上海外语教育出版社——新世纪英语高二全部课文
（包括Additional Reading）及重点词组
高二第一学期
1. Food in the United States
Many changes are taking place in food styles in the United States. The United States is traditionally famous for its very solid and unchanging diet, chiefly made up of meat and potatoes. Now people in America have many different choices: ethnic food, health food, and fast food, in addition to the traditional home-cooked meal.
Ethnic restaurants and supermarkets are common in the United States. Being a country of immigrants, the United States enjoys a wide variety of ethnic food. Most American cities and towns are filled with restaurants serving international cooking. Many even have ethnic sections: Chinatown, Little Italy, or Germantown. Having vast ethnic choices, Americans can enjoy food from all over the world. Besides sections of cities, there are ethnic regions, which are well-known for certain food because of the people who have settled there. For example, in southern California, there are many Mexican restaurants.
Health food became popular when people began to think more seriously about their physical well-being. Health food is fresh, natural, and unprocessed food, which does not contain preservatives to make it last longer or chemicals to make it taste or look better. People who are keen on health food are usually vegetarians. They don?t eat meat, but live on beans, cheese, and eggs.
Fast food restaurants are now expanding rapidly all over the country. In the United States, speed is a very important concept. People usually have a short lunch break because they just do not want to waste their time eating. Fast food restaurants are places that take care of hundreds of people in a short time. There is usually very little waiting, and the food is always cheap. Burger and pizza places are just two examples.
Americans? attitude toward food is changing, too. The traditional big breakfast is no longer popular. However, coming to rediscover the social importance of food, Americans find that dinner with family and friends is a very special of enjoying time together. Like so many people in other cultures, many Americans are taking time to relax and enjoy a wider variety of tastes at dinner, even if they still rush through lunch at a hamburger stand.
2. The world’s best ethnic food
How can you travel the world without leaving your own country? Visit an ethnic restaurant! Trying foods from other countries is a great way to experience different cultures. People around the world have unique and creative ways of preparing food. The ingredients they use may surprise you.
So what are the world?s best ethnic foods? Everyone has his or her own personal favourites, and so do we. The following are the world?s three best ethnic foods---other than Chinese food, of course!
ITALIAN When you visit an Italian restaurant, order a pasta(意大利面食) dish. The Italians have hundreds of ways of preparing this food. Pastas usually come with flavourful tomato or cream sauces, which give the dishes a powerful, rich flavour. There are also different kinds of cheese.
When ordering Italian food, you choose one main dish for yourself. You may, however, order an appetizer to share with everyone at the table.
MEXICAN What?s great about Mexican food? Most of it you can pick up and eat with your hands!
One major Mexican food is the tortilla(尤指墨西哥人食用的玉米薄饼). Mexican chefs mold this corn or flour-based material into round, flat shapes. The tortilla then gets filled with ingredients such as cheese, meat, sour cream, beans and other vegetables. Tortilla dishes can be fried, baked or toasted. Don?t forget to add hot sauce---Mexican food is great with a bit of spice!
INDIAN India is the land of curries and strong flavours. You can smell a good Indian restaurant even before you walk through the door!
The eating method of Indian food also takes a bit of getting used to. Peal off some flat fried bread and use this “spoon” to get food from a shared dish. You can finish the meal with Indian-style milk tea.
While Chinese food is great, try something new and expand your horizons. After all, variety is the spice of life!
3. The global drink
Tea, the global drink, is consumed around the world more than any other drink except water. Originating in China, tea has long established itself as the national drink of this country, the nation with the biggest population on earth.
A century before the birth of Christ, tea was described in Chinese texts as a health drink that made one live longer. Tea is still being regarded as such. Scientific studies have suggested that drinking five cups of tea a day can be compared to having two servings of vegetables. Both green and black teas are claimed to be effective for preventing cancer, heart disease, and many other deadly disease. There is only one point people need to be aware of when they drink tea---it should not be drunk along with meals. This is because an element contained in tea can interfere with the body?s absorption of iron.
Tea, a popular drink in China and many other countries, is carefully prepared according to local customs. The Chinese put loose tea in teapots, add boiling water, and serve it in teacups. The strong tea from China?s Fujian Province is drunk in tiny cups before dinner. Lighter teas with jasmine, rose or other flowers, are special to China?s Changjiang River regions. These are usually served after din ner to help digestion.
In England people use teabags and mugs. Many English people, travelling away from home, feel at a loss if their favourite teabags are not available. Afternoon tea in England is still a time-honoured tradition. It?s a good opportunity for people to socialize or discuss business matters, though now more young people prefer a cola.
In Japan, a tea ceremony is often held while people are drinking tea. The ceremony, usually held in a teahouse, dates back to the sixteenth century. Guests follow strict rules set up then and the tea used is a powdered green tea. Though still practised today, the tea ceremony may not be as popular as it used to be. Young Japanese tend to favour other drinks.
4. Coffee
When coffee was first introduced in Europe in the 1600s, there was a great deal of controversy about it. Many doctors said that coffee was a strong poison and should be forbidden. Others, however, insisted it was good to drink coffee. Then, “coffee houses” sprang up everywhere. Today, coffee has become a global drink and it is consumed by one third of the world?s population.
Tests show that when coffee is given in large doses to animals, it can actually act as a poison. Coffee can also produce negative or even poisonous effects on small children. But for adults who drink it moderately, it is by no means a poison.
Coffee contains caffeine. Most people believed that it is the caffeine that produces all the effects that coffee has on the body. Of course, the other elements in coffee have a role to play.
Here are some of the things that happen when people drink coffee. The smell of coffee itself produces stimulating effects in various parts of the body. The blood vessels(血管) in the brain open wider so that the flow is improved, and this removes some of the poisonous substances from the brain. Coffee increases the pulse rate(脉搏), which means it stimulates the heart, and the muscles can thus work harder. Coffee makes the stomach work more actively, which is worthwhile for healthy people, especially when drunk after a heavy meal.
Coffee actually produces different effects on the body at different times of the day! The morning coffee, for instance, helps the body get rid of waste products produced during the night. Coffee after lunch helps digestion. Afternoon coffee acts on the muscles and helps us feel less tired. And coffee taken in the evening seems to stimulate the mind and the imagination!
However, there always two sides to everything. Caffeine is stimulating, so a lot of people avoid drinking coffee at night, which is the time when people want to go to bed instead of feeling stimulated. Furthermore, some people get hooked on coffee because of the caffeine, and that has always been considered negative.
5. The Mexican (Adapted from The Mexican Jack London)
Rivera was determined to help his people at the cost of his life. he fought against stronger and tougher boxers in the ring to make money for his people. He often lost at the beginning, but he grew more experienced.
One day he was engaged in a very tough fight against a champion boxer, Danny. Rivera didn?t match Danny in height, weight, or skills. And he was not half as popular. However, “The winner takes all!” And Rivera st ubbornly asked for all---all he had on his mind was making the money for his people.
The fight was going on and on. The whole stadium was cheering for Danny; there were few on Rivera?s side. However, Rivera survived on blow after another; his excellent defence was frightening.
Danny rushed, forcing Rivera to give him a clinch. Was it a trick? Rivera thought to himself.
Yes, it was. But Rivera was smart enough to avoid it. He backed and circled away.
He pretended to clinch with Danny?s next rush. Instead, at the last instant, just as their bodies should have come together, Rivera went quickly back. He had fooled him!
While Rivera was dancing away, Danny kept challenging him openly. Having run after him for two rounds, Danny found the boy not even daring to come near him. He started to throw all caution to the winds. Rivera was struck again and again. He took blows by the dozen---just to avoid the deadly clinch.
In the seventeenth round, Rivera, blown heavily, bent down. His hands dropped helplessly. Danny thought it was his chance---the boy was at his mercy. He decided to strike the deadly blow. But before he could do that, Rivera caught him off
his guard and hit him in the mouth. Danny went down. When he rose, Rivera gave him another blow on the neck and jaw. He repeated this three times.
Danny did not rise again. The audience shouted for him to stand up. But the miracle did not happen.
“Count!” Rivera cried to the referee. When the count was finished, Danny, gathered up by his assistants, was carried to his corner.
“Who wins?” Rivera demanded.
Unwillingly, the referee caught his gloved hand and held it high up.
Rivera, unattended, walked to his corner, where his assistants had not yet placed his stool. He didn?t care. All he could remember was that he had got t he $5000 he needed. “The winner takes all!” What mattered to him was that his people could use the money to buy guns.
6. Pele
Pele was born in Brazil in 1940. Like many other Brazilian kids, Pele loved football and often played the game in the streets. He also went to school and did odd jobs to help bring in money for the family. However, what he loved best was to play football in the streets or practise kicking the ball with his father (also a great football player).
Pele gained the attention of some coaches, first in the neighbourhood contests and later as he led his team to win the junior league tournament two years in a row. At the age of fourteen, Pele was playing for one of the first professional football teams in Brazil. As Pele became the most popular game everywhere in the world, except for North America. What had begun as a British sport became the favourite sport of people all around the world. Football became a truly international sport.
Pele was in the Brazilian team in the World Cup matches of 1958. Before 1958, the Brazilian ream had failed in the finals three times in a row. Some sports writers said the Brazilians, though gifted, had no discipline. In the 1958 finals against Sweden, Pele kicked the winning goal, and he returned home a hero.
However, he never forgot his poor fellow men. Pele owned dozens of apartment houses, in which he often allowed poor families to live without paying rent. He bought his mother the home he had promised her when he signed his first professional contract. But the most exciting moment of all was in 1969, when Pele scored his thousandth goal. As football fans stormed onto the field and reporters begged for a speech, all he said was, “Remember the poor children.”
Today, Pele is one of the most famous athletes in the world. He retired in 1975. however, soon after that, he decided to play for three years with the New York team. He could not resist the challenge of trying to make football popular in the United States, one of the few countries in the world where football had not become the national sport. In 1977, Pele retired for good at the age of thirteen-seven.
7. The Olympics
The Olympics are the most important international competition in terms of scale, skills, and number of athletes.
The games are divided into two parts---the Summer Games and the Winter Games. The two parts are held in such a way that there are two years in between but four years before one is repeated.
The Olympics were first celebrated in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, and were held every four years until 393 AD. Then, they were brought to an end by the
Roman emperor. It was not until the 1890s that the world saw the modern summer games. In 1896 the first modern Summer Olympics were held in Greece because that was where the tradition started. After that the Olympics would move to a different city every four years. In 1924, the Winter Olympics were added to the schedule. The Games were to take place in a separate, colder place. The event was cancelled during World War Ⅰ and World War Ⅱ for reasons known to all.
Examples of modern Summer Olympic events are track and field events, ball games, diving, gymnastics, swimming. Typical Winter Olympic events are skating and skiing.
The Olympic records are the world ones. An Olympic gold medal carries as much weight as, or even more than, any other gold medal won at other international competitions. The skills and determination demonstrated at the Olympics have come to stand for the peak of human physical strength and will power.
It was not until the late twentieth century that Chinese athletes began to amaze the world with their excellent performance at the Olympics. Coming out number one many times in the Olympic events, Chinese athletes have brought home one gold medal after another in swimming, diving, gymnastics, weight lifting, and a number of ball games. At the turn of the twenty-first century, the world witnesses Beijing being selected by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the host city for the 2008 Olympics. This has added a brilliant touch to the picture of modern Chinese sport history.
Though once marked as “the Weaklings of East Asia”, the Chinese have always been looking forward to achieving the dream of becoming a sports giant. After continuous efforts for years the dream is gradually coming true, and it is understandable why the Chinese let out cries of joy the night Beijing?s bid to host the 2008 Olympics was approved!
8. Stars from the south
The summer of 2001 saw Australians win the Cycling Tour de France, beat the world at cricket(板球) and rugby, and have a player in the final of the Wimbledon Tennis Tournament for the eighteenth time.
Many countries would be amazed at that kind of success. For Australia, it was just a typical sporting summer. At the 2000 Olympics, Australia came fourth in the medals table. That does not sound so great, yet Australia has a population of only 19 million. There are more Olympic medal winners per head of population in Australia than in any other country.
What is it that makes Australians a sporting people? This is a question that many people involved in sports have asked themselves over the years.
Some of the answers are simple. Sport needs space. Australians have 7.4 million square kilometres of space to play sports in. many other countries are either too crowded or too small to encourage everybody to take part. Besides that, Australia is a warm, dry country. This encourages people to go outdoors to enjoy themselves. Furthermore, since 85 per cent of Australians live near the sea, they learn water sports early; and since sharks swim off the coasts of Australia, they also learn to swim very fast.
However, it is not just the environment. The Australian government invests heavily in sports. Instead of just looking for the gifted people and training them, the emphasis is on trying to get everyone to join in. So Australia has a small population,
but a large number of sports-loving people to choose from.
Other reasons go deep into the history and culture of the country. When the British first found Australia they decided that it would be a great place to send criminals to. Life for the first Australians was very tough, so they had to be independent and develop a will to win just to survive. Yet they also had to be able to trust each other and be willing to help each other out. In order countries, coaches train people in mental toughness and team building. In Australia, these qualities are part of the general social environment.
Being far away from Europe also meant that Australians were far away from the centres of Western arts and cultures. As a result, sport itself has become a way of cultural expression and part of the Australian nationality. An English football fan wants to see the national team do well, but really cares more about his local club. For an Australian, representing the nation is the most important thing of all. Everything else is just good practice. Being good at sports is part of what it means to be an Australian.
9. Why did I quit hunting?
Why did I quit hunting?
Well, it isn?t a long story, but I wonder if you will really understand.
I used to be crazy about the hunting season. I could hardly wait for those dry, cold mornings, that cup of hot coffee and then the walk over fresh-fallen snow, a fine rifle(步枪) in my hand.
There?s a thrill in hunting, an excitement that comes over you when a deer crashes out of the bush. You are waiting for him with death. After hunting, you also feel great. There?s the bit of showing off with the boys---the fine head of the deer hung high up on the wall---sure, there?s a thrill in all of it.
There?s beauty in the woods, too, especially late in the fall. Sometimes you walk among the huge trees, where the sunlight filters through. It?s quiet and big, with touches of white and green and gold. And the silence is like that of a church.
It was like that the last time I was in the woods. I was alone, packing a rifle, a thermos(保温瓶) of coffee and three thick sandwiches. I went up into the hills, heading for a well-used deer trail. Sure enough there were fresh tracks in the snow. I turned over a few rocks to clear the snow and settled down behind a little bush. It was pretty cold, but I was dressed for it and didn?t mind.
I sat there for about an hour. It was then that I saw him. A deer, a big beautiful deer! He was off to my left. There was no cover nearer to him than 30 yards. Surely I couldn?t miss! I waited for him to realize I was there. I waited for him to be shocked and run away. But he fooled me completely. He came towards me! He was curious, I suppose, or maybe he was stupid---how else can you explain it?
He was not quite young, but a deer in his prime. He must have known about men and guns. But he came closer, putting one foot before the other, slowly and purposefully. His big eyes never moved from my face. Well, that deer walked right up to where I was sitting. Then he stopped and looked at me!
What happened next is hard t o believe, but it?s true. And it all seemed quite natural. Just as when a friendly puppy comes near you, I reached up and scratched his head, right between the horns. And he liked to be scratched. That big, wild, beautiful deer bent his head like a young horse. In fact, he practically asked for more.
I scratched his head and his nose poked at my shoulder. He didn?t even tremble. I
fed him my sandwich! Yes, I know what a deer eats, but that deer ate my sandwich. Well, he finally went his way, down the hill and up the deer trail. Shoot him? Not me. You wouldn?t have either, not after that. I just watched him go.
There?s very little more to tell. I picked up my thermos and the wrapping for the sandwiches, and started walking back. I was about half way back when I heard two shots, followed by a dull slam a few seconds later. Those two shoots usually mean a kill. I had forgotten there were other hunters that day.
Those hunters would never know they could have scratched his head…
10. Jane Goodall
In 1960, the twenty-six-year-old scientist Jane Goodall risked entering the thick bush. She intended to discover how chimpanzees(黑猩猩，缩写为chimp) were like human beings. She found out, instead, how much we are like them. Goodall broke new ground with her active involvement with some chimpanzees. She lived among them, ate and played with them and earned their trust by simply observing how they lived. Before Goodall, most visitors had frightened the chimps back into their rain forests. As a result, very little was actually known about them. Goodall, who insisted on going into the bush alone for longer periods of time, collected more information about apes(类人猿) than all other scientists put together.
Born in London to a writer and an engineer with a passion for car racing, Goodall received their daring and imagination---qualities that, along with her curiosity, would serve her well in her future occupation. She was inspired at seven by the stories of Dr Dolittle, the scientist who could talk to animals. And with her stuffed toy chimpanzee by her side, the young girl spent hours studying worms(蠕虫，蚯蚓) in the garden, hens in the henhouse, and whatever insects she could find.
After she graduated from high school in 1952, Goodall worked as a secretary at Oxford University. Even then she knew she wanted to go to Africa.
In 1957 she was invited to Kenya(肯尼亚) to visit a friend, where she met the world-renowned anthropologist(人类学家) Louis S.B. Leakey. Goodall?s enthusiasm impressed him and he hired her as an assistant. Leakey later recommended her to a two-year research project studying chimpanzees in Gombe(冈贝，位于坦桑尼亚).
It was a difficult decision to send a young woman, with neither a college degree nor scientific training, on such a demanding task. Leakey had trust in her, but his colleagues predicted the young woman would fail. Goodall proved them wrong. Goodall tried hard to observe the chimpanzees and to be observed in return. Eventually, the chimps grew to regard “this white-skinned ape” as their friend. Goodall made a number of surprising discoveries.
She found that chimps used tools to dig ants out of their hills for food. Goodall found that chimps experience a wide range of emotions like anger and grief as humans do. Her discovery was a significant breakthrough. Among her famous works are: My Friends: the Wild Chimpanzees (1967), and In the Shadow of Man (1971). These, along with her numerous films, TV specials and articles, made her one of the best-known scientists of the 20th century.
11. Oceans under threat
People use oceans for trade, travel, tourism, and recreation. We also take food and resources from oceans. All these activities can have harmful effects on the oceans and the creatures that live in them. Overfishing and pollution are the most common problems. Oceans link countries all over the world; seawater circulates
around the globe, so what we do in one part of the ocean can affect another. OVERFISHING In parts of the world, fishing boats with huge nets sometimes take too many of the same species of fish from a small area, causing some ocean waters to be overfished. As a result, there are not enough fish left to breed in these areas. This affects other fish in the food chain, and it affects people because there eventually may not be enough fish left to eat. In some parts of the world, limits have been set for the number of fish to be caught at one time.
THREATS TO MARINE LIFE Some species of marine creatures are now rare because too many have been killed for food or sport. Tropical islands and coasts with coral reefs(珊瑚礁) also attract large numbers of tourists every year. Indeed, this helps people develop an understanding of marine life. however, coral and shellfish(水生贝壳类动物) can be destroyed by heavy boats. Divers, who stay under water just for fun or to hunt for souvenirs, are disturbing the natural cycles of marine life.
POLLUTION One of the biggest threats to oceans is pollution from industry. Most pollution happens in coastal areas. In fact, many coastal cities and ports are reported to have long been polluted by chemicals and other harmful things from heavy industries. The industries dump these materials into the nearby rivers, which then wash them into the sea. Once they settle on a continental shelf, pollutants pile up. We do not know a great deal about the long-term effects of pollution. However, we do know that the North and Black Seas in Europe have been polluted so much that the marine life is poisoned and may never recover.
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS All countries of the world need to work together to share ocean resources fairly. Laws are to be made and regulations are to be enforced to prevent overfishing and pollution. It is also hard to make people obey laws when our oceans are so vast and difficult to patrol. However, we should all learn to understand how importan t it is to manage the world?s oceans now and in the future.
12. What is forestry?
Anyone who travels across the US sees so many forests everywhere that he might well wonder why the Americans have to worry about protecting them. Don?t they have too many forests with so many trees right now?
Actually, about a third of all the land area in the US is forestland. Yet, one of the most important things Americans can do for the future of their country is to see that these forests are properly cared for! This is being done in Britain and elsewhere.
First, just imagine all the products we obtain from trees. Fruits, nuts, and sugar are only some of the foods. Buildings, tables, and boats come from trees. Also coming from trees are paper and toys---the list is almost endless.
Second, forests reduce the danger of damaging floods and help control our water supplies. It is believed that the floods in China in the 1990s were closely related to the illegal cutting down of trees along the banks of the rivers. Under a good forest, there is rich soil, which easily absorbs heavy rains or melting snow. And, of course, our forests provide wonderful vacation spots for millions of people.
Having benefited from all that forests provide, mankind has started to take good care of forests. The care of forests is called forestry, which is considered to be one of the many new sciences of our time. In fact, forestry has been practised in some European countries for hundreds of years.
In most forests, it is important to harvest trees when they are mature. Otherwise,
the old trees would take up space that could be better used for fast-growing younger trees. A large area of mature trees, having been cleared, is replanted by hand or nature. Great care and skill are needed in harvesting and replanting trees to make sure that there will be a good new growth of the right kinds of trees. This is why forestry has now become a science.
The country with the largest forest area is Russia. Brazil ranks second, Canada third and the United States fourth. Did you know that despite all the efforts to prevent them, about 200,000 forest fires occur each year in the US? And in Australia forest fires break out simply because the weather is too dry. Thus there is still a lot more for us to learn about our forests and our nature.
13. Shopping in the States
I love shopping, even if it is just window-shopping. Shopping in the States is always a pleasant experience. There are different types of shops catering to your particular needs. To buy groceries, you can go to the convenience store, the supermarket or the mass merchandiser (such as Wal-Mart). To buy some clothes and big-ticket items, you can go to the mall or factory outlets. I go to two places most often, the supermarket and the mall.
In almost every city or large town, you can find several big chain supermarkets, each with a good number of checkouts. They are one-stop shops since you can buy almost everything there: food, clothes, and medicine---you name it.
Installed with automatic checkout lanes, some of these supermarkets have brought real convenience to the customers. Most packaged goods have barcodes and you just scan them on the scanning machine when you check out. Some items, such as vegetables and fruits, do not have barcodes on them. You need to input their label numbers, which can be found on the list glued to the scanning machine. These automatic checkout lanes help the stores reduce their labour cost and increase their efficiency. I was really thrilled the first time I used the automatic checkout lane.
Shopping in the supermarket gave me other surprises as well. Once, I picked up two bags of salad at a supermarket. When I scanned them, the screen showed a different price from what was advertised. Out of curiosity, I went to the customer service counter and asked why. The lady who helped me went to the shelf to double-check the price. When she came back, she apologized to me, saying that the supermarket had not scanned the price properly. According to their policy, if the customer discovered a scanning problem, he would get the product for free as a reward for him or a penalty for the supermarket. When I left with the two bags of free salad, I couldn?t help marveling at the honesty of the clerk.
A shopping mall in the States is composed of many individual specialty shops and nationwide chain stores. What impresses me most when shopping at the mall is its return policy. No matter what you buy, shoes, pants or big-ticket items such as a TV or a washing machine, if you find some problems with them or simply do not like them any longer, you can return them within 30 days. You won?t be challenged at the customer service counter as long as you have your receipt. Of course there are some people who might take advantage of this return policy, especially when they need so mething for momentary use. That?s why you can always find a long line of people waiting to return their goods right after Christmas.
The saying that “The customer is God!” rings true to me when I shop in the States. Here I feel that the customer is really taken good care of.
14. Henry Adam’s shoes
Henry Adams left work to go home on the bus as usual. As he walked out of his office, he heard a strange sound coming from his feet. Looking down, he saw that the sole of the right shoe had become partially separated.
“I can?t walk around like this,” he said to himself. So he turned into the Instant Shoe Service Repair Shop, where shoes are being repaired while you wait.
Henry removed his shoes and handed them to the repairman. “Sorry, sir,” said the repairman, exa mining Henry?s shoes, “but these shoes are beyond repair. How many times have you had these shoes repaired?”
“Five times,” said Henry.
“That explains it,” said the repairman. “You need a new pair.”
Henry went down the street into Beckman?s Shoe Store. The shop assistant greeted Henry with a smile.
“Sir, may I help you?”
“Yes,” said Henry. “I need a pair of shoes in a hurry.”
“Please sit down,” said the shop assistant. She then removed one of Henry?s shoes.
“Hmm, mighty big shoe,” she said surprisingly. “Let me check your size. Hmmm, size 48.”
“That?s right,” said Henry. “Size 48.”
The shop assistant went into the stockroom(仓库，贮藏室) and returned with empty hands and a pained look on her face. “Sorry, sir. We don?t have your size. It?s difficult to get shoes th at large.”
“Can you recommend a place?” said Henry. “I need shoes desperately. This is my last and only pair.”
“The only other store open now is the Army and Navy Store(军用物品商店) down the street.”
Henry went down the street to the Army and Navy Store. “Do you sell shoes?” he asked the owner.
“Of course,” said the owner. “What kind of shoes would you like?”
“I don?t care as long as they?re size 48.”
The owner gave him a puzzled look. He left and came back within a couple of minutes. “This is the only pair that will fit you,” he said. And he held up a pair of army combat(战斗，格斗) boots.
Henry arrived home in his new combat boots. His wife Iris, staring at him, said, “Henry, there?s something different about you.”
“I?m still the same Henry,” he said. “Except that I ran across some new shoes that fit me.”
Looking at Henry?s newly bought boots, Iris was greatly shocked. “Combat boots? We?re going to a dance tonight, not a war. Surely you?re not going to wear those gunboats(炮舰，炮艇), are you?”
“Iris, these are the only shoes I have to my name. You know the problem with my wide feet.”
“Never mind. We?re not going to have a problem with your wide feet after tonight,” said Iris. With that, Iris went to their computer. In a second, on the screen came the largest catalogue of George?s Footwear. “I do hope they?d live up to their slogan, …Everything for everybody.?”
15. What is advertising?
It?s said that today more than $400 billion a year is spent on advertising worldwide. Beyond that the economic impact of advertising touches just about every consumer-product industry, from cars to chocolate. An advertisement reaches its consumers by means of TV and radio broadcasting, newspapers and magazines, direct mail(直接邮件，直接邮寄广告), billboards(广告牌) and posters, the Internet, and many other forms. In fact, it is widely recognized that the global economy is being driven to a great extent by advertisements.
A successful advertisement involves at least three things. The advertisers will first of all identify the market. That is, they need to work out who will buy the product in question. Then, having identified the market, they will work out the best way to meet the needs of this market. So they will take into account a number of desires or worries the target consumers may have. Do they have the desire to be popular? Are they afraid of falling ill? Lots of questions like these might be raised. Finally, they will design the advertising programme. That is, they will study what words and images their advertisement should contain and what slogans they intend to make use of. Then celebrities(名人) are sometimes employed and invited to back up the product. Scientific data are often quoted as a means of adding truthful value to the advertised product.
In everyday life consumers have seen lots of successful examples of advertisements. For example, Kodak, Nike, Coca-Co la, and McDonald?s are all very successful in attracting and selling to their customers.
However, there are also many examples of advertisements that do not seem to reach the expected goal. One such example was related to McDonald?s first arrival in Brazil. Their advertisements suggested that people eat McDonald?s hot hamburgers “at a picnic at the beach.” By doing this, they failed to cater to the Brazilian customs of consuming cold things, such as beer, soft drinks, ice cream, and sandwiches, at a beach picnic. Brazilians do not consider a hot hamburger proper beach food.
In advertising, therefore, the designers have to be highly culture-conscious when planning to carry out an international programme in a foreign country. Study the cultural background of the potential customers, or spoil the advertising programme!
16. Three advertisements
GREEN FOOT EXERCISE BIKE
A smooth(平稳的), comfortable and effective way to help you lose weight!
◆Broad(宽阔的) and comfortable seat
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高二第二学期
17. Words and their stories
EAGER BEAVER An eager beaver is a person who is always willing to do and is excited about doing what is expected of him.
Suppose, for example, that a teacher tells his students they each must solve one hundred math problems before coming to school the next day. The children complain about so much homework. But one student does not protest at all. That student is an eager beaver. He loves to do math problems, and does not mind all the homework.
The expression is said to have come from the name of a hard-working animal---the beaver.
Beavers are strange-looking creatures. They spend a lot of time in the water, building dams to create little lakes or ponds. They use their huge teeth and work hard to cut down trees, remove branches and put them across streams. They use their tails to pack mud on the branches to make the dams solid. Few other animals work so hard.
Historians say the beaver had an important part in the settlement of North America.
There were hundreds of millions of beavers when European settlers first arrived. The settlers put great value on the fur of beavers. In fact, for two hundred years or more, beavers provided the most valuable fur in North America. Beaver skins often used as money.
Young men looking for adventure headed west across the country to search for beavers. In their search, they explored much of the western territories. The trading posts, where they exchanged beaver skins for the goods they needed, became villages, and later towns and cities.
IT?S IN THE BAG The bag---one of the simplest and most useful things in every man or woman?s life---has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. A number of these expressions are widely used in the United States today. Some were imported from England a long time ago.
When you are sure of something, you can say, “It?s in the bag.”
This phrase seemed to have arrived with the modern paper bag. Before, Americans used to say, “It?s all wrapped up.” Then, things you bought were wrapped in plain brown paper, or sometimes in old newspaper.
Another widely used expressions is “to let the cat out of the bag”, meaning to reveal a well-kept secret.
No one can explain how the cat got into the bag, or why it remained there. But there is an old story about it. Long ago tradesman sold things in large cloth bags. Once a woman asked for a pig. The tradesman held up his cloth bag. Inside there was supposed to be a live pig. The woman asked to see it. When the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a squealing cat, not a pig. The tradesman?s secret was out: he was tricky, and now everybody knew it.
18. English proverbs
Characters
Teacher of English: Ms Smith (MS)
Students: Li (LI), Mao (MA), Anne (AN), Rivera (RI)
MS: Good morning, everyone. I hope you all know what we are here for. The topic of our discussion this morning is “English Proverbs”.
LI: So, I?m in the right group.
MA: Me, too.
RI: Me, too.
MS: But I was told we w ould have four…and yet…
AN: I?m coming. Good morning. Am I late?
MS: Morning. “Speak of angels and you hear their songs.”
AN: Is that a proverb referring to my coming?
MS: Exactly.
LI: We have a saying in Chinese, which I think is very close in meaning…
MA: Speak of Cao Cao and he appears.
MS: Right. Well, “first things first”. A proverb is a traditional saying which offers advice or presents a moral in a short and brief manner. A proverb normally is a sentence, into which the writer often works rhyme. For instance, “East or west, home is best.” Sometimes it comes out in the form of a phrase.
MA: I?ve seen dictionaries of proverbs.
MS: Well, there are thousands of proverbs. They fall into three main categories. Those of the first type take the form of abstract statements. They express general truths. Here are two good examples: “One is never too old to learn.” and “A man who neglects his studies in youth will regret it in later years.”
RI: I think there is some truth in both proverbs. To encourage a person who has had little education for some reason as a young man, we may use the former. With us, I guess the latter works.
MS: So you have to keep this in mind. Never use proverbs out of context. “One man?s meat is another man?s poison.”
LI: I see. Then, what is the second type?
MS: The second type uses specific observations from everyday experience to make a general point.
AN: “Don?t put all your eggs in one basket.” Does it fall into the second category? MS: You?re right, dear. Then the third type consists of s ayings from particular areas of traditional customs and beliefs. “After dinner, rest a while; after supper, walk a mile.” is an example of this type. Such proverbs are often related to agriculture, the seasons, and the weather.
LI: Many people hold the opinion that proverbs are going out of fashion. Is that true? MS: The fact is, as some old ones are falling into disuse, new ones are being created. The computer world has recently given us lots of them.
AN: I?ve got one: “Rubbish in, rubbish out.”
MA: It als o goes “Garbage in, garbage out.”
MS: I think it is more common to say “Garbage in, garbage out.” Well, I hope, today “You?ll have something nice out as you have had something nice in.”
AN: Thank you, Ms Smith. By the way, do we have an assignment as usual?
MS: Yes. You are to collect some proverbs of the first type, that is, proverbs that express general truths.
LI: I?d like to collect some on studies.
MS: Good! I?m so glad to have been with you. (To the four students) “Strike while the iron is hot.” See y ou next week.
19. Tips on making a public speech
It is interesting to note that speeches are always “given” or “delivered”. They are never “said”. When giving a speech, therefore, it is useful to think of yourself as playing a part, i.e. acting. This kind of acting calls for an integration of verbal and nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication chiefly involves the speaker?s stance and gestures, the eye contact between the speaker and the audience, and a good control of the presentation speed of talking/speaking.
STANCE This is important to the delivery of a good speech. Stand up straight and keep your head up. Dropping your head looks unprofessional and may prevent your audience from hearing you clearly. On the other hand, don?t stand like a guard on duty. You have to be able to move in a natural way in order to add expression to your words. Body language “says” a lot. Avoid holding your hands tightly together; this will interfere with free and natural movement. Don?t play with keys or coins in your pocket; this will distract your audience.
GESTURES Gestures and facial expressions are both important aids to the spoken word when you are communicating. A dull, long speech delivered without expression, without gestures or eye contact will not be well received. The skill is in deciding how much gesturing to be employed and in making sure that your gestures are natural.
In general, the larger the audience, the more expansive the gestures should be, because they will not be seen so clearly by the audience. In a small group, facial expressions will add a lot to understanding. Try telling somebody something funny with a very serious face. They will have difficulty believing what you are really saying is funny.
Different gestures are supposed to be used in delivering a speech. Some people use their hands a lot when speaking. You must make sure that your gestures are not repeated too often, and they should be expressive and meaningful.
EYE CONTACT To have maximum impact you need to make each member of your audience fell as if you were speaking to them personally. To do this, glance towards all sections of the audience and don?t be afraid to move your head. If you favour one direction, the other side may feel you are ignoring them and therefore lose interest in what you are saying.
TIMING Accurate timing is essential. You should ensure that you don?t fall short of or run over the time allowed for your speech. Either way, the audience will feel unhappy and lose concentration on your speech. The best way to overcome this is through preparation. Clear thinking about what you want to say and how long your speech will last, before you start to write it, will save a lot of time. When practising, make sure that you speak at the correct speed and do time yourself.
20. Keep it short for the audience’s sake
How long should I make my speech? How long will my audience concentrate on my speech? Hoe slowly should I speak to make myself clearly understood? In trying to answer these questions, we see how important timing is to speech.
KEEP YOUR SPEECH LESS THAN 15 MINUTES Lin Yutang, the famous writer and translator, once said about the length of a speech, “the shorter, the better.” Speaking around the topic should be seriously avoided, not only in speech, but in all conversations in English. Being indirect and roundabout in your approach may be thought skillful in Chinese. But in English speech? No way. When one is making a speech in English, he should always stick to the point, and use simple, clear, and direct language.
According to scientists, audiences can generally only manage to concentrate for about 13 minutes. So a 10-15-minute speech is about right.
The famous Gettysburg Address, delivered by Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863 has about 200 words, but it still managed to express the idea that all people are born equal.
150-160 WORDS PER MINUTE Speaking speed often depends on the occasion for the speech. The number of people in the audience is also an important factor to be considered.
If you are speaking to hundreds or even thousands of people, especially in the open air, you should speak slowly. The idea is to let the audience catch every single word of your speech. For example, when Martin Luther King spoke, even to a small group, his usual speaking speed was only 110 to 120 words per minute.
When you are speaking indoors to a small group, say, 10 or 20 people, you may speed up a bit. Speaking at a speed of around 200 words a minute, you can still retain the audience?s attention.
So, we can see that the average speed is about 150 to 160 words per minute.
Whether you are speaking slowly or rapidly, the important point is to pronounce every word clearly. Otherwise, no matter how wonderful you think your content is, the audience won?t be able to follow you. Use phonetic symbols to mark the places you often mess up, in advance, and practise every day before you get up on stage.
PAUSE FOR DRAMATIC EFFECT If you want a particular sentence or expression to leave a deep impression on your audience, you can pause a while before uttering it. During the pause, the audience will grow curious about why you choose to pause and they will anxiously expect to hear the next sentence, which is exactly what you
want to happen.
But don?t pause too frequently or too long. Eye contact and a smile, with a bit of body language, will also effectively impress your audience. If you simply stop suddenly and remain silent for several seconds before you start again, they?ll probably think, “Oh, he (she) has forgotten the words!”
21. Making friends
Jamie was like a magnet---she always had a crowd around her. She wasn?t especially pretty, and she wasn?t particularly good at sports. But she was one of the most popular students at school. Everyone loved her!
Why? What was it about Jamie that made everyone notice her? If her looks and her talents weren?t anything to show off, what did she have going for her?
Here it is---short and simple---Jamie had learned the secret of how to make friends and keep them. Her secret is: Be nice to others! Jamie was kind and genuinely cared about others: people responded by wanting to be around her.
Going along with this big secret of making friends are a few additional suggestions:
SMILING SUGGESTS CONFIDENCE There is something fascinating about someone who smiles a lot. We are automatically drawn to someone who is happy. Wearing a smile usually implies the person behind it is approachable. An approachable person makes others feel at ease and comfortable.
Smiles also convey confidence, which is really important when making friends. You d on?t have to actually feel confident to smile, but when you do, people will think you are. Furthermore, the more you smile, the more natural your smile will be. You?ll gain confidence from smiling!
LEARN TO LISTEN AND TALK Everyone wants to talk. We all have a story to tell. Each of us enjoys having someone listen to what we say. It makes us feel important when someone is truly interested in what we?re saying.
When other people find out you are willing to listen, they will be talking to you! When someone is talking to you, zero in 100 per cent on that person. Don?t pretend to listen but really think about something else. That won?t work in making friends.
Meanwhile, don?t put the burden of the entire conversation on someone else. You?ve got to do your part, too. It is learning when to talk that is important. Try not to talk just to hear yourself talking; no one else can get a word in.
Everyone should learn to give and take in any relationship. Learn to move from being the centre of attention to focusing on the needs of others. Modesty is extremely attractive.
TRY TO ADD VALUE TO THOSE AROUND YOU People light up when you recognize something they do well and let them know. It only takes a minute to give someone a compliment or to notice what gifts a person has. It automatically adds value to how they see themselves. Try to be the kind of person who?s always seeing the positive qualities in others. Don?t tear someone down.
22. What does friendship mean to westerners?
What is meant by the word “friend”? The diction ary defines it as “one attached to another by affection or respect”. Americans use the word freely---that is, a friend may or may not be a person to whom one is really attached. Friends may have known each other since childhood or they may have recently met. It is difficult to give an exact definition of this word as it is used in the US, because it covers many
types of relationships.
It is common for Americans to have different “circles”. Terms such as office mate and tennis partner indicate different types of friends. The office mate is a friend in the office and the tennis partner is a friend on the tennis court. A person may have many good friends and one best friend. “Best friends” are usually two people of the same sex who have known each other for a long period of time. People usually have more casual friends than close or best friends.
Americans move around quite often and learn to develop friendships easily and quickly. About one out of every five American families moves every year. People move to new places because they begin new jobs, attend distant colleges, get married, have children or simply want a change in their lives. Perhaps as a result of this, people form and end friendships quickly.
Relationships based on a common activity may stop or end when the activity ends. Students might meet in classes and remain friends for the duration of the course and then stop seeing each other after the final examination. The same holds true for neighbours who are the closest of friends until one moves away. In these friendships, shared daily experiences form the foundation for the relationship. Long-lasting friendships develop when individuals have similar interests and a common outlook on life. the high rate of mobility in the US can explain a great deal about short-term friendships.
Friendship and friendliness do not mean the same thing. Friendliness characterizes much of American daily interaction but is not always an indication of friendship. Strangers may share life histories without any wish to set up a relationship. Instant friendships are characterized by the appearance of two people becoming close but, in reality, there is no string connection between them. Two people saying hello to each other after being introduced for the first time do not always mean that they have a strong wish to develop a friendship. Many people frequently smile or say “Have a nice day” or “See you later”, or even give an invitation as part of a cultural pattern of politeness. Such expressions do not always suggest an offer of continued friendship.
23. Adjo
How the years have rushed by! It has been a long time since I knew Marget Swenson. I was a child when I knew her, and now I myself have children. The mind loses many things as it matures, but I never lost Marget---my first love and first hurt.
I met Marget Swenson when she joined our sixth-grade class.
Marget, just fresh from Sweden, and I, a sixth generation American. She spoke very little English, but somehow we did manage to understand each other. We took to each other instantly.
Marget lived up on the hill. That was the place where there were many large and pretty houses. I suppose it was only in passing that I knew only white people lived there.
We had so much fun together. We sat for hours in my garden or hers, surrounded by grass. Her words were Swedish; mine, English. We laughed at the way each of us slid our tongues over the unfamiliar words. I learned the Swedish equivalents of hello, friend, and goodbye.
However, such fun did not last long, and the disaster began at Marg et?s birthday party.
It was a Wednesday. I arrived at the party early. Marget and I ran around quickly, putting the finishing touches on the decorations.
Some fifteen minutes later, the doorbell rang, and in came Mary, another girl in our class.
But after that nobody came. No one.
When it got to be after five, Mrs Swenson called Marget inside. She was there for a long time, and when she came out, she looked very, very sad. “My mother does not think they are coming,” she said.
“Why not?” Mary blurted.
Marget cast a quick glance at me, but she didn?t say anything.
I took Marget?s hand. “It?s me, isn?t it?” I said. Oh! I remember so painfully today how much I wanted her quick and positive “No!” to my question. But I was only aware of Marget trying to slip her hand from mine. I opened my hand and let her go.
It was different between us after her birthday. Marget stopped coming to my house, and when I asked her when she would, she looked as though she would cry.
One day, uninvited, I went to her house, climbed up the hill, and a restless feeling grew within me at every step.
Marget almost jumped when she opened the door. She stared at me in shock. Then, quickly, in a voice I?d never heard before, she said, “My mother says you can?t come to my house any more.”
I opened my mouth, and closed it without speaking. The awful thing had come; my suspicion was confirmed; Marget was white and I was not. I did know it deep within myself.
Since that meeting Marget and I did not speak to each other at all.
On the last day of school, getting up a strange courage, I handed my autograph book to Marget. She hesitated, then without looking up, wrote words I don?t remember now; they were quite common words, the kind everyone was writing in everyone else?s book. I waited. Slowly, she pa ssed her book to me and in it I wrote with a slow, firm hand some of the words she had taught me. I wrote Adjo min van---Goodbye, my friend. I released her, let her go, told her not to worry, told her that I no longer needed her. Adjo.
24. Ryan, his friends, and his incredible torch run
We met in a biology class. Ryan sat in the front so that his wheelchair wouldn?t get in the way. I, however, believed that he wouldn?t have gotten in the way wherever he sat. I greeted him with a “Hello!” and he replied chee rfully. Later it proved that this simple “Hello!” was all it took for Ryan and me to become great friends.
Ryan suffered from brain damage and had endured many an obstacle. Yet, he is able to go on living his life to the fullest. He knows the old saying, “When the going gets tough, the tough get going.” to the deepest and most personal extent.
The highlight of our friendship came in our junior year, when Ryan asked me to hold the flag that would mark the spot where he would begin his Olympic torch run. When he asked me, I didn?t know what to say. “Why me?” I asked. He gently responded that he would be honoured if I would accept this position. He said that the Olympic committee sent a letter saying that the person that holds the flag must be someone important to him, and I was important to him because I was the only
true friend he had ever made that talked to him and not to his wheelchair. How could I refuse such a gracious compliment and request?
On June fifth, I took the flag and reached Ryan?s starting poin t early. By then, the streets had begun to fill with students from the surrounding schools and the area residents. Everyone was excited. Then came the van that carried the torch runners. All of the runners got out except Ryan. They lined up outside of the van and began to chant his name. Ryan! Ryan! Then all of the people that lined the streets joined in. Ryan! Ryan! All I could do was not to cry.
The lift then lowered Ryan to the ground. There he was, in all his glory. People saw him for Ryan and not for his wheelchair. It all became slow motion at the sight of the arriving torch. I gave Ryan a hug and then stepped into my spot. The runner lit Ryan?s torch and then Ryan began his journey. As he took off down the street, the chanting became louder and louder. The excitement filled the air. I could not have been any prouder of Ryan! He deserved this moment in time---a historic moment that he was a part of and allowed me to be a part of, too.
That moment will last in time forever. It expressed the whole meaning of the flame: love, enthusiasm, and brotherhood. It showed us all that love is really what makes this small world go around.
25. The father of modern physics
Albert Einstein was born of Jewish parents in 1879 in Germany. He did badly in most subjects at school, but was fascinated by mathematics, which he did quite well. When he was fifteen, his family moved to Italy, and from there he went to Switzerland to attend a polytechnic school.
After gaining a teaching qualification from the polytechnic, Einstein took a post as a junior clerk in an office. Einstein was happy to get such an easy job, because it gave him plenty of time to think about physics. It was the “thought experiments” that he carried out in his head that led to a new understanding of space, time and gravity(引力).
In 1905, when he was twenty-six years old, Einstein began to publish his thoughts. One of his theories provided an explanation for a puzzling effect, called the photoelectric effect(光电效应), which had been noticed some years earlier. It was in 1921 that he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on the photoelectric effect.
In 1914, Einstein became a professor of physics at the University of Berlin and all went well until Hitler came to power in 1933. Einstein, who was Jewish, spoke out against Nazi crimes. As a result, he had to leave Germany and spent the rest of his life teaching in the United States at Princeton University.
In the long course of research, Einstein developed his theories of relativity. These theories were so different and new that most scientists could do not believe or understand them, and it took a long time for them to be accepted.
Einstein?s theories also predicted that solid objects can be changed into pure energy. This did lead to the development of nuclear power(核能) and the atomic bomb(原子弹). However, Einstein himself protested against nuclear weapons, and became involved in the peace movement after the First World War.
Einstein passed away in 1955 at the age of seventy-six. What he left behind is a wealth of ideas that form the foundation of modern physics today.
Apart from his scientific work, Einstein found much pleasure in simple
pastimes. Among his hobbies were sailing and playing the violin. Besides, he loved the company of children.
Although he was one of the greatest scientists who ever lived, Einstein did not take himself seriously. Once, when asked to enter a newspaper competition to write an article explaining how light is bent by gravity, he joked that the competition was much too difficult for him to enter.
26. The survival of the fittest
For a long time people had wondered how life had developed on earth. The Bible(圣经) stated that god had created everything in a week. Some people did not believe this. “What about fossils?” they asked. “What has happened to t he strange creatures which existed so many years ago?” they asked.
Charles Darwin(查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文，英国生物学家，进化论奠基人), a young man just out of university in 1831, was offered a job on a ship on a voyage of discovery around the world. Life on board was tough. Darwin was terribly seasick and was only happy when he was ashore collecting plant samples and observing animals. It was to be the most important journey in his life. It lasted for five years; he returned in October 1836.
Darwin studied nature in South America and in a group of small islands in the South Pacific. On each island there were birds. They were very similar, but the shape of their beaks, and even their eating habits varied. Darwin wondered why they were different. Then he realized that, long before, they had been the same. Each island had different foods available. Only the birds that could eat available food could survive, this might depend on having the right shape of beak. He realized that the same process happened with all living things. Over millions of years, all plants and animals have gradually changed into the forms we see today. What we call “the survival of the fittest” he named “natural selection”. Darwin called this slow proce ss of change “evolution”. It explains why many kinds of creature, whose fossil remains, are no longer alive.
By 1846, he had published an article describing his voyage. He also began to think seriously about evolution and natural selection, and wrote two essays describing his ideas. He did not publish these essays because he realized his ideas proved the Bible?s theory of creation was wrong, and he was worried about the anger and troubles they would cause.
Darwin spent the following years developing his theories and making them perfect. In 1859 he published them in The Origin of Species(《物种起源》). It caused a huge row because it seemed to deny what the Bible said. His The Descent of Man(《人类的由来》), 1871, pointed out that mankind had come from the same ancestor. Darwin was upset by the opposition. Other scientists agreed with his ideas and took up his cause. The Church prohibited the teaching of the Theory of Evolution(进化论) in some countries. However, today most people believe that Darwin was right.
27. Miracle in the rice field
It is said that every scientist has a childhood dream for his or her future success. For Yuan Longpin, known as the “father of hybrid rice(杂交水稻)”, the dream is that he cultivates rice as huge as peanuts, and farmers can have a rest in the cool shadow of big rice plants.
Yuan Longpin was born into a poor family in 1931. Upon graduating from the
上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组 上海新世纪英语高二全部（包括Additinal Reading）及重点词组 高二第二学期 17 rds and their stries 18 English prverbs 19 Tips n aing a publi speeh 20 eep it shrt fr the audiene’s sae 21 aing friends 22 hat des friendship ean t esterners? 23 Ad 24 Ran, his friends, and his inredible trh run 2 The father f dern phsis 26 The survival f the fittest 27 irale in the rie field 28 Netn’s three iprtant las 29 liver ants re (Adapted fr liver Tist harles Diens) 30 En the lassis 31 Is she guilt? (Adapted fr The Prine and the Pauper ar Tain) 32 ar Tain 高二第二学期 17 rds and their stries EAGER BEA VER An eager beaver is a persn h is alas illing t d and is
exited abut ding hat is expeted f hi Suppse, fr exaple, that a teaher tells his students the eah ust slve ne hundred ath prbles befre ing t shl the next da The hildren plain abut s uh her But ne student des nt prtest at all That student is an eager beaver He lves t d ath prbles, and des nt ind all the her The expressin is said t have e fr the nae f a hard-ring anial---the beaver Beavers are strange-ling reatures The spend a lt f tie in the ater, building das t reate little laes r pnds The use their huge teeth and r hard t ut dn trees, reve branhes and put the arss streas The use their tails t pa ud n the branhes t ae the das slid Fe ther anials r s hard Histrians sa the beaver had an iprtant part in the settleent f Nrth Aeria There ere hundreds f illins f beavers hen Eurpean settlers first arrived The settlers put great value n the fur f beavers In fat, fr t hundred ears r re, beavers prvided the st valuable fur in Nrth Aeria Beaver sins ften used as ne ung en ling fr adventure headed est arss the untr t searh fr beavers In their searh, the explred uh f the estern territries The trading psts, here the exhanged beaver sins fr the gds the needed, beae villages, and later tns and ities IT’S IN THE BAG The bag---ne f the siplest and st useful things in ever an r an’s life---has given the rld an strange expressins that are nt ver siple A nuber f these expressins are idel used in the United States tda Se ere
上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组上海新世纪英语高二全部课文（包括additional reading）及重点词组 高二第二学期 17. words and their stories 18. english proverbs 19. tips on making a public speech 20. keep it short for the audience’s sake 21. making friends 22. what does friendship mean to westerners? 23. adjo 24. ryan, his friends, and his incredible torch run 25. the father of modern physics 26. the survival of the fittest 27. miracle in the rice field 28. newton’s three important laws 29. oliver wants more (adapted from oliver twist charles dickens)
30. enjoy the classics 31. is she guilty? (adapted from the prince and the pauper mark twain) 32. mark twain 高二第二学期 17. words and their stories eager beaver an eager beaver is a person who is always willing to do and is excited about doing what is expected of him. suppose, for example, that a teacher tells his students they each must solve one hundred math problems before coming to school the next day. the children complain about so much homework. but one student does not protest at all. that student is an eager beaver. he loves to do math problems, and does not mind all the homework. the expression is said to have come from the name of a hard-working animal---the beaver. beavers are strange-looking creatures. they spend a lot of time in the water, building dams to create little lakes or ponds. they use their huge teeth and work hard to cut down trees, remove branches and put them across streams. they use their tails to pack mud on the branches to make
高中英语教材xx新世纪版单元标题高一上册 Unit 1 occupations Unit 2 Success stories Unit 3 English manners Unit 4 Holidays and festivals Unit 5 Animal friends Unit 6 Cartoons and comic strips Unit 7 Metropolises Unit 8 Hacking Unit 9 Personal hygiene Unit 10 School education Moudle 1综合 Moudle 2综合 Moudle 3综合 高一下册 Unit 1 travelling around China Unit 2 travelling around the world Module 1综合 Unit 3 English is changing Unit 4 A cushion or a kiss
Moudle 2综合 Unit 5 Classical and popular music Unit 6 Going to the Cinema Module 3综合 Unit 7 Newspapers Unit 8 Magazine Module 4综合 高二上册 Unit 1 Eating Around the World Unit 2 Global Drinks Unit 3 Sports Heroes Unit 4 Sports Around the World Unit 5 Animals Unit 6 The Environment Unit 7 Shopping Experiences Unit 8 Advertising Moudle 1综合 Moudle 2综合 Moudle 3综合 高二下册 Unit 1 Words and their stories
Unit One Translation: 1. The parade _______________________________ 阅兵式由一万两千名士兵组成。 The parade is made up of 10 thousand soldiers. 2. 每天玩手机真是浪费时间。 It is a waste of time playing mobile phones. 3.蔬菜价格会随着季节更替从10-15元不等。 The price of the vegetables varies from 10 to 15 yuan according to the season. 4.每年在世界各地举行多次国际足球比赛。（take place） Many international soccer competitions take place all over the world every year. 5. 这首迷人的名歌深受学生的喜爱，尤其是女学生。（popular） The charming folk is very popular with students, especially girl students. 6. 他房间里摆满了各种参考书籍的书架。（fill） His room is filled with shelves with a wide variety of reference books. 7. 自中国人在美国定居以来，唐人街开了很多中餐馆。（settle） Since Chinese settled in the States, many Chinese restaurants are run in China town. 8. 即使健康食物越来越受欢迎，仍有人匆匆应付午餐。（even if） Even if health are becoming popular, some people rush through lunch. 9. 这款手机式样新颖，携带方便，深受年轻人的欢迎。(popular) The mobile phone is fashionable in design and easy to carry and is popular with young people. 10. 绿色蔬菜含有丰富的维他命，包括维生素C。( contain; include ) Green vegetables contain rich vitamin, including vitamin C. 11. 约翰热衷于政治，而且迫切地希望毕业后成为一名政治家。( keen ) John is keen on politics and eagerly hopes to become a politician after his graduation. 12. 他们不想把时间浪费在做饭上，因此他们匆匆忙忙在快餐店吃了午餐.(waste; rush through) They didn’t want to waste their time cooking, so they rushed through their lunch at a snack bar. 13. 广泛阅读有助于拓宽视野，同时也会影响你面对困境时的态度。（expand） Reading widely helps expand your horizon, which will influence your attitude towards difficulties. 14. 出于种种原因，我们队将不参加这场比赛。（various） For various reasons, our team will not take part in the game. 15. 据报道，1998年中国很多地区发生了严重的水灾。(occur) It is reported that serious floods occurred in many districts in China in 1998.
高一下词组整理UNIT 1 Generally speaking On national holiday s Depend on A number of sea routes Pass through the famous Three Gorges The first choice for Limited time The time-saving advantage Popular tourist destinations/attractions On schedule Speaking of Be pressed for time Offer fairly good services In brief A round-trip ticket A travel brochure The permanent habitat Be surrounded by Within arm’s reach A master of ceremonies Sort out A tour guide UNIT 2 There’s no feeling like Take a special class Change into Receive instructions from the guide Be afraid of heights Lead up to 向上通向 Speed by Come into view Bird’s eye view of the city Extend in all directions ▲Feel proud of / take pride in / pride oneself on Be ready to do乐于做某事 in an instant 一会儿 tourists at home and abroad without doubt
新世纪研究生公共英语教材 听说（下）第二版 听力全文 主编：李玉璞 上海外语教育出版社
Table of Contents LESSON ONE Resources and Energy (5) PART A (5) PART B (6) Passage I: (6) Passage II: (7) Part D (8) Lesson Two Crime and Punishment (8) Part A (8) Part B (9) Passage I (9) Passage II (10) Passage III. (11) Part D (12) Lesson Three Computers and the Internet (12) Part A (12) Part B (13) Passage I (13) Passage II (14) Passage III (15) Part D (16) LESSON FOUR Finance (16) PART A (16) Part B (17) Passage I (17) Passage II. Functions of Money (18) Passage III Credit Cards (19) Part D (20) LESSON FIVE Places to See in Britain (20) Part A (20) Part B (21) Passage I: (21) Passage Ⅱ: (22) Part D (23) LESSON SIX Education (23) Part A (23) Part B (24) Passage I SAT Examination (24) PART II Medical Education (25) LESSON SEVEN Business (26) Part A (26) Part B (28) Passage I How to Increase Business Profits (28)
高二下翻译练习 1.他抗议，他从来没有去过犯罪现场的附近。(protest) 2.你真的考察了离你们那儿最近的城镇了吗？(explore) 3.这个店员以最快的速度问她把衣服包好。(wrap) 4.假设你父亲现在看到了你，你该怎么说？(suppose) 5.小孩不乖时，别去理他，不久他就会不闹了。(ignore) 6.开始时，政府很难说服人们离开里约热内卢(Rio)去巴西利亚(Brasilia)落户。(have difficulty in doing) 7.他们没在窗子附近打排球，怕把窗子打破了。(afraid) 8.一些表达方式是很久以前从英国引进来的。(import) 9.当时想去探险的年轻人向西横跨大陆搜寻海狸。(search) 10.站姿、手势、目光接触以及精确的计时对于演讲很重要。(play a part) 11.一般来说，一次成功的演讲需要言语和非言语交流的接触。(involve) 12.在规定的时间里，你要确保演讲不提前或拖后结束。(ensure) 13.已经将公众的注意力集中在城市的建设上。(focus on) 14.大多数医生认为抽烟对健康极其有害。(extremely) 15.几乎所有的发展中国家都支持上海申办2010年世博会。(go for) 16.是那些来自法国的游客把注意力百分百集中在老式的建筑上。(zero in on) 17.山中的休养处(a retreat)冬天只能靠直升机才可接近。(approachable) 18.无论你怎么解释，我们还是感到你的朋友当时在嘲笑我们。(aware) 19.她在房中不吃不喝，好几天都默想着这件事。(brood) 20.这位飞行员设法绕气球飞了一阵。(manage) 21.这孩子的判断力随着她年龄的增长而变得成熟。(mature) 22.她沿路扫视着，看他是否来了。(glance) 23.你不一定非得感到自信才微笑，但当你这样做时，人们会认为你很自信。(confident) 24.一旦她开始说话，别人就别想插话。(get a word in edgewise) 25.他妻子死后，他非常沮丧，开始借酒消愁。(take to) 26.直到二十世纪初，人类才开始探索太空。(It was not until …that) 27.主席指出他的国家希望与所有的邻国建立良好的关系。(point out) 28.这个女孩被橱窗里的玩具深深地吸引住了。(fascinate) 29.他把自己的一生都献给了教育事业。(contribute) 30.处在压力之下有的人往往会发挥出自己全部的潜能。(tend to) 31.他把毕生精力花在研制治癌症新药上。(devote) 32.据说新地铁在几天内就能完成。(It’s said that…) 33.只有不断学习，我们才能跟上现代化科学的发展。(Only) 34.中国必定能以其有限的可耕种土地来养活其庞大的人口。(feed) 35.是这场的后果使人们充分认识到植树的重要性。(It was …that) 36.她再一次仔细地看了一遍作文，以消除所有的拼写错误。(eliminate) 37.许多大学生都把自己未来的职业定位在金融界。(career) 38.他积极参加了和平运动，获得了诺贝尔文学奖。(award) 39.不要对孩子要求过于严厉，也不要宠坏他们。(severe) 40.在沙漠中迷失方向的人极度渴望得到水。(desperate) 41.一份报告说男性占中国人口的52%。(account for) 42.我从未碰到过像他那样无理的人。(nowhere)
高一第一学期 Unit 1 Text People from All Walks of Life 1.people from all walks of life 来自各行各业的人们 2.sb. grow up 某人长大= sb. mature (vi.) 3.sb. take up sth. 某人从事某事 ★sth. take up spl. 某物占据某地=sth. occupy spl. sth. take up some time 某物占据时间=sth. occupy some time occupation (v.)①占据②职业 4.various sth. 多种多样的某物 ★various (adj.) 多种多样的variety (n.) 种类 vary (vi.) sth. vary 某物变化(vi.) sth. vary with sth. 某物随着某物变化 5.sth. be made up of sth. 某物由某物组成 =sth. be composed of sth. =sth. consist of sth. 6.the following sth. 下列的、下述的某物 ★following (adj.) 接下来的 in the following years 在接下来的几年中=in the years that followed follow (vt.) sb. follow sb. 某人跟随某人 sb. be followed by sb. 某人被某人跟随 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4d13887680.html,cational institutions 教育机构 8.sb. try one’s best to do sth. 某人尽全力做某事 ★sb. make an effort to do sth. 某人尽力做某事 =sb. spare no effort to do sth, =sb. go all out to do sth. =sb. strive to do sth. =sb. do what sb. can to do sth. =sb. devote oneself to doing sth. =sb. be devoted to doing sth. =sb. do sth. with all one’s energy =sb. do sth. with all one’s strength 9.sb. gain sth. 某人得到某物 ★gain=botain=get 10.in society 在社会上 ★society 不加冠词：社会，加冠词：the society 一个社会团体social (adj.) society (n.) socialism (n.) 社会主义socialist (n.) 社会学家socialize (v.) 社会化 11.sb. be involved in sth. 某人参与某事 ★=sb. get involved in sth. 某人参与某事 sth. involve sth. 某物涉及某物 sth. involve doing sth. 某物涉及做某事 sb. be involved in sth 某人被卷入某物 sth. involve sb. in sth. 某事使某人介入/卷入某事 12. sb. correct papers 某人批改试卷 ★paper (n.)[U] 纸paper (n.)[C]①文件②试卷 13. sb. give grades to sb. 某人给某人打分数 14. at the end of some time 在某段时间的最后 ★反：at the beginning of some time在某段时间的开始at the end of spl. 在某地的尽头 in the end =finally=at last=eventually 最后， 反：at the beginning 起初 by the end of sth. 到…结束为止
Unit 1 Words and Their Stories Period 1 【学习内容】 Additional Reading English Proverbs 【学习目标】 1．能够基本掌握Additional Reading的词汇、词组、句型及语法。 2．牢记各个知识点的用法，归纳总结异同点，通过习题加强巩固。 【学习重难点】 1．能熟练运用Additional Reading的单词、短语、句型。 2．能背诵Additional Reading中的重点句型或句子。 【学习过程】 Characters Teacher of English: Ms Smith (MS) Students: Li (LI), Mao (MA), Anne (AN), Rivera (RI) MS: Good morning, everyone. I hope you all know what we are here for. The topic of our discussion this morning is “English Proverbs”. LI: So, I’m in the right group. MA: Me, too. RI: Me, too. MS: But I was told we would have four…and yet… AN: I’m coming. Good morning. Am I late? MS: Morning. “Speak of angels and you hear their songs.” AN: Is that a proverb referring to my coming? MS: Exactly. LI: We have a saying in Chinese, which I think is very close in meaning… MA: Speak of Cao Cao and he appears. MS: Right. Well, “first things first”.A proverb is a traditional saying which offers advice or
上海外语教育出版社——新世纪英语高二全部课文 （包括Additional Reading）及重点词组 高二第二学期 17. Words and their stories EAGER BEAVER An eager beaver is a person who is always willing to do and is excited about doing what is expected of him. Suppose, for example, that a teacher tells his students they each must solve one hundred math problems before coming to school the next day. The children complain about so much homework. But one student does not protest at all. That student is an eager beaver. He loves to do math problems, and does not mind all the homework. The expression is said to have come from the name of a hard-working animal---the beaver. Beavers are strange-looking creatures. They spend a lot of time in the water, building dams to create little lakes or ponds. They use their huge teeth and work hard to cut down trees, remove branches and put them across streams. They use their tails to pack mud on the branches to make the dams solid. Few other animals work so hard. Historians say the beaver had an important part in the settlement of North America. There were hundreds of millions of beavers when European settlers first arrived. The settlers put great value on the fur of beavers. In fact, for two
一、Unit 1新单词 1. rule n. 规则，纪律 school rules 校纪，校规class rules 班规 Our class rules are written on the wall. 2. finish v. 结束，完成 e.g. You must finish your computer games before 7 o’clock. 你必须在七点前结束你的电脑游戏。 翻译：When did you finish your homework? 3.keeep v. 保持，遵守 e.g. Students must keep the school rules.学生必须遵守学校规定。 Keep quiet. 保持安静。 Students must keep books clean. 4. also ad. 也，也是 e.g. He is also an American.他也是个美国人。 5. maths n. 数学 e.g.Which subject do you like best? Maths. 你最喜欢什么科目？数学 6.welcome 感叹词欢迎 常用搭配：Welcome to…欢迎来某地。 e.g. Welcome to Shanghai. 7.borrow v. 借 borrow强调的是“借入” e.g. May I borrow your umbrella? 我可以借一下你的伞吗？ 反义词：lend 借出 e.g. Will you lend your umbrella to me?能把你的伞借给我吗？ 8.get to 到达… e.g. Please get to the airport on time. 请准时到达机场。 二、Unit1重要知识点 1.Welcome to our school. You must be Lily. “must be”表示“一定是，肯定是”，后常加形容词或人名。如Your answer must be right. right为形容词，“对的正确的”。“welcome to”欢迎， e.g:欢迎来中国。 2. Students must get to school on time. “get to school”到达学校，“go to school”去学校； must 是情态动词，must do sth；一般疑问句直接将must提前，否定句在
LESSON ONE Music 1. M: By the way, Jane, did you talk to the consultant顾问about our new health program? W: I contacted联系his office but his secretary said he would （be out for）试图得到lunch until two. Q: What does the woman mean? 2. W: We need to let everyone know about the charity [?t??riti] n. 慈爱concert, but we don't have much money for advertising. M: How about using the school radio station? They broadcast free public service 服务announcements.通告 Q: What does the man suggest they do? 3. W: I don't understand why this self-study自学book doesn't have answers to the questions. M: But it does. You can find them at the back of the book. Q: What does the man say about the self-study book? 4. M: The new sales manager says he has never met you before. W: We've been introduced about three times. He seems a little forgetful. Q: What do we learn about the new sales manager? 5. M: Have you had the brakes[breik] n制动器; 闸; 刹车. and tires checked? And do you have enough money? W: I have taken care of everything. And I'm sure it's going to be a wonderful极好的, 精彩的, 绝妙的trip. Q: What's the woman going to do? g. M: I've had my new stereo立体声for a whole week, but I haven't yet figured out 想到how to record music.
上海八年级英语上册新世纪版知识点汇总 The document was prepared on January 2, 2021
U n i t O n e M o d e r n T e c h n o l o g y LessonOneComputers 【词形变换】mouse---mice（复数）main---mainly electronic---electrical---electricityrelax---relaxedable---enable invent（发明V）---inventor（发明家）---invention（发明物）【重要短语】typein输入，键入 ought（not）to=should（not）应该get/befamiliarwith熟悉andsoon等等 What’stheuseof………的用途是什么attheageof在……岁时learnfrom…向……学习 beworriedabout=worryabout担心…….允许某人做某事Wouldyouplease+V.原形 stop/prevent/.阻止某人做某事stopdoingsth.停止做某事stoptodosth.停下来做某事payattentionto（介词）注意agreewithsb.同意某人的意见 .=helpsb.(to)dosth.帮助某人做某事spend…onsth.=spend…(in)doingsth.花费……做某事keepintouchwith与……保持联系millionsof数百万的use…todosth.用…...做某事 all/different/manykindsof各种各样的inbrief简言之 neither…nor…既不……,也不…… beconnectedto与……连接在一起 beableto的用法：（可用于各种时态，而can不能）现在：am/is/are(not)ableto过去：was/were(not)ableto将来：will(not)beableto LessonTwoRobots 【词形变换】 different（形）---difference（名）---differently（副）danger---dangerousoperate---operationmemory---memorizeindustry---industrialmedicine---medical please---pleasure（名）---pleased（形人）---pleasant（形物）【重要短语】tidyup整理，收拾makethebed铺床 perform/doanoperationonsb.给某人做手术 perform/dooperationsonsb.=operateonsb. bedifferentfrom与……不同bethesameas与……相同knownothingabout对……一无所知withpleasure高兴地，快乐地；乐意地 whatelse=whatotherthings（else常放在不定代词和疑问词的后面）decidetodosth.决定做某事practisedoingsth.练习做某事 notonly…butalso…不但……而且……not…anymore/longer=nomore/longer不再keepdoingsth.一直不停地做某事 beafraidofsth./doingsth.害怕某物/做某事beafraidtodosth.害怕做某事 with/withoutthehelpof在……的帮助下/没有……的帮助 不定代词的用法： something常用于肯定句中，也可用于希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句中anything常用于否定句或疑问句中nothing常用于否定句中（what）everything 上述不定代词都指物，不能和of连用，都是单数。 someone=somebody常用于肯定句中anyone=anybody常用于否定或疑问句中 noone=nobody常用于否定句中（who）everyone=everybody
上海高中《牛津英语》教材与《新世纪英语》教材的对 比分析 摘要教材在英语教学中起着重要作用, 是英语课程资源的核心部分。进入新世纪, 我国启动了新一轮的课程改革, 课程改革的关键是教材。随着新课程标准的颁布, 教材由“一纲一本”向“一纲多本”转变, 越来越多的教材涌入市场。面对不同 品种的教材,如何评价和分析各种教材的优劣就成为当今教师面临的一个挑战。上海高中普遍使用的两套英语教材 ?? 《英语》 (牛津上海版) 和《英语》(新 世纪版) 就是为了满足新一轮课改的要求而改编和编写的。本论文以《普通高中 英语课程标准》为依据, 参照国内外教材评价的理论, 旨在对上海高中使用的两 套英语教材本身和使用效果进行对比和分析, 从而发现两套教材各自的优势和不 足之处,以便上海高中英语教师在使用教材的过程中可以对两套教材进行整合,
扬长避短,让教材更好地为教学服务,最终达到提高英语教学质量的目的。本论文共分为五个部分。第一章“引论”部分主要介绍了研究背景、研究目的与意义、研究内容与方 法以及本论文的框架结构。第二章“理论框架与文献综述”部分阐述了教材的定义和作用、教学大纲、 国内外外语教材评价的理论和国内外教材对比的研究现状。第三章“两套教材的对比研究”主要是对两套教材进行宏观和微观对比分析。 宏观对比分析了教材编写的宏观设计指导原则、教材编写的主框架结构和单元课 程设置模式。微观对比分析主要从语言知识、语言技能、学习策略和文化意识四 方面来对比,重点对比分析了两套教材的词汇、语法、听、说、读、写等方面。第四章“两套教材的效果对比分析”主要从教师调查、学生调查和两套教材 使用效率对比分析来看两套教材的使用效果。第五章“研究结果与思考”通过前面几章对两套教材的对比分析、调查和实 验总结出两套教材的优势和不足之处, 并提出一些建议, 供教材编写者和使用两 套教材的教师参考。 关键词 : 牛津教材,新世纪教材,对比分析vi ABSTRACTAs a core of curriculum resources, English teaching materials play an important