Chapter2 A Changed Global Reality 世界经济格局新变化
Say this for the young century: we live in interesting times. Not quite 2 1?2 years ago, the world economy tipped into the most severe downturn since the Great Depression in the 1930s. World trade slowed sharply. Unemployment lines grew longer, especially in the old industrial economies. Financial institutions that had seemed as solid as granite disappeared as if they were no more substantial than a bunch of flowers in the hands of an old-style magician. 对于新世纪，我们得这样说：我们生活在一个有趣的时代。差不多两年半之前，世界经济陷入了20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期以来最惨重的低迷状态。世界贸易进程大幅放缓。失业队伍也越来越快，这在旧工业经济体系表现尤为突出。原来坚如磐石的金融机构也消失了，似乎还不如老套的魔术师变的花束看起来真实。
Given that the scale of the downturn was so epochal, it should not be surprising that the nature of the recovery would likewise be the stuff of history. And it has been. As they make their way to Davos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF) by helicopter, bus, car or train (which is the right way to do it), the members of the global economic and political elite will find themselves coming to terms with something they have never known before. 考虑到经济衰退幅度如此的跨时代，经济复苏进程会很慢也是理所当然的，对此我们不应该感到吃惊。事实也正如我们所料，复苏进程确实很慢。全球经济政治精英乘直升飞机、大巴、小汽车或是火车前往达沃斯参加一年一度的世界经济论坛会议，此次会议上，全球经济政治精英会发现自己开始接受一些闻所未闻的事情。
The new reality can be expressed like this. For more than 200 years, since the Industrial Revolution, the world has seen two economies. One has dominated technological innovation and trade and amassed great wealth. The second —much of it politically under the thumb of the first —has remained poor and technologically dependent. This divide remains stubbornly real. The rich world —the U.S., Canada, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and the four original Asian dragons —accounts for only 16% of total world population but nearly 70% of world output. 当今的情况是这样的。自工业革命以来的二百多年间，世界出现了两大经济体。一个支配着技术创新和贸易，累积了大量财富。另一个在政治上主要受前者的控制，在经济上一直处于贫穷状态并且在技术上存在依赖性。两者的鸿亘古存在。发达国家----美国、加拿大、西欧、澳大利亚、新西兰、日本及亚洲四小龙，以世界总人口的16%输出着世界将近70%的产品。
But change is upon us. The developed world of the haves is struggling to restart growth and preserve welfare states, while the world of the once have-nots has surged out of the downturn. Big emerging economies like China and India have discovered new sources of domestic demand. Parts of Africa are attracting real interest from investors. All told, the strength of the developing world has supported the global economy. The World Bank estimates that economic growth in low- and middle-income countries contributed almost half of world growth (46%) in 2010. 世界形势正发生着变化。在发达国家的富人们努力重新刺激经济增长并维持社会福利的时候，曾经的穷人们却已经摆脱了经济困境。像中国和印度这样大的新兴经济体已经找到了国内需求的新来源。非洲的部分地区也正吸引着对他们真正感兴趣的投资者。总之，发展中国家的力量撑起了世界经济。据世界银行估计，2010年，中低收入国家的经济增长约占世界经济增长的一半（46%）。
A Sigh of Relief 经济回暖，令人欣慰
In the long term, this is nothing but good news. As billions of poor people become more prosperous, they will be able to afford the comforts their counterparts in the rich world have long
considered the normal appurtenances of life. But before we celebrate a new economic order, deep divisions both between and within nations have to be overcome. Otherwise, the world could yet tip back into a beggar-thy-neighbor populism that will end up beggaring everyone. We are not out of the woods yet. 从长远看来，这真的是个好消息。随着几十亿的贫苦人们开始变得富有起来，他们也将能够支付得起发达国家的人们所拥有过的享受，而这些享受在富人们眼中仅仅是普通的生活附属品而已。但是，在庆祝一个新的经济秩序建立之前，我们必须克服国与国之间以及国家内部存在的深层分歧。否则，世界将会重新陷入以邻为壑的民粹主义，最终每个人都沦为乞丐，我们仍未脱离困境。
First, though, let's assess how things stand. The world is in a much better state than many expected it would be a year ago. The double-dip recession some economists feared never materialized. In the U.S., which seemed to stall in the summer, there are early signs that consumers are spending and banks are lending again, while the stock market is at its highest point in 21?2 years. Though Europe is wheezing under cascading sovereign-debt crises, it has so far avoided the worst-case scenarios —a collapse of the euro, a debt crisis that spills from small economies such as Greece and Ireland to much bigger ones like Italy and Spain, and bitter social unrest in those nations that are having to massage wages down while cutting public budgets. 不过首先让我们评估一下目前情况。现在世界的状况比一年前我们所想象的要好得多。一些经济学家一直害怕发生的“双底衰退”也从未出现过。2008年的美国经济似乎一直停滞不前，但是现在一些早期迹象表明顾客开始消费了，银行也开始发放贷款了，同时股市也在经济萧条两年半之后达到了巅峰状态。尽管欧洲一直在一重接一重的主权外债危机下苟延残喘，但是它到目前为止已经避免了最糟糕的状况-----欧元崩溃，欧元崩溃是一种债务危机，从希腊和爱尔兰这样小的经济体流窜到意大利和西班牙这样大的经济体，并且加剧了一些国家的社会骚乱，这些国家在缩减公共预算的同时不得不减少薪资。
Amid all the encouraging news (or at least the absence of terrible tidings), Goldman Sachs economists have turned practically giddy, recently upgrading their 2011 global- and U.S.-growth forecasts (to 4.8% and 3.4%, respectively). While 2010 was the "Y ear of Doubt," 2011, they proclaim, will be the "Y ear of Recovery." U.S. economist Nouriel Roubini, the Cassandra of the crisis, reckons that if all goes right and nothing terrible goes wrong, the global economy might grow nearly 4% this year. 听到如此多鼓舞人心的消息（或者至少是没有很糟糕的消息），高盛经济学家几乎变得轻率起来，最近他们更新了2011年全球和美国经济增长预测（分别是4.8%和3.4%）。尽管2010年是“令人怀疑的一年”，但是高盛经济学家们宣称2011年肯定是经济复苏的一年，努里尔?卢比尼----美国经济学家，这次经济危机的预言者，认为如果一切都顺利，并且没有更糟糕的事情发生，全球经济今年可能会增长将近4%。
It must be said: not everyone agrees. Jim Walker, an economist at research firm Asianomics in Hong Kong, predicts that 2011 will be a "year of reckoning." The rebound in the U.S., Walker says, is a mirage created by excessive stimulus. He expects the U.S. to slip into the double dip it dodged in 2010. Even the less bearish worry that the global economy is far from healed. Most economists expect the rebound to flatten out in 2011, with growth likely to be lower than in 2010. In mid-January, the World Bank estimated global GDP growth will slow to 3.3% in 2011 from 3.9% in 2010. Stephen Roach, an economist at Y ale University, believes that the world economy is still digging itself out of the debt and distortions built up during the last boom. "It's a really slow postcrisis workout," Roach says. "I'm not prepared to give the global economy the green light." 有人肯定会说：并不是每个人都同意这个观点。吉姆?沃克----香港亚洲经济分析咨询公司的经济学家，预测2011年将会是“清算之年”。沃克谈到，美国经济的反弹只是由过度刺激形
成的海市蜃楼。他认为美国将会落入2010年侥幸躲避过去的“双底衰退”之中。即使是不那么悲观的人也担心全球经济远没有恢复。大多数经济学家预计2011年经济反弹会逐渐消失，经济增长也可能会低于2010年。一月中旬，世界银行估测全球GDP增长将由2010年的3.9%下降到2011年的3.3%。耶鲁大学的经济学家史蒂芬?罗奇认为，世界经济仍会极力从上次经济繁荣期产生的债务和扭曲中脱身。“这真是一次缓慢的后经济危机考验。”罗奇说道，“我并不准备给经济复苏这个观点亮绿灯”。
The caution is understandable. In the developed world, unemployment remains sickeningly high (9.4% in the U.S., 10.1% in the euro zone). The private-sector debt crisis of 2008-09 has morphed into a public-sector debt crisis in 2010-11, a result of the debt and deficits amassed in the process of stimulating economies and bailing out banks during the downturn. 这种谨慎是可以理解的。在发达国家，失业率仍然很高（美国是9.4%，欧元区是10.1%）。2008年9月的私营部门债务危机到2010年11月已经演变为公共部门危机。这是由经济低迷期刺激经济和救助银行时所累积的债务和财政赤字造成的。
Politicians are being forced to scale back spending even though the recovery remains weak. In Britain, deep cuts in the budget mandated by Prime Minister David Cameron will most likely cost hundreds of thousands of public-sector jobs. In the U.S., the miserable condition of state and local governments' budgets is likewise leading to a job-killing retrenchment. Europe's imposition of austerity has led to heightened political conflict. Ballooning debts and feeble growth prospects for the advanced economies are reordering the investor's perception of risk. Noting that the U.S. "has no plan in place to stabilize and ultimately reverse the upward debt trajectory," Moody's in mid-January warned that the country's AAA credit rating could come under pressure if debt continues to mount; a few days later, Moody's upgraded Indonesia's rating. 虽然复苏进程依旧疲缓，政客们仍旧被迫缩减开支。在英国，首相戴维?卡梅伦大幅消减预算很可能会导致几十万人失业。在美国，国家和地方政府糟糕的预算同样也会导致工作岗位的紧缩。欧洲采取的财政紧缩政策也加剧了政治冲突。日渐高磊的债台以及发达经济体的疲软经济增长前景让投资者们开始重新审视风险。注意到美国“对于稳定和最终扭转不断向上的债务曲线是没有任何适合计划的”，穆迪于一月中旬发出警告：如果债务持续攀升，国家AAA级信用评级会面临被降级的危险。几天之后，穆迪更新了印尼的评级。
The emerging economies face risks of their own. The most alarming is a sharp rise in inflation — a result of strong domestic growth, stimulus policies, and commodity prices pumped up globally by returning demand, fears of (or actual) supply constraints and the loose-money policies of the West. In early January, Fatih Birol, chief economist at the International Energy Agency, warned that oil prices, now over $90 a barrel, "are entering a dangerous zone" that could threaten the global recovery. The U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization said its food-price index reached an all-time high in December, surpassing even the nosebleed levels of 2008's surge. Such spiking prices for the basics people need to survive are hard enough to swallow in the developed world. "Just at the point you start to see a recovery coming, you get hit by commodity prices that hit people's incomes," says Stephen King, chief economist at HSBC. In emerging markets, the fallout can be much more severe. High food prices have already contributed to the collapse of the government in Tunisia. 新兴经济体也面临着自己的风险。最紧急的就是通货膨胀急速加剧----这是强劲的国内增长、刺激政策以及全球物价上涨的结果，而全球物价上涨则是由需求重返、实际供应紧张以及西方宽松的货币政策导致的。一月初，国际能源机构首席经济学家法提赫?比罗尔发出警告：现在的石油价格每桶已经超过90美元，世界经济正踏入一个危险的区域，可能会威胁全球经济的复苏。联合国粮农组织表示，食品价格指数在
12月份达到新高，甚至超过了2008年那令人乍舌的高度。在发达国家，人们生存必需品价格如此暴涨，令人非常难以接受。“就在你刚刚看到经济复苏的曙光的时候，你立马被冲击人们收入的物价敲了当头一棒，”汇丰银行首席经济学家史蒂芬?金如此说道。在新兴市场，其后果可能会更加严重。高物价也加剧了突尼斯政府的衰败。
Fearing the consequences, policymakers throughout the developing world have switched priorities from holding up growth to fighting inflation. In mid-January, China raised the reserve-requirement ratio —which forces banks to park more money at home for every loan they make —to a record high in an attempt to curtail credit and quell inflation, which rose at the fastest pace in two years in November. In India, raging food prices, galloping ahead by nearly 17% from a year earlier, have become such a sensitive issue that when Pakistan temporarily cut off some exports of onions to the country, it sparked a minor diplomatic row. The same measures used to bust inflation, however, will also dampen growth. The World Bank predicts slowdowns for roaring China (from 10% growth in 2010 to 8.7% in 2011) and India (9.5% to 8.4%). 由于担心造成类似的后果，发展中国家的决策者决定把优先保持经济增长转为优先抵抗通货膨胀。一月中旬，中国将存款准备金率上调至历史新高----强制银行每放一笔贷款就必须在央行存放更多的储备金，以期减少放贷、抑制通货膨胀，通货膨胀在十一月达到两年来新高。在印度，疯狂的物价较去年已飞速增长了近17%，这已经成为了非常敏感的问题。以致于巴基斯坦在临时缩减对印度的洋葱出口时引发了轻微的外交争执。然而，消除通货膨胀的措施也会抑制经济增长。世界银行预测发展迅速的中国和印度的经济增长会放缓，因为中国的经济增长由2010年的10%下降到2011年的8.7%，印度由9.5%下降到8.4%。
Was It for This? 这就是为了未来而进行的所谓的“合作”吗？
Such numbers, of course, are beyond the dreams of workers and consumers in developed economies. Millions from Michigan to Madrid want to work but can't —leading them to put countless small dreams for themselves and their families on hold —so the risk that the shift of economic power will breed populist resentment rises. Many in the developed world are only now becoming aware that the globe's economic future will be determined not just in London or New Y ork City but in Beijing and New Delhi too. "The problem that Western economies have is that they haven't realized the full effect of the rise of the emerging world," says HSBC's King. 当然，这样的数字是发达经济体的工人和消费者做梦都不敢想的。从密歇根到马德里，上百万的人们想要工作但却不能----这使他们将自己和家人的无数小梦想都暂时搁置----因此，由经济实力改变引起的民粹主义不满情绪的风险加大。发达国家的许多人就刚刚才意识到，未来的全球经济不仅仅由伦敦或纽约这样的城市决定，也同样由北京和新德里这样的城市决定。“西方经济体所面临的问题是：他们没有意识到新兴世界兴起的全面影响，”汇丰银行主席如是说。
One suspects they soon will. The summit between U.S. President Barack Obama and Chinese President Hu Jintao in Washington took place in a highly charged atmosphere. China is tired of being lectured to by those who seem unable to manage their own economies particularly well. U.S. politicians, with an ear to their constituents, are lobbying for protective tariffs if China does not allow its currency to appreciate. U.S. businesses, which have in the past been supportive of free trade and engagement with China, are beginning to sing with different voices. Large technology and industrial companies grumble that China's pursuit of "indigenous innovation" through regulatory and procurement policies is freezing them out of potentially lucrative markets. 有人猜测听他们很快就会意识到这个问题。美国总统巴拉克?奥巴马和中国国家主席胡锦涛在华盛顿举行峰会，气氛高度紧张。中国厌倦了被那些连自己的经济都管理不好的国家讨伐。如
果中国不允许人民币升值，愿意听从选民意见的美国政客们将会游说保护性关税。而且，那些过去大力支持与中国进行自由贸易和合作的商业家们也开始唱反调。
In the U.S. and Europe, a certain helplessness in the face of huge economic forces is fueling a disaffection —which makes itself felt in different ways in different societies —with the global financial elites and the policymakers who are thought to have connived with them. There was a particularly poignant moment when Ireland, which cherishes its independence like a precious jewel, was forced to go cap in hand to the E.U. for a bailout in November. "Was it for this?" The Irish Times asked in a famous editorial on the humiliation. The question (though few outside Dublin got the reference) was an echo of a line from W.B. Y eats' great poem "September 1913," which excoriated a bourgeois capitalism whose merchants "fumble in a greasy till/ And add the halfpence to the pence/ And prayer to shivering prayer, until/ You have dried the marrow from the bone." 在美国和欧洲，面对巨大经济压力却无能为力的现象正激起着人们对全球的金融精英以及决策者的不满，认为金融精英与决策者们串通一气，这种不满在不同社会表现形式不同。视独立如珍宝的爱尔兰，11月，为了得到救助，不得不求助于欧盟，这令人感到非常心酸。“这就是爱尔兰想要的吗？”爱尔兰时报在关于屈辱的著名社论中问道。这个问题（尽管只有爱尔兰人才能真正明白其中含义）与威廉?巴特勒?叶芝的著名诗作“1913年9月”中的一行诗产生共鸣，它痛斥资产阶级资本主义，因为他们的商人“在满是油污的钱柜里摸索/一点一点地积攒/不停地祷告直到榨干工人们的最后一滴血。”
How can a disaffection with global capitalism in the developed world be prevented from turning into a backlash against it? It would help if there were mechanisms in place to manage the stresses in the international economy. Instead, there is something close to a breakdown in global economic cooperation. The WEF's closely read Global Risks report identifies "global governance failures" as an overarching risk facing the world. "Global governance capacities are highly fragmented," the report argues. "There is a growing sense of paralysis in responding to global challenges." 如何阻止人们对发达国家倡导的全球资本主义的不满演变为强烈抵制？如果有适当的机制来调控国际经济压力可能会起作用。而恰恰相反的是，全球经济合作接近崩溃。全球经济论坛倍受关注的全球风险报告指出当今世界面临的首要风险是“全球治理失败”。报告称，“全球治理能力高度分散，人们应对全球挑战越来越无力。”
In the economic field, that is especially true. The Doha round of trade talks, for example, is like the emperor's new clothes in Hans Christian Andersen's famous tale: everyone knows there's nothing there, but nobody will say so. The spirit of camaraderie forged in the early days of the financial crisis —all the hopeful meetings and optimistic communiqués of the G-20 —has been replaced by every-country-for-itself thinking. As nations scramble to protect their own people from the continued fallout of the Great Recession, the threat of currency and trade wars has become very real. Governments from Tokyo to Santiago have been intervening in currency markets, imposing measures to restrict capital flows and taking other steps to try to prevent rising currencies from denting export competitiveness. "The currency war is a proxy for a jobs war," says Roach. In the mind of every policymaker looms —at least, it should —the disastrous spiral into protectionism that deepened the Depression in the 1930s. 在经济领域，这种问题更加突出。例如，多哈回合贸易谈判就像安徒生著名的童话故事中皇帝的新装一样：每个人都知道谈判不会有什么结果，但是没有人说出来。早期金融危机铸就的互助友爱的精神----20国集团所有的充满希望的会议和振奋人心的公告----都被各国自私利己的想法替代了。由于各国面对日趋严峻的大萧条境况，都急于保护本国人民的利益，因此货币和贸易之战已成为非常现实的威胁。从东京到圣地亚哥的政府一直都在干预货币市场，采取措施限制资本流动，
并尽力阻止不断升值的货币削弱出口竞争力。“货币之战其实就是工作岗位之战，”罗奇说道。决策者至少应该想到，这种灾难性的螺旋式保护主义曾加剧了20世纪30年代的大萧条。
Y et the unmediated rift between countries, each desperate to preserve its edge in the global economic game, is not even the most serious division that policymakers have to contend with. That, rather, is what the WEF's Global Risks calls economic disparity. "The benefits of globalization seem unevenly spread," reads the report. "A minority is seen to have harvested a disproportionate amount of the fruits. Issues of economic disparity and equity at both the national and international levels are becoming increasingly important ... Politically, there are signs of resurgent nationalism and populism as well as social fragmentation." 在这场全球经济竞技中，每个国家都誓死保持自己的优势，然而，这种国家间的即刻裂痕并不是决策者们需要应对的最严重分歧。其实，这种裂痕就是世界经济论坛全球风险所说的经济差距。“全球化带来的好处似乎分布不均衡，”报告表明，“小部分地区似乎付出与收获并不成比例。国内和国际水平的经济差距与公平越来越重要.......政治上，有民族主义，民粹主义以及社会分裂抬头的迹象。”
The warning is timely. In the rich world, the gains that the working class made during what the French call the trente glorieuses after 1945 —decent health care, guaranteed pensions —are seen as increasingly fragile. In the developing world, economic success sometimes seems to go hand in hand with growing inequality. 报告为人们及时敲响了警钟。法国人称1945年之后的三十年为“辉煌三十年”，在这三十年里，发达国家的工人们创造了丰厚的收益----全面的医保，有保障的养老金，然而现在这些优越条件都在慢慢瓦解。
None of these divisions —between and within nations —are ones that have to last for ever. But it will take hard work and creativity —both within discrete polities and in international forums —if they are not to cloud what should be the happy prospect of a world in which many, many more people live lives that are fulfilling and comfortable. We can see that meadow at the end of the woods. But we aren't in it yet. 国际和国内的这些分歧，没有一个会永远存在。世界的前景是美好的----越来越多的人们生活得非常充实与舒适，如果不想破坏如此美好的未来，他们就必须在解决国际与国内事务上努力工作，发挥创造力。我们已经可以看到灌木丛深处的草木了，但是我们仍旧未进入到那个世界。
BEC商务英语高级真题及答案(5) In the last few years, managers throughout industry have seen more changes than many of them could have expected to see in their entire working lives having to communicate information which often leads to feelings of insecurity has become a key activity. From being regarded as relatively unimportant in many companies , management employee communication has become a central corporate need. Concordia International provides a good example of a company that has adjusted well to the changing needs for communication . since 1995 , Concordia has been turned inside-out and upside-down, to ensure that it is a marketing –led, customer-responsive business, one that looks outwards at customers and competitors, rather than inwards at its own processes and the way things were done in the past. In the last eight years, Concordia has reduced its workforce by more than 80.000 people - or 35% -on a voluntary basis, with further downsizing anticipated. From being an engineering company, Concordia is now remaking itself as a service company. The role of employee communication in such a context is to build people’s self-confidence, to persuade them that, although it is inevitable that the changes will go ahead, they also bring with them new opportunities for employees. However, this is not an easy task. People tend to be skeptical of these claims and to feel that they are losing touch with the company they have worked for over many years. This is understandable, since many of the old certainties are being swept away , including the core activities of the company they work for. Above all , they have had to face up to the fact that they no longer have a job for life. Research indicates that people respond to this predicament in a variety of ways. The bulk of employees fall into two main categories in terms of their response to the
新剑桥商务英语高级习题 答案 Last revision date: 13 December 2020.
English for Business Studies Key to Unit 01: The three sectors of the economy This unit covers a lot of basic vocabulary concerning developed economies much of it in an extract from a well-known British novel. It also discusses the evolution of the economy of most of the older industrialized countries, with the decline of manufacturing industry and its replacement by services. There is an extract from a magazine interview with an economist and an interview with a British Member of Parliament on this issue. 1a Vocabulary p09 Identify the most prominent features in this photograph, which illustrates various important elements of the infrastructure of a modern industrialized country. The photo clearly shows a large factory (the Unilever factory in Warrington, England) in the center, with more factories, industrial units, or warehouses in the top right-hand corner. The large factory seems to include some office buildings. Also visible are agricultural land (in the background; the land in the foreground doesn’t appear to be cultivated), a river, a railway and several roads, and housing, perhaps with a school in the center of the housing estate top left. 1b Reading p10 What is the key point that this extract is making about economies? The text suggests that most people take for granted the amazing complexity of the economic infrastructure. 1c Comprehension p11 lines 4-7, Robyn sees examples of all three. What are they? Tiny fields (the primary sector), factories (the secondary sector), and railways, motorways, shops, offices, and schools (the tertiary sector). long sentence from lines 12-28 lists a large number of operations belonging to the different sectors of the economy. Classify the 18 activities from the passage Primary sector: digging iron ore, mining coal. Secondary sector: assembling, building, cutting metal, laying cables, milling metal, smelting iron, welding metal. Tertiary sector: advertising products, calculating prices, distributing added value, maintenance, marketing products, packaging products, pumping oil, transportation. you think of three important activities to add to each list (not necessarily in relation to the kettle) Primary sector: farming (agriculture), fishing and forestry Secondary sector: manufacturing, transforming and processing Tertiary sector: financing, designing, retailing
全国职业能力测评考试 高级商务英语模拟试题（一） 第一部分模拟试题 I．In each of the following questions and select a different 1．A、bread B、dream C、lead D、team 2．A、hole B、none C、old D、fold 3．A、house B、south C、touch D、mouth 4．A、bush B、must C、rub D、truck 5．A、ease B、mean C、head D、heat II.The following example from the sentence chosen the right answer 6 、Adults sometimes envy children who play all the time they themselves have to work.rain or shine. A、while B、once C、since D、though 7、Talking to foreigners is fun if you the right time and place. A、locate B、consider C、choose D、decide
8、A person with the blood type AB can any type of blood. A、apply B、recognize C、receive D、absorb 9、In a second-hand bookshop ,Billy came across a book which he thought was certainly a edition. A、rare B、scarce C、seldom D、hardly 10、The red color can stimulate all our ,including appetite. A、thoughts B、worries C、senses D、desires 11、While I was waiting for her ,I killed time looking in the show windows. A、by B、with C、in D、over 12、Mrs.London has that she is unable to get a job. A、such small education B 、so little education C、a such little education D、a so small education 13、I come yesterday ,but I could not. A、was to have B、must C、ought D、have to 14、He treats it a request for information. A、for B、as C、like D、by 15、They promised each other when they went to work. A、get in touch with B、getting in touch with C、to get in touch with D、to get touch with 16、She was too shy to speak . A、in public B、in the public C、in a public D、at public 17、I often thought of my childhood, I lived on a farm. A、when B、which C、where D、who 18、I don’t like this hat.Please show me . A、another B、the other C、others D 、both 19、They shopping,when someone knocked at the door. A、are about to B、are to go C、were about to go D、were to go 20、He gained his by printing of famous writers. A、wealth; work B、wealthy ; works C、wealthy; work D、wealth;works III.The following example from the short space select the right answer Nobody wants to be 21 .Unfortunately our bodies can 22 problems.When we aren’t 23 ,our bodies tell us .Sometimes a part of our bodies hurts. When a part of our bodies 24 ,we say we have aches and pains. We can have aches and pains in 25 parts of the body. We call some simple 26 proplems“aches”.For example, we can have a headache,a toothache,an earache,a backache or a stomachache.Other simple problems are not 27 aches,so we describe them in different ways. For example,we can 28 a sore throat,a sore leg ,a sore toe. “Pain”is another word that we use to 29 a problem.We can have a pain in the chest, a pain in the shoulder or a pain 30 the back.A pain is strong. Also, a pain hurts in a specific place. When aches and pains aren’t too31 ,we can buy medicine in the drugstore . Usually small aches go away 32 .When pain is more serious ,we 33 to visit the doctor(or the dentist).The doctor asks us what our 34 are.The doctor may have to do tests or take Xrays to 35 what is wrong .Then he or she will tell us what to do. 21、A、sleep B、bad C、cold D、sick
BEC商务英语高级考试阅读真题 There have long been markets in tin, cocoa, silver and the like. There used to be security in thinking that somewhere there was a product, something you could touch and see. Now there are new markets in abstractions, trade in ideas and knowledge. Everyone has knowledge but there used to be no way to trade it ------except through jobs. That simple fact of economic life was the basis for white collar employment for centuries. The whole job culture grew up because there was no alternative way to sell knowledge , other then the worker or manager providing, for a fixed price, his or her knowledge to an employer to own or control. The quantity of knowledge provided has typically been measured in time. But today we stand at the threshold of a new era. The information economy has matured and become smarter. According to many business commentators, we are now living in a knowledge economy .There has always been a market for knowledge, of course. The publishing industry is based on it. But today the internet is making the distribution of knowledge ever easier. The days when the publisher decided what got published are over. Anyone with a PC and a modem can talk to the world. This is reducing the friction in the knowledge economy. Everyone has knowledge of whatever industry she or he is in. say you are a computer dealer, for example. Over the years your have complied a list of the ten best lowest price places to buy
初级商务英语阅读理解试题 为了让大家更好的准备商务英语BEC考试，给大家整理了初级商务英语阅读理解试题,下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 初级商务英语阅读理解试题(1) A friend of mine was fond of drawing horse. He drew the horses very well,but he always began the tail. Now it is the Western rule to begin at the head of the horse, that is why I was surprised. It struck me that it could not really make any difference whether the artist begins at the head or the tail or the belly(肚子) or the foot of the horse, if he really knows his business. And most great artists who really kn ow their business do not follow other people’s rule.They make their own rules. Every one of them does his work in a way peculiar(奇特的) to himself; and the peculiarity means only that he finds it more easy to work in that way. Now the very same thing is true to literature(文学). And the question, "How shall I begin?" only means that you want to begin at the head instead of beginning at the tail or somewhere else. That is,
BEC商务英语高级阅读真题 The Negotiating T able You can negotiate virtually anything. Projects, resources, expectations and deadlines are all outcomes of negotiation. Some people negotiate deals for a living. Dr Herb Cohen is one of these professional talkers, called in by companies to negotiate on their??behalf . He approaches the art of negotiation as a game because, as he is usually negotiating for somebody else, he says this helps him drain the emotional content from his conversation. He is working in a competitive field and needs to avoid being too adversarial. Whether he succeeds or not, it is important to him to make a good impression so that people will recommend him. The starting point for any deal, he believes, is to identify exactly what you want from each other. More often than not,
2016年商务英语BEC高级阅读练习题及答案 1 A cautious approach can be used when calculating what a company is worth. 2 Consider personnel issues so that you have sufficient resources to fulfill your objectives. 3 In order to know if you can make a return on your investment, assess how you can add to thecompany you are buying. 4 Providing sufficient support for staff during the acquisition process can have a favourable outcome. 5 Take into account your long-term requirements to ensure you have the resources you need. 6 Even after investing some effort in the acquisition, it may still be necessary to withdraw. 7 Terms initially negotiated can be changed after the acquisition. Mergers and Acquisitions As Finance Director of plastics manufacturer VKT, Yvonne Maynart has overseen many successful takeovers A It is essential to build up a team to handle the acquisition so that your existing business can continue uninterrupted during the deal. It also helps to operate with spare capacity so that you can transfer people during the initial stages. A key person should be driving the acquisition process forward, although one person alone cannot assume responsibility for a large deal. It is clearly vital to do thorough research when identifying potential targets - but do not be afraid to walk away from a deal if you become aware of serious difficulties with a company you are targeting. B To decide on the value of any target business, you must first determine what contribution your acquisition can make to it. For example, you may be able to increase revenue through a more focused management team, or improve margins through greater purchasing power and lower costs. At VKT, we base our valuations on conservative assumptions - we also add in the risk element. This approach may be best, and it’s worth remembering that with listed companies, shareholders tend to have higher risk/reward expectations. C Developing relationships with finance providers is a key part of the finance director’s role. It is important to d raw up a good business plan to ensure backing from lenders in the early stages of the acquisition. Your loan application needs to be supported by detailed profit and cashflow projections. Make sure you factor in sufficient finance to
商务英语(BEC)考试高级阅读真题及答案题目 PART ONE Questions 1 – 8 Look at the statements below and at the five reports about companies onλ the opposite page from an article giving advice to self-employed consultants about negotiating fees for their services. Which book (A, B, C,D or E) dose each statement 1 –8 refer to ?λ For each statement ! – 8, make one letter (A, B, C,D or E) on your Answerλ Sheet . You will need to use some of these letters more than once .λ Example : 0 Lack of self-confidence will put you at a disadvantage in a negotiation . 0 A B C D E 1. This company has been involved in diversifying its business activities. 2. Although this company is doing well, it has a number of internal difficulties to deal with 3. This company has reduced the profits it makes on individual items 4. One statistic is a less accurate guide to this company’s performance than another 5. The conditions which have helped this company are likely to be less favourable in the future 6. This company’s share price has been extremely volatile over the last twelve months 7. This company is likely to be the subject of a takeover bid in the near future 8. This company’s performance exemplifies a widely held belief A
高级商务英语阅读 Supplementary Readings for Chapter 1 The Long March （1） Chinese Companies Establish Brand Awareness in Overseas Markets Top Band Weekly August 27, 2003 By Lynn Furrow, General Manager of The Hoffman Agency Beijing Office China exports a dizzying（令人眼花缭乱的）array of personal computers, DVD players, refrigerators, and consumer electronic goods… yet most people outside of China can’t name even one Chinese brand. As more and more Chinese enterprises push their goods into overseas markets, companies are now trying to change this. Legend Group（联想集团）, the largest computer manufacturer and a household name in China, is shooting to increase overseas sales from seven to 25 percent of its total revenue（总收入）. In expanding overseas, however, it encountered a branding dilemma: because other companies in many countries around the world have already registered “Legend”, the Chinese company was forced to devise（设计，想出）a new English name that could be used unrestrictedly（自由的）in markets worldwide. Thus on April 28th, Legend Group’s new English name “Lenovo” was born. Although it may offer a fresh
BEC中级reading part4选词填空题巧解 阅读第四部分应试技巧—完形填空题 （一）题型介绍 BEC Vantage阅读第四部分不仅是考查对文章的理解，还考查语法、词汇和结构，如词的搭配、固定短语等。考生首先必须阅读文章，了解文章的大意，在这个基础上再根据上下文确定最佳选择。具体而言，这部分主要考查考生以下三个方面：一是语法知识，主要包括时态、语态、虚拟语气、从句、强调句、倒装句等 二是词汇，包括近义词、形近词、介词搭配、形容词搭配、动词搭配、名词搭配等； 三是考生对语篇的理解和推理能力。 （二）解题技巧 以下是这部分常见解题技巧： 1．排除无关选项：把握文章的主题，将一些看上去和文章主题毫不相关的选项排除在正确答案之外。 2.把握文章结构：充分利用文章结构来做出选择。譬如总分结构，总述是分述的总结和概括，而分述又是对总述的展开。当一些未知填空出现在总述中时，解出这些填空的相关已知线索很可能出现在与其对应的分述部分。 3.积累商务词汇： 4.从文章衔接入手：如果填空题中需填人的词为名词，还需要确定其单数或复数形式。要特别注意填空题后面的代词，每个代词都会表明它所代表的名词或名词短语。因此，找到填空题后面的代词，对确定所要填入的名词有很大帮助。如果是动词，也应确定其相应
的形式，如是否用第三人称单数等。 （三）答题步骤 考生可按以下步骤做题： 1.把握文章主旨：细读文章首句。与其他阅读部分不同，完形填空的第一句一般不留空白（或者空白处是例子，答案已给），是完整的一句，全文信息从此开始，通过该句预测文章主旨。然后，快速浏览全文，阅读时要一气呵成，尽管有空格、生词或不明白之处，仍要快速读下去；注意找出关键词、核心词，划出承上启下的词组，以便于抓住文章主旨和线索，形成思路。 2.灵活选择答案：注意从上下文及其逻辑关系人手寻找最佳选项。先读所填词的句子及其上下文。如果一句中有两处空白，在做题时要“双管齐下”，在两处同时试填，然后通读全句，确定答案。如果答案一时难以确定，可从语法结构、词语搭配、上下文语境、习惯用法、词义辨析等方面，对选项逐一分析试填，从而排除干扰项，判定最佳选项。 3.速读填好的短文：考生在检查已填好的文章时应注意上下文的一致性，即时态语态的一致，代词、连词、单复数的一致；注意语法、惯用法、习惯搭配，看是否符合上下文的逻辑；同时也应注意段与段之间、句与句之间的衔接是否自然、连贯。 常考点： 1、固定搭配，尤其是动词固定搭配 2、动词加副词性小品词搭配 3、词的辨析 4、选在商务英语中经常考察的词，不要选自己不认识的词，不要想得太复杂 5、常考词 1）Base \basis On the basis of\be based on\customer base\manufacture base\skill base\use base其他情况使
剑桥商务英语高级真题阅读 为了让大家更好的准备商务英语BEC考试，给大家整理一下剑桥BEC商务英语考试高级真题,下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 剑桥商务英语高级(BEC3)：阅读真题一 ·Look at the sentences below and at five passages taken from a book about famous management thinkers on the opposite page. · Which passage does each sentence refer to? · For each sentence 1 - 8, mark one letter A1 B, C, D or E on your Answer Sheet. · You will need to use some of these letters more than once. Example: He has developed his own company to promote his work. 0 A B C D E 1 Others in his field think very highly of him. 2 His ideas have spread beyond the business world. 3 He felt that people should be able to enjoy their work. 4 His ideas are more complex than they seem. 5 He did a variety of interesting things before writing his books. 6 His most successful book was written with a colleague. 7 He is particularly skilled at forecasting important developments.
高级商务英语考试阅读练习 When it to selecting candidates through interview, more often than not the decision is made within the first five minutes of a meeting. Yet employers like to (21) themselves that they are being exceptionally thorough in their selection processes. In today’s competitive market place, the (22) of staff in many organizations is fundamental to the company’s success and, as a result , recruiters use all means at their disposal to (23) the best in the field. One method in particular that has (24) in popularity is testing , either psychometric testing, which attempts to define psychological characteristics , or ability￡aptitude testing (25) an organization with an extra way of establishing a candidate’s suitability for a role. It (26) companies to add value by identifying key elements of a position and then testing candidates to ascertain their ability against those identified elements. The employment of psychometric or ability testing as one (27) of the recruitment process may have some merit, but in reality there is no real (28), scientific or otherwise, of the potential future performance of any individual. The answer to this problem is experience in interview techniques and strong definition of the elements of each position to be (29) as the whole recruitment process is based on few real certainties, the instinctive decisions that many employers make, based on a CT and the