ERP项目实施成功因素和风险管理
参考国外的一些文献资料，一个成功的ERP项目，往往要花费数年时间，数千万美元得以完成。再回头看国内，随着ERP怀疑论的抬头，价格战的兴起，ERP 作为一种软件供应商的产品，却有走下神坛趋势。就连ERP界的首领SAP也推出了Business One产品，价格低于十万。不过，即便ERP软件能做到免费，或如IBM推崇的按需收费的境界，从整个企业实施的角度，考虑到人员、培训、维护、业务重组、二次开发、三次、n次开发，其费用应该也在数百万乃至千万人民币的规模。这对于国内企业而言，已是不小的数目了。
但是，还是有不少企业怀着美丽的梦想，踏上ERP实施的艰辛之旅。其中又有不少项目以失败告终。而对于那些最后的幸存者，是否就可以还戟入仓，饮酒高歌呢？
事实上，企业在成功实施ERP项目后，将面对较实施前更大的风险。在未来的五到十年中，是否有一个扎实的ERP风险管理机制将决定了企业是否能在最初的ERP投资中真正获益。
1998年Thomas H.Davenport在哈佛商务评论发表了名为《将企业放入企业系统》的文章(Putting the entERPrise into the entERPrise system)。该文系统地提出了企业系统，或称ERP系统给企业运作带来积极及消极的引响。同时也直接提出了未来企业必须面对的一个风险：将整个企业放入企业系统中的风险。
按照美国项目管理协会对风险的定义，“风险”是指对项目有利或不利的不确定因素。
项目是“为完成某一独特的产品或服务所做的一次性努力”，项目的“独特性”决定了项目不可能是以与以前完全相同的方式、由与以前完全相同的人来完成的，同时，项目所要创造的产品或服务，以及项目可能涉及的范围、时间及成本都不可能在项目开始时完全确定，因此，在项目进行过程中也相应会出现大量的不确定性，即项目风险。本文以下所提到的“风险”是指对项目“不利”的不确定因素。
对项目不利的风险存在于任何项目中，并往往会给项目的推进和项目的成功带来负面影响。风险一旦发生，它的影响是多方面的，如导致项目产品/服务的
功能无法满足客户的需要、项目费用超出预算、项目计划拖延或被迫取消等，其最终体现为客户满意度的降低。因此，识别风险、评估风险并采取措施应对风险即风险管理对项目管理具有十分重要的意义。
风险管理的具体内容
项目风险管理主要分为以下几个步骤：风险识别、定性/定量风险分析、风险应对计划编制及风险监控。
1.风险识别
风险识别，是指识别并记录可能对项目造成不利影响的因素。由于项目处于不断发展变化的过程中，因此风险识别也贯穿于整个项目实施的全过程,而不仅仅是项目的开始阶段。风险识别不是一次性的工作，而需要更多系统的、横向的思维。几乎所有关于项目的计划与信息都可能作为风险识别的依据，如项目进度及成本计划、工作分解结构、项目组织结构、项目范围、类似项目的历史信息等。
需要注意的是，并非所有的风险都可以通过风险识别来进行管理。风险识别只能发现已知风险（如：已知项目组织中某一成员能力不能完全满足要求）或已知未知风险（known-unknown,即“事件名称已知”，如“客户方人员参与力度不足”）；而某些风险，由于项目的独特性，不可能在其发生前预知(unknown-unknown,即未知未知风险)。
2.定性/定量风险分析
通过风险识别过程所识别出的潜在风险数量很多，但这些潜在的风险对项目的影响是各不相同的。“风险分析”即通过分析、比较、评估等各种方式，对确定各风险的重要性，对风险排序并评估其对项目可能后果，从而使项目实施人员可以将主要精力集中于为数不多的主要风险上，从而使项目的整体风险得到有效的控制。
风险分析主要可采用的方法有：风险概率/影响评估矩阵、敏感性分析、模拟等。在进行上述分析时，主要关注以下几个风险因素：
风险概率：即风险事件发生的可能性的百分比表示。这个数字是通过主观判断而获得的，如专家评估、访谈或根据以前类似项目的历史信息。
风险影响：即风险发生可能对项目造成的影响大小。这种影响可能是时间上的，可能是成本上的，也可能是其他各方面的。
风险值（预期值EMV）：风险值=风险概率×风险影响，是对风险对项目造成的影响的最直接评估，它综合考虑了概率与影响两方面的因素。
3.风险应对计划编制
风险应对计划的目的在于通过制定相应的措施，来应对风险对项目可能造成的威胁。最常采用的应对威胁的几种措施是：规避、减轻、转移、接受。
规避，即通过消除风险的成因来消除该风险；
减轻，即通过采取措施降低“风险概率”或“风险影响”,从而达到降低风险值的结果；
转移，即将风险转移到另一方，如购买保险、分包等；
接受，即对该风险不采取措施，接受其造成的结果，或在该风险发生后再采取应急计划进行处理。
具体采用何种方式来应对某一风险，取决于该风险的风险值（EMV）、拟采取应对措施的可能成本、项目管理人员对待风险的态度（效用函数）类型等各方面，不可一概而论。
风险应对计划是针对已识别的风险进行的；对于未知未知的风险，不可能预选制定相应的应对计划或应急计划，因此，可以利用管理储备来应对。
4.风险监控
风险监控主要包括以下几方面的任务：
1）在项目进行过程中跟踪已识别风险、监控残余风险并识别新风险：随着项目的实施以及风险应对措施的执行，各种对项目的影响因素处于不断变化的过程中，因此，需要在整个项目过程中，时刻监督风险的发展与变化情况，确定伴随某些风险的消失而来的新的风险并制定相应的处理措施。
2）保证风险应对计划的执行并评估风险应对计划执行效果。评估的方法可以是项目周期（阶段）性回顾、绩效评估等。
3）对突发的风险或“接受”的风险采取适当的权变措施。
通过风险监控过程，项目人员持续更新项目风险列表，并通过重复上述各步骤保证项目风险始终处于受控状态。
ERP项目实施的风险管理
不同类型的项目有不同类型的风险。ERP项目实施的风险同样有其特殊性。
以下对ERP项目实施过程中的风险管理措施做一简要说明，一家之言，仅供参考。
1.ERP项目实施中的主要风险及应对措施
如前所述，“几乎所有关于项目的计划与信息都可能作为风险识别的依据，如项目进度及成本计划、工作分解结构、项目组织结构、项目范围、类似项目的历史信息等。”在ERP项目的风险识别过程中，可以以项目计划为线索，识别项目在各方面的风险。
实施过程中，应特别关注以下几方面的风险：
1)项目范围的风险
项目采购管理通常有三种合同方式，即：固定价或总价合同、成本报销（加奖励）合同、单价合同。通常不确定性越大、风险越大的项目，越趋向于采用靠后的合同方式。这也是国外及国内部分ERP供应商在实施服务中采用按人天提供服务并收取费用的原因。但采用这种方式，买方（即客户）存在较大的风险，因此，国内很多客户倾向于以固定价格订立实施服务合同。而这种合同方式，则对于卖方（即顾问方）存在较大风险。在此前提下，若项目范围定义不清晰，可能导致买卖双方对项目范围的认知产生分歧：卖方希望尽量缩小实施范围，以最小的成本结束项目；而买方则希望将ERP系统的所有功能尽可能多的实施，以固定的价格获得最大的收益。若双方的分歧较大，不能达成一致，则必然会造成效率低下，相互扯皮。
因此，ERP项目合同中，应对项目的实施范围做尽可能清晰的界定，切不可停留在“实施财务模块”或是“实施应收、应付、总账管理”之类的层面上。宁愿多花一些时间在项目实施前的范围界定工作上，也不要在项目实施过程中，面对ERP繁多的功能，实施方与用户方争执不下，或被迫让步，投入更大的精力于项目中，而导致项目不能按时完成。
2）项目进度的风险
关于ERP项目实施的周期，目前在宣传上有强调“快速”的倾向。但ERP 项目进度的控制绝非易事，不仅取决于顾问公司的能力，同时也在很大程度上受到客户方对ERP期望值是否合理、对范围控制是否有效、对项目投入（包括人员时间的投入和资金等的投入）是否足够等方面的影响。
由神州数码提供ERP系统并负责实施的昆山世同金属，在较短时间内上线成
功，原因之一就是易飞ERP实施小组完整成熟的导入机制及顾问人员卓越的素质，有效顺利地协助了世同金属的上线工作。从上线开始便有专业顾问负责整个导入实施的计划，长期积累的行业知识及管理经验也提升了整个ERP的运作水平，妥善处理了上线工作中的问题。用户对项目分阶段实施有强烈的认同，在第一阶段仅强调对基本功能的实现，而将大量的工作留到上线后或持续改进过程中。
而实际操作中，并非所有用户对ERP实施都有这种理解与认同，因此，在项目进度计划时，一味在项目进度计划时求快，甚或是刻意追求某个具有特殊意义的日期作为项目里程碑，将对项目进度控制造成很大压力。
事实上，很多项目的失败，正是起因于项目进度出现拖延，而导致项目团队士气低落，效率低下。因此，ERP项目实施的时间管理，需要充分考虑各种潜在因素，适当留有余地；任务分解详细度适中，便于考核；在执行过程中，应强调项目按进度执行的重要性，在考虑任何问题时，都要将保持进度作为先决条件；同时，合理利用赶工及快速跟进等方法，充分利用资源。
3）项目人力资源的风险
人力资源是ERP项目实施过程中最为关键的资源。保证合适的人，以足够的精力参与到项目中来，是项目成功实施的基本保证。
ERP项目实施中存在各种角色，对各种角色应具备的素质，我们在此不再赘述。要降低项目的人力资源风险，就要保证进入到项目中并承担角色的各类项目干系人满足项目要求。因此，实施双方应对参与人员进行认真的评估，这种评估应该是双方面的，不仅是用户对咨询顾问的评估，也应包括咨询公司对参与项目的用户方成员（在国内目前的环境下，主要是指关键用户）的评估。同时，应保证项目人员对项目的投入程度。应将参与ERP项目人员的业绩评估与ERP项目实施的状况相关联，明确ERP项目是在该阶段项目相关人员最重要的本职工作；制定适当的奖惩措施；在企业中建立“一把手工程”的思想，层层“一把手”，即各级负责人针对ERP实施向下行使全权、对上担负全责，将一把手从个体概念延伸到有机结合的群体概念。
4）对ERP认识不正确的风险
有的企业把ERP视为企业管理的灵丹妙药，认为既然ERP“功能强大”，只
要上了ERP，企业的所有问题便迎刃而解，或者以为企业的所有流程都可以纳入到ERP中来；还有的人简单的将ERP视为当前业务流程的电子化。
要防范或减轻这种风险，需要对用户进行大量的培训：ERP的由来，ERP的功能，实施ERP的目的与期望等等，尽可能在用户产生“ERP不能满足我的需求和期望”这种想法之前，让用户知道“现阶段对ERP合理的需求期望是什么”。
2．ERP项目实施中的风险监控
可以采取以下措施对ERP项目实施中的风险进行监控，以防止危及项目成败的风险发生。
1)建立并及时更新项目风险列表及风险排序。项目管理人员应随时关注与关键风险相关因素的变化情况，及时决定何时、采用何种风险应对措施。
2）风险应对审计：随时关注风险应对措施（规避、减轻、转移）实施的效果，对残余风险进行评估。
3）建立报告机制，及时将项目中存在的问题反映到项目经理或项目管理层。
4）定期召集项目干系人召开项目会议，对风险状况进行评估，并通过各方面对项目实施的反应来发现新风险。
5）更新相关数据库如风险识别检查表，以利于今后类似项目的实施。
6）引入第三方咨询，定期对项目进行质量检查，以防范大的风险。
总之,实施信息化，企业就要面对巨大风险，有时甚至是将自己的生死交到了信息化手上。但如果不实施信息化，企业就要被同行所超越，进而湮没在全球化的浪潮中，这是每一家企业都不愿意看到的。可看看常见的资料，都是教你如何去规避信息化风险，而没有人愿意直面风险，这不能不说是信息化的缺失。如果我们的企业、厂商能够更加开明些，丢掉那所谓的面子问题，将他们面对风险时的经验与大众共享，相信信息化的失败率绝对要比现在少得多。
科技外文文献
Discussing about the successful factors of
ERP projects implementation and the risk management
Refers to the overseas some literature material, a successful ERP project, often needs to spend several year times, number thousands of US dollars can complete. Again turns head looks at the home, along with ERP skepticisms gaining ground, price war starting, ERP took one kind of software supplier's product, has actually goes down the god world tendency. ERP leader SAP also promoted Business the One product, the price has been lower than 100,000.Even if the ERP software can achieve free, or like the IBM esteem according to the boundary which must collect fees, implements the angle from the entire enterprise, considers the personnel, training, the maintenance, the service reorganization, the re-development, three, n development, its expense should also in several 1,000,000 and even surely the scale. This speaking of the domestic enterprise, already was not the small number.
But, some many enterprises harbor the beautiful dream, steps the ERP implementation the difficult travel. In which also has many projects to be defeated comes to an end. But regarding these final survivors, whether can the halberd be also put in storage, drinks wine to sing loudly? In fact, the enterprise implements the ERP project after the success will face implements a bigger risk. In future five to ten years in, some solid ERP risk management mechanism had decided whether the enterprise can obtain benefits truly in the initial ERP investment. In 1998 Thomas H.Davenport has published named "Puts in Enterprise System" the article in the Harvard commerce commentary (Putting the enterprise into the enterprise system).This article proposed systematically the enterprise system, or called the ERP system the operation brings for the enterprise positive and negative directs the sound. Simultaneously also directly proposed the future enterprise will have to face a risk: Puts in the enterprise system the entire enterprise the risk. According to US Project management Association to the risk the definition, "the risk" is refers to the project advantageous or the disadvantageous element of certainty.
The project is "for completes the disposable endeavor which some unique product or the service station do", the project "the distinctive quality" had decided the project not impossible was by with the before identical way, simultaneously, the project which completed by and the before identical person must create the product or the service, as well as the project possibly involved the scope, the time and the cost all not impossible started when the project completely to determine, therefore, carried on in the process in the project also corresponding to be able to appear the massive uncertainty, namely project risk. Below this article mentioned "the risk" is refers to the project "disadvantageously" the element of certainty. Exists to the project disadvantageous risk in any project, often and can give the project the advancement and the project success brings the negative influence. Once the risk occurs, its influence is various, like causes the project product/service the function to be unable to satisfy the customer the need, the project expense surpasses the budget, the project plan dragging or is compelled to cancel and so on, it finally manifests for customer degree of satisfaction depression. Therefore, the recognition risk, the appraisal risk and take the measure to be supposed to be the risk management have the extremely vital significance to the risk to the project management.
ⅠRisk management concrete content
The project risk management mainly divides into following several steps: The risk recognition, the qualitative/quota risk analysis, the risk should to plan the establishment and the risk monitoring.
1. risk recognitions
The risk recognition, is refers distinguishes and records possibly has the adverse effect to the project the factor. Because the project is in develops in unceasingly the change process, therefore the risk recognition also passes through in the entire project implementation entire process, but is not merely the project initial stage. The risk recognition is not the disposable work, but need more systems, crosswise thought. Possesses nearly about the project plan and the information all possibly takes the risk recognition the basis, like project progress and cost plan, work decomposition structure, project organizational structure, project scope, similar project historical information and so on. Needs to pay attention, all risks all may carry on the management by no means through the risk recognition. The risk recognition only can discover the known risk (for example: In the known project organization some member ability cannot satisfy the request completely) or the known unknown risk (known-unknown, namely "event name known", like "customer side personnel participates in dynamics being insufficient"); Before but certain risks, as a result of the project distinctive quality, not impossible to occur in it know in advance (unknown-unknown, namely unknown-unknown risk).
2. qualitative/quota risk analysis
The latent risk quantity distinguishes which through the risk recognition process are very many, but these latent risks to the project the influence are various. "The risk analysis" namely through the analysis, the comparison, the appraisal and so on each way, to determined various risks the importance, sorts to the risk and appraises it to the project possible consequence, thus causes the project to implement the personnel to be possible to concentrate the main energy in the few in number main risk, thus enable the project the overall risk to be under the effective control.
The risk analysis mainly may use the method includes: Risk probability/influence appraisal matrix, sensitive analysis, simulation and so on. When carries on the above analysis, mainly pays attention to following several risk factor:
Risk probability: Namely the risk event occurs possible percentage expression. This numeral is, like the expert who obtains through the subjective judgment appraises, the interview or the basis before similar project historical information.
Risk influence: Namely the risk has possibly the influence size which creates to the project. This kind of influence is possibly in the time, possibly is in the cost, also is possibly other various aspects.
Risk value (required value EMV): The risk value = risk probability * risk influence, is to the risk the influence most direct appraisal which creates to the project, its overall evaluation probability with has affected two aspects the factors.
3. risks should plan the establishment
The risk should lie in to the plan goal through the formulation corresponding measure, comes to be supposed to the risk the threat which possibly creates to the project.Most often uses should to threat several measures be: The circumvention, reduces, the shift, accepts.
The circumvention, namely eliminates this risk through the elimination risk origin; Reduces, namely through takes the measure to reduce "the risk probability" or "the risk influence", thus achieved reduces the risk value the result;
The shift, soon the risk shifts to another side, like purchase insurance, sub package and so on;
Accepts, namely does not take the measure to this risk, accepts result which it creates, or occurs after this risk uses the contingency plan to carry on processing again. Selects what method to come specifically to be supposed to some risk, is decided in this risk value (EMV), plans to adopt should to the measure possible cost, the project management personnel treat the risk the manner (utility function) the type and so on various aspects, cannot be generally spoken.
The risk should be aims at the risk to the plan which distinguishes to carry on; Regarding the unknown risk, not impossible to choose in advance the formulation corresponding to be supposed to plan or the contingency plan, therefore, may stockpile using the management should be right.
4. risk monitoring
The risk monitoring mainly includes following several aspects the duty:
1) Carrying on in the process in the project to track has distinguished the risk, the monitoring remaining risk and distinguishes the new risk: Along with the project implementation as well as the risk should to the measure execution, each kind the influence factor be in the process to the project which changes unceasingly, therefore, needs in the entire project process, the time surveillance risk development and the change situation, determined follows the new risk which certain risks vanishing comes and formulates the corresponding processing measure.
2) Guaranteed the risk should to the plan execution and appraised the risk should to plan carry out the effect. The appraisal method may be the project cycle (stage) the natural review, the achievements appraisal and so on.
3) "accepts" to the sharp-edged risk the risk takes the suitable flexible measure. Through the risk monitoring process, the project personnel renews the project risk tabulation continually, and through the repetition above various steps guaranteed the project risk is at the controlled condition throughout.
ⅡERP project implementation risk management
The different type project has the different type risk. The ERP project implementation risk has its particularity similarly. The following gives a briefing to in the ERP project implementation process risk management measure, the single opinion, only supplies the reference.
1. ERP project implementation main risk and should to the measure
As mentioned above, "possesses nearly about the project plan and the information all possibly takes the risk recognition the basis, like project progress and cost plan, work decomposition structure, project organizational structure, project scope, similar project historical information and so on." In the ERP project risk recognition process, may take the project plan as the clue, the recognition project in various aspects risk. In the implementation process, should pay attention to following several aspects specially the risk:
1) p roject scope risk
The project purchase management usually has three contract ways, namely: The solid fixed price or the total price contract, the cost reimburse (add reward) the contract, the unit price contract. The usual uncertainty is bigger, a risk bigger project, more tends to in using depends on after the contract way. This also is overseas and the domestic part ERP supplier uses in the implementation service according to the human day provides serves and charges the fee the
reason. But selects this method, the buyer (i.e. customer) has the big risk, therefore, the domestic very many customers favor in work out the implementation contract of service by the fixed price. But this contract way, then (i.e. consultant side) has the big risk regarding the seller. Under this premise, if the project scope definition is not clear, possibly causes the round turns to have the difference to the project scope cognition: The seller hoped reduces the implementation scope as far as possible, by smallest cost closing performance; But the buyer hoped ERP system all function many implementations, obtains as far as possible by the fixed price the greatest income. If the bilateral difference is big, cannot achieve consistently, then can create the efficiency inevitably to be low, wrangles mutually.
Therefore, in the ERP project contract, should make as far as possible the clear limits to the project implementation scope, cuts cannot pause in "the implementation finance module" perhaps "the implementation receivable, the manipulation, the general ledger management" and so on in stratification plane.
Rather multi-flowered some time before in project implementation scope limits work, also do not have in the project implementation process, facing ERP many functions, the implementation side and the user side is unyielding, or the forced concessions, invests a bigger energy in the project, but causes the project not to be able to complete on time.
2) p roject progress risk
About the ERP project implementation cycle, at present has emphasizes "fast" the tendency in the propaganda. But ERP project progress control certainly not easy matter, not only is decided by consultant firm's ability, simultaneously also to a great extent receives the customer side to the ERP expected value whether reasonable, to the scope controls whether effective, to project investment (including personnel time investment and fund and so on investment) whether enough and so on aspect influences.
Provides elder brother Shan Shitong by the divine land numerical code who the ERP system and is responsible to implement the metal, in a short time makes something a matter of political line successfully, one of reasons is easy to fly the ERP implementation group integrity mature to induct the mechanism and consultant personnel's remarkable quality, smoothly has assisted the world effectively with the metal political line work. Starts from the political line then to have special consultant to be responsible to induct the implementation entire the plan, the long-term accumulation profession knowledge and the managerial experience have also promoted the entire ERP operation level, has properly dealt with in the political line work issue. The user has the intense approval to the project minute stage implementation, only emphasizes in the first stage to the basic function realization, but the massive work will remain after the political line or improve in continually the process.
But in the actual operation, by no means all users all have this kind of understanding and the approval to the ERP implementation, therefore, in project progress plan time, constantly when project progress plan strives for quickly, even is pursues some to have the special significance date sedulously to take the project milestone, will create the very tremendous pressure to the project progress control. In fact, the very many project defeat, is precisely is attributed to the project progress to appear the dragging, but causes the project team despondency, the efficiency to be low. Therefore, the ERP project implementation time management, needs to consider each kind of latency fully, suitable conservative; The duty decomposes the detailed degree of fineness to be moderate, is advantageous for the inspection; In the implementation, should emphasize the project according to the progress execution importance, in considered when any question, all must take the maintenance progress the
precondition; At the same time, reasonably and follows up fast using rushing a job and so on the methods, uses the resources fully.
3) project human resources risk
The human resources are in the ERP project implementation process the most essential resources. Guaranteed the appropriate person, participates in the project by the enough energy, is the project success implementation basic guarantee.
In the ERP project implementation has each kind of role, should have the quality to each kind of role, we no longer give unnecessary detail in this. Must reduce the project the human resources risk, must guarantee enters and undertakes role each kind of project to the project in to do is the human satisfies the project request. Therefore, implements both sides to be supposed to participate in the personnel carrying on the earnest appraisal, this kind of appraisal should be the bilateral surface, not only is the user to consults consultant's appraisal, also should include the consultant firm to the user side member who participates in the project (in under the domestic present environment, mainly is refers to essential user) the appraisal. At the same time, should guarantee the project personnel to the project investment degree. Should participation the ERP project personnel's achievement to appraise and the ERP project implementation condition is connected, is clear about the ERP project is in this stage project correlation personnel most important labor of duty; Formulates the suitable rewards and punishment measure; Establishes "the member project" in the enterprise the thought, layer upon layer "the member", namely all levels of people in charge downward exercises in view of the ERP implementation plenary powers, shoulders the entire responsibility to on, extends the member from the individual concept to the organic synthesis community concept.
4) The risk that people don't understand ERP correctly
Some enterprises regard as ERP the business management the panacea, thought since ERP "the function is formidable", so long as on ERP, enterprise's all questions have then been easily solved, or thought enterprise's all flows all may integrate to ERP in; Also some people simple regard as ERP the current service flow the computerization.
Must guard against or reduce this kind of risk, needs to carry on massive training to the user: The ERP origin, the ERP function, implements ERP goal and expectation and so on, "ERP cannot meet my need in the user productions and expect" as far as possible in front of this idea, lets the user know "the present stage to the ERP reasonable demand expectation is any".
2. ERP project implementation risk monitoring
May take following measure to carry on the monitoring to in the ERP project implementation risk, prevented endangers the project success or failure the risk occurrence. 1) Establishes and the prompt renewal project risk tabulation and risk sorting. The project management personnel should as necessary pay attention to and the essential risk correlation factor change situation, decided promptly when, uses what kind of risk to be supposed to the measure.
2) the risk should to audit: Pays attention to the risk to be supposed as necessary to the measure (circumvention, to reduce the effect which, shift) implements, carries on the appraisal to the remaining risk.
3) establishes the report mechanism, the question which has the project in reflects promptly to project manager or the project management level.
4) convenes the project to do is regularly the human holds the project conference, carries on the appraisal to the risk condition, and discovers the new risk through all quarters facing
the project implementation response.
5) renews the correlation database like risk recognition check table, will favor the next similar project the implementation.
6) Introduces the third party consultation, regularly carries on the quality testing to the project, guards against the big risk.
The implementation informational, the enterprise needs to face the huge risk, sometimes even has handed over own life and death in the informational. But if does not implement the informational, the enterprise needs to travel together surmounted, then annihilation in globalization tide, this is each enterprise all is not willing to see.
All in all, ERP's best hope for demonstrating value is as a sort of battering ram for improving the way your company takes a customer order and processes it into an invoice and revenue-otherwise known as the order fulfillment process. That is why ERP is often referred to as back-office software. It doesn't handle the up-front selling process (although most ERP vendors have recently developed CRM software to do this); rather, ERP takes a customer order and provides a software road map for automating the different steps along the path to fulfilling it. When a customer service representative enters a customer order into an ERP system, he has all the information necessary to complete the order (the customer's credit rating and order history from the finance module, the company's inventory levels from the warehouse module and the shipping dock's trucking schedule from the logistics module, for example). People in these different departments all see the same information and can update it. When one department finishes with the order it is automatically routed via the ERP system to the next department. To find out where the order is at any point, you need only log in to the ERP system and track it down. With luck, the order process moves like a bolt of lightning through the organization, and customers get their orders faster and with fewer errors than before. ERP can apply that same magic to the other major business processes, such as employee benefits or financial reporting. That, at least, is the dream of ERP. The reality is much harsher. Let's go back to those inboxes for a minute. That process may not have been efficient, but it was simple. Finance did its job, the warehouse did its job, and if anything went wrong outside of the department's walls, it was somebody else's problem. Not anymore. With ERP, the customer service representatives are no longer just typists entering someone's name into a computer and hitting the return key. The ERP screen makes them businesspeople. It flickers with the customer's credit rating from the finance department and the product inventory levels from the warehouse. Will the customer pay on time? Will we be able to ship the order on time? These are decisions that customer service representatives have never had to make before, and the answers affect the customer and every other department in the company. But it's not just the customer service representatives who have to wake up. People in the warehouse who used to keep inventory in their heads or on scraps of paper now need to put that information online. If they don't, customer service reps will see low inventory levels on their screens and tell customers that their requested item is not in stock. Accountability, responsibility and communication have never been tested like this before. People don't like to change, and ERP asks them to change how they do their jobs. That is why the value of ERP is so hard to pin down. The software is less important than the changes companies make in the ways they do business. If you use ERP to improve the ways your people take orders, manufacture goods, ship them and bill for them, you will see value from the software. If you simply install the software without changing the ways people do their jobs, you may not see any value at all-indeed, the new software could slow you down by simply replacing the old
software that everyone knew with new software that no one does.
If our enterprise, the manufacturer can more enlightened, discard that so-called point of honor, shares them facing the risk time experience and the populace, the trust informational failure rate must be much less than absolutely the present.
《金融风险管理案例分析》 ——华谊兄弟 姓名：周冰倩 学院：行知学院商学分院 专业：金融学
学号：12856218 金融风险管理案例分析之华谊兄弟 前言： 在21世纪初的中国娱乐业市场，涌现出一批商业巨头，而华谊公司正是个中翘楚。从一家小型的广告公司，到如今庞大的商业帝国，华谊走过了一条不可思议的崛起之路。当然，时势造英雄，这不仅仅归功于王中军王中磊两位创始人的商业才能，也要归功于繁荣的中国市场。 华谊概况： 华谊兄弟传媒集团是中国大陆一家知名综合性民营娱乐集团，于1994年创立。1998年正式进入电影行业，因投资冯小刚的贺岁片而声名鹊起，随后全面进入传媒产业，投资及运营电影、电视剧、艺人经纪、唱片、娱乐营销等领域，在这些领域都取得了不错的成绩。时至今日，华谊兄弟传媒集团已经发展成为一个涵盖广告、影视、音乐、发行、艺术设计、建筑、汽车梢售、文化经纪、投资等的大型民营企业集团，并于2009年10月30日创业板正式上市。 一．信用风险： 信用风险又称违约风险，是指借款人、证券发行人或交易对方因种种原因，不愿或无力履行合同条件而构成违约，致使银行、投资者或交易对方遭受损失的可能性。 我认为可能会导致出现信用风险的原因有两个：
（1）经济运行的周期性。 （2）是对于公司经营有影响的特殊事件的发生。 宏观经济与政策环境： 2013年起，全球经济逐渐复苏，中国经济保持稳定的增长态势，经济运行总体平稳。2014年将是中国全面深化改革的重要一年，中国经济的主要特征是由高速增长向中高速增长转换。伴随着这种增速转换，中国经济的结构性调整特征十分明显，服务业发展动能逐渐增强。国内外良好的经济环境和国内深化改革的政策目标都将刺激中国服务业，第三产业的发展。 行业态势： 优势： 1.中国电影产业规模快速增长，为大型电影企业提供了发展机会。而且娱乐影视这整个行业发展快，对优质作品需求大，有利于公司发挥自身优势满足市场需求，保持行业领先地位。 2.华谊拥有出色的制作、宣传与发行能力，在国产大片市场处于优势地位；电视剧制作实力强产量高；艺人经纪业务拥有艺人数量超过百人。公司独创的经营管理模式，有助于降低风险保证收益。 3.公司以工作室独立运营进行作品创作等经营管理模式，有助于公司降低经营风险，取得最大收益。公司产业完整，影视资源丰富，电影、电视剧和艺人经纪三大业务板块有效整合，协同发展，在产业链完整性和影视资源丰富性方面有较为突出的优势。 劣势： 1.虽然我国电影产量已初具规模，但其中具备较高商业价值的影片数量仍然较少，高质量影片供应量的增加将直接推动电影票房收入的增长。 2.影片产量和放映数量均在增长，但银幕数量以及高质量影片的供应不足限制了整个行业的发展速度。规模大，产业链完整，运作高效的电影企业将在发展中获胜。 综上所述，尽管存在着一些不利因素，但总体来看，电视剧市场以及国内外的经济环境外部因素都是有利于华谊公司的发展的。因此，外部环境对该公司造成的信用风险的压力较小。 华谊重大事件年表： 1994年，华谊兄弟广告公司创立 1997年，年销售额达6亿，进入中国十大广告公司行列 2000年，并购金牌经纪人王京花的经纪公司，成立华谊兄弟时代经纪有限公司；太合控股2000万入股，成立华谊兄弟太合影视投资公司 2001年，成立华谊兄弟太合文化经纪有限公司 2002年，华谊取得西影股份发行公司超过40%的股份 2004年，出资3000万收购战国音乐，成立华谊兄弟音乐有限公司；TOM集团出资500万美元收购华谊27%的股权，华谊更名为华谊兄弟传媒集团 2005年，中国最大SP之一华友世纪对华谊兄弟音乐有限公司进行超过3500万战略性投资；华谊以3500万入股天音公司成立新的天音传媒有限公司；金牌经纪人王京花带领一些艺人跳槽橙天娱乐
财务风险管理 尽管近年来金融风险大大增加，但风险和风险管理不是当代的主要问题。全球市场越来越多的问题是，风险可能来自几千英里以外的与这些事件无关的国外市场。意味着需要的信息可以在瞬间得到，而其后的市场反应，很快就发生了。经济气候和市场可能会快速影响外汇汇率变化、利率及大宗商品价格，交易对手会迅速成为一个问题。因此，重要的一点是要确保金融风险是可以被识别并且管理得当的。准备是风险管理工作的一个关键组成部分。 什么是风险？ 风险给机会提供了基础。风险和暴露的条款让它们在含义上有了细微的差别。风险是指有损失的可能性，而暴露是可能的损失，尽管他们通常可以互换。风险起因是由于暴露。金融市场的暴露影响大多数机构，包括直接或间接的影响。当一个组织的金融市场暴露，有损失的可能性，但也是一个获利或利润的机会。金融市场的暴露可以提供战略性或竞争性的利益。 风险损失的可能性事件来自如市场价格的变化。事件发生的可能性很小，但这可能导致损失率很高，特别麻烦，因为他们往往比预想的要严重得多。换句话说，可能就是变异的风险回报。由于它并不总是可能的，或者能满意地把风险消除，在决定如何管理它中了解它是很重要的一步。识别暴露和风险形式的基础需要相应的财务风险管理策略。 财务风险是如何产生的呢？ 无数金融性质的交易包括销售和采购，投资和贷款，以及其他各种业务活动，产生了财务风险。它可以出现在合法的交易中，新项目中，兼并和收购中，债务融资中，能源部分的成本中，或通过管理的活动，利益相关者，竞争者，外国政府，或天气出现。当金融的价格变化很大，它可以增加成本，降低财政收入，或影响其他有不利影响的盈利能力的组织。金融波动可能使人们难以规划和预算商品和服务的价格，并分配资金。 有三种金融风险的主要来源： 1、金融风险起因于组织所暴露出来的市场价格的变化，如利率、汇率、和大宗商品价格。 2、引起金融风险的行为有与其他组织的交易如供应商、客户，和对方在金融衍生产品中的交易。 3、由于内部行动或失败的组织，特别是人、过程和系统所造成的金融风险。 什么是财务风险管理？ 财务风险管理是用来处理金融市场中不确定的事情的。它涉及到一个组织所面临的评估和组织的发展战略、内部管理的优先事项和当政策一致时的财务风险。企业积极应对金融风险可以使企业成为一个具有竞争优势的组织。它还确保管理，业务人员，利益相关者，董事会董事在对风险的关键问题达成协议。金融风险管理组织就必须作出那些不被接受的有关风险的决定。那些被动不采取行动的战略是在默认情况下接受所有的风险，组织使用各种策略和产品来管理金融风险。重要的是要了解这些产品和战略方面，通过工作来减少该组织内的风险承受能力和目标范围内的风险。 风险管理的策略往往涉及衍生工具。在金融机构和有组织的交易所，衍生物广泛地进行
本科毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 Financial Risk Management Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years, risk and risk management are not contemporary issues. The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market. Information is available instantaneously, which means that change, and subsequent market reactions, occur very quickly. The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity prices. Counterparties can rapidly become problematic. As a result, it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management. What Is Risk? Risk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss, while exposure is the possibility of loss, although they are often used interchangeably. Risk arises as a result of exposure. Exposure to financial markets affects most organizations, either directly or indirectly. When an organization has financial market exposure, there is a possibility of loss but also an opportunity for gain or profit. Financial market exposure may provide strategic or competitive benefits. Risk is the likelihood of losses resulting from events such as changes in market prices. Events with a low probability of occurring, but that may result in a high loss, are particularly troublesome because they are often not anticipated. Put another way, risk is the probable variability of returns. Since it is not always possible or desirable to eliminate risk, understanding it is an important step in determining how to manage it.
工程项目风险管理案例分析 风险管理的重点是成本、进度、质量、健康/安全/环 境（HSE）和资源供应等风险。 一、工程概况：指在施工程项目的基本情况,其主要内容包括:建设单位、单位、单位、施工单位、工 程地点、工程总、施工条件、开竣工日期、面积、 形式等。（自己写写就OK） 二、不确定分析（看着加吧） （1）费用不确定：在工程还未完工之前，该工程所花费的具体数额是不能确定的。 （2）进度不确定：工程完工之前，需要多长的工期因为众多因素的不确定而无法确定。 （3）质量不确定：我们只能尽量保证工程质量符号标准，而无法确定工程在未完工之前的质量。 （4）水文地质不确定：在勘察和实际所面临的水文地质等可能因为时间的改变而改变，无法准确定位。 （5）工程收益不确定：收益总是改变的，且具体数额不可能提前预知。 （6）移民拆迁等不确定 三、风险清单（看着加吧） （1）不可抗力：不能预见、不能避免和不能克服的
客观情况 （2）资源供应：包括人力资源、财力资源、物质资源和技术信息资源。 （3）法规变更：新的规范、规定。 （4）行政风险：新的行政命令。 （5）利率风险：利率变化使工程的实际收益与预期收益或实际成本与预期成本发生背离，使其实际收益低于预期收益，或实际成本高于预期成本，从而使工程遭受损失的可能性。 （6）通胀风险：投资行为所面临的系统风险，指因通货膨胀引起货币贬值造成资产价值和劳动收益缩水的风险。 （7）技术风险：是指伴随着科学技术的发展、生产方式的改变而产生的威胁人们生产与生活的风险。技术风险可依据工程项目风险定义进行等级区分。通常分为低、中、高风险三个等级。 低风险是指可辨识且可监控其对项目目标影响的风险；中等风险是指可辨识的，对工程系统的技术性能、费用或进度将产生较大影响的风险，这类风险发生的可能性相当高，是有条件接受的事件，需要对其进行严密监控。高风险是指发生的可能性很高，不可接受的事件，其
目录 1.雷曼兄弟简介 (1) 2.雷曼兄弟破产过程 (1) 3.雷曼兄弟破产原因分析 (3) 3.1 自身原因 (3) 3.2 外部原因 (6) 4.应对措施及建议 (8)
1.雷曼兄弟简介 雷曼兄弟控股公司是美国第四大投资银行。作为一家全球性的投资银行，雷曼兄弟公司具有158年的历史。其雄厚的财务实力，以及“全球最具实力股票债券承销交易商”的名号可以追述到一个世纪前。 雷曼公司的业务能力一直受到众多世界知名公司的广泛认可。它不仅担任这些跨国公司和政府的重要财务顾问，同时拥有多名业界公认的国际最佳分析师。由此，它在很多业务领域都居于全球领先地位，包括股票、固定收益、交易和研究、投资银行业务、私人银行业务、资产管理以及风险投资。这一切都有助于雷曼兄弟稳固其在业务领域的领导地位。《商业周刊》评选雷曼兄弟公司为2000年最佳投资银行，《国际融资评论》授予其2002年度最佳投资银行称号，其整体调研实力也高居《机构投资者》排名榜榜首。 这样一家信誉名声都响彻业界的全球性多元化投资银行，于北京时间2008年9月15日，在次级抵押贷款市场危机加剧的形势下，丢盔弃甲。根据美国破产法，美国第四大投资银行雷曼兄弟控股公司向美国联邦破产法庭递交破产保护申请。以资产衡量，这是美国金融业最大的一宗公司破产案。 2.雷曼兄弟破产过程 表1罗列了自2007年夏天美国的次贷危机爆发以来，金融市场上所发生的一些重大事件和雷曼兄弟是如何一步步走向破产的。 表1 雷曼兄弟破产过程
3.1自身原因 1. 进入不熟悉的业务，且发展太快，业务过于集中。 作为一家顶级的投资银行，雷曼兄弟在很长一段时间内注重于传统的投资银行业务（证券发行承销，兼并收购顾问等）。 进入20世纪90年代后，随着固定收益产品、金融衍生品的流行和交易的飞速发展，雷曼兄弟也大力拓展了这些领域的业务，并取得了巨大的成功，被称为华尔街上的“债券之王”。 在2000年后房地产和信贷这些非传统的业务蓬勃发展之后，雷曼兄弟和其它华尔街上的银行一样，开始涉足此类业务。这本无可厚非，但雷曼的扩张速度太快（美林、贝尔斯登、摩根士丹利等也存在相同的问题）。雷曼兄弟破产前的几年一直是住宅抵押债券和商业地产债券的顶级承销商和账簿管理人。即使是在房地产市场下滑的2007年，雷曼兄弟的商业地产债券业务仍然增长了约13%。这样一来，雷曼兄弟面临的系统性风险非常大。在市场情况好的年份，整个市场都在向上，市场流动性泛滥，投资者被乐观情绪所蒙蔽，巨大的系统性风险给雷曼带来了巨大的收益；可是当市场崩溃的时候，如此大的系统风险必然带来巨大的负面影响。 2. 财务结构不合理，自身资本太少，杠杆率太高且过度依赖短期融资。 以雷曼为代表的投资银行与花旗、摩根大通、美洲银行等综合性银行不同，它们的自有资本太少，资本充足率太低。为了筹集资金来扩大业务，它们只好依赖债券市场和银行间拆借市场，在债券市场发债来满足中长期资金的需求，在银
ERP项目实施成功因素和风险管理 参考国外的一些文献资料，一个成功的ERP项目，往往要花费数年时间，数千万美元得以完成。再回头看国内，随着ERP怀疑论的抬头，价格战的兴起，ERP作为一种软件供应商的产品，却有走下神坛趋势。就连ERP界的首领SAP 也推出了Business One产品，价格低于十万。不过，即便ERP软件能做到免费，或如IBM推崇的按需收费的境界，从整个企业实施的角度，考虑到人员、培训、维护、业务重组、二次开发、三次、n次开发，其费用应该也在数百万乃至千万人民币的规模。这对于国内企业而言，已是不小的数目了。 但是，还是有不少企业怀着美丽的梦想，踏上ERP实施的艰辛之旅。其中又有不少项目以失败告终。而对于那些最后的幸存者，是否就可以还戟入仓，饮酒高歌呢？ 事实上，企业在成功实施ERP项目后，将面对较实施前更大的风险。在未来的五到十年中，是否有一个扎实的ERP风险管理机制将决定了企业是否能在最初的ERP投资中真正获益。 1998年Thomas H.Davenport在哈佛商务评论发表了名为《将企业放入企业系统》的文章(Putting the entERPrise into the entERPrise system)。该文系统地提出了企业系统，或称ERP系统给企业运作带来积极及消极的引响。同时也直接提出了未来企业必须面对的一个风险：将整个企业放入企业系统中的风险。 按照美国项目管理协会对风险的定义，“风险”是指对项目有利或不利的不确定因素。 项目是“为完成某一独特的产品或服务所做的一次性努力”，项目的“独特性”决定了项目不可能是以与以前完全相同的方式、由与以前完全相同的人来完成的，同时，项目所要创造的产品或服务，以及项目可能涉及的范围、时间及成本都不可能在项目开始时完全确定，因此，在项目进行过程中也相应会出现大量的不确定性，即项目风险。本文以下所提到的“风险”是指对项目“不利”的不确定因素。 对项目不利的风险存在于任何项目中，并往往会给项目的推进和项目的成功带来负面影响。风险一旦发生，它的影响是多方面的，如导致项目产品/服务的功能无法满足客户的需要、项目费用超出预算、项目计划拖延或被迫取消等，其最终体现为客户满意度的降低。因此，识别风险、评估风险并采取措施应对风险即风险管理对项目管理具有十分重要的意义。 风险管理的具体内容 项目风险管理主要分为以下几个步骤：风险识别、定性/定量风险分析、风险应对计划编制及风险监控。 1.风险识别 风险识别，是指识别并记录可能对项目造成不利影响的因素。由于项目处于不断发展变化的过程中，因此风险识别也贯穿于整个项目实施的全过程,而不仅仅是项目的开始阶段。风险识别不是一次性的工作，而需要更多系统的、横向的思维。几乎所有关于项目的计划与信息都可能作为风险识别的依据，如项目进度及成本计划、工作分解结构、项目组织结构、项目范围、类似项目的历史信息等。 需要注意的是，并非所有的风险都可以通过风险识别来进行管理。风险识别只能发现已知风险（如：已知项目组织中某一成员能力不能完全满足要求）或已知未知风险（known-unknown,即“事件名称已知”，如“客户方人员参与力度不足”）；而某些风险，由于项目的独特性，不可能在其发生前预知
项目风险管理案例分析 1公司背景简介 河北H-A会计师事务所是河北省财政厅对国有大中型企业进行社会审计的试点所，承担省直大中型企业的审计工作。具有丰富工作经验，拥有一批具有丰富实践经验的注册会计师。 河北省某研究所是省直科研单位，现有50多位员工。在基于WINDOWS平台开发软件方面，具备较丰富的实战技能。河北H-A会计师事务所在审计工作中发现，很多企业都采用了会计电算化软件，对审计工作提出新的要求。社会审计工作的需要，对开发计算机辅助审计软件的愿望越来越强烈。所以就联合河北省某研究所进行联合开发 2实际项目分析 2.1项目介绍 该系统基于windows和sql server进行开发，开发工具是powerbulider。项目开发过程中，共生成程序源代码约数万行，项目开发的难度和源代码行数都比预计的要多。 计算机辅助审计软件具有工作底稿制作能力和查证功能；数据可传递，能自动生成和人工输入相结合，产生合并抵销分录；能自动产生勾稽无误的审计报告和会计报表附注；有灵活开放的系统，方便用户进行二次开发等特点。 2.2开发队伍的风险 开发团队维持在10人上下，事务所提供3人，开发单位6-7人，有一些人员只能部分时间工作，开发人员能够自始至终地参加整个项目的工作。开发人员的流动基本能保证工作的连续性。 2.3技术风险 数据结构复杂，关联比较多。需要创建新的算法或输入,输出技术；软件需要与其他软件产品的数据库系统接口；客户能确定所要求的功能是可行的。同时，由于当时审计软件在国内的应用尚处于起步阶段，开发人员普遍对该系统比较陌生，这也带来了相当的技术风险。 2.4客户相关风险 用户对自己真正的需求并不是十分明确，他们认为计算机是万能的，只要简单的说说自己想干什么就是把需求说明白了，而对业务的规则、工作流程却不愿多谈，也讲不清楚。有的用户日常工作繁忙，他们不愿意付出更多的时间和精力向分析人员讲解业务，这样加大分析人员的工作难度和工作量，也可能导致因业务需求不足而使系统风险加大。 2.5项目按时完成的风险 另外，这个项目也像许多其它软件项目一样，面临着竣工日期带来的巨大压力。 3实际的风险管理状况 凭借公司在以往的经验，在此软件项目的整个生命周期中，任何阶段都有可能有风险存在，WBS是完整表示项目，且伴随整个项目生命周期的项目要素，所以以WBS为基础进行风险管理，既可以方便地识别，标识相应的风险来源，又方便和项日其他工作一起，统一管理。 在软件项目中，各阶段主要工作简述如下：
金融风险管理案例集 南京审计学院金融学院 2009年9月2日
金融风险管理案例集 目录 案例一：法国兴业银行巨亏 案例二：雷曼兄弟破产 案例三：英国诺森罗克银行挤兑事件 案例四：“中航油”事件 案例五：中信泰富炒汇巨亏事件 案例六：美国通用汽车公司破产 案例七：越南金融危机 案例八：深发展15亿元贷款无法收回 案例九：AIG 危机 案例十：中国金属旗下钢铁公司破产 案例十一：俄罗斯金融危机 案例十二：冰岛的“国家破产”
案例一：法国兴业银行巨亏 一、案情 2008年1月18日,法国兴业银行收到了一封来自另一家大银行的电子邮件,要求确认此前约定的一笔交易,但法国兴业银行和这家银行根本没有交易往来。因此,兴业银行进行了一次内部查清,结果发现,这是一笔虚假交易。伪造邮件的是兴业银行交易员凯维埃尔。更深入地调查显示,法国兴业银行因凯维埃尔的行为损失了49亿欧元,约合71亿美元。 凯维埃尔从事的是什么业务,导致如此巨额损失?欧洲股指期货交易,一种衍生金融工具产品。早在2005年6月,他利用自己高超的电脑技术,绕过兴业银行的五道安全限制,开始了违规的欧洲股指期货交易,“我在安联保险上建仓,赌股市会下跌。不久伦敦地铁发生爆炸,股市真的大跌。我就像中了头彩……盈利50万欧元。”2007年,凯维埃尔再赌市场下跌,因此大量做空,他又赌赢了,到2007年12月31日,他的账面盈余达到了14亿欧元,而当年兴行银行的总盈利不过是55亿欧元。从2008年开始,凯维埃尔认为欧洲股指上涨,于是开始买涨。然后,欧洲乃至全球股市都在暴跌,凯维埃尔的巨额盈利转眼变成了巨大损失。 二、原因 1.风险巨大,破坏性强。由于衍生金融工具牵涉的金额巨大,一旦出现亏损就将引起较大的震动。巴林银行因衍生工具投机导致9.27亿英镑的亏损,最终导致拥有233年历史、总投资59亿英镑的老牌银行破产。法国兴业银行事件中,损失达到71亿美元,成为历史上最大规模的金融案件,震惊了世界。 2.暴发突然,难以预料。因违规进行衍生金融工具交易而受损、倒闭的投资机构,其资产似乎在一夜间就化为乌有,暴发的突然性往往出乎人们的预料。巴林银行在1994年底税前利润仍为1.5亿美元,而仅仅不到3个月后,它就因衍生工具上巨额损失而破产。中航油(新加坡)公司在破产的6个月前,其CEO还公开宣称公司运行良好,风险极低,在申请破产的前1个月前,还被新加坡证券委员会授予“最具透明度的企业”。 3.原因复杂,不易监管。衍生金融工具风险的产生既有金融自由化、金融市场全球化等宏观因素,也有管理层疏于监督、金融企业内部控制不充分等微观因素,形成原因比较复杂,即使是非常严格的监管制度,也不能完全避免风险。像法兴银行这个创建于拿破仑时代的银行,内部风险控制不可谓不严,但凯维埃尔还是获得了非法使用巨额资金的权限,违规操作近一年才被发现。这警示我们,再严密的规章制度,再安全的电脑软件,都可能存在漏洞。对银行系统的风险控制,绝不可掉以轻心,特别是市场繁荣之际,应警惕因盈利而放松正常监管。
外文文献翻译 Commercial Bank Risk Management : An Analysis of the Process
外文文献： Commercial Bank Risk Management: An Analysis of the Process Abstract Throughout the past year, on-site visits to financial service firms were conducted to review and evaluate their financial risk management systems. The commercial banking analysis covered a number of North American super-regionals and quasi±money-center institutions as well as several firms outside the U.S. The information obtained covered both the philosophy and practice of financial risk management. This article outlines the results of this investigation. It reports the state of risk management techniques in the industry. It reports the standard of practice and evaluates how and why it is conducted in the particular way chosen. In addition, critiques are offered where appropriate. We discuss the problems which the industry finds most difficult to address, shortcomings of the current methodology used to analyze risk, and the elements that are missing in the current procedures of risk management. 1. Introduction The past decade has seen dramatic losses in the banking industry. Firms that had been performing well suddenly announced large losses due to credit exposures that turned sour, interest rate positions taken, or derivative exposures that may or may not have been assumed to hedge balance sheet risk. In response to this, commercial banks have almost universally embarked upon an upgrading of their risk management and control systems. Coincidental to this activity, and in part because of our recognition of the industry's vulnerability to financial risk, the Wharton Financial Institutions Center, with the support of the Sloan Foundation, has been involved in an analysis of financial risk management processes in the financial sector. Through the past academic year, on-site visits were conducted to review and evaluate the risk management systems and the process of risk evaluation that is in place. In the banking sector, system evaluation was conducted covering many of North America's
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Project Risk Analysis Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 About this compendium This course compendium is to be used in the course “Risikostyring is projector”. The focus will be on the following topics: ? R isk identification ? Risk structuring ? Risk modeling in the light of a time schedule and a cost model
? Risk follows up We will also discuss elements related to decision analysis where risk is involved, and use of life cycle cost and life cycle profit models. The course compendium comprises a large number of exercises, and it is recommended to do most of the exercises in order to get a good understanding of the topics and methods described. A separate MS Excel program, pRisk.xls has been developed in order to assist numerical calculations and to conduct Monte Carlo simulation. 1.2 Definitions Aleatory uncertainty Variation of quantities in a population. We sometimes use the word variability rather than aleatory uncertainty. Epistemic uncertainty Lack of knowledge about the “world”, and observable quantities in particular. Dependency The relation between the sequences of the activities in a project. Observable quantity A quantity expressing a state of the “world”, i.e. a quantity of the p hysical reality or nature, that is unknown at the time of the analysis but will, if the system being analyzed is actually implemented, take some value in the future, and possibly become known. Parameter We use the term parameter in two ways in this report. The main use of a parameter is that it is a quantity that is a part of the risk analysis models, and for which we assign numerical values. The more academic definition of a parameter used in a probability
软件项目风险管理及管理模型的应用研究软件项目风险管理是软件项目管理的重要内容。软件项目风险会影响项目计划的实现,如果项目风险变成现实,就有可能影响项目的进度,增加项目的成本,甚至使软件项目不能实现。如果对项目进行风险管理,就可以最大限度地减少风险的发生。但是,目前国内很多软件企业的风险管理意识不强或管理方法不当,结果造成软件项目经常性的延期、超过预算,甚至失败。 成功的项目管理都需要对项目风险进行很好的管理。本文首先对风险管理相关的基本概念、风险的一般属性、特征进行了详细分析。由于软件项目存在其特殊性及要求,因此,在综合以上基本概念的基础上,对软件项目的特点和风险分类进行了分析和研究,并结合作者自己的实践经验对软件项目的各类风险提出了若干建议。本文对软件项目风险管理的主要过程进行了深入的研究,重点对风险识别,风险量化,风险应对计划以及风险监控做了详细的分析研究,并对各个过程的常见问题,常用的方法进行了总结与分析,同时也结合作者自己的实践经验给出了适当的建议。 在介绍了软件项目风险管理的主要过程的基础上,本文进一步研究了当前常用的软件项目风险管理模型,重点分析和研究了CMMI的风险管理模型体系,并引入贝叶斯网络推理的方法对CMMI的风险管理模型进行改进,建立了基于贝叶斯网络推理的CMMI风险管理模型,该模型同时具有CMMI风险管理的流程范性的优势,也具有贝叶斯网络的概率推理的优势。本文最后结合实际深入分析和研究了基于贝叶斯网络推理的CMMI风险管理模型在软件项目中的应用,通过使用该模型使公司的风险管理水平得到了提高并且公司也顺利通过了CMMI 3、CMMI 4级认证,充分证明了基于贝叶斯网络推理的CMMI风险管理模型对于软件项目的风险管理是有效的也是满足CMMI体系要求的。
第8 章项目风险管理案例 项目需要以有限的成本在有限的时间内达到项目目标，而风险会影响这一点。风险管理的目的就是最小化风险对项目目标的负面影响，抓住风险带来的机会，增加项目干系人的收益。作为项目管理人员，必须评估项目中的风险，制定风险应对策略，有针对性地分配资源、制定计划，保证项目顺利的进行。 8．1 案例一：风险分类 阅读以下关于信息系统项目管理过程中人群风险分类方面问题的叙述，回答问题1至问题3。 8.1.1 案例场景 某公司召开会议，商量是否实施ERP项目，三个部门主要负责人就此问题发表自己的看法。 甲：我们公司不应该实施这个项目。现在我们刚把办公自动化系统搞好，还没有适应，工作效率也没提高多少，再上ERP 有些不适应，而且这个ERP项目花费太大。ERP在国内很多企业都搞失败了，成功的几率不会多大。如果我们也失败了，会给公司带来灾难性的后果。利用搞ERP的这些钱我们可以做一些短、平、快的项目，多招一些开发高手，提高公司的收益，而不是搞这些无端的风险投资。 乙：不应该一棒子打死ERP，ERP是一种新兴事务，ERP不是万能的，但是不上ERP 又是万万不行的。企业规模到了一定程度，管理和决策就是一个重要的问题。ERP是知识经济时代的管理方案，是面向供应链和“流程制”的智能决策支持系统，其先进的管理思想可以帮助企业最大限度地利用已有资源，解决管理和决策问题。但是实施ERP 风险很大，很多企业都失败了，主要原因在于项目实施的管理问题，没有及时识别项目中的风险并及时处理，项目监控机制不好，高层支持不够，老员工的适应性差等，最终导致“ERP天折”。我们公司以后想获得更大发展，应该实施ERP ，现在有些条件不够，整体上ERP不太可行，我们可以分步实施。我们可以借鉴其他企业实施ERP 的经验，先进行小范围ERP试验、积累经验，等以后时机成熟了，我们就整体实施ERP 。 丙：ERP 应该上，而且要迅速上，不应该等。如果其他企业都上了ERP，那么我们公司再依靠ERP获得收益就没有什么希望了。ERP本身就是一把双刃剑，虽然有风险，但是收益也大，现在我们的目标是收益，对于风险要想法化解。项目实施中要注意借鉴其他企业的经验，摸着石头过河，形成自己的特色，提高自己公司的管理和决策水平，争取把公司做大做强。小的、可以自己解决的风险自己处理；难以处理的、不确定的风险进行外包，实施风险转移；如果管理有问题的话，可以从专业咨询公司招聘顾问来担当项目经理的职务。总之，尽一切可能实施ERP，实现收益最大化。 【问题1】如图8-1所示，横轴表示项目投资的大小，纵轴表示项目成功的概率，A、B, C代表三种不同应对风险的人。请写出A,B,C的名字和特征，并且指出上述案例中甲、乙、丙分别属于哪一种对象(250字左右)。
金融银行信用风险管理外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文: Managing Credit Risks with Knowledge Management for Financial Banks Pan Jin Department of Economics Economics and Management School of Wuhan University Wuhan,Hubei Province,430072,China Abstract-Nowadays,financial banks are operating in a knowledge society and there are more and more credit risks breaking out in banks.So,this paper first discusses the implications of knowledge and knowledge management, and then analyzes credit risks of financial banks
with knowledge management. Finally, the paper studies ways for banks to manage credit risks with knowledge management. With the application of knowledge management in financial banks, customers will acquire better service and banks will acquire more rewards. Index Terms–knowledge management; credit risk; risk management; incentive mechanism; financial banks I.INTRODUCTION Nowadays,banks are operating in a“knowledge society”.So, what is knowledge? Davenport(1996)[1]thinks knowledge is professional intellect, such as know-what, know-how, know-why, and self-motivated creativity, or experience, concepts, values, beliefs and ways of working that can be shared and communicated. The awareness of the importance of knowledge results in the critical issue of “knowledge management”. So, what is knowledge management? According to Malhothra(2001)[2], knowledge management(KM)caters to the critical issues of organizational adaptation, survival and competence in face of increasingly discontinuous environmental change. Essentially it embodies organizational processes that seek synergistic combination of data and information processing capacity of information technologies and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings. Through the processes of creating,sustaining, applying, sharing and renewing knowledge, we can enhance organizational performance and create value. Many dissertations have studied knowledge managementapplications in some special fields. Aybübe Aurum(2004)[3] analyzes knowledge management in software engineering and D.J.Harvey＆R.Holdsworth(2005)[4]study knowledge management in the aerospace industry. Li Yang(2007)[5] studies knowledge management in information-based education and Jayasundara＆Chaminda Chiran(2008)[6] review the prevailing literature on knowledge management in banking industries. Liang ping and Wu Kebao(2010)[7]study the incentive mechanism of knowledge management in Banking. There are also many papers about risks analysis and risks management. Before the 1980s, the dominant mathematical theory of risks analysis was to describe a pair of random vectors.But,the simplification assumptions and methods used by classical competing risks