一、概述
介词又叫做前置词，一般置于名词前。介词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分。介词只有跟有宾语，构成相应的介词结构，才能在句子中充当成分。
本章首先介绍了介词的分类，从构成、词义两方面分别予以阐述。接着，介绍了介词的作用，介词最直接地作用就是跟有宾语构成构成介宾结构，介宾结构才能在句中充当成分。由介宾结构进而阐述了介词的位置，一般情况下紧放在相应宾语的前面，但有些时候，由于受到某种语法、句法及固定用法的约束，也会出现特殊情况，即介词后并没有紧跟宾语或介词位于句尾。最后介绍了常用介词的用法及相关介词及介词词组的比较，内容详实，全面剖析。
此章内容比较整齐，系统性较强。要从分类、作用、位置、介词（短语）的常用法等方面把握，为了更好地理解、把握介词。最后予以了详细总结归纳，并提炼本章精华，构造了本章知识网，要抓住知识网进行发散，全面掌握介词。
二、分类
1、从介词的构成来看，介词可分为以下五种。
（1）简单介词：指由一个单一单词构成，常见的有：at、in、for、from、on、under、above、beyond、by、over、off、to、near、of、with、up、like、down、during、except、but、beside、besides、behind、among、between、along、against、across、round等。
（2）复合介词：由两个介词组合而成，常见的有：as for、as to、into、out of、within、outside、inside、without、throughout、upon等。
（3）二重介词，由两个介词搭配而成，但没复合介词固定，常见的有：from under、from behind、until after等。
（4）现在分词介词：由现在分词构成，常见的有：concerning、regarding、including、respecting、saving 等。
（5）短语介词：由短语构成，常见的有：because of、according to、in spite of、on behalf of、with reference to、out of、but for、ahead of、apart from、due to、as concerns、for want of、with a view to、for the sake of、in the event of等。
2、从介词的词义来看，常表示以下几种含义。如：
（1）表时间，如：at、about、before、after、for、since、until、during、over、on、till、to、within、as、around、by等。
（2）表地点，如：at、in、on、under、above、over、behind、off、near、around、below、beneath、
（4）表示所属关系，如：of、with等。
（5）表示手段、方式，如：by、with、in等。
（6）表示条件，如：on、without、considering等。
（7）表示原因，如：for、at、with、about、because of、due to等。
（8）表示比较，如：as、like等。
（9）表示关于，如：as to、as for、concerning、in respect of、about、on、regarding、with regard to等。（10）表示反对或赞成，如：for、against等。
（11）表示让步，如：in spite of、despite、not with standing等。
三、作用
介词必须同其他词类或成分连用才能在句中充当语法成分。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语，介词短语在句中可充当下列以下成分。如：
1、主语
From our dormitory to the teaching building is five-minute riding.
Between two and three people will do the job.
2、表语
Some people are against the decision.
The book is on the desk.
3、宾语
The criminal will serve a sentence of between 2 and 7 years.
The boy shows up from behind the door.
4、定语
The girl with a long hair is so beautiful.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
5、状语
He arrived home at about ten o’clock at night.
Considering the time of the meeting, we should get up early.
6、补语
I found the old man in bad condition of health.
He was elected as president of the country.
上面我们提到，介词后必须跟有宾语才能构成介词短语，在句中充当一定的成分，下面讲述关于介词
（1）名词
He came into the room and sat on the chair.
The professor will make a lecture about education.
（2）代词
With that, he left off.
He always carries the cell phone with him.
（3）形容词
In common with others, he also likes Chairman Mao.
At most, there are four people in the room.
（4）副词
He could see the mountain clearly from here.
He had told me this until recently.
（5）动名词
The man had some difficulty in doing the job.
Because of being late for school, the boy was criticized by his teacher. （6）不定式
He couldn’t do anything but wait.
The girl knew better to love the man.
（7）介词短语
He worked until into the night.
He came from opposite the shop.
（8）数词
One in ten students has the chance to take part in the exam.
After school, the students leave in twos and threes.
（9）疑问词+不定式
He gave me some advice on how to do the job.
He called to remind me of where to meet.
（10）疑问词引导的从句
I care about who will win the game.
I had no idea as to whether he will follow me.
I would attend the meeting but that I am seriously ill.
对上述内容予以补充说明以下几点：
1、介词后一般用动名词做宾语,用不定式作宾语只局限在一些固定句型中，如：can’t choose but do sth、can’t help but do sth、have no（other）choice but to do sth、do nothing but do sth、would rather （sooner）…than do sth、could do no other wise than（to）do sth、know better than to do等结构中。
应注意，当介词后的不定式用以解释句中实义动词do时，不定式符号to可省略，即用动词原形作介词宾语，如上述结构中的do nothing but do、can’t do anything except do等。
2、应注意的是除了in that、except that、save that、but that、not with standing that外，that引导的从句不可直接作介词的宾语，必须借用形式宾语it，然后再加相应that从句。如：
You can’t depend on it that he gives you any help.
3、形容词作介词宾语情况是不多的，常用于固定词组中。如：in common、in short、at most、at least、for the better、in full、in earnest、for sure、from bad to worse、at large、of old、in the wrong、of late、to the full、on the whole等。
四、位置
1、介词通常位于名词或代词前。如：
There are many birds in the tree.
Did you believe in him?
2、在某些特殊句法结构中，介词也可放在句尾。如：
（1）以which、what、whose、who引导的疑问句，介词常放在句尾。如：
Which are you pointing at?
What room do you live in?
Who are you talking to?
（2）定语从句中位于which、whom之前的介词可以放在句尾。如：
He is the man that/who he turns to for help.
The man is his teammate that/who he often walks with.
（3）某些以-wh词引导的名词性从句中，关系代词位于从句句首时，介词应后置。如：
I don’t kn ow what the boy looks like.
Courage is what he is in need of when he fails.
（4）动词不定式作状语，需要介词同句中主语构成介宾关系时，介词后置。如：
The room is comfortable to live in.
That is a good place to go to.
This is the pen to write the novel with.
3、在不及物动词+介词结构中，介词紧放名词前，构成介宾结构。如：He arrives at school early.
He lies on the grass, looking at the blue sky.
五、常见介词用法
1、about
（1）表示“大约”。如：
The old man is about eighty years old.
He arrived at about 8 o’clock.
（2）表示“在…周围，在…附近”。如：
All the students stand about their teacher.
They sit about the table to celebrate thanksgiving day.
（3）表示“关于”。如：
He gave me some suggestions about what to do with the problem.
The story is about a poor girl.
（4）表示“对…采取措施”。如：
We must do something about the air pollution.
Something should be done about the high rate of the crime.
（5）表示“从事”。如：
What are you about?
（6）表示“在身体的某个部位”。如：
I felt painful about my left leg.
（7）表示“在身边”。如：
Is there any money about you?
2、above
（1）表示“在…上”。如：
There is a light above the desk.
The sun rises above the sea level.
（2）表示“越出…（能力、范围等）”。如：
（3）表示“（数量、时间上）多于、超过”。如：
It has been above nine o’clock.
The car costs the man above two million.
（4）表示“（在地位、级别上）高于、优于”。如：
The dean of a college is above the vice dean in rank.
He got a position above the minister.
（5）表示“不屑于”，常用be above doing sth结构。如：
I think the gentleman is above doing such a bad thing.
The honest boy is above telling a lie.
（6）表示“在…北方”。如：
There’s a small village above the hill.
3、after
（1）表示“（时间）在…以后”。如：
After ten years outside, he came back to his hometown.
He came to the class after four o’clock.
（2）表示“（位置）在…后面”。如：
This way please, after you.
（3）表示“（地位、重要性等）低于、次于、不如”。如：
After life, time is important.
（4）表示“紧接着”。如：
Day after day, he makes great progress.
（5）表示“（让步）尽管”。如：
After great efforts in the subject, he didn’t pass the exam finally.
（6）表示“因为、由于”。如：
After his past experience of committing crimes, the police pay special attention to him. （7）表示“追求、追赶、寻找、询问”。如：
I don’t know what he is after.
You should inquire after the bus station for some further information.
（8）表示“按照、遵循”。如：
He was named after his father.
4、against
（1）表示“反对”。如：
His son goes against going hiking.
（2）表示“依靠”。如：
Don’t stand against the door. The door has been broken.
（3）表示“向着、正对着”。如：
The shop lies against the post office.
（4）表示“对…不利”。如：
Such bad weather is against the sports meet.
（5）表示“同…竞争”。如：
He studied very hard against the time 1 o’clock.
（6）表示“抵抗、抵挡”。如：
We should build a high bank against the flood.
（7）表示“以…为背景”。如：
The film is full of blood and death against the World War Ⅱ.
（8）表示“和…相比”。如：
The time of the meeting is three hours this time as against two hours last time. （9）表示“以…为标准”。如：
People should balance what they spend against what they earn.
5、at
（1）表示“（地点）在…里，在…上”。如：
There are two shops at the school.
（2）表示“（时间）在…时刻、在…岁数”。如：
He went to college at 18.
（3）表示“向着、朝着”。如：
The man pointed at the boy angrily.
（4）表示“以…价格”。如：
The apples will be sold at the rate of 10 dollars a pound.
（5）表示“以…速度”。如：
The car runs at a speed of 300 kilometers per hour.
（7）表示“因为、由于”。如：
At the good news, the boy jumped very high.
（8）表示“按照”。如：
He attended the party at her request.
（9）表示“在…方面”。如：
He is good at math.
（10）表示“隔着一段距离”。如：
There is a tree at a short distance.
6、before
（1）表示“（时间）在…之前”。如：
We must finish the task before 8 o’clock.
（2）表示“（地点、位置）在…前面”。如：
There is a small river before my home.
（3）表示“（表示重要性、顺序等）先于”。如：
All the factories put quality before quantity.
（4）表示“宁愿…而不…”。如：
I will choose death before shame.
7、beyond
（1）表示“超出，非…所能及”。如：
The little couldn’t reach the basket, it’s beyond his reach.
（2）表示“ 在…的那边”。如：
There are many houses beyond the river.
（3）表示“在…以外”。如：
The company plan to bring in some new technology beyond seas.
（4）表示“除了…以外”。如：
I don’t know anything else about the accident beyond what you’ve told me.（5）表示“迟于、晚于”。如：
You shouldn’t stay up beyond ten o’clock.
8、by
（1）表示“（方式）凭、靠”。如：
The boy reads the newspaper by the window.
（3）表示“（方位）偏于”。如：
The ship sailed in the direction of east by north.
（4）表示“（时间）到…之时”。如：
By now, he has already learned 5,000 words.
（5）表示“在…时候”。如：
He earns money by day and sleeps by night.
（6）表示“握、抓”。如：
The policeman caught the thief by the arm.
（7）表示“因为、由于”。如：
He seized the chance by chance.
（8）表示“根据、按照”。如：
Most importantly, we should judge a person by his morality. （9）表示“按…计算”。如：
The workers are paid by the month.
（10）表示“差…（常用在比较级结构中）”。如：
My father is taller than me by a head.
（11）表示“对待”。如：
The boy was badly done by in the factory.
9、for
（1）表示“对…而言”。如：
The problem is difficult for me.
（2）表示“（目的）要求、为了”。如：
He came to the bus station for a ticket.
（3）表示“为得到、为成为”。如：
The teacher trained the students for good basketball players. （4）表示“适合”。如：
He is the suitable man for the job.
（5）表示“（时间、数量、距离）达、历程等”。如：They walked for about 500 meters a day.
（7）表示“（等价、报酬、赔偿或比例关系）交换”。如：He sells the car for one billion.
（8）表示“（身份等的）当作”。如：
He mistakes the man for his father.
（9）表示“赞成、拥护、支持”。如：
Most of people are for the plan.
10、from
（1）表示“从…起，始于”。如：
He began to review his lesson from Monday.
（2）表示“来自，从…来”。如：
The boy came from a small village.
（3）表示“由于、因为”。如：
He trembled from cold.
（4）表示“从、根据”。如：
I often take notes from the reference books.
（5）表示“（看不见原材料）由…制成”。如：
Paper is made from the wood.
（6）表示“分离、隔开”。如：
They parted from each other at the crossroads.
（7）表示“免除、阻止”。如：
We should prevent this accident from happening.
（8）表示“区别”。如：
The lady couldn’t tell yellow from red.
（9）表示“因…而，因患病而”。如：
The driver dies from a bad accident.
11、in
（1）表示“在…里面”。如：
There is a nice present in the box.
（2）表示“（时间，如月年世纪等）在…”。如：
In 1940s, the World WarⅡbroke out.
（4）表示“（形式、方式）以、按照”。如：
He wrote a composition in the form of poem.
（5）表示“（材料）用、以”。如：
Please rewrite the line of words in black ink.
（6）表示“穿着、戴着”。如：
The lady in the red coat is his mother.
（7）表示“（能力、性格）在…身上”。如：
There is a good sense of responsibility in the man.
（8）表示“用（语言、声音）”。如：
Please speak in a loud voice.
12、of
（1）表示“（所属关系）属于”。如：
The glass of the window is broken.
（2）表示“（能看出原材料）由…制成”。如：
Clothes are made of cloth.
（3）表示“相似”。如：
He is a beast of a man.
（4）表示“具有某种性质、状况”。如：
The way to solve the problem is of great use.
（5）表示“同位关系”。如：
The city of Beijing is the capital of China.
（6）表示“由于”。如：
The old man finally died of cancer.
对于of所有格中所能表示的各种含义可参考名词“所有格”部分。
13、on
（1）表示“在…上”。如：
There are many files on the table.
（2）表示“（时间）在…时候”。如：
In summer, the boy often goes swimming in the lake on Sundays. （3）表示“关于”。如：
People here live on rice.
（5）表示“在…时候，一…就”。如：
On entering the room, the telephone rings.
（6）表示“在…中，是…中的一员”。如：
He is on the football team.
（7）表示“通过（多表示无线电的东西）”。如：
He likes to listen to some programs on the radio.
（8）表示“在身上”。如：
Do you have any money on you?
（9）表示“在…旁边”。如：
There is a small village on the river.
14、out of
（1）表示“从…里面”。如：
The bird flies out of the big tree.
（2）表示“从…中”。如：
Nine out of ten minds are very diligent.
（3）表示“离开、脱离”。如：
We must keep us out of fire.
（4）表示“由于、出于”。如：
Out of consideration for the weather, we delayed the meeting. （5）表示“用…制造”。如：
They made tables out of wood.
（6）表示“没有，缺乏”。如：
The place is often out of drinking water.
（7）表示“放弃”。如：
He tried his best to talk me out of doing it.
15、to
（1）表示“朝、向、往”。如：
The window looks to the east.
（2）表示“离”。如：
Walk along to the end of the street and you’ll find the shop.（4）表示“对于”。如：
Health is vital to everyone.
（5）表示“对、应”。如：
The door opened to his calling.
（6）表示“到…（程度）”。如：
The poor man was beaten to death in prison.
（7）表示“与…一致，符合”。如：
The book is just to his liking.
（8）表示“随同、伴随着”。如：
She danced to the music.
（9）表示“令…”。如：
To my surprise, he finally won the first prize.
16、under
（1）表示“在…下面”。如：
The dog under the table is Tom’s.
（2）表示“少于、低于”。如：
What he earned a month is under 3,000 Yuan.
（3）表示“在（情况、条件）下”。如：
Under no conditions will I give in to failure.
（4）表示“正在…期间”。如：
The high building is under construction.
（5）表示“借、以、趁”。如：
The thief often steals under the darkness of night.
17、with
（1）表示“和…一起，同”。如：
He goes to the supermarket with his mother.
（2）表示“具有，有…特征”。如：
The girl with a long hair is my sister.
（3）表示“在身上”。如：
With the last word, the old man died.
（5）表示“由于”。如：
Her face became pale with cold.
（6）表示“尽管、虽然”。如：
With all his comfort, his wife was still angry.
（7）表示“伴随状况”。如：
He works with the door closed.
六、常见介词用法举例及相关介词及介词短语用法比较
1、表示时间的介词
（1）at的用法
①表示某个时间点.如：
We usually have our dinner at 6:00.
②表示三餐的时间。如：
at breakfast、at lunch、at supper、at dinner
③表示一种具体的某个时间点，如：子夜、破晓、日出、正午、日落等。如：
at midnight、at daybreak、at sunrise、at sunset、at nightfall
④表示某一时间点，表示“一…就…”。如：
They got excited at the news.
The boy became worried at the thought of the coming exam.
（2）in的用法
in表示较长的时间，常和世纪、年代、年、月、季节、上午、下午等连用。如：
in the 21st century、in the 1980s、in 2008、in June、in the week、in the morning、in the afternoon、in the evening
in还常同人生的不同阶段连用，如：in the flower of youth在青春时期、in the spring of life在年轻时代、in the flush of life在青春时代、in the school days在学生时代、in the prime of life在壮年时代、in one’s old age在…晚年。
（3）on的用法
①表示特定的某一天。如：
on Sunday、on may 1、on Christmas Day、on Thanksgiving Day、on the fifth of October
②表示具体的某天早晨、中午和晚上，常同of连用，加上具体的某天或前有形容词修饰，表示某一
afternoon、on a windy evening
但要注意：当morning、afternoon、evening和night前面有early或late等修饰词时或者这些词前有表示具体钟点的名词，通常要用in而不能用on。如：
Early in the morning of a snowy day, he got up to clean the road.
At about eight o’clock in the afternoon of the next day, we will begin our meeting.
③on+动名词结构表示“一…就…”，相当于as soon as。指前后紧接的时间关系，通常只有非延续性动词如reach、arrive、hear、see、snatch才能这样用，延续性动词不可以这么用。on也可替换成upon，on后也可加名词。当然，on也可省略，直接用现在分词作状语的形式。如：
On my arrival at my hometown, I will call you.
On entering the kitchen, I smelt something burnt.
表示“一…就…”意思的短语很多，如单个的词：on、upon、directly、instantly、immediately，两个词的名词词组：the minute/second/moment等，固定句型：as soon as、hardly…when、scarcely…when、barely…when、no sooner…than。应注意后四个词组中主从句中的时态用法，主句用倒装形式的过去完成时（因为句首为否定副词，将过去完成时的had提前，采用倒装结构），从句用一般过去式。（4）of的用法
of表示时间用“of + a/an +周日、早晨、下午”结构，指一种经常性的动作，即“一般，通常”。如：
He usually go to fly a kite of an afternoon in spring.
When do you often get up of a Sunday?
of还可构成of recent years（近年来）、of old（从前、往昔）、of late（近来）、of recent（近来）等时间词组。
（5）during和in的差异
①表示一段时间时，during和in两者常可替换，但during后的名词前必须有定冠词the，而in后的名词前有定冠词则表特指，无定冠词表泛指。如：
You should take care of your sick mother during (in) my absence.
What are you going to do during (in) the summer holidays?
It often snows in winter.
②during强调动作的延续性，指“在整个过程中”，如表示习惯性或持续性的动作或某一项活动，如同visit、meal、concert、service、voyage、stay等连用时，只能用during不能用in，in则指某事发生的具体时间。如：
He stayed at home during the whole winter.
during概指一段不大确定的时间，for则表示一段具体的时间，指一动作持续多次。试比较：
She sings for one morning.（她唱了整整一早晨的歌）
She sings during the morning.（在早晨唱歌，但不一定整早都在唱）
He stayed with his grandpa for a whole winter vacation.（连续呆在祖父家）
He called on his grandpa during the winter vacation.（寒假期间偶尔抽空去拜访祖父）
当表示某一动作连续不断时，只能用for，不能用during。如：
They’ve known each other for many years.
（7）after和in的差异
after+表示一点时间的词，表示具体的某时、某日、某月、某年后，after也可跟一具体事件。
in+表示一段时间的词，表示“再过多长时间”，谓语为非延续性动词；in+表示一段时间的词还可表示“在…时间内”，谓语动词为延续性动词。如：
The new plan will be carried out after August 1st.
The new plan will be carried out in two months.
They had to leave their hometown after the war.
He learnt to swim in three weeks.
表示“在过去某一时间之后”用in或after均可。如：
The meeting began in/after five minutes.
（8）in和for的差异
表示将来时，in用于肯定句，for用于否定句。表示一段时间时，美国英语用in，英国英语用for。比较：
It will begin to rain in half an hour.
It won’t begin to rain for half an hour.
It is the heaviest harvest in (for) ten years.
（9）since和after的差异
since后接某一时间点，表示从过去某一点时间延续到现在或过去，主句谓语动词用完成时。after作介词或连词，可以表示时间，同过去式或将来时连用，但不能和现在时间发生关系，不能同现在完成时连用。如：
Since his graduation, he has taught at this school.（正）
After his graduation, he taught (will teach) at this school.（正）
After his graduation, he has taught at this school.（误）
He studied in his class from 7:00 to (till或until) 10:30.
②在表示“距…还有多长时间，把…推迟到某一时间”时，可用to或till。如：
It is only five minutes to (till) the meeting.
Because of the bad weather, they had to postpone the sports meet to/till the next Sunday.
③until比till更正式，可用于句首表示强调。till一般不位于句首，其余情况则可换用。till和until后不可接地点名词，同地点名词连用要用to。如：
Until yesterday, he finished his task.
（11）from和since的差异
只表示某个情况或动作从某个时候开始用from，但若同现在完成时连用，表示持续至说话时刻的情况或动作开始于某个时候，要用since不可用from。如：
He began to learn the song from last month.
They have been good friends since several years ago.
（12）as from和as of的用法
as from、as of、on and after+时间名词表示“从…日起”，beginning+时间状语，表示“从…起”，from and inclusive表示“从…起”。如：
He will be employed as of (from)/on and after May 1st.
Beginning in this spring, we will plant many trees every year.
The price of pork will go up from and inclusive today.
注意：1、mornings、Sundays等也可直接作时间状语，不和任何介词连用，表示反复出现的动作。如：He plays basketball Sundays (on Sunday).
Her mother cooks breakfast mornings (in mornings).
2、表示一次连续多长时间，可用数词+straight（successive、consecutive）+名词结构，也可用“（for）+数词+running”结构，running可换成on end、in row、at a stretch、in successive等。如：
He wrote his novel three successive years (three years in succession).
2、表示地点或位置的介词（或介词短语）
（1）at、in和on的差异
①一般说来，at表示较小的地方，而in则表示较大的地方。如：
He lives at a small village.
He went to a good university in Shanghai city.
②road前用on，门牌号前用at，street前用in或on。如：
③把某个机构看成一个机关或组织结构时用at，看成一个具体的地方用in。如：
The professor works at Beijing University.
The professor lives in Beijing University.
（2）on和underneath的差异
on表示“在…上”，表示上下两者紧贴一起，而underneath是on的反义词，表示“某物紧贴在一物的底下”，两者接触。如：
The cell phone is put on the book.
Underneath the table is ground.
（3）under和over
①under和over是对反义词，表示一种垂直概念，指“正下方或正上方”，一般不接触。如：
In summer, especially in hot weather, there are many people under the big shade of the tree.
There are many bridges over the Changjiang River.
②over和under还可表示“上级、下级”，over还可表示“同时，一边一边，在…期间，覆盖，横过，越过，控制”。如：
He is over us.
We are under the lady.
They talked over a cup of tea.
What did you do over your summer holidays?
The mother put a sheet over the sleeping baby.
There is a bridge over the small river.
The storm lasts over twenty hours.
The government should have absolute control over the crime.
（4）above和below的差异
①above和below是一对反义词。above表示“高于”，below表示“低于”。两者既不表示相应接触，也不表示上下垂直，仅表示“在…上方”和“在…下方”。如：
The bird files above us.
The sun sets down below the horizon.
②below还可表示“数量少于，温度低于，不如…”，above还可表示“在…以北”。如：
His salary is below 300 per month.
Your spoken English is below the standard.
①表示“在…下”时，beneath可以指垂直的上下关系，也可以表示上下接触的意思，所以可以同below、under、underneath换用。如：
Shoes are put beneath the bed.（垂直关系）
There are many houses in the village beneath the hill.（非垂直关系）
Beneath the sailing ship are big waves of water.（上下接触）
②beneath用于引申义，表抽象含义，表示“不值得、不屑、有失…的身份”等。如：
This bad place is beneath attention.
Telling a lie is beneath me.
（6）near、near to和next to的差异
①near意为“在…附近，靠近”，next to意为“紧挨着、紧靠着”。如：
There’s a river near my home.
At dinner, he likes to sit next to his mother.
②next to表示“几乎”，还可表示喜欢或不喜欢，以引出第二选择。如：
What he said was next to a lie.
Next to meat, I like vegetables.
③用于本义时near和near to可互换，可有比较级和最高级nearer和nearest，同时也可被副词very、so、quite等修饰。如：
My office is nearest (to) his.
The post office is quite near (to) the cinema.
④near用于转义或作为副词时，不可换为near to。如：
During the serious illness, the old man was near death many times.
The meeting is near the end.
The kettle was somewhere near full.（near可同somewhere、anywhere、nowhere、nothing、nothing、anything 等连用）
⑤near to可表示“亲近、关系亲密”，near则不能。如：
He is near to the official.
在表本义时，near和near to可互换，类似的opposite和opposite to在表示位置时也可换用。如：The bank is opposite (to) the college.
（7）before、in front 和ahead of的差异
①before多用于某人前，其反义词是behind，in front of多用于建筑物前。如：
②in front of和ahead of指空间时常可换用，但指时间是，只能用ahead of。如：
Boys and girls play happily in front of/ahead of the classroom.
He returned home from work ahead of time.
③in front of强调事物外部空间的前面，in the front of强调内部空间的前面，但at the front of同样强调外部空间的前面。如：
He stood at the front of the queue.
（8）behind和after
behind表示方向、位置的先后，after表示时间的先后，但表示“随…后“时，两者均可用。如：
The boy hid behind the door.
He will come back after ten o’clock.
They left one by one after (behind) the meeting.
Remember to turn off the light after (behind) you.
Rain will come after (behind) the black cloud.
（9）about、round和around的差异
三个词都被动“在…周围”。about指的是“靠近…的周围，大概的周围”，不表示“把…团团围住”；round 和around是表示一种“完全的周围，封闭的周围”，而且around通常表示静态位置，round既可表示静态的位置，也可表示动态的动作。如：
The children played happily about the wall.（不可用round或around）
They run round the circle.（动态）
All the family members sat around (round) the table.
about还可表示“在…各处”。如：
he looked for his pen about the room.
（10）about、with、by、on和in的差异
①表示“带有、持有”时，可以用with、on和about。如：
Did you have any money with (on、about) you?
②但是细微的区别还是有的，on表示“身上带有”指口袋、衣服中带有，作宾语的常是“钱、笔、项链”等小件物品；也可用about（强调地点）和with（强调随同）。但携带较大的物品时是用with；by主要强调“在手中”；表示人的某种异常或偶然的情况要用about；而表示物有某种异常或偶然的情况要用with；表示某人身上所固有的的东西（如气质、性格等）要用in。如：
He took an umbrella with him during the whole visit.
2019高考英语一轮复习知识点总结 一、在复习词汇时，学生要学会自我总结 通过自我总结，学生主动取得了知识的精华，并转化为适合自己 需要的东西。善于归纳中学教材中常用词汇的基本用法及相关知识点 的异同，如：mean一词，能够表示“意思是”、“意味着”，常用于mean something/doing something，而在“mean to do something” 结构中，则是“计划”、“打算”之意。善于对有共同用法或特点的 词汇实行归纳，形成相关的小知识链。如：suggest(建议)， insist(坚持要求)，demand(要求)、ask(请求)等后接的宾语从句中都 要用虚拟语气。善于归纳近义词、同义词，如：在复习join的用法时，能够联系join in，take part in，join sb in归纳复习之后，要做 对应练习。这样才能扩大词汇量，又能够提升实际使用英语水平。 二、句型复习应结合课本的例句实行 中学英语课本的句型很多，有强调句、祈使句、倒装句、省略句、反意疑问句、插入语等句型。这些都是高考的常考点。我们通过复习 课本的例句，总结归纳这些句型的特点、用法及它们的适用条件，既 掌握英语的基本句型用法，又能够促动我们的英语谴词造句水平。 三、语法复习要考虑语境 通过语境来训练我们的语言使用水平。每一个语法项目的复习可 分三个层次实行：复习要点、主要考点、精选练习。如果能做到这个点，定能做到学以致用。现在高考英语试题淡化了语法，但学好语法 却是准确和规范使用英语的保证。所以，语法复习不可轻视。 四、重视交际用语复习 如今高考试题越来越重视考查学生的英语交际水平，而且中学英 语教材的每一单元都有以交际功能贯穿的对话课。所以，学生在复习时，要注意对各单元的对话实行排列分类，整理归纳，总结出相关话
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. ：who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如)： 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
2019届高考英语一轮复习语法部分专项训 练1 1. They hadn’t been out for long __________ she felt sick in the stomach. A. as B. when C. while D. though 2. The work should be given to _____________ you think can finish it ahead of time. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever 3. The shop owner will get all these goods ordered ___________ to the customers today. A. to deliver B. delivering C. deliver D. delivered 4. Can you ____________ the differences between the two pictures? A. tell B. talk C. speak D. say 5. If you keep practicing your son in football，he ___________ to be a football player. A. wants B. hopes C. wishes D. promises 6. __________ singer and ___________ dancer is also good at drawing. A. The；a B. The；the C. A；a D. The；/ 7. __________ the fact that there was thick fog，he drove his car out. A. Although B. No matter C. Despite D. In spite 8. Mary smiled _____________ her mother did when she was Mary’s age. A. as if B. what C. the way D. that 9. In such dry weather，the flower will have to be watered if they _____________. A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survive D. will survive 10. You should make it a rule to leave things ______________ you can find them again easily. A. when B. where C. that D. in the place 11. The cloth ___________ fine，but _____________ well. A. looks；doesn’t wash B. looks；isn’t washed C. is looked；doesn’t wash D. is looked；isn’t washed 12. The theory that he stuck _____________ true. A. to prove B. proved C. to proved D. to proving 13. I ___________ from the crowed an old friend of mine whom I hadn’t seen for 10 years. A. figured out B. picked out C. gave out D. went out 14. –Who gave you this message? --A man ___________ himself Mr Zhang.
必修1 Unit 5 Ⅰ.品句填词(用所给词的恰当形式或根据语境写一个合适的词) 1．Make the extra effort to impress the buyer and you will be rewarded(reward) with a quicker sale. 2．I'm willing(will) to admit that I have hurt her，but that's not my real meaning. 3．Horace is so devoted(devote) to his garden that he hasn't been away for 10 years. 4．His sister ran away from home and went abroad because of familyviolence(violent)． 5．The mine owner was sentenced to ten years in prison because he employed children as miners illegally. 6．The boy narrowly(narrow) escaped being knocked down when he ran across the road in front of the bus. 7．She spent a peaceful(peace) afternoon by the river with her two classmates. 8．Though he escaped from the big fire，his skin was severely burned. 9．Women's contributions，skills and experience are equal to men's and must be rewarded accordingly. 10．The new policy provides an opportunity for young people to improve their performance under the guidance(guide) of professional coaches. Ⅱ.单句改错(含本单元的词汇和语法) 1．Only when we realize the importance of helping each other can we devoted to building a harmonious society. 【答案】devoted前加be 2．Seeing that the enemy was much stronger than themselves，the soldiers lost their heart at once. 【答案】去掉their 3．Lei Feng is a moral model in China. His selfless is revealed in everything he does. 【答案】selfless→selflessness 4．Nelson Mandela was 75 when he became a president of South Africa. 【答案】去掉a 5．Stella，a successful businesswoman，who is penniless by the end of every month，despite her generously salary，ends up borrowing money from her partner to pay the bill. 【答案】generously→generous 6．Peter was nearly involved in a car accident. He called it a narrowly escape，but it was really a cliff－hanger.
英语基础语法 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner外国人 soap 肥皂 Newton牛顿 law 法律 freedom自由 peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher 教师 market市场 rice 大米 magazine杂志 sound 声音 production生产
2。专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway海明威 Russia 俄罗斯 New York 纽约 United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。例如： shop→shops商店 bus→buses 公共汽车 library→libraries图书馆 toy→toys 玩具 leaf→leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men男人 tooth→teeth牙齿 datum→data数据有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。（二）冠词
第一部分语法框架 词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词 语句子成分：主、谓、宾，定、状、补，同位、表 法主语+谓语 句简主语+谓语+宾语 法单主语+谓语+宾语(间宾)+宾语(直宾) 按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 结主语+系动词+表语 构并列句：简单句+并列连词+简单句 分定语从句 复合句：主句+从句状语从句 句名主语从句 子词宾语从句 结性 构从同位语从句 句表语从句 陈述句：肯定句/否定句 按疑一般疑问句：将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成 语问特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句 气句选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同的内容) 分反义疑问句：前肯后否;前否后肯 祈使句：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等，以动词原形开头 What +名词+主语+谓语! 感 What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语! 叹 How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语! 句 How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语! How +主语+谓语! 第二部分词类 名词 Noun (n.) 专有名词 首字母大写的人名、地名、组织名、机构名等，如：Qi Baishi, New York, the USA 普通名词 可数名词 (单/复数) 个体名词：能分成单个独立个体的名词，如：pen, apple, student, tree 集体名词：由几个个体组成的小集体的名词，如：group, class, family
不可数名词 物质名词：不能分为个体的物质，通常为气体、液体，如：water, gas, air 抽象名词：不具体，看不见，莫不着的事物，如：advice, information 动词 Verb (v.) 实义动词/行为动词(具体动作的发出 ) 及物动词(vt.)：需要带宾语的动词，即：该类词后必须有名词、代词等可以作宾语的词，如：finish tasks, run(经营) a company, read a novel 不及物动词(vi.)：不需要带宾语的的动词，即：该类词后没有名词、代词等可以作宾语的词，如：He(主) runs(谓) quickly(状). 若要在不及物动词后接宾语，则需要加上相关介词，如：They arrived in London at 9 p.m. 情态动词 表示说话人语气和态度的词：can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, need, ought to, dare。其后的动词用原形，“情动+动原”一起构成句子的谓语。 助动词 帮助构成时态、语态或改变句子结构的动词，如：be(am, is, are, was, were), have(has, had), do, does, did等。 第二部分 1.as...as...引导的比较级： (1)“as +形容词或副词原级+as+被比较对象”结构。例句： He studies as hard as you. 他像你一样学习努力。 (2)在否定句或疑问句中可用 not so…as…. 例句：He can notrun so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。 2.only引导的倒装句型：only +状语 (或状语从句)位于句首时，句子部分倒装。 例句： Only by diligence and honesty can one succeed inlife. 只有勤奋、正直，一个人在生活中才能成功。 注意：但 only修饰主语时，不倒装。例句： Onlythat girl knew how to work out the problem. 只有那位女生知道怎样解那道题。 3.wish引导的虚拟语气：wish 后面的从句，当表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望时，其宾语从句的动词形式为： ⑴表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式表示，be 的过去式用were. I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。) ⑵表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用had +过去分词。
Unit 8 理解：要点诠释 单词 1.prepare 讲：v.使作好准备；把……预备好；防范；准备 常见搭配有:+sth./sb.(for sb./sth.)；+for sth.；+to do sth. preparation n.准备 例：The whole class is working hard preparing for the exam. 全班都在用功准备考试。 I was preparing to leave. 我正准备离开。 He was in the kitchen preparing lunch. 他在厨房做午饭。 We made preparations to move to new offices. 我们已准备好搬到新办公室。 The country is making preparations for war. 这个国家正在进行备战。 链接·拓展 (1)in preparation(for)（为……）准备 (2)be prepared(for sth.)准备好；有所准备 (3)be prepared to do愿意 练：—Hi,Mary,what are you doing these days?
—I am _______the examination. A.preparing for B.preparing C.prepared for D.preparing to 提示:选用A项，句意为:我正在为考试作准备；选用C项，句意为:我为考试准备好了。依据问句判断，应该用表示动作的A项。 答案:A 2.point 讲：v.指；指向；瞄准；对着；朝向 n. 观点；论点；要点；重点；目的；意图；时刻；关头；得分；小数点 例：She pointed(her finger)in my direction. 她（用手指）指向我这个方向。 He pointed the gun at her head. 他举枪对准她的头。 I wish she would get to the point and tell us what she wants us to do. 我希望她能快点说正题，告诉我们她要我们做什么。 The climber was at/on the point of death when they found him. 当他们发现那个登山者时，他已奄奄一息。 Australia finished 20 points ahead. 澳大利亚队终局领先20分。 链接·拓展 (1)to the point简明恰当；简洁中肯
v1.0可编辑可修改 英语语法基础知识大全 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词 类（ parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词 和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词 (noun) 是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner 外国人 soap肥皂Newton 牛顿 law法律freedom 自由peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词 (common noun) 是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher 教师market 市场 rice大米 magazine 杂志sound 声音 production生产 2。专有名词 (proper noun) 是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway 海明威Russia俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun) 与不可数名词 (uncountable noun) 两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s 或 -es 。例如：shop→shops 商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy →toys玩具leaf →leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men 男人 tooth →teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词
高考英语第一轮复习知识点总结 Unit 1 Lifestyles Ⅰ.品句填词 1.After he g 2.Study hard,o you will not pass the final exam. 3.I find stamp-collecting r and it takes my mind off the stress of my work. 4.In fact,life is full of different 〔挑战〕when one is born into this world. 5.It is reported that there were about 100,000 Games-time 〔志愿者〕taking part in the 2008 Olympic Games. 6.Some students 〔抱怨〕that their homework is too much.They almost have no enough time to finish it. 答案： Ⅱ.短语识境 talk show；h；suffer from；switch off；get bored；be filled with；be free of； work one’s way through sth. 1.She is sitting at her desk and a lot of documents. 2.I shall retire next year and the trouble from all kinds of work. 3.I anger when I saw the middle-aged man kicking the dog. 4.The scientists are beating their brains trying to a solution to the problem.
英语基础语法知识（一） 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作 的分类叫词类（ parts of speech ）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、 介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词 ( noun) 是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner 外国人soap 肥皂Newton 牛顿 law 法律freedom 自由peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词 ( common noun) 是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如：teacher 教师market 市场rice 大米 magazine 杂志sound 声音production 生产 2。专有名词 ( proper noun ) 是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必 须 大写。例如： Hemingway海明威Russia 俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations 联合国 名词又可分为可数名词 ( countable noun ) 与不可数名词 ( uncountable noun ) 两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s 或-es 。例如： shop→shops 商店bus→buses公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy → toys玩具leaf →leaves 树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→ men男人tooth →teeth牙齿datum→data 数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词 冠词 ( article ( indefinite article ) 放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词 ) 和定冠词 ( definite article ) 两种。
高2013级英语一轮复习计划 一．第一轮复习的原则 要优化第一轮课堂教学就必须遵守高三复习的教学原则，总原则是适当延长一轮复习时间，缩短二轮复习，加大三轮综合训练时间和强度。并遵循以下原则： （1）全面性原则。第一轮复习中力求追求全面和知识的系统性、完整性、构建知识体系。力求做到知识无遗漏。 （2）基础性原则。用足教材，把握基础。教材的图表、数据、小实验等全面温固，零散知识系统化、网络化；注重基础，注重通性通法，讲求实效性和针对性 （3）系统性原则。第一轮复习时就不应是把平时学习过的知识简单地重复一遍，而是要在对知识整体和各个单元知识部分之间的关系作了仔细的探究后，按逻辑结构及知识之间的内在联系，把平时所学的各个单元的、局部的、分散的、零碎的知识及解题的思想、方法和规律进行纵横联系，“以线串珠”，使之系统化、结构化、网络化，从而将各部分知识进行有机的整合、构建知识的结构体系，以形成整体的“认知框架”、进一步完善学生的认知结构。其构建的方法可以将各单元与单元、单元与整体之间的联系与作用用表格式、纲要式、图表式和口诀等形式进行直观形象地构建知识整体的层次结构。 （4）针对性原则。复习指导思想的确定，复习计划的制定，复习方法的选择，例题、练习题的选取和编制等都要有较强的针对性，不能带有任何的盲目性与随意性。所谓针对性是指： ①针对大纲和考试说明的要求； ②针对学生学习中薄弱环节和学生实际； ③针对重、难点； ④针对高考的热点； ⑤针对国家考试中心的命题信息； ⑥针对全国卷命题特点。 对于学科的认识水平，那些内容对中学学科素质培养最重要；那些知识是高校学习必须的；那些知识对培养思维能力有教大的帮助等。 （5）追求三精的原则。 精选：例题、材料精选，要突出问题中所蕴含的学科思想与方法、人文情感。一要选择能体现“通解通法”，即包含最基本的学科思想方法的代表性题目。另一方面在选题时要注意知识的内在联系，所选的题目应有不同的层次与梯度。使基础好的学生能解高档题，基础差的学生能解低档题，争取中档题，使知识发生发展的规律与学生的认识规律有机结合起来，使教学目标指向每个学生的“最近发展区”。 “精讲”：例题精讲，要突出教师的主导性精讲”，集中体现教师的主导作用，该讲的内容必须讲深讲透，分析过程要强化。例题教学的目的不是为了求得解答结果，也不是为了展示解题过程，而是通过题目的解答过程为学生掌握分析问题、解决问题的方法提供原型或模式，教会如何找准切入点。既“精讲”，就不能“满堂灌”。 “精练”：习题精练，要突出学生的主体性。 （6）主体性原则。 学科基本原理、基本规律，其中与大学密切相关的知识尤为重要。在复习课中，教师只是学生学习过程的组织者、引导者、指导者与合作者，而不能成为知识的贩卖者。教师不能独霸课堂，一讲到底，要启发、引导学生，给学生留出一定的时间，让学生进行自主探究、合作交流。只有这样，才能真正提高复习的效率。 （7）指导性原则。
高考英语第一轮复习（语法）——情态动词 1、情态动词的基本用法 (1)can、be able to 和could ①can和be able to都表示能力，意思上没多大区别。但can只有现在和过去时，而be able to则有更多的形式。但当成功地完成某一具体动作时，通常不用could而用was/were able to来表示。这时was/were able to 相当于managed to，表示经过一番努力，终于能够完成某事。如： Can you use chopsticks? The wounded man still was able to get to the village and was saved in the end. ②can和could can和could都可以表示能力、技能、许可、建议或请求和可能性。但比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法，一般用could，回答时则用can。如： Could you help me carry the bag? Can I help you? (2)may/might ①may/might表示可能，但may比might可能性大。如：-Why isn’t he in class? He may be sick.(生病的可能性较大) — He might be sick.(生病的可能性较小) ②may/might表示“允许”，may用于现在时或将来时，might常用在间接引语中表过去时，但might也可用于现在时间，表示比较委婉的语气，回答用may。如：He says we may leave. He said we might leave. ③may / might 表示建议或请求，但might比may 更客气，意思更肯定而无过去时态的含义。 Yes, you can / may. —May / Might I use your bike? — No, you mustn’t （3）must
系列一:句子成分 Ⅰ学前诊断 从A.B.C.D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项. 1. _____________were all very tired, but none of ________ would stop to take a rest. A. We; us B. Us; we C. Us; us D. We; we 2. I never feel _______ while I am sitting in Richard’s car. A. safely B. being safe C. safe D. safety 3. I, who ________ your teacher, will try my best to help you with your studies. A. being B. am C. are D. is 4. ----What happened to Jack? ----Oh dear, he fell off his bike and hurt __________. A. him B. his C. he D. himself 5. The old piano is ________ thing in my house. A. the valuable only B. the only valuable C. only the valuable D. valuable the only 6. _________ at the examination results, the top student sat there in silence. A. Disappointed B. Disappointing C. To disappoint D. Disappoint 7. Walking along the river, we heard someone ________ for help. A. shout B. shouting C. shouted D. having shouted 8. _________ they said sounds reasonable. A. That B. Which C. What D. How 9. We will do _________ to reduce the costs. A. possibly everything B.everything possibly C. possible everything D. everything possible 10.My parents won’t _______ me play computer games even on Saturday evenings. A. let B. allow C. permit D. agree
考前基础知识清单 攸县三中高三英语备课组内容预览： 考点一、可数名词单数变复数的转化规则P2 考点二、冠词的用法P3 1．不定冠词a/an的用法（首提、泛指） 2．定冠词the的用法（再提、特指） 3. 零冠词的用法 4. 冠词的固定搭配 考点三、形容词和副词P5 1. 形容词、副词比较等级的变化 2. 形容词变副词的变化规则 考点四、代词P6 1. 人称代词 2. 物主代词 3. 反身代词 4. 不定代词 考点五、动词P9 1. 动词原形变第三人称单数形式的规则(do→ does) 2. 动词原形变动词过去式的规则(do→ did) 3．动词原形变ing形式的规则(do→ doing) 注释：重读闭音节（两个辅音夹着一个元音） 4. 动词的各种语态：（8种语态）(以do为例) 5.非谓语动词的形式（以d o为例）注意：非谓语的逻辑主语问题 考点六、数词P12 1. 词变序数词的规律 2. 用数词表示分数时的规律： 3. 表示月份的单词 4. 表示星期的单词 考点七、虚拟语气P13 1. 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用： 2. 谓语动词必须用（should）+do的情况 3. 虚拟语气的固定句型 考点八、固定句式P13 (一) 并列句的2大句式 (二) 强调句型：It is/was+被强调部分+that从句 (三）高频句式 考点九、构词法P14
考点一、可数名词单数变复数的转化规则 2. 不规则变化 (1) 极少数单词，其复数形式没有任何规律。 口诀： ①男士、女士a 变e man→ men woman→ women ②鹅牙脚 双o 变双e goose→ geese tooth→teeth foot→feet ③孩子们想去天安门, 原形后面ren child→ children ④老鼠虱子本爱牛, mouse, louse 和ox mouse→ mice louse→lice ox→ oxen (2) 单复数同形的名词 Chinese 中国人 Swiss 瑞士人 means （方法；手段） sheep （绵羊） fish （鱼） Japanese 日本人 works （作品） species （品种、物种） youth （青年） deer (鹿) (3) 本身是复数的名词： people(人民) police cattle （牲口） staff （职员） public(大众) 注意： peoples (民族) (4) 表示（某）国人的名词复数有些加S, 有些又不加，学生常常会出错。 口诀：“中日瑞不变，英法都要变，其他国人加S 。 Chinese→ Chinese Japanese→ Japanese Swiss→ Swiss 中日瑞不变 Englishman→ Englishmen Frenchman→ Frenchmen 英法都要变 American→ Americans German→ Germans 其他国人加S 考点二、冠词的用法
The Olympic Games I 语言知识及应用(共两节，满分45分) 第一节语法填空(共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分) 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 A student once asked his teacher, “What is Greed?” Instead of giving the answer directly, the teacher asked him ___1___ (go) through the chocolate factory nearby and pick the one chocolate he liked most. But he could not turn back as he passed through the factory. The student went to the chocolate factory. As he walked through, he saw one chocolate ___2___ (wrap) nicely. He instantly liked it, but he said to ___3___ (he) that he might find a much bigger one further. So he walked on and saw another chocolate. But again, he thought ___4___ same. When he almost came to the end of the factory, he couldn’t see any chocolates as big as the one he didn’t pick ___5___ (early). He started to regret his decision of letting it go. Finally, he went back to his teacher with an empty hand and gave an account of ___6___ he did. The teacher told him, “You did like the one chocolate very much, but still you kept looking for a bigger one. And later you realized that what you gave up ___7___ (be) the best chocolate you could find there. That ___8___ (call) Greed.” We let go of many good things in our life because ___9___ our greed of having even better things. But in the search for better things, we let go of many good things that could have given us similar ___10___ (satisfy) and made us happy. Learn to make your choice wisely. 【答案】1. to go 2. wrapped 3. himself 4. the 5. earlier 6. what 7. was 8. is called 9. of 10. satisfaction 第二节完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1～20各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Until I was 13, I assumed I was just like everyone else. But one day I read a piece of paper in my dad’s briefcase that ___11__ everything. That’s when I saw the words: “Simone is said to have Asperger syndrome (自闭症).” I screamed at my dad, “Tell me what it is!” He ___12___ that I have a mild form of brain disorders, which was a problem that shapes the way I interact with other people. I wasn’t sure exactly what he ___13___ , but it didn’t matter. I just wanted to try to ___14___ my shock and go back to the way things were before I knew. But even though I wouldn’t ___15___ accept the fact, Asperger’s (Asperger syndrome) still destroyed my confidence and made me ___16___. I felt like an outcast(被抛弃者) —not just because Asperger’s made it hard for me to make friends, but because now I had this___17___. I just wanted to be like everyone else. ___18___, at 16, I said to myself, “Enough! You can’t run and hide from it, girl. Just face it.”