《欧洲文化入门》复习题（一）
Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture Greek Culture
I.填空
1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be
more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.
2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.
3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander,
king of Macedon.
4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.
5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.
6.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports
competition.
7.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.
8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by
Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.
9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island of
Ithaca.
10.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho
and Pindar.
11.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.
12.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the
14 Olympic odes.
13.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
14.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.
15.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone.
16.Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan
Women.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4a9322165.html,edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has
left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.
18.Herodotus is often called ―Father of History‖. He wrote about the wars be tween Greeks and
Persians.
19.Thucydides described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse,
a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.
20.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.
21.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.
22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else
had arisen.
23.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.
24.Democritus was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and speculated about the atomic
structure of matter.
25.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are
the Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics.
26.Euclid is well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry.
27.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: ―Give me a
place to stand, and I will move the world.‖
28.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called the
masculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian style.
29.The Acropolis at Athens and the Parthenon are the finest monument of Greek architecture and
sculpture in more than 2000 years.
30.In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist
masterpiece Ulysses.
II.选择
1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?
A.Greek Culture
B.Roman Culture
C.Egyptian Culture
D.Chinese Culture
2.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.
A.1200
B.
C.
B.700 B.
C.
C.146 B. C.
D.The 5th century
3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?
A.Oedipus the King
B.Iliad
C.Odyssey
D.Antigone
4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?
A.Antigone
B.Agamemnon
C.Persians
D.Prometheus Bound
5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?
A.Electra
B.Antigone
C.Trojan Woman
D.Oedipus the King
6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?
A.Antigone
B.Persians
C.Electra
D.Medea
7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?
A.Aristophanes
B.Euripides
C.Sophocles
D.Aeschylus
8.Who ever said that ―You can not step twice into the same river‖?
A.Pythagoras
B.Heracleitus
C.Aristotle
9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?
A.Heracleitus
B.Aristotle
C.Socrates
D.Pythagoras
10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that ―man is the measure of all things‖?
A.Protagoras
B.Pythagoras
C.Pyrrhon
D.Epicurus
III.名词解释
1.Aeschylus
2.Plato
3.The Cynics
IV.简答与问答
1.What are the major elements in European culture?
2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society?
3.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write?
4.Tell some of P lato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?
5.Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.
Roman Culture
I. 填空
1.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then
reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.
2.The Roman writer Horace said: ―Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive‖.
3.In 27 B. C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus.
4.The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable
phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana.
5.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium,
renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).
6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Coths and marked the end of the West
Roman Empire.
7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.
8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part in
and these writings, collected in his Commentaries, are models of succinct Latin.
9.Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.
10.The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C.
And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D..
11.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.
II.选择
1.Who wrote, ―I came, I saw, I conquered‖?
A.Horace
B.Julius Caesar
C.Virgil
D.Marcus Tullius Cicero
2.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is ___________.
A.Virgil
B.Julius Caesar
C.Horace
D.Lucretius
3.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?
A.The Colosseum
B.The Panthenon
C.The Parthenon
D.Pont du Gard
4.Who wrote, ―Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive‖?
A.Sappho
B.Plato
C.Virgil
D.Horace
III.名词解释
1.Julius Caesar
2.The Pax Romana
IV.简答与问答
1.What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference
between them?
2.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the centuries? In what way is the
book linked with the Greek past?
3.Why do we say Aeneas is a truly tragic hero?
Division Two: The Bible and Christianity
The Old Testament
Ⅰ填空题
1.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most
influential in the West.
2.Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and trade routes,
which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.
3.Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews – the Hebrews – wandered through the deserts
of the Middle East.
4.About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and
formed small kingdoms.
5.The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form
of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament.
6.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the
New Testament.
7.The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first five
books, called Pentateuch.
8.When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the
top of the mountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.
9.Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament.
10.In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues to
practise their religion.
II 选择题
1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?_______
A. Buddism
B. Islamism
C. Christianity
D. Judaism
2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first
five books, called __________.
A. Exodus
B. Commandments
C. Amos
D. Pentaeuch
3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?_______
A.Honour your father and your mother
B.Do not commit suicide
C.Do not desire your neighbour’s wife
D.Do not take the name of God in vain
4.When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practise their religion? ______
A. in 169
B.
C. B. in the 4th century
C. in 76 B.C.
D. in the 6th century
Ⅲ名词解释
1.the Bible
2.the Pentateuch
3.Ten Commandments
Ⅳ简答与问答
1.What was the Hebrews major contribution to world civilization?
2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?
3.What are the Ten Commandments about?
Rise of Christianity
Ⅰ填空题
1.At the age of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist.
2.Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.
3.Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus.
4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda.
5.In 313 the Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and
made Christianity legal.
6.In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire and
outlawed all other religions.
7.After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in the
Mediterranean regions.
Ⅱ选择题
1.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.
A. sixth
B. fifth
C. second
D. third
2.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and
outlawed all other religions? __________
A. Theodosius
B. Augustus
C. Constantine I
D. Nero Caesar
3.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313?
__________
A. Augustus
B. Thedosius
C. Nero
D. Constantine I
4.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.
A. St. Peter
B. St. Paul
C. John Baptist
D. John Wycliff
Ⅲ名词解释
1.The Edict of Milan
Ⅳ简答与问答
1.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?
The New Testament
Ⅰ填空题
1.By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as priest.
2.Towards the end of he fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New
Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.
3.When as Jesus’ mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was
found with child of the Holy Ghost
4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda and
caught at the Last Supper.
Translations of the Bible
Ⅰ填空题
1.Except a few passages in the related Armaic dialect the Old Testament was originally written
in Hebrew. And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek.
2.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint, as
according the fictional letter of Aristeas, it was translated by 72 translators in 72 days.
3.The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was
done in 384 –405 A.D. by St. Jerome in common people’s la nguage.
4.The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and
was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.
5.The most important and influential of English Bible is the ―Authorized‖ or King James’
version, first published in 1611.
Ⅱ选择题
1.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages.
A. 228
B. 974
C. 1202
D. 154
2.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.
A. the Latin Vulgate
B. the Aristeas
C. the ―Authorized‖
D. the Septuagint
3.When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bible was the first complete work
printed.
A. English
B. Latin
C. Aramaic
D. Hebrew
4.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? _______
A. 1885
B. 1611
C. 1901
D. 1979
Division Three: The Middle Ages
Manor and Church
Ⅰ填空题
1.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire in
the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.
2.Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, West Europe was the scene of frequent wars and
invasions.
3.The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged.
4.Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding –a system of holding land in
exchange for military service.
5.In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for
their service.
6.The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.
7.By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castle, which were made of stone and
designed as fortress.
8.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord
and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.
9.In the medieval days a knight was trained for war by fighting each other in mock batters
called tournaments.
10.After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern
Orthodox Church.
11.The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who lived
in North Africa in the fifth century.
12.Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy,
lords and peasants.
13.The Pope not only ruled Roman and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of all
Christian churches in western Europe.
14.In the Medieval times the Church set up a church court –the Inquisition to stamp out
so-called heresy.
15.One of the most important sacraments was Holy Communion, which was to remind people
that Christ had died to redeem man.
16.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to
sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.
17.With a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched a series of holy
wars called the Crusades.
Ⅱ选择题
1.In the later part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe from
central Asia, robbing and killing a large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes?
________
A. the Mongolians
B. the Huns
C. the Turkish
D. the Syrians
2.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.
A. ―Age of Christianity‖
B. ―Age of Literature‖
C. ―Age of Holy Spirit‖
D. ―Age of Faith‖
3.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight?
_______
A. To be loyal to his lord
B. To fight for the church
C. To obey without question the orders of the abbot
D. To respect women of noble birth
4.In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service? _________
A. Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler
B. Charles I, a Turkish ruler
C. Constantine I, a Frankish ruler
D. St. Benedict, a Italian ruler
5.When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox
Church?_________
A. after 1066
B. after 1296
C. after 1054
D. after 476
6.Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in Western Europe is
NOT true?____________
A.Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.
B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.
C.As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church.
D.At about fourteen, the page became a knight.
7.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe? _______
A.At the age of 14.
B.When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the
ladies.
C.At a special ceremony known as dubbing.
D.When he was pledged to fight for the church.
8.Which of the following is NOT true about what the monks must do before entering the
monastery according to the Benedictine Rule?
A.They had to attend service 6 times during the day and once at midnight.
B.They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery.
C.They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.
D.They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot.
9.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?________
A. clergy, knights and serfs
B. Pope, bishop and peasants
C. clergy, lords and peasants
D. knights, nobles and serfs
10.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusades
and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control? ________
A. 1270
B. 1254
C. 1096
D. 1291
Ⅲ名词解释
1.the Middle Ages
2.Manor
3.Code of Chivalry
4.Benedictine Rule
5.the Crusades
Ⅳ简答与问答
1.Who was Charles Martel?
2.What was the difference between a serf and a free man?
3.Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism?
4.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?
Learning and Science, Literature, Art and Architecture
Ⅰ填空题
1.Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps the
most important figure of the medieval period.
2.Charlemagne w as crowed ―Emperor of the Romans‖ by the Pope in 800.
3.The Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all
the knowledge of medieval theology.
4.Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of Scientific research and called for careful
observation and experimentation.
5.―National epic‖ refers to the epic written in vernacular languages – that is, the languages of
various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.
6.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of
oral literature.
7.Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of
the landmarks of world literature.
8.Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work for their
power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.
9.Chaucer writers in dialect used by Londoners, and by the sheer weight and popularity of his
writings he sets it firmly on the way towards Modern English.
10.The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness, solidity and
monumentality with all overall blocky appearance.
11.The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe.
Ⅱ选择题
1.Which of the follo wing was crowned ―Emperor of the Romans‖ by the Pope in 800? ______
A. St. Thomas Aquinas
B. Charlemagne
C. Constantine
D. King James
2.Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to the
medieval European culture? _________
A. Charles I
B. Constantine I
C. Alfred the Great
D. Charles the Great
3.Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic? _________
A. English
B. Germanic
C. Hebrew
D. French
4.Who is the author of the Opus Maius? ________
A. Roger Bacon
B. Dante Alighieri
C. Chaucer
D. St. Thomas Aquinas
Ⅲ名词解释
1.Carolingian Renaissance
2.Beowulf
3.Song of Roland
4.The Canterbury tales
5.Romanesque
6.Gothic
Ⅳ简答与问答
1.What was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great share?
Division IV: Renaissance and Reformation
Renaissance in Italy
Ⅰ填空题
1.Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.
2.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.
3.In essence, Renaissance was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and
scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman Church authorities.
4.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and
architecture.
5.Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy.
6.Decameron is a collection of 100 tales told by 7 young ladies and 3 younger gentlemen on
their way to escape the Black Death of 1348.
7.Petrach was best known for Canzoniers, a book of lyrical songs written in his Italian dialect.
8.The Renaissance artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and
perspective.
9.The four representative artists of High Renaissance in Italy are Leonardo da Vinci,
michelangelo, Raphael and Titian.
10.Loenar do da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures; Mona
Lisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.
11.Michelangelo created a style of art in which he freed himself from the old tradition of
decoration on the one hand and documentary realism on the other.
12.Titian’s painting is acknowledged to have established oil colour on canvas as the typical
medium of the pictorial tradition in western art.
13.In world trade, Italy had lost its supremacy because of the discovery of America in 1492 and
the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, the opening of an all-water route to India which provided a cheaper means of transport.
14.Petrach is looked up as the father of modern poetry.
15.Italy is regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance.
Ⅱ选择题
1.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?
_______
A. in Greece and Rome
B. in Florence and Venice
C. in Milan and Florence
D. in Italy and Germany
2.When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and
created High Renaissance? ___________
A. in the 11th century
B. in the 15th century
C. in the 16th century
D. in the 17th century
3.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _______
A. Decameron
B. Canzoniers
C. David
D. Moses
4.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ________
A. Giotto
B. Brunelleschi
C. Donatello
D. Giorgione
5.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?
_______
A. Raphael
B. Titian
C. da Vinci
D. Michelangelo
6.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona (Virgin
Mary)?
A. Titian
B. da Vinci
C. Michelangelo
D. Raphael
7.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a
donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? ________
A. Tempesta
B. Sacred and Profane Love
C. Flight into Egypt
D. The Return of the Hunters
Ⅲ名词解释
1.Renaissance
2.Decameron
Ⅳ简答与问答
1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?
2.What are the main elements of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art and
literature during the Italian Renaissance?
3.How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medieval tradition?
4.In what way was Leonardo da Vinci important during the Renaissance?
Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Ⅰ填空题
1.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at
opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible.
2.Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked the
first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.
3.When the Pope refused to recognized Henry’s marriage with Anne Boleyn, British Parliament,
in 1534, passed the Act of Supremacy which marked the formal break of the British with the Papal authorities.
4.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.
5.John Calvin put his theological thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, which was
considered one of the most influential theological works of all times.
Ⅱ选择题
1.Who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time? ________
A. Jan Hus
B. John Wyliff
C. Martin Luther
D. John Calvin
2.Who is the author Institutes of the Christian Religion?
A. John Wycliff
B. Jan Hus
C. John Calvin
D.Erasmus
3.In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal authorities take place?____
A. Elizabeth I
B. William I
C. Edward III
D. Henry VIII
4.After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church? _______
A. King
B. Pope
C. Bishop
D. Queen
Ⅲ名词解释
1.Calvinism
2.the Council of Trent
3.Counter-Reformation
Ⅳ简答与问答
1.What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?
2.What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?
Renaissance in other Countries
Ⅰ填空题
1.The Protestant group in France was known as the Huguenots whose rivalry with the Catholic
Church led to the wars of religion from 1562 to 1598.
2.In 1492 the Moors that had ruled Spain for four centuries were driven out from their last
stronghold.
3.In 1492 Columbus discovered American and claimed America for Spain.
4.The author of Don Quixote is Cervantes.
5.Albrecht Dürer was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany. His engravings are
unsurpassed and his paintings of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.
6.Under the reign of Elizabeth I, England began to embark on the road to colonization and
foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.
7.Thomas More was a great humanist during the Renaissance. Among his writings the best
known is Utopia.
8.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during the Renaissance.
Ⅱ选择题
1.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness of
man, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning?
_______
A.Gargantua and Pantagruel
B. Don Quixote
C. The Praise of Folly
D. Utopia
2.Whose motto put down in his essays ―What do Know‖ is world famous?________
A. Cervantes
B. Rabelais
C. Montaigne
D. Shakespeare
3.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a style
which is easy and familiar? ________
A. Sonnets
B. Decameron
C. Rabelais
D. Of Repentance
4.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _______
A. Cervantes
B. Pierre de Ronsard
C. Rabelais
D. Montaigne
5.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?_________
A. Bruegel
B. Erasmus
C. El Greco
D. Rabelais
6.―To be, or not to be, -- that is the question ‖ from whose works? _______
A. Chaucer
B. Dante
C. Roger Bacon
D. Shakespeare
Ⅲ简答与问答
1.Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance? In what way was
English Renaissance different from that of other countries? Who were the major figures and what were their contributions?
Science and Technology during the Renaissance
Ⅰ填空题
1.The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the
surface of the known earth was doubled.
2.Columbus was a Genoese-born navigator and discoverer of the New World.
3.Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope.
4.Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape
of Good Hope between the year of 1497 and 1498.
5.Amerigo Vespucci was the Italian navigator in whose honor America was named
6.Amerigo Vespucci discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South
America as a new continent.
7.Copernicus came to be known as father of modern astronomy.
8.During his life time Leonardo da Vinci dissected more than thirty corpse and was a great
anatomist in Italy.
9.Andreas Vesalius was the founder of modern medicine.
10.Vesalius was a Flemish anatomist. His work Fabrica marked the beginning of a new era in the
study of anatomy.
11.Machiavelli was called ―Father of political science‖ in the West.
12.The Reformat ion shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man, thus paving the way
for capitalism.
Ⅱ简答与问答
1.What were some of the scientific advances during the Renaissance?
Division Five: The Seventeenth Century
Science
Ⅰ填空题
1.Although Copernicus did not belong to the 17th century, he was the immediate forerunner of
modern science.
2.In the 15th century, the Ptolemaic system had been accepted by almost all learned men, which
said that the earth was the center of the universe, which was in agreement with religious doctrines.
3.Copernicus put forward his theory that the sun is the center of the universe while the
traditional Ptolemy’s system held that the earth is the center of the universe.
4.The first important astronomer after Copernicus to adopt the heliocentric theory was the
German scientist Kepler.
5.Kepler’s laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s
discovery of the laws of gravitation.
6.Galileo was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies.
7.Galileo was the first to establish the law of falling bodies.
8.Galileo refused to declare that the Copernican theory was nothing but a hypothesis not yet
proved by science and was brought to trail by the Inquisition.
9.As a mathematician, Issac Newton invented calculus.
10.Of all Issac Newton’s achievements in physics, his discovery of the law of the universal
gravitation is the most important.
Ⅱ选择题
1.Who ever said that ―The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the
17th century.‖?_________
A. Copernicus
B. Francis Bacon
C. Bertrand Russell
D. Leibniz
2.The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is _______?
A. Kepler
B. Copernicus
C. Galileo
D. Newton
3.Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17th century. His telescope magnified objects
_______.
A. a thousand times
B. a hundred times
C. ten-thousand times
D. five-hundred times
4.Which of the following statements about Newton’s contribution to the science is NOT true?
_______
A.He discovered the law of the universal gravitation.
B.He invented calculus.
C.He discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum.
D.He discovered the law of relativity.
5.Which of the following about Galileo is NOT true?_________
A.He invented the telescope and was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the
skies.
B.He discovered the law of inertia.
C.He discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics.
D.He was the first to establish the law of falling bodies.
6.The first major advance of modern science occurred in ______.
A. anatomy
B. astronomy
C. printing
D. geographical discoveries
7.________ and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus._______
A. Descartes
B. Copernicus
C. Leibniz
D. Kepler
8.Engels said:“The revolutionary act by which natural science declared its independence… was
the publication of the immortal work…”, what does the immortal work refer to ?_______
A.Sidereus Nuncius
B.New Eassays Concerning Human Understanding
C.New system of Nature
D.The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs
Ⅲ名词解释
1.Kepler’s Laws
2.the law of the universal gravitation
Ⅳ简答与问答
1.What were Galileo’s contributions to modern science?
2.How did Kepler’s laws clarify and amend Copernican theory?
3.Why is Newton generally considered to be the greatest scientist that ever lived?
4.What were the merits shared by the greatest scientists of the 17th century?
Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England
Ⅰ填空题
1.Francis Bacon held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be
blended with it as in scholasticism.
2.Francis Bacon rejected the traditional deductive method and founded the inductive method.
3.Thomas Hobbs was the author of Leviathan, which was one of the most celebrated political
treatises in European literature.
4.According to Hobbes’ theory of the social contract, the best form of government is monarchy.
5.In the first Treatise of Civil Government, Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of
kings.
6.The serfdom in the English countryside had begun breaking up from the 15th century as a
result of the Enclosure Movement.
7.In 1642, the Civil War broke out. With the support of the people and the leadership of Oliver
Cromwell, the English bourgeoisie won the victory.
8.In 1689, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament.
9.In English literature John Milton ranks with Shakespeare and Chaucer.
10.Paradise Lost is a long epic poem divided into twelve books, its theme is the fall of men.
11.The Puritan Movement was the religious cause of the English Revolution.
12.There were two leaders in the English Revolution, Cromwell was the man of action and
Milton the man of thought.
Ⅱ选择题
1.Who ever said that ―knowledge is power‖? ________
A. Shakespeare
B. Francis Bacon
C. Thomas Hobbes
D. John Locke
2.Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon? ________
A.Essay Concerning Human Understanding
B.The Novum Organum (New Method)
C.The New Atlantis
D.The Advancement of Learning
3.Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature? _______
A. John Locke
B. Descartes
C. Pierre Gassendi
D. Thomas Hobbes
4.What kind of government formed in England after the Glorious Revolution and the enactment
of the Bill of Rights?
A. constitutional monarchy
B. republic
C. anarchy
D. absolute monarchy
5.When did the Glorious Revolution in England break out? ________
A. 1660
B. 1649
C. 1688
D. 1689
6.Which of the following works is NOT written by John Milton? ______
A. Paradise Lost
B. Areopagitica
C. Samson Agonistes
D. Andromaque
7.In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree re-imposing complete
censorship of the press. This was his best known prose ______.
A. Andromaque
B. Areopagitica
C. Paradise Lost
D. Paradise Regained
8.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Bill of Rights which limited the Sovereign’s
power in certain important directions? ________
A.Parliament was responsible for all the law making.
B.The power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declared to be illegal.
C.The King should levy no money at any time.
D.The King should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of
Parliament.
Ⅲ名词解释
1.the Great Instauration
2.the English Revolution
3.the Glorious Revolution
4.the Bill of Rights
Ⅳ简答与问答
1.Why do we say that Francis Bacon was a founder of modern philosophy?
2.What were the major differences between Locke’s concept of ―Social contract‖ and Hobbes’?
Descartes; French Classicism
Ⅰ填空题
1.It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and with
Descartes in France.
2.In mathematics, Descartes was the founder of analytical geometry.
3.Corneille was the first great French neoclassical dramatist.
4.Racine was the greatest tragic dramatist of the French neoclassical theatre.
5.Moliere was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.
6.Corneille, Racine, and Moliere are the three major dramatists of the French neoclassicism in
the 17th century.
Ⅱ选择题
1.Which of the following philosophers ever said ―I think, therefore I am‖? ________
A. Francis Bacon
B. Pierre Gassendi
C. Descartes
D. John Locke
2. Which of the following works displays the grand style of Corneille’s work? ______
A. Le Cid
B. Andromaque
C. Tartuffe
D. Le Misanthrope
3.Which of the following philosophers believed that knowledge of the universe and certain
principle and laws of physics is innate? ________
A. John Locke
B. Pierre Gassendi
C. Francis Bacon
D. Descartes
4.whose slogan is ―I think, therefore I am‖? _________
A. John Locke
B. Pierre Gassendi
C. Descartes
D. Francis Bacon
Ⅲ名词解释
1.Innate Ideas
2.French Classicism
IV简答与问答
1.Who was the most well-known writer in the 17th century French literature? Say something about one of his major works.
Art
I．填空题
1.Baroque art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France and to Flander
and Netherlands in North Europe.
2.Baroque art was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of
emphasis on light and color.
3.Palace of Versailles Garden Front and East Front of the Louvre are among the masterpieces of
architecture which became models for European architects who came to Paris for ideas.
4.The landmark in English architecture is the designing and building of St. Paul’s Catheral by
the English scientist and architect Christopher Wren.
5.The New art represented a transformation of its elements into a swelling, emotional style that
later generations were to call ―baroque‖, to characterize the period roughly between 1600 and 1750, the Baroque Period.
II 选择题
1.Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax? ______
A. Rubens
B. Borromini
C. Caravaggio
D. Bernini
2. Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe? ______
A. Rubens
B. V elazquez
C. Borromini
D. Bernini
3.In painting of the 17th century, who won international fame and his style is basically classical, his figures are frozen and their action stiff? _____
A. Christopher Wren
B. Rembrandt
C. Poussin
D. Rubbens
4.In the middle of the 17th century, which country was the richest and the most powerful country in Europe? ____________
A. Flander
B. the Netherlands
C. England
D. France
III名词解释
1.Baroque Art
IV简答与问答
1. What are some of the characteristics of Baroque art?
Division Six: The Age of Enlightenment
French Philosophy and Literature
Ⅰ填空题
1. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century.
2. The Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason because it characterizes the efforts
by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State.
3.The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John
Locke and Isaac Newton.
4.The major force of the Enlightenment was the French philosophers. Among them were such
well-known men of letters as Montesquieu, V oltaire and Rousseau.
5.Diederot, who edited the famous encyclopedia, was also an important French Enlightenment
figure.
6.In art and literature, what coincided with the Age of Reason was a period called
neo-classicism.
7.In American, The American War of Independence of 1776 ended British colonial rule over
that country.
8.The seizure of Bastille marked the end of the French monarchy, and the First French Republic
was born in 1792.
9.The Industrial Revolution (1760-1840), beginning with the invention of the steam engine,
rapidly changed the face of the world, and ushered in a completely new age.
10.Montesquieu’s doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important
principles of the U.S. constitution.
11.In The Origin of Human Inequality, Rousseau argues that the social order of civilized society
introduce inequality and unhappiness. This social order rests upon private property.
12.Besides Hobbes and Locke, Rousseau is also famous for his theory of social contract.
13.In Elements of Physiology, Diderot developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed
the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin.
14.Montesquieu is the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment.
Ⅱ选择题
1.Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S. constitution? ________
A. John Locke
B. Rousseau
C. Montesquieu
D. Voltaire
2.Which of the following works is the most f amous of V oltaire’s novels? _________
A. Candide
B. The New Heloise
C. Emile
D. Laocoon
3. ―Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains‖ are whose most famous words? _______
A. Montesquieu
B. Rousseau
C. V oltaire
D. Diderot
4. In which of Rousseau’s works, Rousseau argues that Man’s greatest ill are not natural but made by man himself; the remedy lies also within man’s power?________
A. The Origin of Human Inequality
B. The New Heloise
C. Emile or On Education
D. The Social Contract
5.Who ever said that ―Nature made men happy and good, but society makes him evil and miserable‖? _______
A. Diderot
B. V oltaire
C. Montesquieu
D. Rousseau
6.In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin? ________
A. Rameau’s Nephew
B. Philosophical Thoughts
C. Encyclopedie
D. Elements of Physiology
Ⅲ名词解释
1. The Enlightenment
2.The Industrial Revolution
3.The Spirit of the Laws
4.Rousseau’s The Social Contract
English Literature
Ⅰ填空题
1. Pope represented the rationalistic neoclassical tendency in literature and has often been called the spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason..
2. In A Modest Proposal, Swift bitterly criticizes the British Government by suggesting that the children be fatten and eaten. This essay has been regarded by many as the most savage single piece of ironical satire ever written.
3. Richardson, novelist, is often called the founder of the English domestic novel. His type of novel is called the epistolary novel.
4. Fielding, novelist, dramatist and essayist, was called by Si r Walter Scott the ―Father of the English novel‖.
5.Johnson was the editor of A Dictionary of the English Language (1747-1755), the first great
English dictionary.
6.In 18th-century England, two writers must be mentioned as far as the periodical essay is
concerned: Addison and Steele.
7.Both Addison and Steele contributed to The Tatler and The Spectator, two series of periodical
essays.
8.Gulliver’s Travels is Swift’s best work, a social and political prose satire, in the form of a
book of travels.
9.The author of The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe is Daniel
Defoe, novelist and political journalist.
German Literature and Philosophy
Ⅰ填空题
1. Lessing was the first German dramatist of lasting importance and the most brilliant representative of the German Enlightenment.
2. Goethe was the greatest of all German poets and the outstanding figure of world literature since the Renaissance.
3. In Faust, Goethe draws on an immense variety of cultural materials. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.
4. Schiller was a founder of modern German literature. He and his contemporary Goethe are the chief representatives of German classicism.
5.Kant was the key figure of the German classical philosophy and called ―Water head of modern
philosophy‖. He exerted an immense influence on the intellectual movements of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Ⅱ选择题
ackground information~~ 以英语作为母语的国家有6个： 英国、美国、加拿大、新西兰、澳大利亚、爱尔兰。 新西兰 首都：惠灵顿（Wellington），最大的城市：奥克兰（Auckland）； 民族：白人，毛利人（Maoris）； 国旗：新西兰是英联邦成员国，“米”字图案表明同英国的传统关系；四颗星表示南十字星座，表明该国位于南半球，同时还象征独立和希望； 新西兰于1856年成为英国的自治殖民地，1907年成为自治区，到了1947年完全独立；kiwi除了用来称呼奇异鸟，这个词还用来称呼新西兰人。 加拿大 首都：渥太华（英语：City of Ottawa 法语：Ville d'Ottawa）；最大城市：多伦多（英语：City of Toronto）。 民族：英裔，法裔 加拿大原住民：印第安人又称美洲原住民（除爱斯基摩人外的所有美洲土著居民的总称）面积：直接第二（1俄罗斯；2加拿大；3中国） 国体议会君主制monarchical parliamentary system 政体：联盟制confederacy 选举：5年 澳大利亚（Australia） 全球土地面积第六大的国家 民族：70%是英国及爱尔兰后裔 首都：堪培拉（Canberra）；最大城市：悉尼（Sydney） 国体：议会制parliamentary system 政体：联邦制 结构形式：联邦制 政党制度：多党制（执政党和反对党，最大党为澳大利亚自由党Liberal Party和澳大利亚工党） 选举：3年大选（义务投票制） 爱尔兰（Ireland） 民族：爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人，是欧洲大陆第一代居民的子嗣 首都：都柏林(Baile átha Cliath) 文学：四人获得了诺贝尔文学奖，诗人叶芝(W.B.Yeats)、剧作家萧伯纳(G.B.Shaw)、剧作家贝克特(S. Beckett)和诗人希尼(S. Heaney)。还有１９世纪唯美主义代表王尔德(O. Wilde)和代
About American 1.What is the full name of America? The United States of America 2 How many states are there in the United States? Fifty states 3 What is the capital of the USA Washington D.C. 4 Where is the Stature of Liberty? In New York 5 Where does the American president live ? In the white house About Britain 1 What does UK stand for ? The United Kingdom 2 What us the full name of the UK? The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 3What are the four parts of the UK? England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. 4In which continent is the UK situated? In Europe. 5 By which channel is the UK separated The English Channel About China 1.How many ethnic groups are there in China? 56 2.In which continent is China located In Asia 3. what are the four great inventions in ancient China? Paper-making, printing, gunpowder, and the compass 4. What is the largest island in China? Taiwan Island 5. When was the people’s Republic of China founded?
英美文化概况之英国篇 英国早期人文历史常识 （一） 英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。 地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。 大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。 政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。 联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。 大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。
英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附 属国组成的联合体。英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。 （二） 英国地势西北高、东南低。其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。 英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地，那里地势平缓，多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。特别是英格兰东部沿海地区，土地肥沃，适于耕种。 苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿，它拥有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地以及南部山陵。不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰（Ben Nevis）便座落于此，高1,343米。威尔士亦是多山地区，6%的土地被森林覆盖，大部分村庄以放牧为主。 北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸，曲折蜿蜒。其东北部多为高地，东南部为山区，而中部则是低浅的盆地。 不列颠是个岛屿国家，四面环海，它隔着英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆遥遥相望。位处英法两国之间的英吉利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡（Straits of Dover），仅有33公里宽度。1985年英国政府和法国政府决定在多佛海峡处修建海峡隧道。 总长153公里的隧道于1994年五月竣工通车，使得欧洲公路网得以连成一体，被誉为人类工程史上的一个伟业。 英国河流分布细密。塞文河（the Severn）是英国第一大河流，长338公里，它同西
英语文化常识集锦 发表时间：2010-7-12 20:49:57来源：孙巧珍 英语文化常识集锦 世界主要节日、纪念日、活动日 元旦(1月1日)-----NEW YEAR'S DAY 成人节(日本，1月15日)-----ADULTS DAY 情人节(2月14日)-----ST.VALENTINE'S DAY (VALENTINE'S DAY) 元宵节(阴历1月15日)-----LANTERN FESTIVAL 狂欢节（巴西，二月中、下旬)-----CARNIVAL 桃花节(日本女孩节，3月3日)-----PEACH FLOWER FESTIVAL (DOLL'S FESTIVAL）国际妇女节(3月8日)-----INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S DAY 圣帕特里克节(爱尔兰，3月17日)-----ST. PATRICK'S DAY 枫糖节(加拿大，3-4月)-----MAPLE SUGAR FESTIVAL 愚人节(4月1日)-----FOOL'S DAY 复活节(春分月圆后第一个星期日)-----EASTER 宋干节(泰国新年4月13日)-----SONGKRAN FESTIVAL DAY 食品节(新加坡，4月17日)-----FOOD FESTIVAL 国际劳动节(5月1日)-----INTERNATIONAL LABOUR DAY 男孩节(日本，5月5日)-----BOY'S DAY 母亲节(5月的第二个星期日)-----MOTHER'S DAY 把斋节-----BAMADAN 开斋节(4月或5月，回历十月一日)-----LESSER BAIRAM 银行休假日(英国, 5月31日)-----BANK HOLIDAY 国际儿童节(6月1日)-----INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S DAY 父亲节(6月的第三个星期日)-----FATHER'S DAY 端午节(阴历5月5日)-----DRAGON BOAT FESTIVAL 仲夏节(北欧6月)-----MID-SUMMER DAY 古尔邦节(伊斯兰节，7月下旬)-----CORBAN 筷子节(日本，8月4日)-----CHOPSTICS DAY 中秋节(阴历8月15日)-----MOON FESTIVAL 教师节(中国，9月10日)-----TEACHER'S DAY 敬老节(日本，9月15日)-----OLD PEOPLE'S DAY 啤酒节(德国十月节，10月10日)-----OKTOBERFEST 南瓜节(北美10月31日)-----PUMPKIN DAY 鬼节(万圣节除夕，10月31日夜)-----HALLOWEEN 万圣节(11月1日)-----HALLOWMAS 感恩节(美国，11月最后一个星期4)-----THANKSGIVING 护士节(12月12日)-----NRUSE DAY 圣诞除夕(12月24日)-----CHRISTMAS EVE 圣诞节(12月25日)-----CHRISTMAS DAD 节礼日(12月26日)-----BOXING DAY 新年除夕(12月31日)-----NEW YEAR'S EVE(a bank holiday in many countries) 春节(阴历一月一日)-----SPRING FESTIVAL (CHINESE NEW YEAR) 其它活动节日 世界消费者权益日(3月15日)-----WORLD CONSUMER RIGHT DAY 世界水日(3月22日)-----WORLD WATER DAY
英语常识 一、英语语法 二、3个月听力口语纯正化 三、学英语的十个小技巧 四、英语学习的实质 五、权威之言：众英语大师谈英语学习成功的秘诀 六、英语中的常见缩写词 七、常见英语洲名 八、部分国家（或地区）、语言、国民及国籍表 九、常用的前缀和后缀 十、妙语连珠90句超级英语 十一、背单词最科学的方法 十二、大学英语四级听力60个必考习语详解 十三、英文写作必背之35句型 十四、十种妙法巧记英文单词 十五、英语中的30句表扬之句 十六、73组极易拼错的英文单词 十七、100句最IN英文流行语 十八、看外国人如何含蓄表达想上厕所 十九、原来英文中的“钱”有那么多表达法
二十、怎样用合适的英文评价美女 二十一、不高兴就发泄出来吧——如何用英文表达不满 二十二、练好英语口语的六种技巧 二十三、欧美电影地道口语汇总 二十四、英语九百句 二十五、关于缘分的N种英文表达法 二十六、女人的32个秘密（中英文版） 二十七、点点英语：专业致力于四六级、口译口语、BEC、考研 二十八、办公室常用的英语口语妙句 二十九、字典上查不到的中国“特色”英语词汇 三十、字典上查不到的中国“特色”英语词汇 三十一、常用表扬30句 三十二、商务交际闪光英语口语集锦 三十三、英汉文化的十大常见差异 三十四、和老美美语对话的6种技巧 三十五、英语名人名言——人性与道德 三十六、水果英语词汇大全 三十七、春节能够用到的英文 三十八、春节常用英文 三十九、英语新年祝福语大全 四十、趣谈英语“Dog”的用法
四十一、甜甜蜜蜜说爱你——情人节英语情话大派送四十二、英语学习的六大原则 四十三、社会各界职位一览（中英文对照）
Outline of chapters After learning this chapter you should learn to Chapter 1 I. terms: culture, iceberg, culture shock, low context culture/ high context culture, collectivism/ individualism, relationship-oriented/ task-oriented, multicultural person, monocultural person, multilingual person, the characteristics of culture II. Questions: 1. List some cultural differences between the west and east. at least 5. 2. What is cultural stereotype and its influence on cultural learning? 3. What kind of attitude shall we take towards cultural learning and cultural generalizations? Chapter 2 I. Terms: value, individualism, collectivism, individual-oriented society, group-oriented society II. Questions： 1. The core value of the U.S.: individualism, privacy, equality, informality, directness and assertiveness. 2. The core value of Britain: class system, British food, socializing, understatement and so on. 3. Different value in American and British daily life. 4. Cultural reasons of cheating. 5. The child-parent relationship in different culture. 6. The difference of American dream and Chinese dream. Chapter 3: I. Terms： Western-style conversation, Japanese-style conversation, low-context communication, high-context communication II. Questions: 1.Can you use different ballgames to explain western-style conversation and Japanese-style conversation? 2.What are the differences between low-context and high-context communication? 3.How should students organize their expository writing in English? 4.What are the unspoken rules for a language? 5.Can you give a specific example of directness in verbal interaction between Americans? Chapter 4 1.Illustrate the importance of nonverbal communication. 2.Know at least 5 aspects of silent language. 3.Explain the functions of nonverbal cues. 4.Explain Americans’ perception of time and their time concept.
英语文化常识题大学 生英语竞赛 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
英语文化常识题库 1.Where were the second Olympic Games held? A. France B. Australia C. America D. British 2.Which city in Asia is the first city to bid for the Olympic Games? A.Beijing B. Seoul C. Tokyo D. New Delhi 3.Which session is the largest Olympic Games? 4. A.The 22nd B. The 24th C. The 23rd D. The 25th 4. Who is the Father of the Olympics? A.Samaranch B. Coubertin C.Roger D.Yu zaiqing 5. What is not the slogan of the Olympic? A.Quicker B.higher C.stronger D.bigger 6. When is the Olympic Day A.June.23 B.July.23 C.August.23 D.September.23 7. What does the track and field contain? A. Track and field events B. Track events C. Field events D. Track events, field events and All-around competition 8. Where is Olympic Games’ birthplace? A. Olympia B. France C. Greece D. America 9. When is International Olympic Day? A. March.26th B. Feb.14th C. June.23rd D. July.25th 10. How many traffic circles(圆环) are there on the Olympic Flag? A. Four B. Five C. Six D. Seven 11. Which sport is the earliest sport in China? A. Badmintons B. Baseball C. Football D. Table tennis 12. How many people are there in one group in a soccer game? A. 12 B. 16 C.18 D.11 13. Which sport is not in triathlon（铁人三项） A. Swimming B. Running C. Riding bicycle D. Skipping 14. The White Olympics and the Winter Olympics __________. A. are the same thing B. are different games C. are not held in winter D. are held in summer 15. Basketball was started _______. A. in Europe B. in the United States C. in the Philippines D. in China 16.Which sport isn’t the Olympic event?
趣味十足的英语文化小常识 Honeymoon 同学们一定都知道honeymoon吧，honey(蜂蜜)和 moon(月)结合在一起的意思就是“蜜月”。 honeymoon指的是新婚夫妇结为伉俪的最初一段时光(并非一定是结婚后的第一个月，虽然很多人都有这样的错觉)。 爱情经过长久的期盼和耕耘，相爱的情侣终于手拉手走到了一起，双方的感觉能不像蜜一样甘甜醇美吗? 有一种说法认为honeymoon这个词来源于巴比伦的民俗传统。 这个古老的国家一直保留着这样一个传统，在女儿出嫁的第一个月，女孩的父亲每天都会让女婿喝mead(蜂蜜酒)，以希望后辈们的婚姻永远幸福甜蜜。 然而，从词源学的观点来看，这种说法是错误的。 honeymoon 最早出现于16 世纪，honey 用以喻指新婚的甜蜜，但moon并不是指很多人认为的阴历月份(lunar-based month)，它是一种苦涩的暗示，旨在告诫人们婚姻固然是幸福甜美的。 但这种甜蜜就像月亮的盈亏，只是暂时的(因此要十分珍惜才对喔!)，婚姻更多的意味着双方要一起肩负生活的重担，一起承受人生的酸甜苦辣，一起经受生活的风风雨雨
Darling darling可能是英语中最流行的昵称了，也是最古老的词语之一。早在公元888年，darling就以deorling的形式出现了。 darling一词有多种用法，一般作名词表示“亲爱的人”，作形容词表示“亲爱的;可爱的”，同时darling也可以用来称呼所爱的人或家庭中的成员，如Darling, fetch me another bonbon, please.(亲爱的，请再帮我拿一颗小糖果吧。) darling还可以用作比喻，但经常带有轻微的讽刺意味，表示某人深受一个不大招人喜欢的人或机构的喜爱。比如，Senator is the darling of the oil companies.(参议员是石油公司的宠儿。) 尽管用途广泛，darling的来源却相当简单。darling源于古英语单词deor或deore，表示“所爱的人”或“亲爱的”，这会让你很自然的联想到今天的dear。 词缀ling表示one who is，所以deorling和今天的darling 的意思都是one who is dear. 此外，在夫妇之间，除了darling，还可以用sweetheart、pet、dear、love等称谓。 在男女恋人之间经常使用honey、baby等带有感情色彩的词汇，而一些有了孩子的守旧的老夫妻喜欢互称mother、father。
Chapter 1 1.the geographical composition of the U.K.: two/four parts 2.the population: the majority / the earliest inhabitants 3.the English language: the Germanic group of the Indo-European family / three periods Chapter 2 4.Westminster Abbey 5.1066, Norman Conquest, feudalism 6.Henry II—jury system 7.Magna Carta 8.the Hundred Years’ War 9.House of Tudor: medieval to modern 10.Religious Reformation: the Roman Catholic Church VS. Henry VIII 11.two camps of the Civil War 12.the Glorious Revolution, the Bill of Rights, constitutional monarchy 13.the Industrial Revolution: reasons / effects 14.the British Empire —colonization 15.Three Majestic Circles Chapter 3 16.the British Constitution: three parts 17.a division of powers among three branches 18.Parliament —the law-making body; two houses The House of Commons —center of parliamentary power 19.the role of the Prime Minister 20.The House of Lords —Supreme Court 21.Scotland —a distinct legal system 22.right/left wing party 23.a general election —every 5 years 24.The Commonwealth —decolonization; an unpolitical union of sovereign states Chapter 4 25.Margaret Thatcher and her controversial policies 26.three sectors of economy —primary, secondary and tertiary 27.the major trends in the British economy 28.two pillar industries of the current British economy Chapter 5 29.British compulsory education —5 to 16 30.four stages secondary education —comprehensive school further education —sixth form 31.two systems
Historic events 一)Hundred Years’ war 百年战争 It was a series of separate conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France and their various allies for control of the French throne, which had become vacant upon the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings. Time: From1337 to 1543 The war is commonly divided into three or four phases, separated by various unsuccessful truces: ①the Edwardian War (1337–1360); ②the Caroline War (1369–1389); ③the Lancastrian War (1415–1453); Cause: The background to the conflict is to be found in 1066, when William, Duke of Normandy, led an invasion of England. He defeated the English King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings, and had himself crowned King of England. As Duke of Normandy, he remained a vassal of the French King, and was required to swear fealty to the latter for his lands in France; for a king to swear fealty to another king was considered humiliating, and the Norman Kings of England generally attempted to avoid the service. On the French side, the Capetian monarchs resented a neighboring king holding lands within their own realm, and sought to neutralize the threat England now posed to France The King of England directly ruled more territory on the continent than did the King of France himself. This situation – in which the kings of England owed vassalage to a ruler who was de facto much weaker – was a cause of continual conflict. John of England inherited this great estate from King Richard I. However, Philip II of France acted decisively to exploit the weaknesses of King John, both legally and militarily, and by 1204 had succeeded in wresting control of most of the ancient territorial possessions. Significance: The Hundred Years' War was a time of military evolution. Weapons, tactics, army structure, and the societal meaning of war all changed, partly in response to the demands of the war, partly through advancement in technology, and partly through lessons that warfare taught. The war also stimulated nationalistic sentiment. It devastated France as a land, but it also awakened French nationalism. The Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralized state. The conflict became one of not just English and French kings but one between the English and French peoples. There were constant rumours in England that the French meant to invade and destroy the English language. National feeling that emerged out of such rumours unified both France and England further. The Hundred Years War basically confirmed the fall of the French language in England, which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman Conquest until 1362 Important Figures: England King Edward III 1327–1377 Edward II's son
英语文化小常识 There's no such thing as a free lunch 我们常常听说这样一句话：There's no such thing as a free lunch.（没有免费的午餐），你知道这句话是怎么来的吗？十九世纪的时候，美国有些酒吧给顾客提供“免费的午餐”。所谓午餐，其实不过是些用来和啤酒一起送出的脆饼；而所谓免费，当然不是真的，不买酒喝就没有饼吃。所以，当时有人说：There's no such thing as a free lunch. 到了二十世纪七十年代，经济学家弗里德曼(Milton Friedman)写的一本书用了这句话做书名。他在别的著作、演讲里也多次引用这句话。于是，这句话就又流行了起来。 有时，我们不相信会得到一些优惠，就可以用这句“弗里德曼名言”。 例如：I don't believe he's giving us the money without any ulterior motive. There's no such thing as a free lunch. 我不相信他送钱给我们不是别有用心，世上没有免费的午餐 Honeymoon 大家一定都知道honeymoon吧，honey（蜂蜜）和moon（月）结合在一起的意思就是“蜜月”。honeymoon指的是新婚夫妇结为伉俪的最初一段时光（并非一定是结婚后的第一个月，虽然很多人都有这样的错觉）。爱情经过长久的期盼和耕耘，相爱的情侣终于手拉手走到了一起，双方的感觉能不像蜜一样甘甜醇美吗？ 有一种说法认为honeymoon这个词来源于巴比伦的民俗传统。这个古老的国家一直保留着这样一个传统，在女儿出嫁的第一个月，女孩的父亲每天都会让女婿喝mead（蜂蜜酒），以希望后辈们的婚姻永远幸福甜蜜。 然而，从词源学的观点来看，这种说法是错误的。honeymoon 最早出现于16 世纪，honey 用以喻指新婚的甜蜜，但moon并不是指很多人认为的阴历月份(lunar-based month)，它是一种苦涩的暗示，旨在告诫人们婚姻固然是幸福甜美的，但这种甜蜜就像月亮的盈亏，只是暂时的（因此要十分珍惜才对喔！），婚姻更多的意味着双方要一起肩负生活的重担，一起承受人生的酸甜苦辣，一起经受生活的风风雨雨 Darling darling可能是英语中最流行的昵称了，也是最古老的词语之一。早在公元888年，darling就以deorling的形式出现了。darling一词有多种用法，一般作名词表示“亲爱的人”，作形容词表示“亲爱的；可爱的”，同时darling也可以用来称呼所爱的人或家庭中的成员，如Darling, fetch me another bonbon, please.（亲爱的，请再帮我拿一颗小糖果吧。）darling还可以用作比喻，但经常带有轻微的讽刺意味，表示某人深受一个不大招人喜欢的人或机构的喜爱。比如，Senator is the darling of the oil companies.（参议员是石油公司的宠儿。） 尽管用途广泛，darling的来源却相当简单。darling源于古英语单词deor或deore，表示“所爱的人”或“亲爱的”，这会让你很自然的联想到今天的dear。词缀ling表示one who is，所以deorling和今天的darling的意思都是one who is dear. 此外，在夫妇之间，除了darling，还可以用sweetheart、pet、dear、love等称谓。在男女恋人之间经常使用honey、baby 等带有感情色彩的词汇，而一些有了孩子的守旧的老夫妻喜欢互称mother、father。甚至还有比这个称呼更传统的，比如在十九世纪的小说《傲慢与偏见》中，Bennet夫妇非常正式地互称对方为Mr. Bennet和Mrs. Bennet。当然，夫妇间还可以有许多更随意更独特的称呼，比如Teddy Bear、Honeybun、Sugar Doll 等等。不过，其中的特别含义大概只有他们自己明白了。 Teach a fish how to swim 你听说过有不会游泳的鱼吗？你听说过鱼因不会游泳而淹死的事吗？如果谁有这样的担忧，就和那个被嘲笑了几百年的担心天会塌下来的杞国人没什么差别了，必定会成为人们茶余饭后的笑料。 作为一种本能，鱼儿天生就是会游泳的，完全适应水底生活，如果有人想教鱼儿how to swim，这和在鲁班门前卖弄使斧头的功夫，在孔老夫子面前卖弄写文章的本领又有什么差异呢？ 因此，teach a fish how to swim 的含义就是“班门弄斧”，“在孔夫子面前卖文章”。英语中类似的表达还有：teach a dog to chase rabbits；show the President where the White House is；teach the Pope how to pray；use Chinese maxims in front of Confucius John Bull 在政治漫画里，代表美国的总是又高又瘦的Uncle Sam（山姆大叔）；代表英国的呢，则是面色红润的、胖胖的John Bull（约翰牛）。John Bull这个名字是怎么来的呢？英国人和狗的关系非常密切，特别是斗牛犬(bulldog)，所以，十八世纪初，作家兼御医Dr. Arbuthnot写了一本《约翰牛传》(The History of John Bull)，主张英、法和平相处，书中主角的名字就叫作John Bull，作者用他来代表英国。从此以后，John Bull成了英国和典型英国人的代名词。 例如：His ruddy countenance and stout figure made him look a genuine John Bull. 他面色红润，身材胖硕，看起来就是个典型的英国人。
1. British personalities(P6)（星） The best-known quality of the British , and in particular of the English, is “reserve”. A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers , does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. Closely related to English reserve is English modesty, within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. The famous English sense of humor is similar. Its starting point is self deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. Its ideal is the ability to laugh at oneself—at one’s own faults, one’s own failures and embarrassments, even at one’s own ideals. Finally, sportsmanship . Like a sense of humor, this is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to. It must be realized that sport in its modern form is almost entirely a British invention.(152) 2. Importance of Elizabeth Era in politics,military,international relations and culture（月） Elizabeth Era is a British golden age. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings. She followed a motto “I see, and say nothing” ,which saved her from political misalliances. Elizabeth restored the status of the episcopal church. And in the first two years she released the supreme law and a single laws, regulating
英美文化小常识 01、英美姓名常识 姓名是社会成员的符号或标记。英美人的姓名是名在前，姓在后，过去人们在翻译外国人姓名时，为了迁就中国人的习惯，有时候把英美人的姓名也写成姓在前，名在后。如，Bernard Shaw，译成“肖·伯纳”实则是没有必要，现在多译成“伯纳·肖”，这就比较符合英美人的表达习惯。 02、英美礼仪 美国人请客：美国人喜欢在家里款待客人（guest）而不是在餐馆（restaurant）里。 美国人想请客吃饭，一般要事先与客人协商好，安排好时间（when）和地点（where）。 美国人在家里请客多半不拘礼节，一般采用家庭式，即一盘盘的食品一个人一个人地递过来，或者由坐在餐桌两端的主人（host）或女主人（hostess）给客人端上饭菜，全家大小和客人一起吃，一般是妻子（wife）做菜（dish），丈夫调鸡尾酒（cocktail）。如果因宗教或其他原因，有些饭菜不能吃，客人可将其留在盘子里，或事先对主人说明哪些东西不能吃。 03、英美人“手势语”种种 在人类的语言交流中，手语是必不可少的手段之一，作为“无声语言”的手语，其表意比重约为百分之21，因此，请正确运用
手语。 （1）在美国，如你站在公路边跷起大拇指，则表示要求搭车。（2）如在交谈中两手摊开，一耸肩，伴有一声“嗯呵”，则表示无可奈何的意思。 （3）中国人在对外交往中，最容易让人反感的动作之一就是说话不经意地用食指指着对方，其实，这个动作一来不雅观，二来对欧美国家的人来说相当不礼貌。原来这是一种非礼貌的责骂，数落别人的动作。 (4)用大拇指和食指围成一个圆圈，这个手势早已家喻户晓，它的意思是OK好的，而竖起食指和中指形成个“V”字形，意思则是“胜利”（victory）。 (5) 用手伸向被唤者，手心向上，握拳并伸出食指前后摇动，表示叫对方过来。 （6）把左掌心放在胸前，身体略前倾，表示真诚。 04、西方人交往“七不问” （1）年龄：西方人大都把希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻，对自己的实际年龄讳莫如深，妇女更是如此，她们过了24后就再也不会告诉他人自己的年龄了。 （2）婚姻：西方人认为婚姻纯属个人隐私，向他人询问时不礼貌的。若是向异性打听婚否，则有对方关心过甚之嫌。 （3）收入：西方人将此视为个人脸面，因此它与个人的能力和地位有关。不仅收入不宜谈论，住宅、财产、服饰等体现个人状