其中的错误而且全句显得严谨。在好多情况下,原文从字面上看,大概也无可非议;但一到张先生那儿就专门难“通过”。如“夜长梦多”原译为 A long night is fraught with dream;但张先生却认为这“夜长梦多”含有“节外生枝”之意,其中的“梦”实为“恶梦”,因此,将其重译为“A long night invites bad dreams.”;又如,“事虽经纬万端,但综观全局,合则对国家有利,分则必伤民族元气”原译为Though the matter was as complicated ascould be, an all_round view of the situation would showthat cooperation is beneficial to the country and nationwhile division is detrimental to them,这看起来在给精辟的颇有点古风的原文做注释,显得苍白无力,未能用简练的手法表达出原文后半部的排比结构和韵味,可经张先生一改原文的“气概”就出来了,请看——Complicated as the matterwas, an overall view of the situation will show that unit-ed, the country and the
nation benefit; divided they suf-fer。又如,“双方领导,同窗挚友,彼此相知,谈之更易”原译文为It would be easier to talk the matter over whenleaders on both sides used to be schoolmates and closefriends who know one another well,若将其再回译成中文时将产生歧义。该译文大概在讲“当他们曾是同学……时谈起来更容易些”,时刻空间的定位不妥,逻辑混乱,不仅没有原文的味道而且成了个费解的句子,而张译则不有洞天:Leaders from both sides will find it easier to talk thematter over since they know each other well, having for-merly beenschoolmatesand close friends.——句子明白如画,其中关联词since用得恰到好处,既表示缘故又表示时刻,使译文紧凑严密无懈可击。
李大钊的《困难的国运与雄健的国民》一文为《英译中国现代散文选》开宗明义第一篇。它既是政论又是气概磅礴的文学作品。文白夹杂颇不行译。能把李大钊的这篇文章专门大气地译介给国际友人无异向他们推举一本中国近代革命史。张先生把标题译为National Crisis VsHeroic Nation,不仅读起来朗朗上口、铿锵有力而且确切地译出了原文的精神实质。原文“困难的国运”的提法较为含蓄,这符合于中文适应性强,富于模糊性思维
翻译文学与外国文学和中国文学的关系 翻译文学与外国文学和中国文学的关系 发表日期：2010年3月26日出处：广西师范大学学报：哲学社会科学版第45卷第2期2009年4月作者：宋学智（南京师范大学外国语学院，江苏南京210097）[摘要] 按照译者的国籍来判定译本的国籍，未能摆脱二元对立的传统观念；但承认翻译文学的国籍的双重性，虽摆脱了二元对立，却没有摆脱二元论。翻译文学具有的世界文学意义是它可以自成体系的理论依据；翻译文学本身具有的独特性也为其自成体系提供了恰当支持。翻译文学与外国文学和中国文学三者并立，符合当今学术研究的多元态势。 [关键词] 翻译文学；外国文学；中国文学 一 翻译文学能够渐渐引起学界的关注，离不开谢天振对翻译文学地位的大力张扬。早在1989年，谢天振就发表了《为“弃儿”找归宿——翻译在文学史中的地位》一文，指出“文学翻译中不可避免的创造性叛逆，决定了翻译文学不可能等同于外国文学”，并提出“恢复翻译文学在中国现代文学史上的地位”的主张。[1]不久，他又发表了《翻译文学史：挑战与前景》和《翻译文学——争取承认的文学》两文，再次指
出“翻译文学在国别（民族）文学中的重要地位，并且把它作为一个相对独立的文学事实予以叙述，这是值得肯定的”。[2]（p227）同时指出：“在20世纪这个人们公认的翻译的世纪行将结束的时机，也许该是到了我们对文学翻译和翻译文学作出正确的评价并从理论上给予承认的时候了。”[3]尽管在谢天振之前也有几篇关于翻译文学的文章发表①，但或许由于发表这些文章的刊物与翻译的关系不大，或许由于所谈内容的侧重问题或其他客观原因，这些文章在译界影响不大。毫无疑问，正是谢天振的几篇文章，才渐渐引发了译界和比较文学界乃至文学界对翻译文学研究和探讨的热情。 当然，谢天振旗帜鲜明的观点也遭到了其他学者的质疑。1995年的《书城杂志》曾为两种不同的观点，即认为“翻译文学是中国文学的组成部分”和认为“翻译文学属于外国文学”，提供了探讨的平台，两种观点进行了两个回合的交锋。 ②由此，翻译文学的归属成为翻译文学研究中的一个热点话题。而总的看来，主张“翻译文学是中国文学（或国别文学）的组成部分”的声音处于强势。几乎同时，有论者也明确提出“翻译文学是民族文学的组成部分”[4]。进入21世纪，谢天振继续其一以贯之的主张，在《21世纪中国文学大系·2001年中国最佳翻译文学》之《序》中，再次指出长期以来人们“把翻译文学等同于外国文学”的“模糊认识”，认为“外国文学实际上只是存在于翻译文学之中的一个虚幻的概念，而翻译文学
Friends or 'Enemies?' When I was younger, my Dad used to tell me: "Boys don't want to be your friend." He then left the rest to my imagination. At the time, I didn't agree. I thought: I can crack a good joke, I know how to shoot a hoop, and I'm a cheerful person (but not in an annoying way). What kind of boy wouldn't want to be around that kind of girl? Turns out, my Dad was right. Not to be all "Samantha Brick" about it, but in my experience, single, heterosexual men aren't actively looking for an exclusively platonic relationship with a woman they find sexually attractive. This of course is not a revolutionary concept. In fact, it seems pretty natural to me. Now, I will be the first to say that it is really and truly the most wonderful thing in the world if the attraction is mutual. But the Powers That Be seem to like to play these complicated little mating games with humans where the guy we want to re-enact scenes from 9? Weeks with sees our attractiveness level as akin to that of a discarded dishcloth, and the most physical we could see ourselves being with the guy who actually likes us is a game of ping pong over an especially long table. All of which means that someone usually ends up getting rejected. I'm sure I'm not alone when I say I have struggled with the scenario where I am not interested in a man romantically, but I want to keep him as a friend because he is funny and I enjoy his company, or he has shown himself to be that rare specimen known as "a nice, genuine person, " or he simply doesn't mention his therapist in every other sentence. Rather than string him along and give him hope, I feel compelled to somehow communicate to him sooner rather than later that we'll just be staying friends, nothing more. Otherwise, I think I am being unfair to him. Why should he waste his romantic stamina on me when there are loads of other single women out there who might fall instantly in love with him? The thing is, it can sometimes be tricky to reject a man and keep him as a friend. If the operation is not executed carefully, you may end up creating a "menemy." It requires a certain amount of skill to be able to turn down a man's sexual advances or romantic gestures and then get him to agree to meet you for blueberry pancakes the following weekend and chat about the latest Woody Allen film. Some men aren't satisfied with just that. I'm not clear why. What's so bad about friendship? Everyone needs buddies. But I've seen men react poorly or simply fall off the face of the earth. I get it -- their feelings are hurt. None of us likes getting rejected. But in my experience, some men find it especially soul-crushing. I am only bringing all of this up because I recently had to go through this scenario again. I had spent some time cultivating a friendship with a man who, in my defense, I thought was gay. So I didn't see the harm in him buying me the occasional falafel, or accepting an invitation to see a film with him. Isn't that what friends are for? But a mutual friend shed light on his sexual orientation (straight) and suggested that his intentions -- and attentions -- weren't platonic. He had never "made the moves" but now it was all crystal clear -- that explains the way he had looked at me that time the tahini sauce dribbled down my chin! Since he had clearly been too timid to express his feelings, I thought I would be clever this time and subtly mention the dates I had been going on, focusing on the one guy I was kind of keen on, so that he would know that I was "unavailable" for heavy petting and those sorts of activities, but that I was available for things like roller skating, falafel-eating and shooting the breeze. Doesn't that sound nice? That way, he would known not to try to lean in for a kiss, and I wouldn't have to pull the Stevie Wonder dance and dodge him went he went for it. It was like pre-rejection, yet I was sparing his feelings because he didn't even have to put himself out there! I really thought I was being brilliant. It backfired, of course. Said man ended up sending me an email rant accusing me of being insensitive by talking about other men when he had "feelings for me." As if I am psychic, by the way, just because I am a woman! How was I supposed to know that? I think in his mind we were dating. In my mind, he was my new gay BFF. In the end, I got mad at him for getting mad at me, and now the friendship has ended. And I have created yet another "menemy." Look, I have also tried the direct thing: "I really like you, but only as a friend, " but you can only do that when the guy has made his intentions clear, and in my experience, they either cope okay (though rarely do I feel much enthusiasm for friendship after that), or they really don't cope well. I also tried the thing where you make them think they are rejecting you, but it gets quite confusing and only works if the guy isn't very sharp, and why would I -- or you -- be hanging out with someone not that sharp in the first place? As we all remember, Billy Crystal's character says men and women can't be friends in When Harry Met Sally because the sex stuff gets in the way. I do have single, male, heterosexual friends with whom I have an easy, non-romantic rapport, but I honestly don't know if they would walk away if I was sprawled naked on a bed calling out to them. I may not be everybody's cup of tea, but sometimes, I wonder if they wonder. And they may wonder if I wonder. If so, I hope they'll keep it to
my friend and I are taking a , we are seeing a boy sit on the chair,he is crying,we go and ask him.“what’s the matter with you” he tell us“I can’t find my dog can you help me”.“yes,I can”.And we help him find his dong .oh it stay under the big tree! 今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上，他哭的很伤心。我们走过去问他：“你怎么了”。他告诉我们：“我的狗不见了，你们能帮我找到它吗”。“是的，我们能帮你找到你的狗”然后我们帮助他找到了他的狗，原来是它呆在一棵大树下。 day an old man siselling a big young man comes to the elephant and begins to look at it old man goes up to him and says inhis ear,“Don't sa y anything about the elephant before I sell it,then i'll give you some money.”“All right,”says the young the old man slles the elephant,he gives the young man some money and says,“Now,can you tell me how you find the bad ears of theelephant?”“I don't find the bad ears,”says the young man.“Then why do you look at the elephant slowly?”asks the old young man answers,“Because I never see an elephant before,and I want to know what it looks like.” 一天，一个老的男人正在卖一头大象。一个年轻的男人走向大象然后开始慢慢看着它（大象），这个老的男人走向他对着他的耳朵说，“不要在我卖出它（大象）之前说关于它（大象）的事，然后我会给你一些钱。”“好的”，这个年轻的男人说。在这个老的男人卖出大象后，他给了年轻的男人一些钱并且说，“现在，你可以告诉我你是怎样知道大象的坏的耳朵了吧？”“我不知道坏的耳朵”，这个年轻的男人说。“然后为什么你慢慢的看着大象？”这个老的男人问。这个年轻的男人回答，“因为我在这之前从来没有见过大象，还有我想知道它（大象）是什么样子的。” 3.An old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. One day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. But she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it.? Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat said, "Do not hit your old servant. I have worked for you for many years, and I would work for you still, but I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young."? 一位老妇有只猫，这只猫很老，它跑不快了，也咬不了东西，因为它年纪太大了。一天，老猫发现一只老鼠，它跳过去抓这只老鼠，然而，它咬不住这只老鼠。因此，老鼠从它的嘴边溜掉了，因为老猫咬不了它。? 于是，老妇很生气，因为老猫没有把老鼠咬死。她开始打这只猫，猫说：“不要打你的老仆人，我已经为你服务了很多年，而且还愿意为你效劳，但是，我实在太老了，对年纪大的不
翻硕复习资料中国现代散文汉译英 许多院校在考试的试卷上都喜欢出一些中国比较经典的现在范文片段，然后让学生进行汉译英的翻译，所以凯程老师整理了经典的现代散文翻译供大家参考，同时在文章后面对于个别字词进行了解析，帮助同学们弄懂文章的意思。 祖父和灯火管制(1) 冰心 一九一一年秋，我们从山东烟台回到福州老家去。在还乡的路上，母亲和父亲一再嘱咐我(2)，“回到福州住在大家庭里，不能再像野孩子(3)似的，一切都要小心。对长辈们不能没大没小的。祖父是一家之主，尤其要尊敬……” 到了福州，在大家庭里住了下来，我觉得我在归途中的担心是多余的。祖父、伯父母、叔父母(4)和堂姐妹兄弟(5)，都没有把我当作野孩子，大家也都很亲昵平等，并没有什么“规矩”。我还觉得我们这个大家庭是几个小家庭的很松散的组合(6)。每个小家庭都是各住各个的，各吃各的，各自有自己的亲戚朋友，比如说，我们就各自有自己的“外婆家(7)”! 就在这一年，也许是第二年吧，福州有了电灯公司。我们这所大房子里也安上了电灯，这在福州也是一件新鲜事，我们这班孩子跟着安装的工人们满房子跑，非常地兴奋欢喜!我记得这电灯是从房顶上吊下来的，每间屋子都有一盏，厅堂上和客室里的五十支光，卧房里的光小一些，厨房里的就更小了。我们这所大房子里至少也五六十盏灯，第一夜亮起来时，真是灯火辉煌，我们孩子们都拍手欢呼! 但是总电门是安在祖父的屋里的。祖父起得很早也睡得很早(8)，每晚九点钟就上床了。他上床之前，就把电闸关上，于是整个大家庭就是黑沉沉的一片! 我们刚回老家(9)，父母亲和他们的兄弟妯娌(10)都有许多别情要叙，我们一班弟兄姐妹，也在一起玩得正起劲(11)，都很少在晚九点以前睡的。为了防备(12)这骤然的黑暗，于是每晚在九点以前，每个小家庭都在一两间屋里，点上一盏捻得很暗的煤油灯。一到九点，电灯一下子都灭了，这几盏煤油灯便都捻亮了，大家相视而笑，又都在灯下谈笑玩耍。 只有在这个时候，我才体会到我们这个大家庭是一个整体，而祖父是一家之主! Grandpa and Nightly Blackout Bing Xin In the autumn of 1911, we returned from Yantai of Shandong Province to our native place Fuzhou. While on the way, my parents warned me again and again, “Since we’ll be living in a big family in Fuzhou, remember always to behave properly and never act like a naughty child. Show respect for your elders, particularly your grandpa, who is head of the family…” After settling down in the big family in Fuzhou, however, I found that my previous worries on the way turned out to be unfounded. My grandpa, uncles, aunties and cousins never thought me a naughty child. We treated each other lovingly and equally. There never existed anything like “family rules of good behaviour”. I also found that the big family was a loose community of several smaller ones, which lived and ate separately. They each had their own relatives and friends, for example, their own
Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every human being's heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what's next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young. 无论是60岁还是16岁，你需要保持永不衰竭的好奇心、永不熄灭的孩提般求知的渴望和的欢乐与热情。在你我的心底，有一座无线电台，它能在多长里接收到人间万物传递来的、、欢乐、鼓舞和力量的信息，你就会年轻多长时间。 An individual human existence should be like a river—small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. 应当像河流，开始是涓涓细流，受两岸的限制而十分狭窄，尔后奔腾咆哮，翻过危岩，飞越瀑布，河面渐渐开阔，河岸也随之向两边隐去，最后水流平缓，森森无际，汇入大海之中，个人就这样地消失了。 Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity,of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease.This often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy of twenty.Nobody grows old merely by a number of years.We grow old by deserting our ideals. 意味着战胜懦弱的那股大丈夫气概和摈弃安逸的那种冒险精神。往往一个60岁的老者比一个20岁的青年更多一点这种劲头。人老不仅仅是岁月流逝所致，更主要的是不思进取的结果。 Years may wrinkle the skin,but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust. 光阴可以在颜面上留下印记，而热情之火的熄灭则在上刻下皱纹。烦恼、恐惧、会扭曲人的灵魂，并将青春化为灰烬。 爱情的世界很大也很小 The love world is big, which can hold hundreds of disappointments; the love world is small which is crowded even with three people inside. 原来的世界很大，大到可以装下上百种委屈； 原来爱情的世界很小，小到三个人就挤到窒息。 To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world. 对于世界而言，你是一个人；但是对于某个人，你是他的整个世界。 Don’t waste your time on a man/woman, who isn’t willing to waste their time on you. 不要为那些不愿在你身上花费的人而浪费你的时间。
翻译史及翻译文学阅读书单 参考书目 1．马祖毅。中国翻译简史([五四]以前部分][M]。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998。6。 （第一版）。 2．谭载喜。西方翻译简史（增订版）[M]。北京：商务印书馆，2004年12月（第二版）。3．陈福康。中国译学理论史稿[M]。上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年6月。 4．陈玉刚。中国翻译文学史稿[M]。中国对外翻译出版公司，1989。 5．王克非（编著）。翻译文化史论[Z]。上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997年10月。6．李文革。西方翻译理论流派研究【M】。北京：中国社会科学出版社，2004年月。7．罗新璋。翻译论集【C】。北京：商务印书馆，1984. 8. 孟昭毅。李载道。（编）中国翻译文学史【Z】。北京：北京大学出版社，2005年7月。 9. 郭延礼。中国近代翻译文学概论【M】。武汉：湖北教育出版社，1998年3月。10．郭延礼。近代西学与中国文学[M]。百花洲文艺出版社，2008。 12. 王秉钦。中国翻译思想史【M】。天津：南开大学出版社，2004年3月。 13．谢天振。《译介学》，上海外语教育出版社，1999。 14. 谢天振。中西翻译简史[M]。外语教学与研究出版社，2009。 14．王铁钧。中国佛典翻译史稿。中央编译出版社，2006，12。 15．梁启超，《佛学研究十八篇》，江苏文艺出版社，2008。1。 16．朱志瑜、朱晓农。中国佛籍议论选辑评注。清华大学出版社，2006，9。 17．蒋述卓，<<佛经传译与中古文学思潮>>，江西人民出版社，1993。 18．柳治徵。中国文化史[M]。上海三联书店，2007。 19．方华文。二十世纪中国翻译史[M]。西北大学出版社，2005。 20．孔慧怡。翻译·文学·文化[C]。北京大学出版社，1999。 21．孔慧怡。亚洲翻译传统与现代动向[C]。北京大学出版社，1999。 22．王宏志。翻译与创作-中国近代翻译小说概论[C]。北京大学出版社，1999。 23. 陈平原。二十世纪中国小说资料[Z]。北京大学出版社，1997。 24．林煌天等。中国翻译词典[Z]。湖北教育出版社，1998。 25.邹振环。影响中国近代社会的一百种译作[M]。中国对外翻译出版公司，1996。 26.熊月之。西学东渐与晚清社会[M]。上海：上海人民出版社，1994。 [27.臧仲伦。中国翻译史话[M]。济南：山东教育出版社，1991。 28.（美国）Douglas Robinson.西方翻译理论：从希罗多德到尼采【M】。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2006年1月。 29．Lawrence Venuti. The Translator’s Invisibility[M]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education,Press,2004. 30. Jean Delisle. Translators through History[M].John Benjamins Publishing Company,2005. 31.Mona Baker. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[M]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education,Press,2004. 32．张佩瑶。中国翻译话语英译选集（上册）：从最早期到佛典翻译。上海外语教育出版社，2010。 黑体为必读书目
精心整理 Whatsportsandotheractivitiesdoyouparticipatein?Whatkindsoffoodsdoyoueat?Whatkindofpe opledoyouspendtimewith?Youranswerstotheseandsimilarquestionsreflectyourtotalhealth.He alth is acombinationofphysical,mental/emotional,andsocialwell-being.Thesepartsofyourhea lthworktogethertobuildgoodoverallhealth. 你参加过什么体育活动和其他活动吗？你吃什么食物？你和什么样的人在一起？你对这些问题或者类似的问题的回答反映出了你整体的健康状况。健康是身体、心里和社会安宁感的集合。这些健康的部分结合起来搭建了一个完整的健康体系。 通常，觉更好， t 身体须要远离有害的物质像烟草、酒精和其他毒品。他们用体育运动的时间去平衡他们看电视或玩电脑游戏的时间。体育运动包括做特殊的运动，远足，健身操，游泳，跳舞和做一份工作。通过远离有害物质和坚持体育运动，你可以保持身体健康。另外一种说法就是，要想身体健康就要多运动。 Doyoufeelgoodaboutwhoyouare?Doyouknowhowtohandlestressfulsituations?Doyouhaveapositiv eattitudeaboutlife?Youranswerstothesequestionswilltellyousomethingaboutyourmental/emo tionalhealth.Mental/emotionalhealthismeasuredbythewayyouthinkandexpressyourfeelings.Y oucandevelopgoodmental/emotionalhealthbylearningtothinkpositivelyandtoexpressyourfeel ingsinhealthyways.Positivethinkingisagoodstrategytousewhenyouarefeelingsadordown.Tryf ocusingyourattentiononallofthegoodthingsinyourlife,suchasyourfriends,family,andactivi tiesyouenjoy.Thenthecauseofyoursadnessmightnotseemsobad.Likewise,recognizingandbuildi
新编英语教程8 （第一单元~第六单元、第八单元）笔记整理。 包括： 新编英语教程8的课后句子改写paraphrase参考答案。 新编英语教材学生用书8部分重点课文解读和课后答案。 Paraphrases: 第一单元 1.But, from the historical perspective, we are now a little more mature,realistic :four hundred years ago, people regarded happ in ess with won derme nt, thinking that it befell some one as a result of an in explicable arran geme nt made by the mysterious uni verse. 2.Happ in ess in shakespeare's time, and even afterwards, was associated with wealth, success and positi on, which in some way, came upon a certa in pers on, who would express such an occasi on in the form of great joy or exciteme nt. 3.Happ in ess is no Ion ger accide ntal,i ndeed, it becomes an objective to achieve. 4.People defi nitely varied in their opinions as to what has give n rise to happ in ess and what happ in ess actually means. 第二单元 1.They were amazed at my being so stubbornly inquisitive over that issue, unable to figure out how i could be so ignorant of what was going on about so com mon place a practice in the america n econo mic and political life. 2.When immorality prevails, it's practically no use talking convincingly about conscienee. 3.Many americans are always preaching about human equality, but will take a firm stand against the issue of equal rights in their com mun ities and schools. 4.It seems that they are also brave eno ugh to take the risk in reiterat ing their worry, which ,con seque ntly, makes them such un forgivable bores to those successful social climbers. 5.Ultimately, only these people may hopefully help to create a society that is characterized by its moral stre ngth that leads to its con ti nu ous existe nee in stead of its moral degradati on that ends in tis destructi on. 第三单元 1.We tend to believe that we are a harmonious impartial and benevolent people, living under approved laws but not by the will of any in dividual in the gover nment.
翻硕复习资料英译中国现代散文 许多院校在考试的试卷上都喜欢出一些中国比较经典的现在范文片段，然后 让学生进行汉译英的翻译，所以凯程老师整理了经典的现代散文翻译供大家参考，同时在文章后面对于个别字词进行了解析，帮助同学们弄懂文章的意思。 离别(1) 郑振铎 别了，我爱的中国，我全心爱着的中国，当我倚在高高的船栏上，见着船渐 渐的离岸了(2)，船与岸间的水面渐渐的阔了(3)，见着了许多亲友挥着白巾，挥 着帽子，挥着手，说着Adieu, adieu!听着鞭炮劈劈拍拍的响着，水兵们高呼着 向岸上的同伴告别时，我的眼眶是润湿了，我自知我的泪点已经滴在眼镜面了，镜面是模糊了，我有一种说不出的感动! 船慢慢的向前驶着，沿途见了停着的好几只灰色的白色的军舰。不，那不是 悬着我们国旗的，它们的旗帜是“红日(4)”，是“蓝白红(5)”，是“红蓝条交叉着”的联合旗(6)，是有“星点红条”的旗(7)! 两岸是黄土和青草，再过去是两条的青痕，再过去是地平线上的几座小岛山，海水满盈盈的照在夕阳之下，浪涛如顽皮的小童似的踊跃不定。水面上现出一片 的金光。 别了，我爱的中国，我全心爱着的中国! 我不忍离了中国而去(8)，更不忍在这大时代中放弃每人应做的工作而去(9)，抛弃了许多亲爱的勇士在后面，他们是正用他们的血建造着新的中国，正在以纯 挚的热诚，争斗着，奋击着。我这样不负责任的离开了中国，我真是一个罪人! 然而我终将在这大时代中工作着的，我终将为中国而努力，而呈献了我的身，我的心;我别了中国，为的是求更好的经验，求更好的奋斗工具。暂别了，暂别 了(10)，在各方面争斗着的勇士们，我不久即将以更勇猛的力量加入你们当中了。 当我归来时，我希望这些悬着“红日”的，“蓝白红”的，有“星点红条”的，“红蓝条交叉着”的一切旗帜的白色灰色的军舰都已不见了(11)，代替它们 的是我们的可喜爱的悬着我们的旗帜的伟大的舰队。 如果它们那时还没有退去中国海(12)，还没有为我们所消灭，那末，来，勇 士们，我将加入你们的队中，以更勇猛的力量，去压迫它们，去毁灭它们! 这是我的誓言! 别了，我爱的中国，我全心爱着的中国! Parting Sorrows Zheng Zhenduo Farewell, China, my beloved homeland! Leaning over the high railing, I watched the ship tearing itself away slowly from the shore, leaving a widening expanse of water in between. Many relatives and friends of mine were waving their hats and white handkerchiefs amidst shouts of “Adieu,adieu!” firecrackers were crackling and apluttering, and sailors shouting goodbye to their buddies on the shore. I was seized with violent emotion, tears welling up in my eyes and blurring my eyeglasses. While the ship was steering ahead slowly, I saw on the way many warships in gray or white lying at anchor and fly flags other than our