精益生产的工作环境的创造性张力对物流企业和
工人的影响
J.deHaan，F.NAUN，Mover boom Tilburg University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Organization and Strategy, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
蒂尔堡大学经济与工商管理学院组织和战略部，邮政信箱90153，5000乐蒂尔堡，荷兰
摘要
在本文中，我们使用的概念“创造性张力”是从精益生产的理念调和需要的附加值，控制物流成本。由于微薄的利润，管理导向的物流员工作为一种成本，而不是增加值是源。然而，培养员工幸福感与组织效能，适应的过程控制的需要，影响了工作特性之间的需要，和工人在他们的工作自主性和创造性的需要。合适的假设进行了测试，在两个物流服务提供商。这两项研究的结果表明，具有挑战性，使员工在日常工作中可能会导致积极的结果，创造性地运用自己的才智和技能。
1.背景介绍
物流是一个高度竞争的行业，物流服务提供商（LSP）一般倾向于把他们的活动小空间。当市场条件不允许增加了收入，对成本的强烈关注盛行（约翰逊，1999）。由于劳动力成本是物流成本的主要组成部分，管理的角度发展看劳动作为一种成本需要纪律和受控源，而不是一个附加值需要滋养。因此，工作压力大，工资比较低，和工作的激励潜力可能遭受。精益生产（LP）的哲学“多与少”已成为成本控制管理的灵丹妙药，并因此被批评在科学文献中的对工人健康声称的效果。在本文中，我们认为，创造性张力的概念从精益生产的理念可以调和在精益生产的环境成本控制和员工的幸福感和满意度的需要提供了一种方法。
本文的目的是抵消认为精益工作不能内在激励，通过调查是否精益实际上可以克服员工成长需要的期望和工作特性之间的失配，从而提高员工个人和组织的成果。2节论述了物流市场的角度，如何影响物流员工的工作环境。3节讨论对精益生产的员工，在文学发展的影响的角度。此外，我们提供了一个新的镜头观察依靠个人和组织的影响。在4节中，我们提出两个荷兰LSP中获得的经验数据，这表明精益实践实际上可以帮助创造一个适合的工作特点，工人的要求，及公司的要求。
2.在物流市场的需求和员工需求
在物流市场的需求和员工需求创造价值的时间缩小差距，地方，和数量。这是通过储存、运输，并在入境货物装卸与过程。LSP进行这些活动对航运企业代表，他们的工作范围内的货主买方–供应商关系及外包合同的框架，从而面对托运人的直接后果最后一分钟的危机。LSP也代表托运人在与客户的接触，并通过LSP有错误是由买方的眼睛托运人犯错。作为一个结果，LSP都需要保持较高的服务水平，同时也面临一些不确定因素的影响和制约。
虽然物流是一个核心的过程中，客户能够通过谈判价格低。因此，面对他们的活动小
LSP的利润，如表1所示。本质上这是因为供应商，因为他们要投资基本上适应顾客的需求。托运人将不需要适应，因为他们大多可以在多个路径选择。总之，LSP进行托运的主要过程在一个较高的服务水平，但在尽可能最低的价格。
因此，他们无法低成本和灵活的服务之间做出权衡，但有追求同时满足和留住客户。在成本结构中劳动力成本优势。在荷兰，利用LSP的人每小时工资低于同等工作。劳动力成本差异使LSP优于内部物流部门，即使他们会更有效。然而，有人认为，一个LSP的过度强调削减劳动力成本降至最低的可能为托运人所产生的影响，因为它可能会导致劳动力的问题，可能会导致经营风险，如质量差，生产效率低，空的或不完整的订单，和高周转，最终可能会威胁到全球供应链的性能。最后，对可能出现的托运人的声誉风险。因此，由于削减成本的过度强调，无论是托运人和LSP可能会发现自己陷入了一个恶性循环。
在市场条件下，人力资源管理在这些事态的发展，它不应该作为一个惊喜，LSP的周转率很高，不仅为卡车司机也为商。这个问题已经通过在物流领域的研究人员承认，他们已采取了调查物流工人和雇用他们的组织关系的挑战。欧特里和多尔蒂（2003）报告说，至少有20%在某些情况下作为仓库工人75%多将离开他们的工作后一年内，他们被雇用，而取代失去员工成本的过高。使用从七个不同的仓库和配送中心的一个样本的员工，他们研究了人–组织契合度、满意度之间的关系，以及应对工作环境中的不愉快情绪的方法。结果表明，那些对自己的现实的期望员工公司和主管的特征更容易满意自己的就业。更满意的员工表现出的行为，利益自己和公司，而不满意的员工试图离开公司或逃逸的情况更糟，行为事与愿违。总之，人–组织适合员工和公司积极。在一项旨在确定因素仓库员工离职，Min发现，工作安全是留住员工的最重要因素之一，而金钱奖励几乎没有影响营业额。他还发现，规模较大的公司，营业额高是因为缺乏个人关注。
3.精益管理和工人的结果
在上一节中我们已经描述了在物流被许多公司所面临的管理困境。另一方面，在高压力下邀请人员发展与成本削减近视困扰的利润，提高或至少保持公司的结果。另一方面，实证研究表明，这些做法可能对工作经验和劳动力的工作态度，这可能是为什么周转物流过高的原因造成负面影响。因此，过度削减成本的驱动器，良好的人，取而代之的是非常昂贵的，这对公司的业绩产生负面影响。这邀请另一轮的成本削减，加剧了问题更进一步。一个恶性循环的一个经典的例子。
在本研究中我们认为，物流服务商，来维持甚至提高自己的服务水平，通过严格的过程控制在一个有吸引力的工作环境是采用工人的形象作为一个增值的源泉，而不是成本。这就需要对人力资源管理的重新定位为一个以客户为导向的企业，决定性的因素。这也提醒了麦克格雷戈的理论转变的一个转变，这句话的平均工人有一个固有的不喜欢的工作，更倾向于避免责任，并需要被引导和控制，理论上说，一般工人不喜欢工作，将行使自我方向和自我控制，并学会接受，但也寻求责任。这种转变将帮助物流企业打破恶性循环，我们认为精益生产（LP）哲学（简称“lean”）有助于做到这。它也将与组织学习的理念，为员工的发展
将在学习过程中的一个关键的角色在一个支持性的组织文化。
4.结论
由Womack等人提出的创造性张力的概念。（1990）描述的相互作用之间的工人和一个精益工作环境的特点至今在精益文学忽略。在本文中，我们认为，这个概念提供了一个镜头，不仅对工人健康研究精益实践的影响，但也表明改进精益工作更激励有效。基于人–组织匹配理论，我们开发了一个修改后的版本，Hackman和Oldham（1976）众所周知的工作特征模型研究的需要，对员工的心理状态和重要成果的自主性和创造性的潜力之间的拟合效果。
我们的实证结果支持创造性张力的概念对精益生产的影响研究的效果。我们的研究结果表明，我们的受访者中，所有的物流工作，实际上是对他们的工作自主性的潜力非常满意。因为自治的潜力被证明是满意的，动机，最重要的预测和营业额，这一发现具有重要的意义。相反，去特雷维尔，Antonakis（2006）认为精益将带来自主性大幅减少，这表明该组织的努力来实现精益实践不抑制员工感知度高的工作自主性。一个重要的发现是，在工作中的创造力的潜力提供了改进的空间，因为它不满足个人需要的创新。一个精益的主要基础是自底向上的策略让工人参与连续识别浪费源和建议来消除这些，比如在改善活动发挥他们的创造力。我们的研究表明，事实上这可能会对工作满意度和离职的积极作用。此外，为满足员工有更好的表现比不满意的员工，他们都不愿意离开组织，更大的创作潜力也可能会提高组织有效性。三分之一个重要的发现，从这项研究中，工作特征和预后之间的关系始终介导的责任，虽然激励效果不是很强。表3显示，责任更需要驱动的和潜在的创造力比自治。综上所述，我们认为，无论是理论探讨和实际意义的精益理念将从创新更受益。
就像任何其他的研究，目前的研究还需要考虑在解释结果的局限性。主要的限制是样本大小。本研究的目的是探讨创造性张力概念的研究潜力，但更大的样本会有助于我们的结果可靠性和有效性的结构有关。另一个限制是，我们的回归分析是基于由仓库工人提供的数据。因此，我们不能肯定的推广我们的研究结果的所有物流公司。尽管有这些限制，但是，我们认为，创造性张力的概念提供了巨大的潜在的未来的研究能够更好地了解和探讨精益生产实践对工人健康和组织的有效性。未来研究的一个引人注目的建议已经由法里斯等。（2009）的人认为，这是运营管理和工业工程的社会责任，帮助企业更好地了解改善活动。因此，一个有前途的研究将探讨改善活动确实可以引发的想法和做法，导致平滑过程的工人的创造性，从而也有助于创造更多的潜力由经验丰富的工人。
Creative tension in a lean work environment:
Implications for logistics firms and workers
J. de Haan, F. Naus n, M. Overboom Tilburg University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Organization and Strategy, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
ABSTRACT
In this paper we use the concept of ‘‘creative tension’’ from the lean production philosophy to reconcile the need for added value and cost control in logistics. Due to thin profit margins, a managerial orientation on logistics employees as a source of costs rather than a source of added value prevails. However, to foster employee well-being and organizational effectiveness, a fit is needed between the job characteristics i nfluenced by the need for process control, and workers’ need for autonomy and creativity in their jobs. The fit hypothesis was tested across two logistics service providers. Results from both studies indicated that challenging and enabling workers to creatively use their talents and skills in daily work will most likely lead to positive results.
1. Introduction
Logistics is a highly competitive industry and logistic service providers (LSPs) generally tend to get small margins on their activities. When market conditions do not allow for an increase in revenues, a strong focus on costs prevails (Johnson et al., 1999). Since the cost of labor is the major cost component of logistics, a managerial perspective has developed to see labor as a source of costs that needs to be disciplined and controlled, rather than a source of added value that needs to be nourished. As a consequence, work pressure is high, pay is relatively low, and the motivating potential of jobs may suffer. The lean production (LP) philosophy to ‘‘do more with less’’ has been embraced as a managerial panacea for cost control, and has accordingly been criticized in the scientific literature for its purported effects on workers’ well-being. In this paper we argue that the concept of ‘‘creative tension’’ (Womack et al., 1990, pp. 102) from the lean production philosophy may provide a way to reconcile the need for cost control and worker well-being and satisfaction in a lean production environment.
The purpose of this paper is to counterbalance the claim that lean jobs cannot be intrinsically motivating (de Treville and Antonakis, 2006) by investigating whether lean can actually overcome the misfit between workers’ growth need expectations and job characteristics, thereby enhancing employees’ personal and organizational outcomes. Section 2 discusses the market perspective of
LSPs and how this affects the work environment of logistics employees. In Section 3 we discuss the perspective on the effects of lean production on employees that has evolved in the literature. In addition, we offer a new lens to observe the effects of lean on personal and organizational outcomes. In Section 4, we present empirical data obtained from two Dutch LSPs, suggesting that lean practices can actually help to create a fit between job characteristics, worker demands, and company requirements.
2.Market requirements and worker needs in logistics
Logistics creates value by bridging gaps in time, place, and quantity. This is accomplished by means of storage, transport, and the handling of goods in inbound- and outbound processes. LSPs perform these activities on behalf of shipping firms (Stefansson, 2006), and they work within the framework of the shippers’buyer–supplier relationships and the outsourcing contract, thereby facing the immediate consequences of the shipper’s last minute crises. LSPs also represent shippers in their contacts with customers, and any mistake made by the LSP is a mistake made by the shipper in the eye of the buyer. As a consequence, LSPs are required to maintain a high service level, while facing a number of uncertainties and constraints.
Although logistics is a core process, shippers are able to negotiate low prices. Hence, LSPs face small margins on their activities, as shown in Table 1. In essence this is because LSPs are‘captive suppliers’ (Bensaou, 1999), as they have to invest substantially to adapt to their customer’s needs. The shippers will and need not adapt, because mostly they can choose between multiple LSPs. In summary, LSPs carry out shipper s’ primary processes at a high service level, but at the lowest price possible.
Consequently, they cannot make a trade-off between low cost and flexible service, but have to pursue both simultaneously to satisfy and retain their clients. In the cost structure labor costs are dominant. In the Netherlands, hourly wages for people employed by LSPs are lower than in comparable jobs. These differences in labor costs enable LSPs to outperform internal logistics departments even if they would be less efficient. However, it is argued that an LSP’s excessive emphasis on cutting labor costs to the bare minimum may have repercussions for the shipper, because it may cause labor problems that can result in operational risks, such as poor quality, low productivity, unfilled or incomplete orders, and high turnover, that may eventually threaten the global supply chain’s performance. Finally, reputational risks for the shipper may occur (Jiang et al., 2009). Thus, due to an excessive emphasis on cost cutting, both the shipper and the LSP may find themselves caught up in a vicious circle.
Given these developments in market conditions and human resource management, it should not come as a surprise that turnover rates for LSPs are very high, not only for truckers but also for warehousers. This problem has been recognized by researchers in the area of logistics, who have taken up the challenge to investigate the relationship between logistics workers and their employing organizations. Autry and Daugherty (2003) report that at least 20% and in some cases as much as 75% of warehouse workers will leave their job within one year after they were hired, while the costs of replacing lost employees are ‘‘excessively high’’(pp. 184). Using a sample of employees from seven different warehouses and distribution centers, they studied the relationship between person–organization fit, satisfaction, and ways to cope with unpleasant feelings in the work environment. Results indicated that employees who have realistic expectations about their company and about supervisor characteristics are more likely to be satisfied with their employment. More satisfied employees exhibit behavior that benefits themselves and the company, whereas dissatisfied employees attempt to escape the situation by leaving the company or, worse, by behaving counterproductively. In short, person–organization fit is positive for both the employee and the company. In a study aimed at identifying factors that account for warehouse employee turnover, Min (2007) found that job security was one of the most important factors for retaining employees, whereas monetary incentives hardly influenced turnover. He also found that the larger thecompany, the higher the turnover was because of lack of personal attention.
3. Lean management and worker outcomes
In the previous section we have described a managerial dilemma faced by many firms in logistics. On the one hand, margins under high pressure invite managers to develop a myopic obsession with cost cutting, to improve or at least maintain company results. On the other hand, empirical studies indicate that these practices may have a negative impact on the work experience and work attitude of the labor force and that this may be one of the reasons why turnover in logistics is excessively high. Thus, excessive cost cutting drives good people away and replacing them is very expensive, which has a negative impact on company results. This invites another round of cost cutting, exacerbating the problem even further. A classical example of a vicious circle.
In the present study we argue that for logistic service providers, a way to maintain or even improve their service level through strict process control in an attractive work environment is to adopt an image of workers as a source of added value, rather than of costs. This requires a managerial reorientation on human resources as a decisive factor in a customer-orientated enterprise (Bullinger et al., 1995). It also reminds one of a shift from McGregor’s theory X, saying that the average worker has an inherent dislike of work, prefers to avoid responsibility, and needs to be directed and controlled, to theory Y saying that the ordinary worker does not inherently dislike work, will exercise
self-direction and self-control, and learns to not only accept but also seek responsibility (McGregor, 1960). This shift will help logistics firms break the vicious circle and we claim that the lean production (LP) philosophy (in short ‘‘lean’’) helps to accomplish just that. It would also be in line with the concept of organizational learning, assigning a key role in the learning process to employee development in a supportive organizational culture (Antonacopoulou, 1999; Pool, 2000).
4. Discussion
The creative tension concept offered by Womack et al. (1990) to describe the interaction between workers and the characteristics of a lean work environment has so far been neglected in the lean literature. In this paper we have argued that this concept offers a lens to not only study the effects of lean practices on worker well-being, but also to suggest improvements to make lean jobs more motivating and effective. Based on person– organization fit theory, we developed a modified version of Hackman and Oldham’s (1976) well known Job Characteristics Model to investigate the effects of a fit between need and potential for autonomy and creativity on workers’ psychological states and important outcomes.
Our empirical results support the efficacy of the creative tension concept for research on the effects of lean. Our results indicate that our respondents, all working in logistics, were actually very much satisfied with the potential for autonomy in their work. Because the potential for autonomy was shown to be the most important predictor of satisfaction, motivation, and turnover, this finding has important implications. Contrary to de Treville and Antonakis’ (2006) claim that lean will bring about a massive reduction in autonomy, it suggests that this organization’s efforts to implement lean practices do not inhibit employees to perceive a high degree of autonomy in their work. A second important finding is that the potential for creativity in the job offered room for improvement, because it did not meet the personal need for creativity. One of the primary fundamentals of lean is the bottom-up strategy to get workers involved in continuously identifying sources of waste and making suggestions to eliminate these, for instance by tapping their creativity in kaizen events. Our study suggests that indeed this will likely have a positive effect on job satisfaction and turnover. Moreover, as satisfied employees perform better than dissatisfied employees and they are less inclined to leave the organization, more potential for creativity may also be expected to enhance organizational effectiveness. A third important finding from this study is that the relationships between job characteristics and outcomes were consistently mediated by responsibility, although the effect for motivation was not very strong. Table 3 shows that responsibility is somewhat more driven by the need and potential for creativity than for autonomy. Taken together, we believe that both the theoretical discussion and practical relevance of the lean concept will benefit from a stronger emphasis on creativity.
我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入
企业物流外包外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 物流外包——确保一个组织竞争优势的一种手段 摘要 物流方式表明将交付供应链中的独立单位整合成一个统一的系统的目标，完成结果所需的时间和资源的损失降到最小的材料和信息流动的直接管理。 一个最新方法的实施为公司的物流管理提供更多的成效，这个方法就是外包。物流外包带来诸多好处，如：减少库存、减少订单的交货时间、提高运输质
量、扩大生产的灵活性、降低生产成本和加速资金周转等。这保证了较低的生产成本和更好的质量交付，这是一个决定性的竞争优势。物流外包的应用有利于资源的合理配置，这是公司拥有的独特的竞争优势。 因此，物流外包将作为一种手段应用于公司的物流运输中，以确保一个组织的竞争优势。 关键词：外包，物流，供应商 1.简介 竞争优势，与不断增长的全球化和创新，开始逐渐失去其创意和新的竞争优势，在前端的灵活性，订单到交货时间减少，可靠的高质量的交付，和选择的机会。在竞争领域，厂家的能力加入其生产过程和系统的规划与个人消费者的喜好，将是一个的决定性的因素。只有通过建立灵活的生产管理系统，与个别客户订单问题的解决方案才是可能的。企业为什么要搞物流外包?它的紧迫性在哪里?物流外包与传统意义上的外委、外协有何本质区别?我们的企业离物流外包还远吗?这不仅是理论界要回答的问题，更是企业界应认真思考的问题。谈到物流外包必定涉及供应链和第三方的发展，涉及到现代物流的发展方向，更涉及企业的核心竞争力。理论界对这一点的认识显得有些浮躁，而企业对此的认识比较滞后。目前大多数企业守候在自营物流那片天地，真正搞物流外包的不到20%，并且不规范、不系统。尽管现在物流炒得很热，但企业对物流外包重要性的认识依然很浅。调查表明，湖南有82%的企业对现代物流的认识模糊，大多把货物运输或货代等同于现代物流;有54%的企业至今未有发展物流的计划或设想，更没有把重构内部供应链和发展物流外包提上议事日程，看来还需要更多的示范、引导，更多的宣传、培训和更多的市场培育。 首先，它需要的新的或最新的概念，如CFM（以客户为中心的制造），SCM（供应链管理），基于相同的概念作为企业资源规划（ERP），客户关系管理技术，生产管理的实施（客户关系管理）等，也将要求供应处理，物流中介机构的互动为基础的生产和有效的分配同步。 其次，它在微观和宏观层面上是一个必要的优化运输系统。复杂的运输基础设施的发展是基于标准化的商品，货物，运输方式，装卸货物，交货速度，拓宽道路和铁路网络，完善的售后服务维修。 第三，信息交流起着越来越重要的作用。工业企业在信息领域的互动，使信息可以以正确的形式被查阅，在合适的时间，通过正确的当局和真实类型，防止
文献出处: Mahpula A、The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness [J]、Journal of Transport Geography, 2015, 15(2): 30-34、 原文 The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness Mahpula A Abstract At present, the development of logistics is the logistics demand rapid increase, the expanding market capacity, accelerates the construction of logistics infrastructure, third-party logistics fast growth the tendency, the whole logistics industry is developing in the direction of the information, globalization and specialization、At the same time, with the rapid increase of logistics demand, the development of the regional logistics more rapidly、Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics、Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form、Regional economic integration can make the area and regional logistics incline to reasonable, adapt to reasonable layout of industrial structure, to reduce logistics cost, promote the development of regional logistics、On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy、Therefore, the development of the regional logistics has become to improve the regional investment environment and industry development environment, expanding the scope of the regional influence, the key to enhancing regional competitiveness、 Keywords: Regional logistics; Regional logistics competitiveness; Evaluation index 1 Introduction The rapid development of world economy and the progress of modern science and technology, the logistics industry as an emerging service industry, is developing rapidly in the global scope、Internationally, logistics industry is considered to be the economic development of the artery and basic industry, its development degree
物流规划中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
设施规划 引言 设施规划在过去的十年间已经被赋予了全新的意义。在过去，设施规划一般被认为是一门科学。而在当今竞争激烈的全球市场，设施规划成为了一种策略。政府、教育机构和企业已经不再单独相互竞争，现在这些实体或企业将彼此联合为合作企业、组织协会，并最终合成为供应链，将客户纳入到整个供应链过程以保持竞争力。 这些年来设施规划问题一直是一个热门话题。尽管它已拥有很悠久的历史，但在目前的出版物、会议以及研究中，设施规划仍是最受欢迎的科目之一。设施规划的处理已经从清单式或者菜单式的方法发展到了高度复杂的数学建模。在本文中，我们使用了一个实用的设施规划方法，其利用了实证以及同时包含传统和现代概念的分析方法。值得提及的是，在本文中拥有很广泛的设施规划应用示例。例如，这本书的内容可以适用于一个新医院,一个装配部门,一个已有的仓库,或者一个机场的行李部的规划。无论问题是发生在医院、生产工厂、配送中心、机场、零售商店、学校、银行、还是办公室或者这些设施的任何部分；无论是在一个发达国家的现代化设施还是在一个发展中国家的过时设施中，本文给出的材料在进行规划时都非常有用。重要的是要认识到现代设施规划中将设施当作是一个动态的实体，一个成功的设施规划方案的关键因素是其适应性以及适合全新应用的能力。 设施规划的定义 当今的设施规划必须能够帮助组织实现供应链的优越性。实现供应链的优越性是一个有六个步骤、或者说六个等级的过程。一如既往，这些步骤与优越性、可见性、协同性、综合性、敏捷性等联系在一起。 当一家公司最大化供应链的各个功能（采购-制造-运输-储存-销售），个体部门（如金融、市场营销、销售、采购、信息技术、研发、生产、分配和人力资源等部门）的目标就是要成为公司最好的部门。组织的有效性不是重点，每个组
物流配送中心外文文献原稿和译文 北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计(论文)——外文文献原稿和译文 外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 logistics distribution center location factors: (1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste. (2) transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway. (3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to
第三方物流问题战略外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等
环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2 我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入 WTO 后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入目前的市场，不限制所有服务行业的现有市场准入和活动。同时在辅助分销的服务方面也作出了类似的承诺。这些方面的限制将在以后 3—4 年内逐步取消，在此期间，国外的服务供应商可以建立百分之百的全资拥有的分支机构或经营机构，国内物流服务业将直面国际竞争。 (二)资源浪费严重，第三方物流效率不高。 从微观上看，由于受计划经济体制的影响，长期以来许多企业，尤其是国有企业走的是“大而全”、“小而全”的路子，它们拥有自己的仓库、车队、甚至远洋船队，造成物流过程的大量浪费，具体表现为仓库的闲置，物流业经营分散，组织化程度低，横向联合薄弱。而能够提供一体化、现代化、专业化、准时化、高效服务的第三方物流企业则很少。从宏观上看第三方物流未能跟上经
文献出处：Croxton K.LThe research of fresh food e-commerce logistics distribution modefJ]. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 2017, 1(2): 13-24. 原文 The research of fresh food e-commerce logistics distribution mode Croxton K L Abstract With the development of electronic commerce enterprise, from the Internet shopping has been gradually deep into the people’s life, so that people want to buy on the Internet to be assured that there is an increasing demand or iresh agricultural products. This rare agricultural socialization trend of consumption also offers fresh electronic commerce development opportunities, but now is the actual situation of fresh electronic commerce development is not very optimistic. For fresh food e-commerce，due to the particularity of fresh products, it requires the logistics distribution can be according to the requirements of the customer at the right time to provide enough fresh products，it is for the logistics service quality and time put forward higher requirements，delivery is not yet mature，distribution costs are high，low efficiency and service level is often difficult to guarantee，fresh products logistics distribution is a bottlenecK in the development of them. Keywords: fresh food e-commerce，distribution pattern，cold chain logistics, and risk control 1 Introduction Farmers1markets and supermarkets is the traditional channels of city residents to buy fresh agricultural products, but with the development of social economy speed boost, the rhythm of people’s life in the city than ever also had obvious increase，’’workers?’ due to the limitation of working hours, often the problem is there are very few time at a farmers’ market or supermarket to buy fresh prod uce，even after work at farmers’ markets or supermarkets to buy the fresh agricultural products, can buy goods is not fresh. With the development of electronic commerce enterprise, from the Internet shopping has been gradually deep into the people's life, so that people want to buy on the Internet to be assured that there is an increasing demand of fresh agricultural products，especially for "workers' this is more urgent demand.B2C，C2C e-commerce business now more concentrated in the electronic products, clothing and completely processed food, for the present stage of basic logistics service can satisfy the requirements of web site with the customer.
中英文资料外文翻译文献 我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力
文献出处：Fransoo J C. Green Logistics: Enablers for Sustainable Development [J]. Supply chain management: an international journal, 2014, 8(2): 122-131. 原文 GREEN LOGISTICS: ENABLERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Jan C. Fransoo Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands 1 INTRODUCTION Logistics is the backbone of industry and commerce. As a discipline, it describes the management and coordination of activities along supply chains. These activities include freight transport, storage, inventory management, materials handling and related information processing. A large part of logistics activities are often outsourced to specialized providers that provide cost- effective services. Research has shown that, at least in high income economies, the value of services is not assessed in monetary and service quality terms alone. In making decisions, logistics professionals are increasingly taking into consideration external effects such as emissions, pollution, noise, and accidents. The last LPI report release in 2012, for instance, pointed out that in shipments to OECD countries, environmentally friendly solutions are considered far more often than elsewhere. Mounting regulatory pressure, together with changes in customer preferences, are the main drivers of this phenomenon. One of the more widely used terms to describe this set of preferences is green Logistics, especially when the activities of logistics service providers are concerned. Research, including a recent book by Alan McKinnon, has established that green Logistics is an emerging concern of private operators and providers and users of logistics. From a policy standpoint, and especially for the global environment, green Logistics is potentially a major topic as well: estimates vary, but about 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be traced to logistics activities. Green Logistics may not be an independent policy area. Rather, the supply chain
物流英文文献翻译英语论文 物流英文文献翻译及物流论文参考文献[1] 崔介何.物流学概论[M].北京〆北京大学出版社，2004年〆1-2. [2] 叶怀珍.现代物流学[M].北京〆高等教育出版社，2003〆49-56. [3] 许建帄.对培育广州物流市场的再思考[EB/OL]. [4] 深圳新闻网.“入仓即予退税”新政策助推物流发展[EB/OL]. [5] 吴德群.“入仓退税”适应国际采购商全球配送[N].深圳特区报，2006-01-23. [6] 广东禾田物流有限公司网.广东禾田物流有限公司简介[EB/OL]. [7] 快递公司网.广州物流市场[8] 来源.十一月回顾〆物流篇（三）[EB/OL]. [9] 徐晓阳,饶欠林. 深圳盐田港出口监管仓的现状与发[DB/OL].，2002. [10] 中华人民共和国国务院公报,中华人民共和国海关总署令——中华人民共和国海关对出口监管仓库及所存货物的管理办法[DB/OL]. [11] 公共商务信息导报，海关对出口监管仓库及所存货物的管理办法[DB/OL]. 2005-12-06. [12] Wei Liu,Wenshun Li,Wendy Huang.Analysis of the dynamic relation between logistics development and GDP growth in China[DB/OL]. http:// 毕业论文[13] Deng Mingran,Wang Hua. A government guarantee system of logistics development in China[DB/OL].,2006. [14] Goh,M,Ling,C. Logistics development in China[DB/OL]. ,2003. [15] Chen Siyun, The developing trend and countermeasures of Yantian port logistics[DB/OL]. 研究物流业及中国物流技术摘要为了进一步推进同中国发展物流业,作者基于中国物流业的现状,肯定其在中国工业发展过程中所取得的成就。通过学习物流产业的各方面,包括了解物流产业，标准术语,物流技术和管理知识,剖析主要的问题存在于中国当前的物流业,并提出合理化建议。关键词〆物流，发展，问题，方法1 前言现代物流工业是现代最受欢迎的行业。自从20世纪80年代早期物流概念从海外引入，物流业得到了迅猛的发展。目前,我国已有相当多的物流园区及中心, 发展了一系列现代物流技术和取得了一大批自主知识产权的创新成果。研制开发了具有自主知识产权的集成化物流管理系统（LOG++/SMCS），成功实现了与著名ERP系统（SAP R/3）的实时连接。改变了我国传统物流系统性能单一、集成度低的现状，标志着我国物流软件系统与国际现代物流管理系统的接轨。研究开发了新型结构快速堆垛机。其运行速度0～150m/min，起升速度0～40m/min，货叉速度0～20/40m/min々水帄方向采用激光测距技术，测距误差±1mm（500m以内），定位精度达到±3mm々垂直方向采用旋转编码器加齿形带技术，定位精度达到±3mm。进行了结构研究和动态性能分析，增加了设备的稳定性和可靠性々成功地将激光认址和旋转编码器、齿形带测距等新型检测技术整合到一起，运用于认址，从根本上改变了传统的认址方式，并采用冗余控制技术和故障自诊断技术等大大提高系统的效率与可靠性々新型货叉结构、带尺寸检测与条形码检测的新型载货台等10多项新技术，促进了物流关键设备的技术进步，大大缩短我国物流关键设备与国际先进水帄的差距。在2003年，国内外首创开发了具有国际先进水帄的推挽式激光导引AGV小车（专利产品）々攻克了路径规划、反射板布置、精确定位等难题，使小车能在卷接包机组内安全、灵活地行走和定位，实现完全自动化运送。2003年设计应用具有国际先进水帄的视觉识别移动式机器人自动辅料搭配系统。红河卷烟厂自动化物流系统和联想电脑公司集成化物流系统的成功开发与应用，填补了多项国内空白，创新出一批具有国际先进水帄的系统和设备，大大缩小我国物流系统关键设备及主要技术指标与先进国家的差距，在行业中产生了广泛影响。经过多年研究和探索，太原钢运储存公司通过与科研机构的合作，成功地发展出由电脑计划设计的自动化的仓储打包系统，同样也是处于世界领先水帄。由于受到政府的大力指出与重视，中国的现代物流业正以前所未有的速度发展。但是，还是值得指出的是，中国的物流业整体还是处在初级阶段。中国在2000 年的国内生产总值是8.94×1000亿元，其中流通领域总占比重仅仅百分之8.1 这比发达国家如英美日要低许多。2000年，沃尔玛，世界零售巨头的销售总额达193.3亿美元，占中国年零售业总额的46%。从上面可以看出，沃尔玛的销售额以每年20—30亿美元的速度增长。在国内的零售业领先的上海联合利华仅仅XX 人民
1. The Definition of Logistics After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place. Three major functions of logistics (1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods. (2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics. (3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods. 2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:
物流市场调研外文参考文献原文及译文综合报告 题目 __ 研究物流业及中国物流技术_____ 二级学院 专业 班级 学号 学生姓名 电话号码 时间2012-04-5
原文： Studies on Logistics and Logistics Technology of China Luo Yixin (Department of Industry and Commerce Management, Human College of Finance and Economics, Human Chansha 410205) Received 15 July 2004 Abstract For further pushin g ahead with the development of China’s logistics industry，the author，based on the status quo of China's logistics industry，alfirms the achievements made in the development course of the industry of China．By studying various respects of the industry including the understanding of logistics，standards of technical terms，logistics technologies and management，the author analyzes the major problems existence in China’s current logistics industry and puts forward the rationalization proposal．Key words：logistics；development；problem；measure 1 Preface Modem logistics industry is currently one of the most popular trades．Since China introduced the concept of logistics from abroad in early 1980s，logistics industry has been developed rapidly．At present，our country already has quite a lot of logistics parks and centers，develops a series of modem logistics technologies and obtains a large number of innovation accomplishments bearing self-determination intelectual property rights．Among those are typical ones such as the development of integration logistics management system with self-determination intelectual property rights (LOG + +／SMCS) in 2003.The real—time connection with famous ERP system (SAPR／3)has been realized，the system radically changes the unicity and low int egrity level of China’s traditional logistics and thus symbolizes that domestic logistics software has been in line with international noFIns for modern logistics management system．Another example is the new structural—type quick stacker that has the operation speed of0—150 m／rain．1ifting speed of 0—40 m／min and forking speed of 0 —20／40 m／rain, bearing self-determination intellectual property rights developed in the same year．Laser ranging technology is applied to the system in horizontal direction．resulting that the distance—measuring error is ±1 mm within 500 meters and positioning accuracy is ±3 mm．For the vertical direction．due to the application of rotary encoder plus tooth—be technique，positioning accuracy reaches ± 3 mm．In this way．the system successfully integrates a variety of new—type detecting technologies involving laser location，rotary encoder and toth—belt eranging．integration has been utilized for positioning and then radically altered traditional positioning method ．Besides，the adoption of redundancy and trouble shooting technique dramatically increases the system's efficiency and reliability．The adoption of over ten new techs consisting of new—type forking structure and loading platform with dimension detector and bar code sensor has promoted the technical advancement of key equipments used in logistics industry as well as greatly narrowed the gap between China and international advanced countries in terms okey equipments．In 2003。a patent product at world—leading place，the push—pull laser guiding AGV cart，ca／Be into market．Ever has never been a similar product both at home and abroad．is AGV cart．having conquered numbers of difficulties as path planning，reflecting board layout and pinpointing position，can travel an d locate its position safely and flexibly in rolling machine units．In other words，it realizes complete automation delivery ．In 2003，domestic enterprises designed and applied automatic supplementary—materials allocation system equipped with vision—identification movable robot．system was ran king at international leading stage．In year 2003,thanks to the successful