毛荣贵翻译讲义
一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录
第1讲“翻译”溯源
第2讲翻译的本质
第3讲翻译的标准
第4讲翻译面面观
第5讲翻译必有“失”/ 失于此而得于彼（两讲合并）第6讲翻译与联想
第7讲翻译与语法
第8讲翻译与语体
第9讲翻译与语篇
第10讲英汉十大差异
第11讲形合与意合
第12讲代词的困惑
第13讲Connotation的翻译
第14讲翻译与词典
第15讲以“模糊”求精确
第16讲落笔知轻重译文讲分寸
第17讲翻译最难是口吻
第18讲翻译与形象思维
第19讲翻译与灵感思维
第20讲英语修辞的翻译（包括连接三讲）
第21讲翻译中的文化冲击
第22讲思维是语言的脊梁（两讲合并）
第23讲翻译美学之思考（两讲合并）
二．汉英翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录
第1讲汉译英呼唤文字功力
第2讲语篇与翻译
第3讲：英汉语美感比读（两讲合并）
第4讲：理性概译：翻译之坦途
第5讲：英语句式的亮点：非人称主语句（两讲合并）
第6讲：汉译英有用的句型（两讲合并）
第7讲：类析汉译英常见拙译（三讲合并）
第8讲：从“湖光山色”的英译说开去（两讲合并）
第9讲：Denotation和Connotation（两讲合并）
第10讲：翻译，你的本质是什么？
第11讲：归化与异化----汉语习语的英译
一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之练习
第1讲“翻译”溯源
试将下列文字译成汉语：
1/ Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)
2/ Translation may be defined as follows:
The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)
3/ A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation. 1791)
参考译文
1/ 所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。
2/ 翻译可作如下界定：用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（出发语）的文本材料。
3/ 译文应完全复写出原作的思想。译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。译文应和原作同样流畅。
第2讲翻译的本质
将下列段落译成汉语：
1/ Some professional translation take considerable pride in denying that they have any theory of translation—--they just translate. In reality, however, all person engaged in the complex task of translating posses some type of underlying or covert theory, even though it may be still very embryonic and described only as just being ―faithful to what the author was trying to say.‖（Nida ）
2/ It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Common sense tells us that this ought to be simple, as one ought to be able to say something as well in one language as in another. On the other hand, you may see it as complicated, artificial and fraudulent, since by using another language you are pretending to be someone you are not. The translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original. And since this is so, the first business of the translator is to translate. (Peter Newmark)
参考译文：
1/ 一些职业翻译工作者相当得意地称他们没有翻译理论——他们只顾埋头翻译。然而，事实上，所有从事翻译这项复杂工作的人都具有或隐或掩的理论，尽管这种理论尚处在萌芽状态，或者被轻描淡写地说成“忠实于作者想要说的”。（奈达）
2/ 翻译，就是像原作者把思想变成文字那样，把一个文本的意思译成另一种语言。常识告诉我们翻译应该是简单的，就如一个人能够用一种语言自如表达，也能够用另一种语言自如表达一样。但从另一方面来说，你也许会觉得翻译是复杂的、做作的以及虚假的，因为在使用另一种语言的时候，你实际上在扮演一个非你的角色。翻译不可能是简单的复制，或者，也不可能是如出一辙的原本。既然如此，译者的第一任务就是翻译。(纽马克)
第3讲翻译的标准
请将下列段落译成汉语：
Translation is first a science, which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describe them – here, what is wrong, mistakes of truth, can be identified;
Secondly, it is a skill, which calls for appropriate language and acceptable usage;
Thirdly, an art, which distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired, level of the translation;
Lastly, a matter of taste, where argument ceases, preference are expressed, and the variety of meritorious translation is the reflection of individual differences. (Peter Newmark)
参考译文：
首先，翻译是一门科学，它需要对事实的认知、核查，需要懂得描述这些事实的语言---- 错误的内容，错误的事实，应该得以鉴别。
第二，翻译是一种技巧，它需要恰当的语言和约定俗成的用法。
第三，翻译是一门艺术，它识优辨劣，是一种创造性的、凭直觉的，有时是闪烁灵感的翻译。
最后，翻译是一种风格，它弥合了分歧，显示了个人的偏爱，形形色色精彩纷呈的译文折射了译者的特点。（纽马克）
第4讲翻译面面观
试将下列句子译成汉语：
1/ No hand can make the clock strike for me the hours that we are passed.
2/ It is very difficult to know people and I don’t think one can ever really know any but one’s own countrymen.
3/ They never fail who die in a great cause.
4/ A lie can be halfway round the world before the truth has got its boots on.
5/ So swift was the advance that the German did not have time to destroy the harbor facilities at Antwerp.
6/ The record was considered soft since it was set last May.
7/ Work is the grand cure of all the maladies and miseries that ever beset mankind.
8/ Then she saw her husband and two middle-aged men who looked like brokers siting at a table in the corner.
9/ We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.
10/ Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.
11/ As the police put it, anything you say may be used as evidence against you. If handwriting reveals character, writing reveals it still more.
12/ Pursue your object, be it what it will, steadily and indefatigably.
参考译文：
1/ 光阴如流水，一去不复返。
2/了解人不是一件容易的事；我觉得一个人除掉他本国人以外，很难说真正了解什么人。3/为伟大事业而死，决不是失败。
4/ 真话未出门，谎言行千里。
5/ 盟军进展神速，德军来不及破坏安特卫普的港口设施。
6/ 这个记录是去（今）年五月创造的，人们并不认为这是什么无法超过的记录。
7/ 工作是医治人间一切疾病和厄运的良药。
8/ 不一会儿，她瞧见丈夫跟两个经纪人模样的中年人在屋角的一张桌子边坐着。
9/我们可以读道关于5000年前近东的情况记载，因为在近东，人们首先学会了写字。
10/ 石头不会腐烂，因而远古年代的石器遗留了下来，尽管制作这些器具的人的尸骨早已荡然无存。
11/ 警察有句话：只要你开口，证据就在手。字如其人，文尤如其人。
12/ 不管追求什么目标，都应该坚持不懈。
第5讲翻译必有“失”/ 失于此而得于彼（两讲合并）
1试将下列这段文字译成英语，注意黑体字部分：
It is not only in affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to
create new markets. Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever.The wheels of industry must be kept turning. ―Built-in obsolescence‖ provide the means: goods are made to be discarded. Cars get thinner and thinner. You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.
This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere: i.e. to a bigger wage pocket. The demand for skilled personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind of have led to the ―brain drain‖, t he process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the higher bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor, poorer.
参考译文
不仅是在富裕社会中人们会被多多赚钱的想法弄得不能自拔。对消费品处处有需求，而现代工业则着意要创造新市场。工业品被作得永久耐用的日子已经一去不返了，工业必须时刻更新换代，保持向前发展，而商品的“内设废弃性”则为此提供了途径：制造一件商品，就意味着将来要废弃这件商品。轿车作得越来越单薄。你刚买下今年的新车型，可能就得考虑如何替代它了。
这种实利主义的观念已严重波及教育。如今，越来越少的年轻人为了求知本身的乐趣而求知。每门课程都必须带来实际的好处，比如说更丰厚的工资。由于对技能人才的求远大于供，大公司竞相在学生尚未完成学业之时就先录用他们，为他们提供的是诱人的薪水和附加福利。这样的人才录用策略已导致“人才流失”，也就是高技能人才流向出最高价码的雇主。富国如此这般地从与它相邻的穷国掠走了他们最富才干的公民。在对财神的膜拜已经史无前例的今天，富则更富，穷则更穷。
2．试将下列文字译成汉语，特别注意黑体字部分：
1/ The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter whom he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to their faith.
2/ I took home a briefcase full of troubles. As I sat down on that hot and humid evening, there seemed to be no solutions to the problems thrashing around in my brain. So I picked up a book, settled into a comfortable chair and applied my own special therapy—super-slow reading.
3/ To the end, the Emperor, like an eagle deprived of its wings, remained submissive to his aunt. Ignorance added to a strong character was a double curse; stupidity joining hands with stubbornness was twice stupid.
4/ The stage of mental comfort to which they had arrived at this hour was one wherein their souls expanded beyond their skins, and spread their personalities warmly through the room.
参考译文：
1/ 世上的莫逆之交可能反目为仇。倾心呵护抚养成人的儿女到头来可能不念养育之恩。我们的至爱亲朋，我们以幸福与名声相托的人，也许会背叛其当初的誓词。
2/ 我带着满满一皮包伤透脑筋的问题回到家里。黄昏时分，既闷热，又潮湿，我坐下来，满脑子翻腾起伏的问题似乎找不到解决的办法。我只好拿起一本书，坐在舒适的椅子里，施展自己的特殊疗法了——那便是超慢速阅读。
3/ 皇上象个剪去双翅的仓鹰，一直对这位大权在握的老伯母必恭必敬，百依百顺。愚而妄，其为祸害则加倍的强烈。愚蠢再与刚愎携手，则愚蠢倍增。
4/ 他们那时所达到的欢畅阶段是：神游身外，脱则形骸，满眼生花，一室生春。
第6讲翻译与联想
试将下列文字译成汉语,特别注意黑体字部分
1/ At the beginning of a romance, a person’s habits may seem unimportant or even endearing, but over the long term his nightly snoring or her thing about never raising the window shades can begin to grate.
2/ The best indication of whether a man or woman is capable of genuine friendship with a mate, social psychologists say, is whether he or she has close, nonsexual friends of the opposite sex. Also important, says Pittman, is whether that person is friends with his parents, since someone still at war with his parents is probably not ready for friendship with a romantic partner.
3/ In a fruitful argument, each partner explains why her or she is mad while the other one listens—with respect. Long-term happy couples also tend to argue calmly. Loss of control—yelling, sobbing—seldom helps solve problems. ―Couples whose relationship has improved over time usually have learned to keep the lid on arguments,‖ says Gottman. ―They de-escalate anger by suggesting a compromise or solution.‖
4/ Feelings of love may wax and wane during a relationship, but trust is constant. Infidelity is the most devastating betrayal of trust a couple can experience. That survey found that when one partner had sex outside the relationship, the couple were more likely to break up. Even a little bit of infidelity can set forces in motion that eventually wrech a marriage. Only when we trust our lover to be faithful and know that he or she can trust us do we fell comfortable and at peace with our own conduct and our relationship.
5/ Successful couples don’t take each other for granted but work constantly at rejuvenating their good feelings for each other. The most satisfied couples put the thought and energy into their relationship that they put into their children or career.
参考译文
1/ 罗曼史伊始,个人习惯似微不足道,抑或还惹人喜爱.但是久而久之,他夜半的鼾声,或是她从不卷启窗帘的小节开始令人不快。
2/ 社会心理学家认为,一个男人和一个女人是否能成为真挚友谊的相托者,其最佳标志是:他或她是否具有亲密而又无性关系的异性朋友.皮特曼说,此人与其父母是否友好也不可忽视。既与父母为敌，也许与情人无友情而言。
3/ 一个富有成果的争论中，双方解释他或她为何激怒，而另一方则洗耳恭听。长久的和睦夫妇惯于冷静地争辩。失去控制——吼叫、哭泣——无济于事。“经岁月磨合了关系的夫妇通常学会调控争吵。”高特曼说，“他们会用提出让步与解释来息怒。”
4/ 卡拉斯勃龙说：“朝夕相处，爱情会退潮，但是彼此信任却天长地久。”不忠，是一对夫妇所经历的对信任的最大破坏。据一项对6000名夫妇的调查，社会学家菲力普·勃鲁斯坦和柏泼·斯克华尔兹发现：一旦一方有外遇，夫妇即可能分道扬镳。“甚至一丁点的不忠也能最终导致婚姻的破裂。”斯克华尔兹说，“只有我们确信爱人忠贞不渝，并知道他或她可信赖我们，我们才能对我们自己的行为与关系感到心安理得。”
5/ “成功的夫妇不是想当然地彼此相处，而是不断努力让彼此的好感情不断更新。”耶鲁的罗伯特·斯坦勃格说，“最感满足的夫妇将其心思与精力投入其关系，又将其关系投入其子女及职业。
第7讲翻译与语法
请将下列各句译成汉语，注意黑体字部分：
1/ I must confess that I did not expect a speech about oysters here, I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact of the atomic cataclysm.
2/ By now I can count the blows again. The only pain I feel is in the lips I have been biting.
3/ I took the hall-porter of the hotel into my confidence, and asked if he had ever heard of Mr.Whiteman.
4/ ―So that’s it? You were trying to hold out on me, weren’t you?‖ She laughed softly.
5/ ―My father’s dying,‖ said Soams between his teeth. ―I’m going up. Give my love to Annette.‖
6/ Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
7/ Moreover, a successful scientist thinks he can improve the existing conditions, whether of pure or applied knowledge.
练习参考答案:
1/ 不瞒您说，我并没有想到会在这里听到讲牡蛎。我原以为广岛还在经受那场原子灾难的影响。
2/ 现在我又可以计算打的次数了，我唯一的痛感来自一直紧咬着的双唇.
3/ 我向旅馆的行李搬运工吐露了心腹话,问他是否听说过惠特曼先生。
4/ “是这样吗？你刚才想把那事瞒过去，是吗？“她和蔼地笑了。
5/ “我的父亲快要不行了，”沙姆士低声说，“我要上伦敦去了。请替我向南安蒂问好。”
6/ 过度的勇气变为蛮勇，过度的爱情变为溺爱，过度的节俭变为贪婪。
7/ 此外，凡是成功的科学家总认为他能够改进无论是基础知识还是应用知识的现状。
第8讲翻译与语体
请将下列两段译成汉语：
1/ At a time when a towering personality like Mme. Curie has come to the end of her life, let us not merely rest content with recalling what she has given to mankind in the fruits of her work. It is the moral qualities of its leading personalities that are perhaps of even greater significance for a generation and for the course of history than purely intellectual accomplishments. Even these latter are, to a far greater degree than is commonly credited, dependent on the stature of character. The greatest scientific dead of her life—proving the existence of radioactive elements and isolating them—owes its accomplishment not under the most extreme hardships imaginable, such as the history of experimental science has not often witnessed.
If but a small part of Mme. Curie’s strength of character and devotion were alive in Europe’s intellectuals, Europe would face a brighter future.
2/ One evening my sister was sleeping in her bedroom upstairs while her eight-year-old son, Jason, was in his room on the first floor. Suddenly she was wakened by a loud crash. A van has run off the road, smacked into the side of the house and come to a stop in the living room. Her
first thought was of her son.
―Jason!‖ she yelled out—and from downstairs her son yelled back, ―I didn’t do it, Ma!‖
参考译文
1/ 在象居里夫人这样一位伟人与世长辞的时候，我们不要仅仅满足于回忆她以自己的科研成果对人类所作的贡献。杰出人物的道德品质，与其纯才智成就相比，也许具有更重大的意义；无论是对于一代人，还是对于历史进程，都是如此。甚至这些才智成就本身也取决于崇高品格，其依赖程度远远超过人们通常所能想见的。
她一生中最伟大的科学功绩——证明了放射性元素的存在，并把它们分离出来——之所以能取得，不仅要归功于她大胆的直觉，而且要归功于她在人们很难想象到的极端艰苦的实践中所表现出来的工作热忱和坚韧毅力，当时条件之艰苦在实验科学史上也是罕见的。
居里夫人的坚毅性格和献身精神，哪怕只有一小部分能在欧洲知识分子身上再现，欧洲也就会迎来更加光辉的未来。
2/ 一天晚上我姐姐睡在楼上的卧室里，她8岁的儿子杰森在一楼自己的房里。突然，她被一阵巨响震醒。一辆运货车偏离了道路，冲入了房内，在客厅里才停住。她的第一个念头是她的儿子。
“杰森！”她大吼道。不料，从楼下传来了她儿子的吼声，“妈，不是我干的！
第9讲翻译与语篇
请改译以下译文：
Love Is Not like Merchandise
爱情不是商品
1/ A reader in Florida, apparently bruised by some personal experience, writes in to complain ―if I steal a nickel’s worth of merchandise, I am a thief and punished; but if I steal the love of another’s wife, I am free.‖
佛罗里达州的一位读者显然是在个人生活中受过创伤，他写信来悲叹道：“如果我偷走了五分钱的商品，我是个贼，就要受到惩罚，但要是我偷走了别人妻子的爱情，我却没事。”
2/ This is a prevalent misconception in many people’s minds that love, like merchandise, can be ―stolen.‖ Numerous states, in fact, have enacted laws allowing damages for ―alienation of affections.‖
这是许多人心目中普遍存在的一种错觉爱情，像商品一样，可以“偷走”。实际上，许多州都颁布法令，允许索取“情感转让”赔偿金。
3/ But love is not a commodity; the real thing cannot be bought, sold, traded or stolen. It is an act of the will, a turning of the emotions, a change in the climate of the personality.
但是爱情并非商品；真情实意不可能购买，出售，交易，或者偷走。爱情是意愿之果，感情之向，是个性潮流之变。
4/ When a husband or wife is ―stolen‖ by another person, that husband or wife was already ripe for the stealing, was already predisposed toward a new partner. The ―lovebandit‖ was only taking what was waiting to be taken, what wanted to be taken.
当丈夫或妻子被他人“偷走”，那个丈夫或妻子被“偷”的条件成熟，已经做好了接纳新伴侣的准备。这位“爱匪”不过是取走等候取走、盼望取走之物。
5/ We tend to treat persons like goods. We ever speak of children ―belonging‖ to their parents. But nobody ―belongs‖ to anyone else; each person belongs to h imself, and to God. Children are entrusted to their parents, and if their parents do not treat them properly, the state has a right to remove from their parents’ trusteeship.
我们往往待人如物。我们甚至说孩子“属于”父母。但是谁也不“属于”谁。每个个人只属于自己，属于上帝。孩子是托付给父母的，如果父母不善待他们，州政府有权取消父母的托管。
6/ Most of us, when young, had the experience of a sweetheart being taken from us by somebody more attractive and more appealing. At the time, we may have resented this intruder—but as we grew older, we recognized that the sweetheart had never been ours to begin with. It was not the intruder that ―caused‖ the break, but the lack of a real relationship.
我们中的多数人年轻时也许都有过情人被某个更漂亮、更具魅力的人夺走的经历。当时，我们也许怨恨这位“窃贼”，但是，随年岁的增长，我们认识到：所谓情人，原本就不属于我们。不是“窃贼”“导致”决裂，而是本来就缺乏真实的关系。
7/ On the surface, many marriages see m to break up because of a ―third party.‖ This is, however, a psychological illusion. The other woman or the other man merely serves as a pretext for dissolving a marriage that had already lost its essential integrity.
从表面上看，许多婚姻似乎是因为有了“第三者”才破裂的。然而这只是一种心理幻觉。那个女人，或者那个男人，实际上掩盖了一个已经失却真正意义的婚姻的解体。
8/ Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than the bitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has ―come between‖ oneself and a beloved. This is always a distortion of reality, for people are not the captives or victims of others —they are free agents, working out their own destinies for good or for ill.
因爱情破裂而痛苦，因别人“插足”于自己与心上人之间而生复仇之心，是最没有出息、最自欺欺人的了。这是对事实的歪曲，因为谁都没有给别人当俘虏或牺牲品，他们都是自由的，不论命运是好是坏，都自己来做主。
9/ But the rejected lover or mate cannot afford to believe that his beloved has freely turned away from him —and so he ascribes sinister or magical properties to the interloper. He calls him a hypnotist or a thief or a home-breaker. In the vast majority of cases, however, when a home is broken, the breaking has begun long before any ―third party ― has appeared on the scene.
但是，遭离弃的情人或配偶无法相信他的心上人是自由地背离他的，因而他归咎于插足者心术不正或迷人有招。他把他叫做催眠师、窃贼或家庭破坏者。然而，从大多数事例看，一个家的破裂，是早在什么“第三者”出现之前就开始了的。
参考译文：
1/ 佛罗里达州的一位读者显然是在个人生活中受过创伤，他写信抱怨：“如果我偷了五分钱的商品，我便是个贼，便要受罚，但是，如果我从别人那里横刀夺爱，却没事。”
2/ 这是一个普遍的误解：爱情，犹如商品，可以“偷走”。实际上，许多州都颁布了法令，允许索取“情感转让”赔偿金。
3/ 然而，爱情并非商品；真爱，买不到、卖不了、不能交换、也不能偷盗。爱情，是
意志行为，是感情转折，是个性风标的转向。
4/ 当丈夫或妻子被“盗”，其实，该丈夫或该妻子被“盗”的时机已经成熟，他/她早已移情别恋，“爱匪”盗走之物，等候盗贼的光顾久矣。
5/ 我们往往视人如物。我们总是说孩子“属于”父母。但是，在这个世界上，谁也不“属于”谁。每个人只属于自己，属于上帝。孩子不过是托付给了父母，如果父母不善待孩子，州政府有权取消父母的托管权。
6/ 或许，我们中的多数人，年轻时也许都有过这样的经历：情人被某个更漂亮、更具魅力的人夺走了！当时，我们怨恨过这位“入侵者”，但是，随年岁的增长，我们认识到：所谓情人，原本就不属于我们。不是“入侵者”导致决裂，而是本来就缺乏坚实的关系。
7/ 从表面上看，许多婚姻好像毁在“第三者”手里。然而，这只是一种心理幻觉。第三者不过是一个表象，它瓦解了一个早就失却了其内在完整性的婚姻而已。
8/ 世上最没有出息、最自欺欺人之事莫过于因失却爱情而痛苦，因第三者的“插足”而萌生复仇之念。这其实是对事实的歪曲，因为人，并非他人的“俘虏”或“牺牲品”，他们都是自由的，命运是好是坏，都应该自己作主。
9/ 然而，遭离弃的情人或配偶实在无法相信他心爱的人是自觉自愿地离他而去的，因此，他归咎于插足者心术不正或迷人有招。他把他叫做催眠士、窃贼或家庭杀手。然而，从大多数事例看，一个家庭的破裂，远远早于第三者“登场”之前。
。
第10讲英汉十大差异
请将以下短文译成汉语：
原文：
Americans Eat Out More often and Less Healthfully
Although food cooked at home is far more healthful than meals eaten at restaurants, Americans are dining out more than ever, the U.S. Agriculture Department said Tuesday. Restaurant food accounted for（[在数量，比例方面] 占）39 percent of U.S. meals bought in 1996, up from 26 percent in 1970, the department said in a report, ``Away-From-Home Foods Increasingly Important to Quality of American Diet.'' ``While（尽管）the nutritional quality（营养质量）of foods consumed by Americans has improved overall, foods prepared at home are generally much more healthful than away-from-home foods,'' the department said. ``Despite nutritional gains at home, Americans will find it difficult to improve their diets because they purchase so many meals outside the home,'' the study said. While （尽管）the nutritional content of food prepared both at home and in restaurants has improved in recent years, food eaten out contains more of the nutrients Americans typically（一般地；通常）eat too much of, including fat and saturated fat（饱和脂肪）, and less of what is lacking from most diets, such as calcium, fiber and iron. The department recommended nutrition education programs should place more emphasis on teaching U.S. consumers about how to order healthful meals when dining out. Improved diets have been found to prevent risk of heart disease, stroke（中风）, cancer, diabetes（糖尿病）, osteoporosis-related hip fractures（与骨质疏松症有关的髋关节骨折）and neural tube birth defects（神经管先天缺损）. Osteoporosis-related hip fractures cost up to $10.6 billion each year in the United States in medical care expenses, missed work and premature deaths（早亡）, the department said.
参考译文：
美国人外出用餐频繁而饮食健康水准美况愈下
据美国农业部星期二称尽管在家煮烧的食物远比餐馆里所用之餐有益于健康，美国人外出用餐更频繁。餐馆里的食物占1996年美国人购餐的39%，比1970年增长了26%。该部门在报告中称：“外出所用之餐对于美国人饮食质量日益重要”。该部门还称：“虽然美国人消费的食物的营养质量总体改善了。但是，一般来说，家里所备的食物远比外出用餐的食物有益于健康。”研究表明：“尽管在家里用餐能获取养份，美国人发觉他们难以改善自己的饮食，因为他们多次在外购餐。”近年来在家里和餐馆里所备的食物的营养结构都得到了改善，
然而，外出用餐的食物包含了较多典型的美国人汲取过多的养份，包括脂肪和饱和脂肪，也包含了较少多数饮食中所缺少的，如钙，纤维和铁。该农业部提议营养教育计划应更着重于教导美国消费者外出用餐时如何预定有益于健康的一餐。人们发现改善后的饮食结构能预防心脏病，中风，癌症，糖尿病，与骨盆炎相关的髋部骨折以及试管婴儿的神经缺陷所带来的危险。该部门称，在美国与骨盆炎相关的髋部骨折每年在医疗照料费用，医疗失误和早产死亡之上的耗费高达106亿美元。
第11讲形合与意合
请将下列句子译成汉语：
1/ As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.
2/ As water can float a ship, so can it swallow the ship.
3/ Put into an old Chinese proverb, it means that one will never find it difficult to do anything until one has experienced it.
4/ A notion has taken hold in the United States to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them.
5/ As soon as the cinema is in darkness, spotlights are focused on the curtains which are drawn slowly apart, often to the accompaniment of music to reveal the title of the film.
6/ While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.
7/ The church was surrounded by yew trees which seemed almost coeval with itself.
8/ The sea thundered on, over and past, and as it roared by it revealed a hideous sight.
9/ The research work is being done by a small group of dedicated and imaginative scientists who specialize in extracting from various sea animals substances that may improve the health of the human race.
参考译文
1/ 天气很好，我们决定去爬山。
2/ 水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
3/ 用中国的一句老话来说：事非经过不知难。
4/ 在美国有一种根深蒂固的观点，说是只有那些抚养得起子女的人才应鼓励其生育。
5/ 在电影院变成一片漆黑的一刹那见，聚光灯照在徐徐打开的帷幕上，常常在音乐的伴奏下，显露出影片的片名。
6/ 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
7/ 教堂四周，有紫杉环合，两者几乎一样古老。
8/ 狂澜霹雳，隆隆滚远。汹涌波涛，呼啸喧闹了一阵后，一片惨状，顿现眼前。
9/ 一群人数不多，专心致志，富有想象力的科学家，正在研究这项工作，专门研究从各种海洋动物中提取增进人类健康的物质。
第12讲代词的困惑
请将下列各句译成汉语，注意句中的代词：
1/ The shopman offers you a third apple; but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour.
2/ In this way facts lead to ideas, ideas to more facts, these to revised or new ideas and so on. The process never ends.
3/ Although the traditionalist may have good intuitions about his language, his grammar only enables him to make invulnerable statements about language.
4/ This document is the property of Roll-Royce limited and may not be copied or used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied without the express written authority of Roll-Royce limited.
5/ Creep processes are diffusion controlled, and are therefore sensitive to temperature and holding time. This is demonstrated in Fig.2.
6/ Periodic checks are automatically performed to insure that the entire system is operating correctly and that no failures have occurred, unnoticed, that would affect the count data.
7/ The greater capacity of the depth filter usually enable them to be longer before being clogged.
8/ In order to achieve a special level of cleanliness, filtration system must be afforded the same degree of attention normally given to the selection of pumps and valves it serves.
参考译文
1/ 店员给你三个苹果，但这次在吃之前，你把苹果看个仔细发现又硬又青，立刻就说不要这个，因为这只苹果必定是酸的。
2/ 这样，事实产生思想，思想产生更多的事实，更多的事实又产生修正了的或新的思想，等等。这个过程永不止息。
3/ 虽然传统语法学家对自己的语言可能有着良好的直觉，但是，他们的语法只能使自己对语言提出一些无懈可击的论述。
4/ 本资料的所有权属于“罗罗公司”，未经本公司明确的书面许可，不准复制或用于所提供的资料的规定用途不同的任何其他场所。
5/ 蠕变过程是受扩散控制的，所以易受温度和保持时间的影响。这一点可以从图2得到证明。
6/ 计数器能自动地作定期检查，保证整个系统正常工作，并不使那些会影响计数数据的任何故障出现或被忽视。
7/ 深度过滤器的容量越大，通常它们在阻塞之前的使用期越长。
8/ 为了达到规定的清洁度的要求，人们在选择过滤装置时，必须象选择装有过滤装置的泵和阀一样，给予同样程度的注意。
第13讲Connotation的翻译
请将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
Seated behind the front desk at a New York firm, the receptionist was efficient. Stylishly dressed, the firm’s newest employee had a pleasant telephone voice and a natural charm that put clients at ease. The company was pleased : (1) Clearly, this was a person who took considerable pride in personal appearance. David King, the receptionist, is unusual, but by no means unique. (2) Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men, all secretaries and receptionists are no longer necessarily women. The number of men in women-dominated fields is still small and they haven’t attracted the attention that has often followed women advancing in to male-dominated fields, but men are moving into more and more jobs that have traditionally been held by women. Strictly speaking, the phenomenon is not new. For the past several decades, men have been quietly entering fields such as nursing, social work and elementary education. But today no job seems off-limits. Men serve coffee in offices and meals on airplanes. (3) These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions about the types of work men and women can do –but they also produce some undeniable problems for the men who are entering those fields formerly dominated by women.
What kinds of men venture into these so-called ―women’s fields‖? All kinds. (4) ―I don’t know of any definite answers I’d be comfortable with,‖ explains Joseph Pleck, Ph.D., of the Wellesley College Center for Research on women.
参考译文
1/ 很显然，他是个对自己的仪表感到相当自豪的人。
2/ 正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没必要都是男的一样，秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的。
3/ 这些变化中影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女各可以干哪几类工作的看法，但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些领域的男人来说，无疑也带来了一些问题。
4/ 我还没听说过有任何使我感到满意的确切答案。
第14讲翻译与词典
翻译以下句子，对句子里的黑体词查考词典后再作翻译：
1/ Beer is the tipple of choice in Holland, where beer consumption follows hot on the heels of that in Germany, where beer is almost a religion, and Belgium, where they drink it for breakfast and feed it to babes and sucklings.
2/ Most U.S. brands use German brewing techniques as their basis rather than the British version, which produces a less alcoholic, flatter beer.
3/ Kids can catch up on sleep on weekends ---- up to a point. Going to bed in the wee hours and snoozing until noon only disrupts the brain's clock further. It's better to go to bed within about an hour of usual bedtime and then sleep an hour or two later.
4/ No doubt you’ve heard this grim statistic about weight loss: 90 percent of dieters who lose weight regain it ---- and sometimes more ---- within five years. This has become an article of faith among dieters, and it leaves many people hopeless about slimming down.
5/ The public health approach was found to be least effective then tried alone. However, the authors found strong evidence that a ―full court press‖ combination of public policy with other types of interventions works best
6/ Tolken, who was not at the conference but is aware of the scientific findings and concerned about the general trend toward cutting physical education programs, said, ―What we’re doing in the schools, I think, flies in the face of research.‖
参考译文
1/啤酒是荷兰人常饮的酒之一，荷兰啤酒的消费仅次于德国和比利时。在德国，喝啤酒几乎成了每个人的心之所好。在比利时，甚至吃早餐时也喝啤酒，也给娃娃们喝啤酒。
2/美国大多数品牌的啤酒是以德国技术而不是以英国技术为基础酿造的，因为英国的啤酒酒精含量较少，且气也相对不足。
3/周末，孩子们可以作一定程度的补睡。凌晨上床睡觉，一直睡到第二天中午，只会进一步破坏大脑的生物钟。在平时就寝时间一小时内上床，再多睡一两个小时是更好的办法。
4/毫无疑问，你听说过这个有关减肥的无情的统计：百分之九十的减肥者在减肥后的五年内体重复原，有的甚至还增加了。这已经成为动摇减肥者信心的一个问题，使许多人对减肥失去信心。
5/ 已经发现单枪匹马地实施公众健康方案效果最差。然而，作者们已经发现有强有力的证据表明，公众政策和其他方略介入的“全面出击”式的结合作用最理想。
6/ 托尔肯尽管没有参加这次会议，但对这项研究成果是了解的，他对学校削弱体育运动的总趋势表示了关注。他说：“我认为，学校目前的所作所为完全置这项研究成果于不顾。”第15讲以“模糊”求精确
请将下列短文译成汉语：
原文：
Haven't They Seen 'Casablanca'?
1/ Lingering kisses and tearful farewells are to be a thing of the past on the platforms of some of France's biggest railway stations.
2/ In a move decidedly not in keeping with the country's reputation for romance, officials at stations in Paris, Lyon and Marseille have launched new―welcome-filtering operations'' to keep platforms reserved purely for passengers.
3/ ―These operations aim to reduce fraud(欺骗)by preventing people without tickets from boarding trains and to make it easier for trains to leave at the exact time,'' Jean-Luc Obadia, manager of Lyon Part Dieu station, said Tuesday.
4/ Uniformed（身着制服的）staff for the SNCF（abbr. <法>SociétéNationale des Chemins de Fer法国国营铁路公司）rail company will demand to see people's tickets before letting them onto platforms, while their loved-ones will be encouraged to say their good-byes elsewhere in the stations' precincts（区域）.
5/ Officials said a new high-speed link between Paris and Marseille due to open next month
will raise the number of trains traveling between the three cities, making it essential that all trains leave on the dot（准时地）.
6/ ―If you're accompanying a person who is in good health and able to manage alone, we'll ask you to say goodbye before the platform. But if you're with your grandmother and she's carrying a heavy suitcase, we'll let you through,'' Obadia added.
7/ For those left behind at the platform barrier (栅栏), he had a consolatory（慰问的，可藉慰的）t hought: ―I tell people that they won't see the train leave so it won't be so sad.''
（注：关于标题中的Casablanca请参见本书第X页）
参考译文：
别了，“卡萨布兰卡”式的吻别！
1/ 久吻和泪别将称为法国一些主要火车站的一道历史风景。
2/ 在一项置该国浪漫名声于不顾的行动中，巴黎、里昂、马赛车站的官员们开展了一场新的所谓“情侣止步”行动，以便使月台能方便乘客使用。
3/ “此项目活动旨在通过防止无票人员登上列车而减少欺诈行为，同时也让列车正点离站。”里昂Part Dieu车站的经理Jean-Luc Obadia周二说。
4/ 身着制服的法国国营铁路公司的工作人员在允许乘客进入站台之前将进行检票，情侣们将被要求在车站的别处告别。
5/ 官员们称，连接巴黎和马赛的高速列车下月将开通，往返于这三座城市的列车将有所增加，列车正点发车就显得尤为重要。
6/ “如果你送别的乘客身体健康，能独立行动，我们将要求你在月台外告别，当然如果你和你的祖母在一块，她有携带一只沉重的手提箱，我们会让你进入。”Obadia补充道。7/ 对那些被阻在月台栅栏外的人员，Obadia表达了这样一个可聊以自慰的想法：“哎，眼不见，心不烦。”
第16讲落笔知轻重译文讲分寸
试将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skill he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (1) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
(2) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (3) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
参考译文
1/ 因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其它种类的欣喜，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
2/ 一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
3/ 例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
第17讲翻译最难是口吻
将下列两段文字译成汉语，注意行文的口吻
1/ Your friends stopped giving you their doubles, eh? Mooching doubles is a good scam, but you only get the crap nobody else wants (out-of-focus Eiffel Tower, anyone?). It's time to grow up and plunk down some cash for a camera of your own. It's daunting, we know ---- the salespeople use technical jargon, the prices run from $50 to $1,000, and with the advent of digital cameras, you're not even sure what type of camera you want (nobody wants to get stuck with the Betamax of cameras, after all). Don't spaz out ---- we're here to explain the options, outline the prices, and help you deal with tech-happy salespeople. Just say cheese.
2/ Color. What can we say? This is a personal choice. Phones come in many colors from chrome to emerald to basic black. If this is an important consideration to you, you have warped priorities, but hey, we said we'd provide you with all the information, so there you have it.
参考译文：
1/ 朋友不再送你他们加洗的照片了吗？去讨加洗的照片可得动不少脑筋。不料，你得到的只是没人要的废片（焦距没有对准的艾非尔铁塔，有谁要吗？）。现在该像个大人一样，掏出点钱来买一部自己的相机了！不过，这件事可有点棘手。我们知道---- 销售人员满嘴的技术名词，相机价格从50美元到1,000美元不等，而且随着数码相机的到来，你甚至弄不清自己想买何种相机（毕竟没人愿意被beta 制大尺寸磁带录象系统搞得晕头转向）。不必去做小傻瓜！有我们呢，我们来给你解释可能的选择，报一报大概的价格，帮你对付那些以谈论技术为乐的生意人。你呢，只要等着说“cheese”，就行了！
2/ 颜色。颜色，我们能说些什么呢？这可是个个人喜好的问题。手机颜色有铬黄、翡翠绿及常见的黑色等。假如颜色对你来说需要慎重考虑，那么，你一定有自己的偏爱。嗨，我们罗嗦了！不过，我们说过要向你提供全部的信息，于是，就扯上了这些。
第18讲翻译与形象思维
请将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
An office is the ―Brain‖ of a business. (1) In an office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops and factories. These figures guide the managers by telling them what has happened and what is happening. Information comes into an office in all sorts of ways but the main items of information come in regularly. (2) It is part of the job of the clerks to collect and classify that information and to put it into such a form that it is easily interpreted and understood. Offices collect information, then they classify it.
This work of collection is common in a office from the sorting of mail every morning to the accountant’s work in finding out the final figure for the year’s profit. (3) Classification always requires the arrangement of the same kind of information, often into lists or columns. (4) For this work, correctness, accuracy and speed, as in all office work, are essential.
There is no value, however, in collecting figures which mean nothing. Figures are guides which should help us make decisions. (5) The interpretation of information and of tables should tell us where success or failure lies, where profit can be had and where losses occur.
(6) On this kind of information and from the known figures, a choice is made and a series of
such choices may make a policy.
A fire which has three factories may find, for instance, from its figures, that one factory is losing money and a choice may lie between either a change of manager, a cut in production, an increase in production or closure of the factory. Whichever one of these decision is taken becomes the policy. (7) It is clear that a decision leading to a policy can only be as good as the information on which it is based.
Consequently there is a constant search for more and more exact information. (8) Managers will want to have all the necessary facts before they can make the best decision and it is normal for them to seek for more and more information.
参考译文
1/ 在办公室，人们将各种数据、表格和资料（信息）加以汇编，使经理或企业主管人
了解商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。
2/ 职员的一部分任务，就是收集资料（信息），分类归类，制成表格；表格要使资料（信息）易于解释，易于理解。
3/ 分类工作始终需要将同类资料加以整理，通常将资料列成表格或专栏。
4/ 对这种工作来说，象所有办公室的工作一样，正确性、精确性和速度，这三者是缺一不可的。
5/ 对资料（信息）和报表所作的解释，务必给我们显示出成败关键之所在，即指出哪里可以牟利以及哪里出现亏损。
6/ 根据这种字（信息）和已知数据，就能作出一种选择，而一系列如此的选择就能制定一项决策。
7/ 很显然，导致形成政策的决定，正确与否只能取决于它所依据的资料（信息）的正确或错误。
8/ 经理务必在掌握一切必要的情况之后，才能作出最佳决定。对经理来说，要求得到越来越多的资料（信息）是很正常的。
第19讲翻译与灵感思维
请将下列段落中划线部分译成汉语：
It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards. (1) In one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities. (2) If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit. (3) Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its timetables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do. (4) Most students would, I believe, profit by a year or so’s exploration of different academic studies, especially those ―all-rounders‖ with no particular interest. They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say,‖I should like to have been an archaeologist. If I hadn’t taken a degree in modern language, I shouldn’t have ended up as an interpreter, but it’s too late now. I couldn’t go back and begin all over again.
(5) There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one’s time at university. (6) This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning.
(7) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honor Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about. (8) It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever-increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.
参考译文
1/ 如果想一想为学生设置的那些门类繁多的课程，就不难发现，对学生来说，要选一门符合其兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。
2/ 如果学生进大学，其目的是想获得在人生憧憬方面更广泛的知识，开阔思想境界，并学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有所裨益的。
3/ 由于受课程表和纪律的约束，校内气氛往往令人感到过于拘谨，这使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的作业持有独立见解。
4/ 我认为：大多数学生，特别是那些不偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。
5/ 当然，问题的另一方面是如何最充分地利用上大学的时间。
6/ 某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。
7/ 他一毕业，马上就被他自己选中的一所大学所接受，再花三四年时间，以优异成绩取得荣誉学位，成为一名专家，但对外界的一切事却一无所知。
8/ 因此，如果要学生善于利用上大学的机会，就应该为学生提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的指点。这个问题显得日益重要了。
第20讲英语修辞的翻译（包括连接三讲）
1．试将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (1) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
(2) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even billion as the twenty-fist century opens.
(3) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
参考译文
1/ 石油供应可能随时会被切断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
2/ 必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。
3/ 食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在秒年个粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。
2．请将段落中划线部分译成汉语：
Taking all this account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?
To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (1) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.
In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavoring additives. (2) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more ―unnatural food‖.
参考译文
1/ 这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
2/ 除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度，使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则，人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
3．试将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
―Intelligence‖ at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. (1) There is more agreement on the kings of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is
one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to –it was not designed for such purposes. (2) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
参考译文
1/ 人们对智力所指的有哪些不同表现，比对这些表现如何进行解释或分类，看法更为一致
2/ 批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。
第21讲翻译中的文化冲击
试将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语
(1)―It’s humiliating to be done out of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back,
but it is the effort to find a new job t hat really hurts.‖ Some workers, like Jane Mathesen, are retrained to handle the new equipment, but often a whole new set of skills is required and that means a new and invariably smaller, set of workers. (2) The old workers, trapped by their limited skills, often never regain their old status and employment. Many drift into marginal area. They feel no pride in their new work. They get badly paid for it and they feel miserable, but still they are luckier than those who never find it.
(3) The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary – that new technology will eventually create as many jobs as it destroys. (4) But futurologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done.‖ We should treat this as an opportunity to give people more leisure. It may not be easy, but society will have to reach a new unanimity on the division and distribution of labor.‖ Seymour says. He predicts most people will work only six-hour days and four-day weeks by the end of the century. But the concern for the unemployed is for now.
(5) Federally funded training and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers are under way, but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology. For the next years, for a substantial portion of the workforce, times are going to be very tough indeed.
参考译文
1/ 被一台机器抢走你的工作是很伤自尊心的，可又没法还击，但真正伤我心的是要费很大的劲去寻找新的工作。
2/ 老工人由于处于技术掌握很有限的困境，往往不能重新获得其原有的地位和就业机会。
3/ 要付出的社会代价远远超过政府在福利与失业救济方面的开支。
4/ 未来的科学家海曼·西摩说，新技术所具有的惊人效率意味着所需要的劳力将出现一个绝对的和直接的净减数。
5/ 为失业工人提供的由联邦政府资助的培训计划和免费重返学校学习的计划目前都在实施中，但专家中几乎没有人认为这些计划能跟上新技术的发展步伐。
第22讲思维是语言的脊梁（两讲合并）
1. 将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly complicated equipment in elaborately designed laboratories. (1) Owing to the large sums of money involved, it was then felt essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels with clearly-defined objectives. In this way it was considered that the quickest
and most practical results could be obtained. This, then, was programmed (programmatic) research.
One of the effects of this organized and standardized investigation is to cause the scientists to become increasingly involved in applied research (development), especially in the branches of science which seem most likely to have industrial applications. (2) Since private industry and even government departments tend to concentrate on immediate results and show comparatively little interest in long-range investigations, there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to the applied field, where there are more jobs available, frequently more highly-paid and with better technical facilities than jobs connected with pure research in a university.
Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this system, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science – and not only pure science, but applied science as well.
参考译文
1/ 由于涉及到大笔科研经费，因此有必要把这些人力和物力投入到目标明确的具体研究方面。
2/ 由于私营工业、甚至政府部门都注重快速取得成果，并对长期性研究缺乏兴趣，所以科学家不断从理论科学研究领域转移到应用科学研究领域，因为后者能够提供更多的工作机会，而且通常是待遇优厚，技术设施比大学理论研究工作更良好。
2. 试将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overloaded force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.(1)Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. ―In short‖, a leader of the new school contends, ―the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.‖
(2)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
参考译文
1/ 他们（新学派科学家们）说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”
2/ 工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
第23讲翻译美学之思考（两讲合并）
1．试将下列段落译成汉语：
American urbanization went forward in the same climate of the unexpected that has characterized urbanization everywhere. Townsmen, home builders, immigrants, businesses, and governments have made their way in a setting of constant change. They have dwelt in a space they could never know or predict. The settlement , the building and rebuilding, the economy and the governance of American cities thus takes the shape of a history of peoples who brought commonly accepted knowledge and traditions to a situation that demanded continuing adaptation and change.
Today the United States is a thoroughly urbanized nation. Only 3.4 percent of the population still farms, and everyone else, regardless of the size of the settlement, is employed in urban-type jobs. Yet for all the novelty of the present situation, survivals of past stages of American urbanization continues as active tensions within the new totally urbanized setting.
The racial conflicts between whites and blacks, devolving from the seventeenth century enslavement of Africans, grind on. Seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century conflicts
among farmers, village merchants, city brokers, and bankers go forward in the politics of governments-subsidized agriculture and government-managed banking. The rivalries among developers, contractors, and cities that characterized the building of nineteenth century canals and railroads reappear in the politics of interstate highways, and airplanes, telecommunications. The specialized city districts that first took shape in the nineteenth century now have been magnified a thousand times into the giant mosaics of metropolitan suburbs, industrial and office parks, shopping centers, and resort and retirement settlements. The community-destroying tensions of relative poverty amidst great wealth first appeared with urban boom of the early nineteenth century. At that time these tensions found their characteristic outlets in workers; unions. Now riches and poverty are separated into distant enclaves within vast metropolitan regions, and class conflicts appear in the rivalry of economic factions for special advantages within the system of welfare capitalism of the federal government. The American city remains, as in the nineteenth century, the preeminent place of class contrast, but in the current national and international economy of the united States the city is no longer the place where relief can be sought.
参考译文
美国的城市化，在那些毫无预见的人看来，是在其他地方的城市话毫无二致的气氛中进行的。城镇居民、营造家园者、外地移民、商贸往来、政府部门，都在不断变化的环境中拓展。他们生活在一个自己不可能知道，也不可能预见的空间中。因此，美国城市的开拓，建设和重建，经济发展，管理整治，呈现初一种历史形式，即不同的民族把共同接受的知识和传统带到了一个需要不断调整和改变的情势下。
如今的美国已是一个彻底城市化的国家；除了3.4%的人依然务农外，其他人，不管其财产处理方式如何，均从事城市型的工作。尽管当前的情况很新奇，但是，美国城市化过程中各个历史阶段遗留下来的东西，都作为灵敏的张力继续出现在完全城市化的新环境中。
从17世纪非洲人沦为奴隶开始的白人和黑人之间的种族冲突，依然存在；17、18和19世纪农场主、农村商人、城市经纪人、银行家之间的分歧，仍然在政府补贴农业、政府管理银行的政治方面有增无减。19世纪开发者、承包商和城镇一度围绕开渠修路展开的竞争，有重新出现在州际公路、机场和电讯等建设上。19世纪首次形成的专业化市区，如今扩大了上千倍，已成为都市郊区、工业园区、办公园地、购物中心、避暑疗养地等庞大建筑群体。随着19世纪初期城市的繁荣，首先在巨富中间出现了相对贫困造成破坏社区的紧张状况。当时的这种紧张状况主要表现在工人的政治组织、互惠协会和手艺行会之中。现在的贫富分化已在广大城区中形成差异，非常悬殊的社区，阶级冲突已随着经济派别在联邦政府实行的福利资本主义制度内争夺特殊利益而出现。现在的美国城市仍然是像19世纪那样是一个阶级差别鲜明的地方，但是，在美国当前的国家和国际经济中，城市不再是人们可以寻求轻松调剂的去处。
2．试将下列段落译成汉语：
Now we know that all this is caused by the movement of the earth around the sun. As the earth journeys around the sun, it spins on its own axis. This can be illustrated by a simple experiment. If you push a sharp stick through a rubber ball and twirl it with two fingers, the ball spins around in much the same way the earth is spinning at this very movement. The points where the stick comes through the ball correspond to the North and South Poles. If you twirl this ball at night directly in front of a bright light, you will notice that half the ball is lighted up while the other half is in the shade. That is just like our night and day. If you keep the stick strictly vertical to the light and twirl it at an even speed, any spot on the ball’s surface will be in the light and in the shade the same length of time.
f the earth were spinnin
g just like this rubber ball, there would only be day and night on earth, but no seasons, and days would always be the same lengt
h as nights – 12 hours each. But that is not how the earth spins. It spins with its axis tilted. Its axis is always at the angle to the plane of its orbit – an angle of about 23.5 degrees.
It is this tilting that accounts for our four seasons and the lengthening and shortening of days and nights. For this reason also, the Equator (an imaginary line drawn around the earth at equal distance from the two poles) is not always directly under the sun’s rays. For six months the earth is tilted towards the sun, and the Northern Hemisphere gets more than its share of sunlight every day. Days are longer than nights, and what is more, the sun’s rays come down more perpendicularly
instead of slanting down.
参考译文
现在我们知道，所有这一切现象都是由于地球围绕太阳转动而产生的。地球绕着太阳运行时是围绕自身的轴旋转的。这可以用简单的实验来说明。如果把一根尖头棒插进皮球，用两个手指使它转动起来，橡皮球的旋转与地球此时此刻的自转极为相似。尖头棒穿过的两处相当于地球的南极和北极。如果在夜间正对着明亮的灯光转动，就会发现半个皮球被照亮了，而另外半个在阴暗处。这种情况正好同我们的白天黑夜的现象相同。如果使尖头棒完全与灯光垂直，以均匀的速度加以转动，球面的任何一点在亮处和暗处的时间长短是相同的。
如果地球完全像这个橡皮球一样转动，那么，地球上就只有白天和黑夜，没有季节，而白天和黑夜一样长---- 各是12小时。但是地球并不是那样转动的。它旋转时地轴是倾斜的。地轴同地球轨道平面总是成一个角度---- 大约二十三度半的角度。
就是这样的倾斜角度才使我们有四个季节。有昼夜长短的变化。由于同样的缘故，赤道（离两极距离相等的地方围绕地球的一条假想的线）并不总是在阳光垂直照之下。白天就比黑夜长，而且，阳光不是斜射，而是以比较直的角度向下照射。
二．汉英翻译理论与实践课程之练习
第1讲汉译英呼唤文字功力
翻译练习：
等待
他们认识了三年。二人同是羞涩内向，个性保守。他从来没有在她面前提过爱，然而，她依稀可从她羞涩眼眸中察觉到那一股灼灼爱意。几次三番，她向他暗示鼓励，他却仍是木呐呆傻，不敢开口。岁月飘逝，三年后，她跟另一个男孩订婚了，在订婚前夕却仍忘不了他。
“如果他现在开口，说出那一句话，我还愿意回到他的怀抱。”在亲友的祝福声中，她这么想。可是，他什么也没表示，只不过眼神里多了一股淡淡的忧郁。
终于，到了结婚前夕，在她新婚的喜悦中却掺杂着一股淡淡的哀伤。
“如果他现在开口，说出那一句话，我还愿意放弃一切，选择这份迟来的幸福。”在试穿新婚礼服的一刻她这么想着，可是他什么也没表示，只不过眼神中的忧郁更浓了些。
50年后，二人都已白发苍苍。终于，她先倒下去，在病危中，他远从外地来看她。她紧紧握住他的手，把一生中的疑惑与等待化成一句问话：“告诉我，你究竟在等待什么？”他四顾无人，颤抖着声音说出了也是一生中的彷徨与等待：“我在等你。”“等我什么？”“等你先开口啊！”
参考译文：
WAITING
They had known each other for three years. Both of them were of the conservative type, shy and inhibited. Although he had never mentioned the word of ―love‖ before her, yet she could vaguely detect that passion burning in his diffident look.
She dropped him one hint after another to encourage him; however, he remained a big fool, never daring to confess it. Water flowed on under the bridge. Three years later, she was engaged to another young man. On the eve of her engagement, her thoughts went to that young man.
―If he comes and proposes now, I’m still willing to go to him,‖ she brooded, amidst the congratulations of her relatives and friends.
Yet, he did nothing of the kind. Added to the shyness of his look was a faint streak of melancholy.
Soon, it was the eve of her marriage. The happiness of the happiest girl was not untempered
with a touch of sadness.
―Even if he should come and propose now, I would give up all this to embrace the bela ted happiness,‖ she repeated to herself as she tried on her bride’s gown. But again he hid his feelings, only his eyes betrayed greater misery.
Fifty years passed. The passage of time had dyed their hair silvery white. She was the first to collapse. When she was in a critical condition, he came from a far-away place to have a last look at her. Holding his hands in a tight grip, she asked him one question, into which she had compressed the wondering and expectations of her lifetime.
―Tell me, what on earth have you been waiting for?‖
―Waiting for you to…‖ he mumbled out his life-long hesitation and expectations only when he had made sure that no one else was within hearing.
―For me to do what?‖
―For you to break the ice!‖
第2讲语篇与翻译
翻译练习：
况且，一想到昨天遇见祥林嫂的事，也就使我不能安住。那是下午，我到镇的东头访过一个朋友，走出来，就在河边遇见她；而且见她瞪着的眼睛的视线，就知道明明是向我走来的。我这回在鲁镇所见的人们中，改变之大，可以说无过于她的了：五年前的花白的头发，即今已经全白，全不像四十上下的人；脸上瘦削不堪，黄中带黑，而且消尽了先前悲哀的神色，仿佛是木刻似的；只有那眼珠间或一轮，还可以表示她是一个活物。她一手提着竹篮，内中一个破碗，空的；一手柱着一支比她更长的竹竿，下端开了裂：她分明已经纯乎是一个乞丐了。
参考译文：
Besides, the thought of my meeting with Xianglin’s Wife the previous day was preying on my mind. It had happened in the afternoon. On my way back from calling on a friend in the eastern part of the town, I had met her by the river and knew from the fixed look in her eyes that she was going to accost me. Of all the people I had seen during this visit to Luzhen, none had changed so much as she had. Her hair, streaked with grey five years before, was now completely white, making her appear much older than one around forty. Her sallow, dark-tinged face that looked as if it had been carved out of wood was fearfully wasted and had lost the grief-stricken expression it had borne before. The only sign of life about her was the occasional flicker of her eyes. In one hand she had a bamboo basket containing a chipped, empty bowl; in the other, a bamboo pole, taller than herself, that was split at the bottom. She had clearly become a beggar pure and simple. 第3讲：英汉语美感比读（两讲合并）
翻译练习1：
盼头
细娃盼过年，大人盼开春。儿时，对于大人的盼是不能理解的，但过年，对我来说，可是一年的大盼头了。过年，不但好玩，且有肉吃，那气氛是迷人的。年一过，又盼日子快些流，好流来又一个春节。
在盼中，日子真的流得飞快，转眼上了小学，继而初中，然后高中，最后大学；盼的欲望更加强烈，盼的内容也越渐丰富了：盼有好成绩毕业，盼有一份好工作，盼事业有成，盼挣钱替父母分忧，盼有一个好爱人……不知不觉，天天踩着盼的石阶而上，自己竟成了一个大男人，一个挣钱养家糊口的忙碌人了。
生活开始变得复杂。然而，无论自己是否变得庸俗，变得伟大，盼头依然天天有：盼信件，盼稿件被采用，盼发奖金，盼某事有满意结果，盼一次聚会、一次旅行……人就在盼中找到了依托。
没有盼头的日子是苍白不可想象的。人，得天天有点什么盼头，生活才不至于暗淡。有了盼头，会觉得太阳每天都是新的。不管是望梅止渴，还是画饼充饥，它都会激励你不
第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位，那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下，进行语篇翻译时，无论是英译汉还是汉译英，基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时，即使是一个很长的句子，一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑，搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英，有时句子较长，可以根据意群进行切分，然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比，了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处，对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构，即S+V（主语+谓语动词）的结构，即使是祈使句，也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展，但总不外乎五种基本变化。 （1）S+V：He langhed. （2）S+V+Ｏ：Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3）S+V+Ｏ＋Ｏ.c. We heard them quarrelling. （4）S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. （5）S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构，而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构，其中主语一般是动作的发出者（doer\agent)或动作的承受者（doee)，即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式，有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例（1）至（5）的意思，中文也有与英文相似的结构，分别为： （１）Ｃ：他笑了。 （２）Ｃ：玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 （3）C：我们听见他们争吵。 （4）C：他给我一些一手资料。 （5）C：他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 （一）主谓结构（S + V ） 例1：他没来。（S + V ） He didin’t come. 例2：全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3：我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4：你能递给我那本书吗？( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5：他看上去很失望。（S + link. V + P） He looks disappointed.
从翻译美学角度 对比分析《声声慢》英文译本 姓名：邢娜 学号：2120111442
从翻译美学角度对比分析《声声慢》英文译本 姓名：邢娜 学号：2120111442 摘要：诗歌是人类文学殿堂的瑰宝，是最为纯粹的文学形式。古诗英译不能仅仅 满足于忠实对等，更要在目的语中再现美感。本文从讨论翻译美学和翻译学“三美”，即意美，音美和形美出发阐述了诗歌翻译美学，并在解读李清照的《声声慢》的基础上，对美国肯尼思.雷克斯罗斯、我国许渊冲和徐忠杰的三种英文译 本做了详细的对比分析，进一步诠释了翻译诗歌美学，并对比总结出“三美原则” 在译作中的艺术体现。 关键词：《声声慢》，翻译美学，“三美”，译本，艺术 第一章李清照与《声声慢》 李清照（1084—约1151），号易安居士，山东历城（今济南市）人，著名学 者李格非之女，自幼博通诗书。她写的词风格清新，语言明白如话，在艺术上独 有成就，曾被称为“易安体”，被目为婉约派正宗，对词的看法相当保守。其词 前期多写悠闲生活，后期多悲叹身世，苍凉沉郁，有的也流露出对中原的怀念。《声声慢》，中国文学史上的“叠音绝唱”，是李清照后期因国破家亡流落异乡 所作的词，是其代表作之一。这首词一共用了九次叠音，尤其是开篇七叠连用，音凄情苦，自古以来令人哀伤叹绝。 李清照在宋代众多词人中，可以说是独树一帜，此首《声声慢》是她晚年的 名作，历来为人们所称道。此时正值外敌入侵，她在故乡山东的房子也被敌兵付 之一炬。丈夫已病死，而夫妻二人费尽半生心血所收藏的金石文物也在慌忙避难 过程中丢失殆尽。作者当时已经年近五十，这一连串的打击使她尝尽了国破家亡、颠沛流离的苦痛。于是在深秋的某一天，作者写下了《声声慢》这首词，通过描
中国人民大学学报2007年第5期J OU RNAL OF RENMIN UNIV ERSIT Y OF CHINA No15 2007 中国当代翻译美学发展的回顾与思考 李 洁 [摘要] 中国当代翻译美学立足于中国传统译论,并对之进行现代转换,吸收西方译论的研究和论证方法,借鉴现代美学的基本理论和结构框架来阐释翻译的机制和功能。经过十几年的发展,它已经成为一个具有中国特色的、具有跨学科特点的、有别于西方翻译理论模式的翻译研究学派,使中国的翻译理论带上了鲜明的民族特色。翻译美学还有待进一步发展和完善,它体现着中国译学的发展和创新,有利于中国翻译理论在世界译论界占有一席之地。 [关键词] 翻译美学;翻译理论;传统译论 [作者简介] 李洁:苏州大学外国语学院博士研究生,辽宁大学外国语学院讲师(辽宁沈阳110036) 当前,在大量引进西方翻译理论加强我国翻译学科建设的同时,一些学者提出了翻译研究的本土视角观念,即建设有中国特色的翻译理论,并使中国译论走向世界。许渊冲、刘宓庆等学者在这方面做出了很大贡献。“中国翻译学要不要有中国特色实际上是一个文化价值观取向的问题。”[1](Pvii)“中国的翻译理论体系,完全不必步西方后尘,东西方可以各有千秋,相互借鉴。”[2](Pxiv)翻译美学在当前就被认为是这样一个具有中国特色的、具有跨学科特点的、有别于西方翻译理论模式的翻译理论学派,它使中国的翻译理论带上了鲜明的民族特色。 本文对中国当代翻译美学发展做回顾和梳理,旨在理清脉络,总结得失,发现问题,对翻译美学理论的发展和完善进行思考和探讨。 一、翻译美学理论是有中国特色的翻译理论 在方梦之主编的《译学辞典》中,翻译美学被界定为:“揭示译学的美学渊源,探讨美学对译学的特殊意义,用美学的观点来认识翻译的科学性和艺术性,并运用美学的基本原理,提出翻译不同文本的审美标准,分析、阐释和解决语际转换中的美学问题。在充分认识翻译审美客体(原文)和审美主体(译者)基本属性的基础上,剖析客体的审美构成和主体的翻译能动作用,明确审美主体与审美客体之间的关系,提供翻译中审美再现的类型和手段,以指导翻译实践。”[3] 为什么说翻译美学理论是有中国特色的翻译理论呢? 第一,中国的传统译论几乎都具有哲学—美学渊源。从支谦的“不加文饰”,道安的“案本而传”,玄奘的“文质统一,圆满调和”,到严复的“信达雅”,马建忠的“神似”,傅雷的“重神似不重形似”,以及钱钟书的“化境”理论,等等,可以说,中国传统译论的理论基础就是美学(指体现在中国传统诗论、文论、书论和画论中的古典文艺美学思想)。无论是翻译理论的术语,还是翻译研究的方法都受美学的影响,体现着美学的特点。可见,翻译理论与美学联姻是我们的传统和特色,而当代的翻译美学理论研究是对我国传统的继承和发扬。 — 9 3 1 —
Final Guide to 2011 MBA T est --- A Bird’s Eye View T ype I Social Phenomenon (Debatable T opic) 1. 近两年，美国的大学入学考试进入中国，吸引了众多家长和中学生的关注。在一些大城市，申请参加考试的人数逐年增加。请对此现象谈谈看法。 Paragraph One Nowadays more and more Chinese high school students choose to apply for American college entrance test. This phenomenon has received immediate attention from our society. Relevant concern and discussion can be frequently found in media of every kind. (38 words) (第一段) 现今，越来越多中国高中生申请参加美国大学入学考试。这种现象立刻引起了全社会的关注。相关的关心和讨论能够频繁得出现在各种媒体上。 Paragraph Two Just as every coin has two sides, this phenomenon is no exception. People vary greatly in their viewpoint. Some argue that it’s understandable for Chinese students to take this action. They even add that American test is another good choice for those students. Of course, other people have radically different view. For them, American test comes as a competition to Chinese test system. They fear that our best students will be lost in this way. Besides, one more test means another burden to the students. (85 words) (第二段）正如每个硬币都有两面，这种现象也不例外。人们对这个现象观点不一。有些人认为中国学生这种行为是可以理解的，他们甚至认为美国考试对那些学生来说是另一种好的选择。当然，有些人持不同的观点，他们认为美国的考试对国内的考试体系构成竞争，他们担心我们会流失最好的学生。况且，更多的考试对学生存在不好的影响。 Paragraph Three It seems there is no ground for these two groups of people to reach an agreement on this phenomenon. As for me, it’s not bad to have another type of test. Therefore, I insist that there is no need to make a big fuss over the phenomenon. After all, it is up to the students to make the right choice. (60 words) (第三段)眼下看起来，上面的两种人，针对这种现象形成一致意见是没有基础的。就我而言，我认为多一种考试也不错。因此，我认为，针对这种现象，完全没有必要大惊小怪。毕竟，最终做决定的是学生。 2. 据中国青年报的调查，57%的大学生愿意毕业后从事保姆职业。也有33%的大学生认为这样的工作是对人才的浪费，不会选择这个工作。根据这个调查结果，请陈述自己的观点，并给大学生就业提出相关建议。 Paragraph One Nowadays more and more college graduates choose baby-sitting as their first job after graduation from college. This phenomenon has received immediate attention from our society. Relevant concern and discussion can be frequently found in media of every kind. (38 words) 第一段现如今，越来越多的大学生愿意毕业后从事保姆职业。这种现象立刻引起了全社会的关注，相关的评论和报道频繁的出现在各种媒体上. Paragraph Two While there is a heated discussion, even controversy, over the current issue of whether college graduates should do baby-sitting, my view is obvious enough: baby-sitting is a job, and
第一单元词语的翻译（1） 增词法 汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。例如，英语中有词形变化，汉语中没有；英语中大量用连词、介词、关系代词等，而汉语中各成分往往通过内在的关系贯串在一起，不一定或很少使用连词和介词，也没有关系代词。所以，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯，但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 汉译英中的增词 一、根据句法结构需要增词 1．增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多，汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。增加什么样的主语则取决于上下文。 例1：不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless —one perseveres． 例2：怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going to rain. 例3：又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t 1et it graze．Isn’t it ridiculous! 2．增补非人称的或强调句中的it 英语中it除了指天气、时间等外，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中有许多表达方法，英译时需增补it。 例4：一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day． 例5：是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 It’s time we took effective measures. 例6：尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 It’s better to try and fail than never try at a1l． 从以上例句可以看出汉英语言表达思想顺序的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事部分，又有表态部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后。叙事部分比较长，表语部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英语中则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。所以译文中要增补it作先行主语，以便把较短的表态部分放在前面。 下面两个例句中it起强调作用。 例7：我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems． 例8：我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that． 3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 在汉语中，只要从上下文能正确理解，宾语常常可以省略，但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语，因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。 例9：我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice．
一．课堂导入 （以温故提问的方式导入） 1、提问:从高考的特点与考查目的出发,文言文翻译要严格遵循的两个原则是什 么? 第一: 忠于原文,力求做到_____、 _____、 _____ 。(信达雅) 第二: 字字落实,以_____为主,以_____为辅 (直译意译) （①让学生用自己语言表述文言文翻译“信、达、雅”三字原则的理解 ②直译：指译文要与原文保持对应关系，重要的词语要相应的落实，要尽力保持原文遣词造句的特点和相近的表达方式，力求语言风格也和原文一致。意译：指着眼于表达原句的意思，在忠于愿意的前提下，灵活翻译原文的词语，灵活处理原文的句子结构。） 2、提问: 文言文翻译的“六字决”? ①对：一般指把原名中的文言单音词对译为现代汉语的双音或多音词。 ②换：有些词语意义已经发展，用法已经变化，语法已经不用，在译文中， 应换这些古语为今语。 ③留：人名、地名、年号、国号、庙号、谥号、书名、物名都保留不译；与 现代汉语表达一致的词语可保留。 ④删：一些没有实在意义的虚词，如表敬副词、发语词、部分结构助词等，同义复用的实词或虚词中的一个和偏义复词中陪衬的词应删去。 ⑤补：省略的部分；词语活用相应的部分；代词所指的内容；使上下文衔接连贯的内容等。 ⑥调：把文言文中倒装的句子成分调整过来，使之符合现代汉语的语法习惯。前四种方法是用于解词，后二种方法是用于调整文言文特殊句式造成的语序不合现代规范现象。 二．文言句子翻译题的解题步骤： （一）总体分五步： 第一步： 第二步： 第三步： 第四步
第五步： （二）分步解析： 第一步： 通读语句、整体理解 这一步其实是很重要的，告诉学生，翻译的第一步要从整体理解句意入手，不要一拿到题目就一个字一个字的去抠，会出现前后不照应、句意不通顺等毛病，而且也这样容易走入死胡同。初次读句，只要理解句子的大意就行，这为下面推断词义打下基础。 第二步： 找得分点、发现“生词” 这一步是关键，因为挑出来让学生翻译的句子，一定有几个得分点，突破这些点是解题成功的关键。另外，每一位学生由于情况不同，在这些句子中总有几个字是他们一时难以断定词义甚至根本不知词义的“生词”。在这一步中，要让学生用笔把这些字圈出来，然后逐个解决。具体解释词语时，可以给学生提供下面的方法： 第三步：理清句式、调整语序 有很多情况下，因为没有看出句子中所隐藏的特殊句式，导致很多学生翻出来的句子很乱，不合现代文的句子规范。所以，翻译句子一定要把语序理顺。告诉学生，要掌握以下几种文言文特殊句式： 第四步：草拟底稿、连词成句 这一步可以在草稿纸（考试时可以在试卷上）上先大致草拟一下答案，结合上面几步连词成句。 第五步： 调整至答卷 这最后一步即把第四步的草稿再作调整，然后誊写到答卷上，这样既可以保证答案的思路清晰，又可以保持卷面清洁。 总结规律：①做翻译题的时候，应该有踩点得分的意识，要洞悉命题者关键想考查你哪些地方。要抓住翻译的两个关键点：一是关键词，二是特殊句。
英语翻译练习
1. 我写此信的目的是向你解释我上次缺课的原因。 I’m writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time. 2. 首先，我们要对网络持有有正确的态度。 First of all /Firstly/ To begin with/First/In the first place/Initially, we should take a proper attitude to/towards the Internet. 3. 如图所示，每周上网15个小时的中学生占了 60%。 As is shown in the graph/ As the graph shows, those who surf the net over 15 hours account for /make up/ 60 percent of all students. 4.另外，我口语流利，可以和外国朋友自由交流。 Besides/ In addition, I can speak fluent English and communicate with foreigners easily. 5. 大家普遍认为网络在信息社会越来越重要。 It’s generally accepted that the Internet is playing an increasingly important part/role in our information society. 6. 网络能提供国内外各种各样的信息，这有助于我们更好地了解世界。 The internet can provide all kinds of latest information both at home and abroad, which helps us understand the world better. 7. 学校应该开放图书馆、实验室，方便学生使用这些资源。 The school library, labs and computer rooms should be opened, so that the students can have easy access to the resources. 8. 一旦人迷上了一种爱好，其兴趣会持续一生。可见培养良好的兴趣是多么重要！ Once one really becomes absorbed in a hobby, his or her interest may last a life time. So developing good hobbies is of vital importance. 9. 众所周知，如今适应社会是一项基本技能。 It’s known to us all that adapting to society is a basic social skill nowadays. As is known to us all, adapting --- 10. 根据最新的调查，中学生每周上网的时间达到了15个小时。 According to a recent survey, middle-school students spend up to 15 hours a week on the net. 11.希望感兴趣的同学能积极参与这项活动。 Those who are interested in the activity are expected to take an active part in it. 12. 我不仅能当导游，还能当翻译。我一定能成为一个出色的志愿者。 I can not only act as a guide, but also as an interpreter. I’m sure I can be an excellent volunteer. 13. 除了这些传统的活动外，还有旅游、访友等其他活动。 In addition to/Besides/Apart from these traditional activities, we have wider choices, such as travelling and visiting our relatives. 14. 我认为每个学生都申请清华、北大是不明智的。因为这两所名校每年录取的学生有限。 I don’t think it (is) wise for every student to apply for Tsinghua University and Beijing University because the number of students (who are) admitted to the two famous universities is limited every year. 15.然而，大多数学生反对网上交友。 However, the majority of the students are against the idea of making friends online.
填空题复习资料： 1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。 2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。 3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也。”主张“依实出华。” 被人们称为意译的鼻祖。 4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人，物从中国”的翻译思想，而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。 5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出：“严复译《天演论》牟例所 标：‘译事三难：信、达、雅’，三字皆已见此序。” 6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实，通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 7. 按翻译题材，翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。 8．20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子说：“信言不美、美言不信”。 10．20世纪90年代，美籍意大利学者韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论，该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助，但还不足以构成新的范式。 11.斯内尔-霍恩比（Mary Snell-Hornby）在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍：20世纪80年代，西方翻译研究出现文化转向；90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向；而进入新世纪，翻译研究又回到了语言学时代，出现了“U字形转向”（U-turn）。 12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准，提出了功能翻译（Functional Equivalence）(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。 13．辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”，在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度，这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。
翻译专题讲解 一、大学英语四级考试翻译题型概述： 全国大学英语四级考试的最后一个题型是翻译，要求考生在5分钟内处理5个句子，占总成绩5%的比例。这道题不是整句的中译英翻译，而是在英文句子中挖掉一部分，给出中文，要求考生将中文译成英文，使句子完整。句子的长度一般在15个词左右，要求翻译的内容大约有3-8个单词。如：It has been decided that the meeting___________（延期到下星期六）. 四级考试翻译（汉译英）试题难度相对较低，属于考生应该争取拿分的基础题。命题没有在词汇方面设置很高的难度，对考生而言，选择正确的词汇和句型才是更大的挑战。换言之，翻译试题更多考察的是考生对基本语法和基础词汇的掌握能力。 二、重点： 虚拟语气、从句（定语从句、主语从句、状语从句）、比较级、分词、常用词组表达。第一课时：（四级翻译） 1虚拟语气：用来表示非真实的假设，或者用来表示命令、建议或 说话人的主观愿望。考生应能够根据所给的信息判断出需要使用虚拟语气的情况。虚拟语气的表现形式多种多样，一般来说，四级考试常考的虚拟语气形式有如下四种。 1.1 1) The victim (本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time. would have had a chance to survive 2) If she had returned an hour earlier, Mary (就不会被大雨淋了) wouldn’t have been caught by the rain. 1.2特殊动词 在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist、request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形表示虚拟。 真题讲解： 1）The professor required that (我们交研究报告) by Wednesday. We should hand in the research report. 1.3 as if/as though, even if/even though 在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中表虚拟。如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时表虚拟；指现在状况，则用一般过去时表虚拟；指将来状况则用过去将来时表虚拟。 真题讲解： 1）Even if_________（他在这）, she could not solve the problem. she were here 1.4 由连接词in case, lest , for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即
翻译美学论 湖北荆州长江大学东校区外语系 蔡银慧 [摘 要]翻译与美的结合产生了另外一门年轻充满活力的学科:翻译美学。翻译美学以美为特征。本文先简述美的渊源及表现,接着强调了译者求美的要求,最后论述了如何求美。 [关键词]翻译 美学 美 真 一、引言:在众多的人文学科中,翻译与美学的结合,乃珠联壁合;翻译与美学的结合,乃人作之合。 二、翻译美学的渊源及表现 中国传统翻译理论历史悠久,若从最初的佛经译论算起,至今已有1800多年的历史。回顾其漫长的发展史,我们不难发现几乎所有的译论命题都有其美学渊源。历史的定势和文化整体形态的趋现促使译学与美学“相融”,且“浑然一体”。支谦的“不加”文饰,道安的“案本而传”,严复的“译事三难”(信,达,雅),付雷的“神似说”,钱钟书的“化境说”以及许渊冲的“三美论”(音美,形美,意美)等等,皆表明译学与美学结下了不解之缘。这些译论蕴涵着丰富的美学思想,具有显著的文论色彩和贵信,贵和,贵含蓄的美学特征。从美学的特定视角来考察我国译论的思维模式:它更倾向于感情地而非理性地,体验地而非分析地,主观地而非客观地看待翻译及欣赏译文。同时,中国传统译论的理论基础就是美学。显而易见,中国的翻译具有鲜明的美学特征。 爱美之心,人皆有之。语言求美,达意求美,中外皆然也!为求“联想之美”汉语形容女孩子的脸为“鹅蛋脸”(o val face),而不说“鸭蛋脸”;为求“形象之美”,英语用“zebra cr ossing”(斑马线)来表示人行横道线;为求“幽默之美”,英语称第二职业者为“mo onlig ht”(to w or k at anot her job,o ften at nig ht,in additio n to o ne's full-tim e job);为求“静态之美”,英语翻译不管成功与否,我要试一试.“为”I'll have a tr y,sink or sw im.“中外虽然文化习俗各异,也同时求含蓄之美。如,He w as bot h out of po ckets and o ut of spir its by t hat catastr ophe,faild in his health and pro phesied t he speedy r uin of the empir e.(J.M.T hacker ay V anity Fair)其译文为:灾难过后,他的精神蔫了,口袋扁了,身体也不好了,还预言大英帝国很快就会垮台。原文用委婉语o ut of po ckets来替代po or,bankr upt等刺耳而又难以启齿的词,且与o ut of spirits两相照应,对比成趣。译者为了再现其含蓄美,通过联想,用口袋扁了来译之,又一次地把“幽默之美”,“智慧之美”展现的淋漓尽致。美的形式,美的表现有多种,这就使得翻译美学的美千姿百态,引人入胜。 三、译者求美的要求 翻译的过程本身就是一个美化的过程,译者犹如美的使者,把一种美诠释为另一种美。美感就是译者的直觉,是译者艺术气息的挥洒。美感之与他们,犹如灵魂之与肉体,依附于它,却又漂浮不定,译者的翻译若能达此境界,实在是难能可贵。因此,译者在展现美,创造美的过程中,需要注意以下三点: (1)求真尽管爱因斯坦说过,真与美比较,美更重要。求“真不得”,怎言“美”?美富于创造性,美富于想象性。然而美只有在真的基础上,创造性地发挥译语的优势,才能上升为真正的“美”。请看译例: 浔阳江头夜送客,枫叶荻花秋瑟瑟。 主人下马客在船,举酒欲饮无管弦。 其中“主人下马客在船”分别被译为: 1.T he ho st alig hts fr om his hor se,the g uest is aboar d.(唐诗选) 2.I,the host,dismo unted and saw the guest in the bo at. (许渊冲译) 3.Hav ing dismounted our ho rses and boar ded his boat.(张廷琛,魏博思译) 译文1可以把它回译为“主人下了马,客人上了船”,就想是主人下马了之后,目送客人乘船而去。这就和原文的意思大相径庭了;译文2也犯了同样的错误,此句可以回译为“我下了马,看见客人上了船”,好象主人站在岸上目送客人离去。只有译文抓住了原句互文的修辞手法,使译文的意境和原文的意境达到了统一,且没有更改原文的意思。这才真正体现了翻译的真。译文3可以回译为“我们下了马,一齐上了船。” 亦步亦趋,从遣词到选句只是一味得临摹原文,那只是一种机械的翻译方法。没有再现原文的意境,没有转换原文的修辞,没有保持原文的韵味,那就算不上真,更谈不上美。因此,译者不能顾此失彼,应始终以真为根基,然后再去求美。 (2)求全这里的全不是指较全面地反映原文的内涵,而是指应该较全面地存储另一种语言文化,语言背景。这样才能折射出译者的文化内涵修养及智慧之美。如Q ueen's English就不是指女王的具体言辞,而是代表正统的标准的英语。Baby kisser 是“吻婴儿的人”,但暗指那些为拉选票,讨好选民的政客。A m-bulance Chaser不是“追赶救护车的人”,而是指见了官司就趋之若骛的“惟利是图的低级律师”。再来看看另外一个谚语的精彩翻译一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。其译文为:O ne bo y is a bo y,two bo ys half t he boy,t hr ee boys no bo y。如能透彻理解此谚语寓意,在翻译中就无障碍。每一种语言都有自己独特的表达方式,也是另外一种语言无法对等解释的。这就需要译者不断积累,不断补充,再进行创造性地运用,这样美的影子才会突现出来。 (3)求合这里的合指原文的意境与译文的意境相吻合。虽然各种语言都有自己独特的表达方式,另一种语言无法对等解释。但这就又给译者一个巨大的挑战。译者需要有较强的语言转换功能,从而达到两种不同语言的“意合美”。Ev ery life has its ro ses and t ho r ns.译文为每个人的生活有苦有甜。这里把ro ses 和tho rns这两个具体的形象引申为这两个形象所代表的属性甜和苦。这里的译文既完美地展现了原文的意境,有表明了译者扎实的语言转换功底,美感就随之跃然纸上。再来看看这句俗话生在杭州,吃在广州,死在柳州。从表现看,如缺少语感美,其译文将是It's g oo d to live in Hangzhou,t o eat in G uang zho u,and to die in L iuzho u.这当然不算错,可是总是感觉它缺少了一种美的东西,没有将原文的那种意合之美展现出来。然而译者就不能简单机械翻译,需要尽可能地对等再现原文的韵味。富有语感美的译者,其译文将是:T her e ar e thr ee best cho ices in chi-na——living in Hang zho u,eat ing in Guangzhou and buy ing a wo oden co ffin in L iuzho u. 四、如何求美 (1)音韵美节奏韵律是诗歌的灵魂。好的诗歌在欣赏时若能把握其格律,那就是在欣赏一首动听的歌。好的译者在解译时若能用心去感知去品味,那他也是在谱写另一首动听的歌。看看下面的原文与译文: O,Capta in!M y Capt ain! O Captain!M y Captain!Our fearful tr ip is do ne, T he ship has w eather'd ev ery r ack,the pr ize w e soug ht is wo n, T he por t is near,the bells I hear,the peo ple all ex ulting, While follow eyes the steady keel,the vessel g rim and dar-ing, But O heart!heart!hear t! O the bleeding dr ops of r ed! Wher e on the deck my Ca ptain lies, Fallen cold and dead. (W alt Whitm an) — 115 —
六级翻译强化提高班——菜鸟课程 欢迎使用菜鸟课程电子讲义 出题形式 《关于大学英语四、六级考试题型调整的说明》 原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字；六级长度为180-200个汉字。 --全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会 2013年8月14日 翻译？ Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. ——Columbia Encyclopedia 翻译本身一种错误？ Translation is like dancing with chains. Translation is like a girl, the more beautiful, the more unfaithful. Translation is the art of failure. 四六级翻译评分标准 分数档标准特征符合定义 13-15 译文准确表达了原文的意思。用词贴切，行文流畅，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。雅 10-12 译文基本上表达了原文的意思。文字通顺、连贯，无重大语言错误。达 7-9 译文勉强表达了原文的意思。用词欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言错误。 信 大师如何说翻译？ 译事三难：信、达、雅。 --严复 The standard of true; The standard fluent; The standard of beauty. --林语堂 翻译本天成，妙手偶得之 STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and
第八节正反译法 一英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 1. The first bombs missed the target. 2. Predictably, it was Mike who released the secret to Mary. 3. The explanation is pretty thin. 4. It was beyon d his ability to undertake this task. 5. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. 6. The general would rather fight to death before he surrendered. 7. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 8. Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine. 9. I dropped medicine and took up physics． 10. He failed to set a good example for his kids. 二英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 1. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 2. He was an indecisive sort of person. 3. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 4. Don’t lose the opportunities to practice English. 5. Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter． 6. The washroom is at the next corner，you can't miss it． 三同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式 1. The machine is far from being complicated. 2. She is anything but a bright student. 3. The square is no distance at all. 翻译实践: 1. She was at a loss to know what to do.
从翻译美学角度比较《风筝》的两个译本 现今社会，翻译作品甚多，翻译理论对只看重翻译实践的人来说尤为重要。而美学这一学科在西方历史由来已久，发展势头较为迅猛， 集诸多大家之思想，对中国美学的发展起着推波助澜的作用。美学在20 世纪初才在中国被采纳和推广开来，加之中国人特有的审美观念和一大批人文学者对其的研究，也使美学这一外来的又年轻的学科与研究语言文 字的翻译结合在一起，形成了新的跨人文学科。美学对翻译理论有特殊的意义，中国美学对中国翻译理论也具有特殊的意义。翻译美学理论的任务，就是运用现代美学的原理，分析、阐释和解决语际转换中的美学问题，包括对翻译中的审美客体、审美主体和审美客体与接受者的关系 的研究，对翻译中审美体验的一般规律的研究，对翻译中审美再现手段及翻译美的标准的探讨，等等。翻译美学、翻译理论和具有宽阔视野的美学相结合，使文学作品的翻译更要注重内容和风格，实现美的再现。 1. 翻译与美学 《风筝》是鲁迅散文诗选集《野草》中的一篇作品，写《野 草》之时，鲁迅先生处于极度苦闷之中。身体每况愈下，又经历了五四运动，但中国整个社会面貌无根本性改变，还是处于愚昧之中。而在《风筝》中暗含了鲁迅对当时社会现状的无奈悲观以及少年时代亲情关系的寄托。怀着对鲁迅先生的景仰和崇敬，不乏许多翻译大家把鲁迅先生的作品译成英文。本文将对杨宪益、戴乃迭英译本和刘士聪教授的英译本中的审美再现进行尝试性的比较研究。翻译中的审美体验一般遵循以下的规
律：审美态度 （目的性、意向、观念）箭头对审美客体的审美构成的认识f 对审美认识的转化f对转化结果的加工f对加工结果的再现。译 者对移情感受的加工的结果就是再现。具体而言，再现就是译者将自己经过识别、转化、加工的审美体验从初始时期的模态定型化为比较稳定的形态，并赋之于目的语、即译文。散文，包含所有不押韵、不排偶的散体文章。散文以散句著称，句式多样。以下将选取《风筝》的几段，从语言和文化的层面对杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇的翻译和刘士聪教授的译本之审美再现进行对比分析。文学作品少不了美感的享受，而美感需要译者高层次的语感来实现。寓具体于抽象，寓抽象于具体，最终达到理性和感性的统一。 2. 翻译美学与英译《风筝》本文采用对比的分析法，从音美、词美、句美和意美四个方面分析原文和译文，对比翻译过程中美感的再现。 2.1 音美我国南梁文学家沈约早就提出“文章之音韵，同弦管之声曲。”真实描写了语言的音韵美，其重要性可想而知。汉字字音的声、韵、调的使用可以提升语言的音乐美，同时也能使内容美和形式美趋于平衡，结构对称，增添美感。 例一：北京的冬季，地上还有积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫叉 干晴朗的天空中，而远处有一二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲 杨、戴译：A Peking winter dismays and depresses me ：the thick snow on the ground and the bare tree's ashen