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Architecture-centric evolution in software product lines

Architecture-centric evolution in software product lines
Architecture-centric evolution in software product lines

Architecture-Centric Evolution in

Software Product Lines:

Position Paper

Hassan Gomaa

Department of Information and Software Engineering

George Mason University

Fairfax, Virginia 22030,

USA

hgomaa@https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b14116342.html,

Abstract:This paper describes how an architecture-centric evolution approach can be used to develop and evolve software product line architectures. The architecture-centric evolution approach described in this paper uses a model driven architecture concept in which UML models of the software architecture are developed prior to implementation and later evolved after original deployment.

1. Introduction

A software product line consists of a family of software systems that have some common functionality and some variable functionality [Parnas79, Clements02, Weiss99]. This paper describes an architecture-centric evolutionary development approach for software product lines. This paper advocates that a much clearer idea about how to develop and evolve the software product line is obtained by considering the software architecture rather than by starting directly from the code.

The architecture-centric evolution approach described in this paper follows the model driven architecture concept in which UML models of the software architecture are developed prior to implementation. With this approach, the models can later evolve after original deployment. The kernel software architecture represents the commonality of the product line. Evolution is built into the software development approach because the variability in the software architecture is developed by considering the impact of each variable feature on the software architecture and evolving the architecture to address the feature. The development approach is a feature-driven evolutionary approach, meaning that it addresses both the original development and subsequent post-deployment evolution. Being feature based, the approach closely relates the software architecture evolution to the evolution of software requirements.

2 Hassan Gomaa

This paper addresses the key factors needed for architecture centered evolution of software product lines, which include:

-Evolutionary software process model. It is necessary to have a development approach that promotes software evolution, such that original development

and subsequent maintenance are both treated using feature-driven evolution.

-Model-driven software architecture, in which the architecture is developed before the code.

-Evolutionary dynamic analysis. Consider the dynamic impact of each feature on the architecture. The results in new components being added or existing

components having to be adapted.

-Specialization vs. parameterization. When components are adapted for evolution, there are two main approaches to consider, specialization or

parameterization.

-Component based design. Software components, in which the interface is separate from the implementation. Components differ from objects in that

the required interface is designed explicitly in addition to the provided

interface.

-Software architectural patterns. Architectural structure and communication patterns help in developing and evolving the software architecture.

2. Evolutionary Software Product Line Engineering

The Evolutionary Software Product Line Engineering Process [Gomaa99, Gomaa04] is a highly iterative software process that eliminates the traditional distinction between software development and maintenance. Furthermore, because new software systems are outgrowths of existing ones, the process takes a software product line perspective; it consists of two main processes:

a) Product line Engineering. A product line multiple-view model, which addresses the multiple views of a software product line, is developed. The product line multiple-view model, product line architecture, and reusable components are developed and stored in the product line reuse library.

b) Software Application Engineering. A software application multiple-view model is an individual product line member derived from the software product line multiple-view model. The user selects the required features for the individual product line member. Given the features, the product line model and architecture are adapted and tailored to derive the application architecture. The architecture determines which of the reusable components are needed for configuring the executable application.

3. Model-driven Architecture

The Object Management Group (OMG) promotes model-driven architecture whereby “modeling is designing of software applications before coding”. Software

Architecture-Centric Evolution in

Software Product Lines: 3 modeling approaches are now widely used in software development and have an important role to play in software product lines [Gomaa04]. Modern software modeling approaches, such as the Unified Modeling Language (UML) [Rumbaugh04], provide greater insights into understanding and managing commonality and variability by modeling product lines from different perspectives. A better understanding of the software product line architecture can be obtained by considering the different perspectives, such as requirements modeling, static modeling, and dynamic modeling, of the product line.

4. Evolutionary Dynamic Analysis.

Evolutionary dynamic analysis is an iterative strategy to help determine the dynamic impact of each feature on the software architecture. This results in new components being added or existing components having to be adapted. The kernel system is a minimal member of the product line. In some product lines the kernel system consists of only the kernel objects. For other product lines, some default objects may be needed in addition to the kernel objects. The kernel system is developed by considering the kernel use cases, which are required by every member

for the product line. For each kernel use case, an interaction diagram is developed depicting the objects needed to realize the use case. The kernel system consists of the integration of all these objects and the classes from which they are instantiated, as described in [Gomaa00, Gomaa04].

The software product line evolution approach starts with the kernel system and considers the impact of optional and/or alternative features. This results in the addition of optional or variant components to the product line architecture. This analysis is done by considering the variable (optional and alternative) use cases, as well as any variation points in the kernel or variable use cases. For each optional or alternative use case, an interaction diagram is developed consisting of new optional or variant objects – the variant objects are kernel objects that are impacted by the variable scenarios, and therefore need to be adapted.

5. Managing Variability through Specialization and Parameterization

When components are adapted for evolution, there are two main approaches to consider, specialization or parameterization. Specialization is effective when there are

a relatively small number of changes to be made, so that the number of specialized classes is manageable. However, in product line evolution, there can be a large degree

of variability. Consider the issue of variability in control classes, which are modeling using statecharts [Harel96], which can be handled either by using parameterized statecharts or specialized statecharts. Depending on whether the product line uses a centralized or decentralized approach, it is likely that there will be several different

4 Hassan Gomaa

state dependent control components, each modeled by its own statechart. The following discussion relates to the evolution within a given state dependent component.

To capture product line variability and evolution, it is necessary to specify optional states, events and transitions, and actions. A further decision that needs to be made when using state machines to model variability is whether to use state machine inheritance or parameterization. The problem with using inheritance is that a different state machine is needed to model each alternative or optional feature or feature combination, which rapidly leads to a combinatorial explosion of inherited state machines.

For example, with only three features that could impact the statechart, there would be eight possible feature and feature combinations, resulting in eight variant statecharts. With 10 features, there would be over 1000 variant statecharts. However, 10 features can be easily modeled on a parameterized statechart as 10 feature dependent transitions, states, or transitions.

It is often more effective to design a parameterized state machine, which consists of all states, events, and transitions, corresponding to all features Optional transitions can be specified by having an event qualified by a feature condition, which guards entry into the state. Thus the feature condition is True if the optional feature is selected for a given product line member, and false if the feature is not selected. The impact of feature interactions can be modeled very precisely using state machines through the introduction of alternative states or transitions. Designing parameterized statecharts is often less complex than designing specialized statecharts.

6. Modeling Component-based Software Architectures

Software components are similar to classes in that the component interface is specified separately from the implementation. However, components differ from classes in that the required interface is designed explicitly in addition to the provided interface. This is particularly important for architecture-centric evolution, since it is necessary to know the impact of the change to a component on all components that interface to it.

UML 2.0 has added new concepts for depicting software architectures and components. Components can be effectively modeled with structured classes and depicted on composite structure diagrams [Rumbaugh04]. Structured classes have ports with provided and required interfaces. Structured classes can be interconnected through their ports via connectors that join the ports of communicating classes.

To provide a complete definition of the component-based software architecture for a software product line, it is necessary to specify the interface(s) provided by each component and the interface(s) required by each component. A provided interface is

Architecture-Centric Evolution in

Software Product Lines: 5

a collection of operations that specify the services that a component must fulfill. A required interface describes the services that other components provide for this component to operate properly in a particular environment.

This capability for modeling component-based software architectures is particularly valuable in product line engineering, to allow the development of kernel, optional and variant components, “plug-compatible” components, and component interface inheritance.

There are various ways to design components. It is highly desirable, where possible, to design components that are plug-compatible, so that the required port of one component is compatible with the provided ports of other components to which it needs to connect. Consider the case in which a producer component needs to be able to connect to different alternative consumer components in different product line members. The most desirable approach, if possible, is to design all the consumer components with the same provided interface, so that the producer can be connected to any consumer without changing its required interface. As the product line evolves new producers can communicate with the consumer.

It is possible for a component to connect to different components and have different interconnections such that in one case it communicates with one component and in a different case it communicates with two different components. This flexibility helps in evolving the software architecture.

When plug-compatible components are not practical, an alternative component design approach is component interface inheritance. Consider a component architecture that evolves in such a way that the interface through which the two components communicate needs to be specialized to allow for additional functionality. In this case, both the component that provides the interface and the component that requires the interface have to be modified—the former to realize the new functionality, and the latter to request it.

The above approaches can be used to complement compositional approaches for developing component-based software architectures.

7. Software Architectural Patterns

Basing the software architecture on one or more software architectural patterns, both architectural structure patterns and architectural communication patterns, helps in designing the original architecture as well as evolving the architecture [Gomaa98, Gomaa04]. This is because the evolutionary properties of architectural patterns can also be studied. For example, a layered architectural pattern allows for ease of extension and contraction [Parnas79] because components can be added to or removed from higher layers that use the services provided by components at lower layers of the architecture. In a centralized control pattern, evolution takes the form of

6 Hassan Gomaa

added input and output components that interact with a controlling control object, which executes a statechart that can evolve as described in Section 5. In a client/server pattern, the server can evolve by adding new services, which are discovered and invoked by clients.

In addition to the above architectural structure patterns, certain architectural communication patterns also encourage evolution. In software product lines, it is often desirable to decouple components. The Broker, Discovery, and Subscription/Notification patterns encourage such decoupling. With the broker patterns, servers register with brokers, and clients can then discover new servers. Thus a product line can evolve with the addition of new clients and servers. A new version of a server can replace an older version and register itself with the broker. Clients communicating via the broker would automatically be connected to the new version of the server. The Subscription/Notification pattern also decouples the original sender of the message from the recipients of the message.

8. Conclusions

This paper has described an architecture-centric evolutionary development approach for software product lines. This paper has discussed several key factors to consider for architecture centered evolution of software product lines, which assist in developing the software architecture before implementation and later evolving the software product line architecture after original deployment.

9. References

[Clements02] P. Clements and L. Northrop, Software Product Lines: Practices and Patterns, Addison Wesley, 2002.

[Gomaa98]H. Gomaa and G. Farrukh, Composition of Software Architectures from Reusable Architecture Patterns, Proc. IEEE Intl Wkshp on Soft Arch, Orlando, FL, Nov 1998. [Gomaa99] H. Gomaa and G.A. Farrukh, Methods and Tools for the Automated Configuration of Distributed Applications from Reusable Software Architectures and Components, IEE Proc - Software, Vol. 146, No. 6, December 1999.

[Gomaa00] H. Gomaa, "Designing Concurrent, Distributed, and Real-Time Applications with UML", Addison Wesley, Reading MA, 2000.

[Gomaa04] Gomaa, H. Designing Software Product Lines with UML: From Use Cases to Pattern-based Software Architectures, Addison-Wesley, July 2004.

[Harel96] Harel, D. and E. Gary, “Executable Object Modeling with Statecharts”, Proc. 18th International Conference on Software Engineering, Berlin, March 1996.

[Parnas79] Parnas D., "Designing Software for Ease of Extension and Contraction", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, March 1979.

[Rumbaugh04] J. Rumbaugh, G. Booch, I. Jacobson, “The Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual,” Second Edition, Addison Wesley, Reading MA, 2004.

[Weiss99] D M Weiss and C T R Lai, “Software Product-Line Engineering: A Family-Based Software Development Process,” Addison Wesley, 1999.

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一.认识实习的目的和任务 1.认识实习的目的: (1)认识实习是四年制高等学校教学活动的实践环节之一; (2)认识实习是对学生进行火力发电厂主机(锅炉、汽轮机)、辅机(换热器、风机、水泵)及其制造厂的设备系统、生产工艺进行认识性训 练,对发电厂热力系统进行整体初步了解。 2.认识实习的任务: (1)对火力发电厂主机的认识实习 实习对象:锅炉本体、汽轮发电机本体。锅炉形式包括煤粉锅炉、循 环流化床锅炉、链条炉、余热锅炉等。汽轮机形式包括凝气式汽轮机、 背压式汽轮机、调节抽汽式汽轮机。 认识内容:设备外形特点、摆放位置、主要性能参数、安全生产常识。 (2)对火力发电厂辅助机械设备的认识实习 实习对象:制粉系统、除尘除灰系统、烟风系统、回热系统、润滑冷 却系统、水油净化系统等。 认识内容:设备外形特点、摆放位置、主要性能参数、安全生产常识。 (3)对火力发电厂设备系统的认识实习 实习对象:火力发电厂主机和辅机工程的系统。 认识内容:设备之间的空间关系、安全生产常识。 3.认识实习的意义 (1)强化学生对专业基础课程的理解 (2)国内火力发电厂的技术发展出现了新进展 CFB锅炉、燃气轮机、余热锅炉、超临界机组、烟气脱硫、布袋除尘、集中控制运行等新技术。 (3)认识实习有利于培养学生的职业精神 (4)认识实习有利于了解机组 (5)认识实习有利于了解机组建设过程 二.捷能汽轮机厂 (1)简介:汽轮机是火力发电厂三大主要设备之一。它是以蒸汽为工质,将热能转变为机械能的高速旋转式原动机。它为发电机的能量转换提供机 械能。 青岛捷能汽轮机集团股份有限公司始建于1950年,是我国汽轮机行业重 点骨干企业。拥有各种数控、数显等机械加工设备2200余台,以200MW 及以下“捷能牌”汽轮机为主导产品,拥有电站汽轮机和工业拖动汽轮 机两大系列产品,能够满足发电、石化、水泥、冶金、造纸、垃圾处理、燃气-蒸汽联合循环、城市集中供热等领域需求,年产能达500台/600万 千瓦以上。中小型汽轮机市场占有率居国内同行业首位,是目前国内中 小型汽轮机最大最强的设计制造供应商和电站成套工程总包商。 公司积极推进品牌战略,率先在汽轮机行业内取得了美国FMRC公司双重 ISO9001国际质量体系认证和ISO1400环境管理体系认证,率先在汽轮机 行业内第一个获得了“中国名牌产品”称号,先后获得了“全国AAA级 信用企业”、“中国优秀诚信企业”、“全国用户满意产品”、“山东

供热管网检修作业指导手册[青岛热电集团]

供热管网检修作业指导手册[青岛热电集团] 供热管网检修作业指导手册[青岛热电集团] 供热管网检修作业指导手册[青岛热电集团] 作者:佚名更新时间:2008-12-5 15:55:38 字体: 供热管网检修作业指导手册 1 总则 1.1 为使公司供热管网的维护、检修工作更为规范和科学合理,确保安全运行,制定作业指导手册。 1.2 本作业指导手册适用于公司供热管网的维护、检修及事故抢修。 本作业指导手册供热管网的工作压力限定为: 工作压力不大于1.6MPa(表压),介质温度不大于300?的蒸汽供热管网。 1.3 管网的检修工作应符合原设计要求。 1.4 执行本作业指导手册时,尚应符合国家现行有关标准的规定。 2 术语 2.1 热网维修 热网的维护和检修。本作业指导手册中简称维修。 2.2 热网维护 供热运行期间,在不停热条件下对热网进行的维护工作。本作业指导手册中简称维护。 2.3 热网检修 在停热条件下对热网进行的检修工作。本作业指导手册中简称检修。 2.4 热网抢修

供热管道设备突发故障引起蒸汽大量泄漏,危及管网安全运行或对周边环境、人身安全造成威胁时进行的紧急检修工作。本作业指导手册中简称抢修。 2.5 供热管网 由热源向热用户输送和分配供热介质的管线系统。本作业指导手册中简称热网。 3 维护、检修机构设置、检修人员及设备 3.1 维护、检修机构设置及人员要求 3.1.1客户服务中心是公司高新区内供热管网运行、调度、维护、检修的责任机构,负责高新区内供热管网的维护、检修工作。 3.1.2 供热管冈的维护、检修人员必须经过培训和专业资格考 试合格后,方可独立进行维护、检修工作。供热管网维护、检修人员必须熟悉管辖范围内的管道分布情况、设备及附件位置。维护、检修人员必须掌握管辖范国内供热管线各种附件的作用、性能、构造以及安装操作和维护、检修方法。 3.1.3检修人员出门检修时应穿公司工作服,配戴上岗证,注意礼貌用语,维护公司形象。 3.2 维护、检修用主要设备与器材 3.2.1 供热管网的维护检修部门,应备有维护、检修及故障抢修时常用的设备与器材。 3.2.2检修设备、工具平时摆放在规定位置,检修设备和专用工具要有专人保管,所有设备、工具应保证完好,须保证检修时能够立即投入使用。检修物资也应分门别类码放整齐,方便查找,以保证检修、抢修时不会因为寻找物资配件而耽误时间。每次检修完后都应检查备品备件数量,发现不够时要及时与物质采购部联系进行必要地补充,确保检修时不会因无备品备件而影响检修时间与质量。

青岛西海岸公用事业集团易通热电有限公司新能源分公司_中标190922

招标投标企业报告 青岛西海岸公用事业集团易通热电有限公司新 能源分公司

本报告于 2019年9月22日 生成 您所看到的报告内容为截至该时间点该公司的数据快照 目录 1. 基本信息:工商信息 2. 招投标情况:中标/投标数量、中标/投标情况、中标/投标行业分布、参与投标 的甲方排名、合作甲方排名 3. 股东及出资信息 4. 风险信息:经营异常、股权出资、动产抵押、税务信息、行政处罚 5. 企业信息:工程人员、企业资质 * 敬启者:本报告内容是中国比地招标网接收您的委托,查询公开信息所得结果。中国比地招标网不对该查询结果的全面、准确、真实性负责。本报告应仅为您的决策提供参考。

一、基本信息 1. 工商信息 企业名称:青岛西海岸公用事业集团易通热电有限公司新能 源分公司 统一社会信用代码:91370211334195493K 工商注册号:370211120004502组织机构代码:334195493法定代表人:赵军田成立日期:2015-04-23 企业类型:有限责任公司分公司(非自然人投资或控股的法人 独资) 经营状态:注销 注册资本:/ 注册地址:山东省青岛市黄岛区相公山路723号 营业期限:2015-04-23 至 / 营业范围:为上级公司联系业务。(依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动)联系电话:*********** 二、招投标分析 2.1 中标/投标数量 企业中标/投标数: 个 (数据统计时间:2017年至报告生成时间)

2.2 中标/投标情况(近一年) 截止2019年9月22日,根据国内相关网站检索以及中国比地招标网数据库分析,未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。 2.3 中标/投标行业分布(近一年) 截止2019年9月22日,根据国内相关网站检索以及中国比地招标网数据库分析,未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。 2.4 参与投标的甲方前五名(近一年) 截止2019年9月22日,根据国内相关网站检索以及中国比地招标网数据库分析,未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。 2.5 合作甲方前五名(近一年) 截止2019年9月22日,根据国内相关网站检索以及中国比地招标网数据库分析,未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。 三、股东及出资信息 截止2019年9月22日,根据国内相关网站检索以及中国比地招标网数据库分析,未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。 四、风险信息 4.1 经营异常() 截止2019年9月22日,根据国内相关网站检索以及中国比地招标网数据库分析,未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。 4.2 股权出资() 截止2019年9月22日,根据国内相关网站检索以及中国比地招标网数据库分析,未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。 4.3 动产抵押() 截止2019年9月22日,根据国内相关网站检索以及中国比地招标网数据库分析,未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。 4.4 税务信息() 截止2019年9月22日,根据国内相关网站检索以及中国比地招标网数据库分析,未查询到相关信息。不排除因信息公开来源尚未公开、公开形式存在差异等情况导致的信息与客观事实不完全一致的情形。仅供客户参考。

青岛热电集团有限公司简介

青岛热电集团有限公司成立于1993年,属于国有独资大型热电联产企业,主要担负着青岛市企、事业单位和居民供热及部分发电任务,同时,供热市场辐射黄岛、平度、莱西、即墨、城阳等县市区域。集团公司先后成立了工程公司和具有甲级设计资质的设计院,逐步形成了热电联产、区域锅炉、热网输配等多种供热形式并存,集供热、发电、热力设计、工程施工、热力产品制造经营为一体的完整产业链。 目前,热电集团为全省地方最大供热企业。企业资产总额48亿元,年销售收入16.2亿元,所属企业16个,职工2200余人,年供蒸汽312万吨,年发电能力9.3万千瓦,已建成蒸汽管网145.43公里,热水管网1552.93公里,供(换)热站294座,供热面积3561万平方米,拥有单位用户292家,居民用户28.8万余户。 集团公司先后被评为全国AAA级信用企业、全国建设系统文明服务示范窗口单位、思想政治工作先进单位、企业文化建设先进单位、精神文明建设先进单位;山东省文明单位、节能先进企业、思想政治工作优秀企业;青岛市和工商年度免检企业、安全生产先进单位、廉洁勤政先进单位;山东省供热协会副理事长单位。 自成立以来,公司始终秉承“关爱社会、服务民生”的企业宗旨和“励精图治、锲而不舍”的企业精神,贯彻科学发展,创新经营管理,实现了企业快速发展。1996年在全国供热行业首家推出社会服务责任赔偿制度,1997年在山东省供热行业首家进行了股份制改造,1998年在山东省供热行业首家成功地进行了集团产权制度改革,1999年在全国同行业中首家通过了ISO9001国际质量认证,并先后通过了ISO14001环境管理体系和GB/T28001-2001职业健康安全管理体系认证,2001年公司成为全国供热行业中首家申请注册服务商标的企业,推出“暖到家”服务品牌,并被评为山东省著名商标和服务名牌。“青岛热电”正在逐步步入标准化、规范化、品牌化的发展轨道。 招聘专业及人数: 1、结构专业1人(研究生); 2、建筑专业1人(研究生); 3、技经专业1人(研究生); 4、焊接技术与工程1人; 5、无损检测专业1人;

五大电力发电厂及下属详细

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