摘要
论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用
由于英汉两种语言在语法或表达习惯上存在巨大差异, 在英汉翻译的过程中,译者往往需要改变原文的词类或句子成分。作为英汉翻译中常用的翻译技巧，转换法可以使译文自然、流畅、准确，既传达原意又符合汉语的表达习惯。
本文共分三章。第一章介绍了英汉翻译过程中几种常见的词性转换方法，如原文中的名词或介词转换为译文中的动词。词性的转换通常会引起句子成分的改变，第二章分析了句子成分的转换现象。第三章讨论了如何将英语思维视角转换为相应的符合汉语文化和思维模式的视角。
关键词：转换法；词类；句子成分；视角；英译汉
Chapter One
Conversion of Word Classes In E-C translation, it is difficult to get an appropriate corresponding Chinese word for an English word of the same class all the time. If each word in one language is replaced with words of the same word classes in another, such expressions would sound very awkward or even unintelligible to the reader. Therefore, effective use of word class conversion is crucial and necessary in E-C translation.
I. Conversion into Chinese Verbs
Because one of the most remarkable differences between English and Chinese lies in the use of the verb, conversion into Chinese verbs has become the basic conversion technique used in E-C translation.
i. Converting English Noun into Chinese Verb
As for English, “it seems possible to express ideas with greater precision and adequacy by means of nouns than by means of the more pictorial verbs” (Jespersen 139). That is to say, “English is a language in which nouns are more widely used than ii. Converting English Preposition into Chinese V erb
It is known that “there are about 286 prepositions and prepositional phrases in English” (Lian 50). Prepositions or prepositional phrases are so widely and frequently used in English that English is sometimes called prepositional language.Prepositions in English, which are very rich and flexible in meaning, have a great power of expression; on the contrary, the Chinese language is verb-oriented, so it is not without reason that English prepositions or prepositional phrases are often converted into Chinese verbs or verbal phrases in E-C translation. There is an example below.
Example 1:
It is our goal that the people in the undeveloped areas will be finally off poverty.
我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。
II. Conversion into Chinese Nouns
Nouns account for an overwhelming part of the vocabulary not only in English
but in Chinese. Some English words, for example, which are derived from nouns, can hardly be translated literally; they are usually converted into nouns.
i. Converting English Verb into Chinese Noun
Because some English verbs describing the characteristics or properties of the subject are difficult to express in exact corresponding Chinese verbs, they are often converted into Chinese nouns so as to achieve a satisfactory translation. Here is an illustrative example.
Example 2:
To them, he personified the absolute power.
在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。
ii. Converting English Adjective into Chinese Noun
Sometimes English adjectives are also converted into Chinese nouns for the smoothness of translation. The following is one example:
Example 3:
Everyday experience shows us that ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats.
日常经验告诉我们，冰的密度比水小，因而能浮在水面上。
III. Conversion into Chinese Adjectives
i. Converting English Noun into Chinese Adjective
English nouns are much more frequently used and contain a more extended meaning than Chinese nouns, and some abstract nouns are very closely related to their corresponding adjectives in meaning. Therefore, it is necessary to convert such kind of nouns into Chinese adjectives. The following is an example.
Example 4:
We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.
我们感到，解决这个复杂的问题很困难。
Some abstract nouns, preceded by an indefinite article, are also usually converted into adjectives in translation for a more appropriate and natural effect. There is an example below.
Example 5:
The garden-party is a great success.
那个园会真是圆满极了。
ii. Converting English Adverb into Chinese Adjective
As a result of the conversion from some English verbs into Chinese nouns, the adverbs which modify the English verbs are naturally converted into Chinese adjectives to modify the Chinese nouns. Here is an example to illustrate this point.
Example 6:
His speech impressed the audience deeply.
他的演讲给听众留下了很深的印象。
IV. Conversion into Chinese Adverbs
There are occasions when some parts of speech in English may be converted into adverbs in Chinese in order to make the Chinese version more expressive.
i. Converting English Noun into Chinese Adverb
The conversion of English nouns into Chinese adverbs is far from being a universal phenomenon in translation. However, some good translations, as illustrated by the following one, demonstrate that the conversion of English nouns into Chinese adverbs makes a more natural and smooth translation in certain context.
Example 7:
He had the kindness to show me the way.
他好心地给我指路。
ii. Converting English Adjective into Chinese Adverb
Since the English nouns may have been converted into Chinese verbs, English adjectives which modify the nouns are accordingly converted into Chinese adverbs to modify the verbs in the translated version. Here is an example.
Example 8:
We place the highest value on our friendly relations with developing countries.
Chapter Two
Conversion of Sentence Components
It is discussed in the previous chapter that an English word is not necessarily changed into a Chinese word of the same word class in E-C translation. Therefore, in order to achieve the maximal expressiveness, conversion of word classes has become a matter of common occurrence in translation, which often results in the conversion of sentence components. This chapter will discuss the conversion of sentence components in E-C translation.
I. Conversion into Chinese Subjects
i. English Object Converted into Chinese Subject
As some objects of verbs in English are subjects of the sentences in the logical sense, they may usually be converted into subjects in Chinese so as to give prominence to the objects in English. Here is an example to illustrate this point.
Example 9:
This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.
这种石头的相对密度是2.7。
ii. English Prepositional Object Converted into Chinese Subject
This is actually a branch of general objects which are converted into Chinese subjects. To complete the phrase, the preposition usually teams up with a noun, pronoun, or gerund, which is called the object of the preposition and they are often converted into Chinese subjects. Here is an illustrative example.
Example 18:
With the introduction of the new method, the products decreased in cost.
引进了新方法，产品的成本降低了。
II. Conversion into Chinese Predicates
i. English Attribute Converted into Chinese Predicate
In English, adjectives themselves can not serve as predicates;however, in
Chinese, they could. Therefore, the adjective attributes in English can be changed into predicates in Chinese; accordingly, in some circumstances, the core word in the adjective phrase is turned into subject in Chinese so that the translation is smooth and idiomatic. Here is an example to illustrate this point.
Example 10:
We look forward to an ever-increasing volume of business with your factory.
我方盼望与贵方工厂的交易额日益提高。
ii. English Object Converted into Chinese Predicate
In certain cases, an English verb can not be translated into the corresponding Chinese verb, while the English object conveys the meaning of action, such object or the object together with the verb may usually be converted into the predicate in Chinese. Here is an illustrative example.
Example 11:
Physical changes do not result in formation of new substances, nor do they involve a change in composition.
物理变化不会形成新的物质，也不会改变物质的成分。
III. Conversion into Chinese Objects
Actually this kind of conversion is closely related to the passive habit in English, which is further elaborated in the next chapter.As “a kind of changed verb forms in English,” passive voice “expresses the logical verb-object relationships between predicate verb and its subject,”and its subject is “actually the receiver of the predicate-verb action” (Y an 116-119). What’s more, “the passive is especially used in English sente nces where it is unnecessary or undesirable to mention the agent” (Zandvoort 53). Because sentences using the passive voice are not so common in Chinese, English subjects are generally converted into Chinese objects. Here is an illustrative example.
Example 12:
As the match burns, heat and light are given off.
火柴燃烧时发出光和热。
IV. Conversion into Chinese Attributes
i. English Subject Converted into Chinese Attribute
Since there may be close relationship between subject and object, or the object itself is part of the subject, the subject in the source language is occasionally converted into an attribute for the sake of naturalness of Chinese. Therefore, it can be coherent in meaning as well as in logic despite the change in the word order. Here is an example to illustrate this point.
Example 13:
V arious substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.
各种材料的磁特性有很大不同。
Here, the sentence construction of the rendered version is different from that of the original, but it conveys the exact meaning in English.
ii. English Adverbial Converted into Chinese Attribute
Certain prepositional phrases, mostly adverbials of place and time, serve as adverbials in the form, but they are actually connected closely with certain nouns. Such adverbials may be converted into attributes in Chinese. Here is an illustrative example.
Example 14:
Throughout the world, oil consumption is growing rapidly.
全世界的石油消耗量正在迅速增长。
V. Conversion into Chinese Complements
It is known that, in English, adverbials most commonly take the form of adverbs, adverb phrases or prepositional phrases to modify verbs. However, Chinese sentences are typically concerned with the result and direction of a verb, which is sometimes referred to by Western texts as double verbs. The active verb of a sentence is followed by a second verb which indicates either the result of the first action, or the direction in which it takes the subject.
Example 15:
The attractive force between the molecules is negligibly small.
Chapter Three
Conversion of Perspectives
As discussed in the previous chapters, it is not difficult to find that conversion of word classes and conversion of sentence components are actually subject to the vast differences between English and Chinese, which often produce barriers for intercultural communication. At times people from different cultures approach the same thing from different perspectives, so it is necessary to explore the translation technique of conversion by focusing on different perspectives in English and Chinese.
I. Conversion of English Impersonal Subjects
It is asserted that “formal written English language often goes with an impersonal style, i.e., one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself or his reader, but avoids the pronouns I, you, we” (Leech and Svartvik 25). This phenomenon is also vividly described by some scholars as “the w riter and the readers are out of the picture, hiding them behind the impersonal language” (Lian 76). While Chinese are actually going with the personal style, it is necessary in the E-C translation to convert the English impersonal style into the Chinese personal one.
i. Converting Impersonal Subjects into Personal or Other Subjects
There are more impersonal subjects in English than in Chinese. Although English sentences with impersonal subjects sound objective and fair, they are often rhetorically flavored with personification or euphemism; therefore, converting English impersonal subjects into Chinese personal or other subjects is necessary in the E-C translation.
Example 16:
Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.
我兴奋地什么话也说不出来。
ii. Converting Impersonal Subjects and Split English Simple Sentences into Chinese Complex Sentences
In English, impersonal subjects and simple sentences are very common, but in
Chinese there are fewer simple sentences. Furthermore, sometimes “English modifiers are too long to be placed before the word being modified in t he Chinese version” (Xu 164), so it is necessary to convert impersonal subjects and split English simple sentences into Chinese complex sentences. Here is an illustrative example.
Example 17:
The image of a sudden wall of dark water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind.
顷刻之间，滚滚的浊水像堵墙一般压了下来，一股脑儿连人带车都冲走了。这情景，直到现在还印在我的脑海里。
iii. Converting Impersonal Subjects into Chinese Adverbials or Prepositional Phrases
Impersonal subjects lend simplicity and vividness to the English sentence. Nouns indicating time, place or natural phenomenon are often used in this kind of sentences, serving as the impersonal subjects.
II. Conversion from the Abstract into the Concrete
“An excessive reliance on the noun at the expense of the verb will, in the end, detach the mind of the writer from the realities of here and now, from when and how and in what mood the thing was done, and insensibly induce a habit abstraction, generalization and vagueness”(Gowers 79). English people are good at abstract thinking, and therefore, abstract nouns are more frequently used. Chinese people, however, pay more attention to image; so a large number of concrete images are used to illustrate abstract concepts.
Example 18:
What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties.
那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。
III. Conversion from the Stative into the Dynamic
Chinese tends to use verbs in the case of activity. On the contrary, English is more prone to employ more nouns, especially abstract nouns, prepositions, adjectives,
gerunds and some other means to replace verbs and express the meaning of action.
Actually, this section can be regarded as another examination over the contents of the first section in chapter one, which analyzes the conversion from other English word classes into Chinese verbs. Another representative example is given here.
IV. Conversion from the Passive into the Active
Although active and passive voices are used in both Chinese and English, the frequencies they present themselves in the two languages are quite diff erent. “Our massed, scientific, and bureaucratic society is so addicted to the passive voice that you must constantly alert yourself against its drowsy, impersonal pomp” (Baker 121).
The passive voice is quite common in English, but not in Chinese. Chinese language carries with it a strong personal consciousness. Action in a sentence is done by the subject “man,”while “things” or “objects” generally do not take the place of the doer or the agent. The third section of chapter two has illustrated that the conversion from English subjects into Chinese objects is closely related to the passive habit in English. Another illustrative example is as follows:
Example 19:
Her plans for a movie career are believed to have all been merely a pipe dream.
有人认为她当电影明星的计划不过是黄粱美梦。
V. Conversion between Negative and Affirmative
It is often seen that what is affirmative in English may correspond with something negative in Chinese, and vice versa. Native speakers of English have their own way of expressing negative implications, which is quite different from that of the Chinese. In E-C translation, one has to base the translation on the source text and produce the idiomatic target one.
i. English Negative Converted into Chinese Affirmative
The negative form is more common in English than in Chinese. The main function of negative sentence is to strengthen the positive expression. Here is an example to illustrate this point.
Example 20:
The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation.
虽然他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。
ii. English Affirmative Converted into Chinese Negative
Such cases are also found in a relatively wide range of expressions, in which what is affirmative in form in English means something negative in Chinese.
Example 21:
They keep their thoughts and feelings to themselves.
他们的思想和感情不外露。
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谈英汉翻译技巧中的增补与省略 【摘要】增补法是英汉翻译中常用的方法之一。所谓增补，就是为了使译文准确和符合汉语习惯，译者应该添加必要的词句。所谓省略法，就是将不必译的冠词、物主代词、连系动词等省略不译。 【关键词】翻译技巧增补法省略法 英汉翻译是英语学习中最基本的技能之一，在今天的飞速发展的世界中越来越显示出它的重要性。一篇好的译文应该是既忠实于原文，又符合汉语的用法习惯，并且在内容与形式上与原文达到辩证的统一。忠实于原文是翻译中最重要的一点。但由于英汉两种语言的巨大差异，“忠实”的涵义并不是逐字逐句地照搬原文，而是“忠实地表达”原作者的思想，准确地理解和恰当地表现原文。因此，译者必须在理解原文的基础上，运用恰当的翻译技巧，将原文译出。 英汉翻译技巧一般来说有8种，即“分清主从”，“选词用字”，“增补法”，“省略法”，“词性转换”，“词序调整”，“正说反译和反说正译”以及“长句拆译”。本文侧重谈谈英汉翻译技巧中的增补与省略这两种方法。 1.增补法 增补法是英汉翻译中常用的方法之一。增补不是给原文增加某些内容，而只是翻译中的一个必要的规则。它实际上主张，为了使译文准确和符合汉语习惯，译者应该添加必要的词句。增补法在下面几种情况下经常使用： A.当某些词在英语的句子中被省略时 例如：We can get rid of a bad style and keep the good. 虽然，在good 一词后省略了style. 这句可译成：我们能够去掉不良作风，保持优良作风。 He majors in English and l in French. 在I 后面省略了动词major. 这句应译成：他主修英语，我主修法语。 在这类句子中，原文省略的部分应在译文中写出来。 B. 当英文中用代词来避免重复时
常用单位的中英文对照翻译 单位 Unit. 单位制 system of units 米 meter (m) 毫米 millimeter (mm) 英尺 foot (ft) 英寸 inch (in) 弧度 radian (rad) 度degree (°) 摄氏 Celsius. (C) 华氏 Fahrenheit (F) 磅／平方英寸 pounds per square inch (psi) 百万帕斯卡 million pascal (MPa) 巴 bar 千克（公斤） kilogram (kg) 克 gram (g) 牛顿 newton (N) 吨 ton (t) 千磅 kilopound (kip) 平方米 square meter (m 2) 方毫米 square millimeter (mm2 ) 立方米 cubic meter (m3 ) 升 liter; litre (L) 转／分 revolutions per minute (rpm) 百万分之一 parts per million (ppm) 焦（耳） Joule (J) 千瓦 kilowatt (kW) 伏（特） volt (V) 安（培） ampere (A) 欧（姆）ohm (Ω) （小）时 hour (h) 分 minute (min) 秒 second (s)
管道组成件专业英语(中英文对照) 1 管道组成件 Piping component 1.1 管子 Pipe 管子(按照配管标准规格制造的) pipe 管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管) tube 钢管 steel pipe 铸铁管 cast iron pipe 衬里管 lined pipe 复合管 clad pipe 碳钢管 carbon steel pipe 合金钢管 alloy steel pipe 不锈钢 stainless steel pipe 奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe 铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe 轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe 锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe 无缝钢管 seamless (SMLS) steel pipe 焊接钢管 welded steel pipe 电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance welded steel pipe 电熔（弧）焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe 镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe 热轧无缝钢管 hot-rolling seamless pipe 冷拔无缝钢管 cold-drawing seamless pipe 水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe 塑料管 plastic pipe 玻璃管 glass tube 橡胶管 rubber tube 直管 run pipe; straight pipe 1.2 管件 Fitting 弯头 elbow 异径弯头 reducing elbow 带支座弯头 base elbow k半径弯头 long radius elbow 短半径弯头 short radius elbow
论英汉翻译中的视角转换 1.引言 语言是文化的载体，体现人类的思维活动。不同的文化对语言风格和表达方式产生了极大的影响，使得语言中的视角存在一定的差异，因此在翻译时，译者要挣脱原语文化的传统思维模式，使原语所传达的信息，所体现的风格一并能被读者完全体会。这就要求译者在了解语言文化背景及视角差异的基础上，在翻译过程中进行视角转换。 2.文献回顾 在研究翻译的视角转换这个领域已有不少学者涉及，研究成果也颇丰富。如刘保华在“英汉翻译技巧：视角转换”中介绍了主要的视角转换法；邵卫平在他的“英汉视角对比及翻译中的视角转换”也对如何进行视角转换进行了相关阐述；张小珊在“中英文翻译视角转换浅议”中提出了自己的观点。当然还有很多专家学者对这一论题进行了探讨，在这暂不一一列举。本文准备从英汉翻译视角转换的重要性和视角转换的方法入手，就这个论题谈谈我的观点。 3.英汉翻译中的视角转换 翻译在很大程度上不仅是语言的交流，更是文化之间的交流。由于英、汉语在产生的背景、经历的历史上有很大的不同，许多文化的观察视角也就有了很大区别。请看如下一例： What we lose in hake we shall have in herring. (失之东隅，收之桑榆。) 在此例中原句用了hake（鳕鱼）和herring（鲱鱼）两种鱼来表示，因为历史上西方人以航海捕鱼闻名，各种鱼类对他们而言是非常必需的，从中就可以看出西方人的生活习惯。但如果直译成“我们从鳕鱼中失去的将会从鲱鱼中得到”，中国读者就不明其意了。如果换成中国人熟悉的“东隅”“桑榆”两个词，就能达到意义上的对等，中国读者便能很清楚地了解这句话所传达的意思。 3.1翻译中视角转换的必要性 译者在翻译过程中自始至终都在考虑如何将原语传递到译语中，而在信息传递的过程中，转换是必不可少的。刘宓庆先生说：“转换是翻译中用得最广泛的变通手段。在一般情况下，转换是获得灵活对应的不可少的应变对策，而失去形式则常常是转换带来的必然结果。”但不同文化间的差异会导致人们按照自身文化思维习惯去解读另一种文化，因而在翻译中因为被传统思维方式所束缚，对原语逐词翻译而无法找到合适的译文。比如，许多人将英语习语“a heart as hard as flint”理解为“心如坚石”来表示意志坚定，而实际上此习语是“铁石心肠”的意思，形容冷酷无情，两者含义相差甚远。有不少人会把“望子成龙”译成“to expect one’s son to be a dragon”，这是不可取的，因为龙在西方文化中象征着凶残、暴力。正确的译文是“to expect one’s son to be somebody”。 由上可见若囿于原语的视角就难以找到合适的切入点，难以找到地道的表达方式。相反，若将视角适当转换，问题便迎刃而解。由此可见视角转换的必要性。 3.2英汉翻译中视角转换的方法 3.2.1词序的调整 英语表达式中一些修饰成分和词语有其一定的顺序，且不同于汉语表达式中的顺序。因此在翻译时要注意成分顺序的调整，以符合译入语的语序习惯。如： (1).an outstanding contemporary American writer (一位美国现代优秀作家) (2).Mary’s pretty new black leather bag (玛丽漂亮的黑色新皮包)
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧 翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外，翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践，使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1.词义的选择 ? 一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此，在平日的翻译练习和测试中，我们在弄清原文句子结构后，务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义，以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择： 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 例如：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. ［译文］：审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。 ［注释］：本句中like作介词，意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用，则意为"喜欢；想要"。例如：He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如：Would you like to leave a message (你要不要留个话儿)此外，like还可以作形容词用，意为"相同的"，如：Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥，异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 例1According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. ［译文］：新学派的科学家们认为，技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。 ［注释］：school一词常被误译为"学校"，其实，school还有一个词义"学派"。可见，正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响，而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。 例2Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. ［译文］：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。
翻译技巧笔记：转换法 泛瑞翻译 于英汉两种语言在语法和表达方式等方面存在着许多差异，因此英译汉时常常有必要改变表达方式，使译文通顺流畅、地道可读。这种变通技巧就是转换法(shift of perspective)。转换的形式多种多样，大体可分为7种：①词类转换，②句子成分转换，③表达方式转换，④自然语序与倒装语序转换;⑤正面表达与反面表达转换，⑥主动式与被动式转换，⑦分句转换。 一、词类转换 词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另一词类。 (一) 英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词 (1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. 因此，对于一个从事社会活动的人来讲，培养一种爱好和新的情趣方式，乃是至关重要的对策。 (2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind. 红军冒着刺骨的寒 风英勇前进。 (3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and, when the first excitement was over, felt that they had done well, and deserved praise. 大家都没有认识到这番 经验却是一次个性的考验，最初的兴奋过去以后，又觉得自己已经干得不错了，理应受到赞扬。 (4) He appeared at her side, breathing audibly, a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead, rigid. 她到车站不一会儿，他便出现在她的身旁，听见他喘息的声音。她凝视着前方，表情严峻。 (5) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. 然而，对所有这两种类型的人来说，变换一下看法、改变一下环境和转换一下注意力都是最基本的需要。 (6) …and it was on the first stage of this journey, in Kenya, that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯尼亚，她接到了父 亲去世并由她本人继承王位的消息。 (二) 英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词、形容词 (1) The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever, and pain. 炎症的特点是红、肿、热、痛。 (2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday. 上星期天，来
Put the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of omission. 1.If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 2.These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 3.Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful. 4.It is not entirely right to say that if there is food, let everyone share it. 5. 6.Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge, has given man the practical result of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by others. 7. 8.There was no haste or restlessness in his manner but a poised friendliness. 9. 10.N ever trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you. 11.T he true joy of joys is joy that joys in the joy of others. 12.F or generations, coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy source to transport man from place to place.
题目：论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用 On Application of Conversion in English-Chinese Translation by Liu Xiao Under the Supervision of Li Wentao Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012
Acknowledgements Upon the completion of the thesis, first of all, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Li Wentao, for his enlightening guidance, incessant encouragement and careful modification throughout the process of writing this thesis. Without his patience and prudence, I could not have brought my thesis to its present form. Besides, I am also greatly indebted to other beloved teachers in the School of Foreign Studies of Shandong University of Finance and Economics, for their valuable and informative courses which have benefited me a lot during my college years. Last but not the least, I am also much obliged to all my friends who have helped me with my thesis. L. X. (名字的第一个字母)
公制 - 英制 Metric to Imperial Units
长度(length) 长度(length)
1 centimetre(cm)厘米 1 metre(m)米 1 metre(m)米 1 kilometre(km)公里 1 kilometre(km)公里
英制 - 公制
= = = = =
0.394 inch(in)英寸 3.28 foot(ft)英尺 1.09 yard(yd)码 4.97 furlong(fur)浪 0.621 mile 英里
重量（Mass） 重量（Mass）
1 gram(g)克 1 kilogram(kg)千克 1 kilogram(kg)千克 1 tonne(t)吨
= = = =
2
0.03527 ounce(oz)盎司 2.20 pound(Ib)磅 0.157 stone 石 0.984 ton 吨
面积（Area） 面积（Area）
2
1 square centimeter(cm )平方厘米
2
= = = = =
0.155 square inch (in )平方英寸
2
1 square centimeter(cm )平方厘米
2
10.8 square foot (ft )平方英尺
2
1 square centimeter(cm )平方厘米 1 hectare(ha)公顷
2
1.20 square yard (yd )平方码 2.47 acre (ac)平方英尺=英亩 0.386 square mile 平方英里
1 square kilometer(km )平方公里
体积（Volume） 体积（Volume）
3 3
1 cubic centimeter (cm )立方厘米
3
1 cubic centimeter (cm )立方厘米
3
1 cubic centimeter (cm )立方厘米
3
1 cubic centimeter (cm )立方厘米
= = = =
0.0610 cubic inch(in )立方英寸
3
35.3 cubic foot(ft )立方英尺
3
0.765 cubic yard(yd )立方码 27.5 bushel(bus)蒲式耳
容积(液体)Volume(fluids) 容积(液体)Volume(fluids)
1 milliliter (ml)毫升 1 milliliter(ml)毫升 1 litre(l)升
= = =
0.0352 fluid ounce(fl oz)液体盎司 1.76 pint(pt)品脱 220 gallon(gal)加仑
力(Force)
1 磅力 Newton(N)牛顿 1 ton-force(tonf)吨力
= =
0.2251 pound-force(1bf) 9.96 kilomiewton (kN)千牛顿
英译汉中的反译法 在英译汉过程中，我们常常遇到这样一种情况，即原词所表达的并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面意义的否定，可这种否定又往往不出现否定词，这种情况并不很少，给翻译工作带来很大的麻烦。 下面是常见的两个词组，请注意它们的汉语意思： ①riot police防暴警察（即anti-riot police，而不是暴乱的警察） ②crisis law反危机法案（即anti-crisis law) 这两个词组的翻译采用的就是反译法，译文都是其字面意辽的否定或反义，这样既表达了原文的真正含义，又符合汉语的表达习惯，使人一看就懂。 另外，英文报刊文章标题的翻译有时也采用反译法。如《中国日报》China Daily）1995年1月16日头版刊登一则新闻，题目是Inflation is target of bank’s new policy，主要说的是银行在1995年将来取有力措施制止通货膨胀。但题目的字面意思恰恰相反。因此我们在翻译时必须把inflation看成是anti-inflation，使之文题一致。这样的标题在英文报刊中比较常见，目的是为简练及醒目，我们在翻译时要格外注意，切勿望文生义。 再让我们来看看下面的例子： （1）Sidney Simon called the college grading system“archaic，prescientific，bureaucratic invention，"，and“about as accurate as police estimates of crowds of peace marches.” 如果按字面翻译，这句话是这样的： 西德尼·西蒙称这种大学评级制度“是过时的，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”而且“简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样准确。” 既然前面已说了这个评级制度“过时无用，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”，后面又怎么能说它“准确”呢？这显然自相矛盾，西蒙所表达的真正含义绝非如此。 以上译文，忽略了说话人的语气。其实，西蒙是在抨击大学评级制度。他说话时，前面直接用了archaic，prescientific和bureaucratic几个贬义词，而后面的褒义词accurate实际上是一个反语。因为我们知道，警察在估计示威人数时只能说出大概，往往和实际人数出入很大，极不准确。所以说话人所表达的真正含义是not accurate，或inaccurate。这样，可理解成about as inaccurate，as police estimates of crowds of peace marches，译成汉语就是：“简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样不准确。”也就是把accurate反过来译，即反译。 以上例句是通过分析说话人的语气来采用反译法正确表达语义的。有的句子前面所表达的意思是否定的，但根据这个意思得出来的结论却是肯定的。为了使其真正含义不至于前后矛盾，我们也采取反译后面结论的方法。
E-C 英汉翻译技巧：视角转换（Shift of Perspective） The University of San Francisco is located near the Golden Gate Park. 旧金山大学座落在金门公园附近。（语态的转换） （王恩冕、李正中：《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社） Her parents are both in their seventies. 她父母都已年过古稀。（表达方式的转换） （陈刚) If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only. 孩子们之所以能把自己的母语学好，恰恰是因为他们投身于语言的海洋之中，而不单单是读几本教科书而已。（条件状语转换成结果状语） （丁树德：《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》，天津大学出版社) You can mass-produce … incredible quantities of facts and figure s. You cannot mass-produce knowledge, which is created by individual minds, drawing on individual experience, separating the significant from the irrelevant. 你可以大批制造……数量惊人的事实与数字，但不可能大批生产知识，因为知识是个人头脑用个人经验，经过去伪存真后创造出来的。（定语从句转换成原因状语从句）（王恩冕、李正中：《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社） “C oming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch. “来啦！”她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。（介词转换成动词） （许建平：《英汉互译实践与技巧》，清华大学出版社) Highway and air traffic came to a standstill in most of Eastern Washington. 华盛顿州大部分地区的公路交通和空中航线都已陷入停顿。（名词转换成动词） （《新实用英译汉教程》） I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice. 我同样认为，欧洲应该日益团结起来，并且用一个共同的声音说话，这是符合全世界的利益的。（词序调整） (许建平：《英汉互译实践与技巧》，清华大学出版社) Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. 当时我确实不大懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。（词序调整） （许建平：《英汉互译实践与技巧》，清华大学出版社)
數學科常用單位轉換一覽表(二年級) 一.長度單位： 單位名稱代号進率 公里km 米m 1米＝100厘米 厘米cm 毫米mm 二.重量單位： 單位名稱代号進率 公斤kg 1公斤＝1000克 克g 磅lb 三.時間單位： 平年二月有28日、閏年二月有29日 註：(公元年份可被4整除的是閏年，否則是平年。) 月大有：一月、三月、五月、七月、八月、十月、十二月各有31日 月小有、四月、六月、九日、十一月各有30日 1 (平) 年=365日 1 (閏) 年=366日1年=12月1星期=7日1日=24小時1小時=60分1分=60秒
1日＝24小時＝24小時 60(分鐘)=1440分＝1440分 60(秒)= 86 400秒1小時= 60分＝3600秒 四.乘數表: 1 2 3 4 5 1x1=1 1x2=2 1x3=3 1x4=4 1x5=5 1x6=6 1x7=7 1x8=8 1x9=9 1x10=10 2x1=2 2x2=4 2x3=6 2x4=8 2x5=10 2x6=12 2x7=14 2x8=16 2x9=18 2x10=20 3x1=3 3x2=6 3x3=9 3x4=12 3x5=15 3x6=18 3x7=21 3x8=24 3x9=27 3x10=30 4x1=4 4x2=8 4x3=12 4x4=16 4x5=20 4x6=24 4x7=28 4x8=32 4x9=36 4x10=40 5x1=5 5x2=10 5x3=15 5x4=20 5x5=25 5x6=30 5x7=35 5x8=40 5x9=45 5x10=50 6 7 8 9 10 6x1=6 6x2=12 6x3=18 6x4=24 6x5=30 6x6=36 6x7=42 7x1=7 7x2=14 7x3=21 7x4=28 7x5=35 7x6=42 7x7=49 8x1=8 8x2=16 8x3=24 8x4=32 8x5=40 8x6=48 8x7=56 9x1=9 9x2=18 9x3=27 9x4=36 9x5=45 9x6=54 9x7=63 10x1=10 10x2=20 10x3=30 10x4=40 10x5=50 10x6=60 10x7=70
英语翻译之词义省略法 一、从语法角度来看 （一）省代词 1．省略作主语的人称代词 （1）省略作主语的人称代词 I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice. 我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。 He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他瘦弱憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。 （2）英语中，泛指人称代词作主语时，即使是作第一个主语，在汉语译文中往往也可以省略。联展在线：https://www.doczj.com/doc/4915368056.html,/xkyfd/ 考研学习：https://www.doczj.com/doc/4915368056.html,/kcnet1450/ We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。 When will he arrive?—You can never tell. 他什么时候到？——说不准。
The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain. 人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。 2．省略作宾语的代词 The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them. 他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。 Please take off the old picture and throw it away. 请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。 3．省略物主代词 I put my hand into my pocket. 我把手放进口袋。 She listened to me with her rounded eyes. 她睁大双眼，听我说话。 （二）代词it的省略 Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
精心整理常用单位的中英文对照翻译 单位Unit. 单位制systemofunits 米meter(m) 毫米millimeter(mm) 英尺foot(ft) 英寸inch(in) 弧度radian(rad) 度 摄氏 华氏 巴bar 克 牛顿 吨 千磅 平方米 方毫米 立方米 升 转／分 焦（耳） 千瓦 伏（特）volt(V) 安（培）ampere(A) 欧（姆）ohm(Ω) （小）时hour(h) 分minute(min) 秒second(s) 管道组成件专业英语(中英文对照)
1管道组成件Pipingcomponent 1.1管子Pipe 管子(按照配管标准规格制造的)pipe 管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管)tube 钢管steelpipe 铸铁管castironpipe 衬里管linedpipe 复合管cladpipe 碳钢管carbonsteelpipe 合金钢管 不锈钢 轧制钢管 锻铁管 无缝钢管 焊接钢管 镀锌钢管 塑料管 玻璃管 橡胶管 直管 1.2管件Fitting 弯头elbow 异径弯头reducingelbow 带支座弯头baseelbow k半径弯头longradiuselbow 短半径弯头shortradiuselbow 长半径180°弯头longradiusreturn 短半径180°弯头shortradiusreturn 带侧向口的弯头（右向或左向）sideoutletelbow(righthandorlefthand)
三通tee 异径三通reducingtee 等径三通straighttee 带侧向口的三通（右向或左向）sideoutlettee(righthandor1efthand) 异径三通（分支口为异径）reducingtee(reducingonoutlet) 异径三通（一个直通口为异径）reducingtee(reducingononerun) 带支座三通basetee 异径三通（一个直通口及分支口为异径）reducingtee(reducingononerunandoutlet) 异径三通（两个直通口为异径，双头式）reducingtee(reducingonbothruns,bullhead) 45 Y 四通 等径四通 异径四通 异径管 弯头支管台elbolet 斜接支管台latrolet 镶入式支管嘴sweepolet 短管支管台nipolet 支管台.插入式支管台boss 管接头coupling,fullcoupling 半管接头halfcoupling 异径管接头reducingcoupling 活接头union
?在翻译时，对于中国学生来说，某些否定句犹如陷阱，稍有不慎，就会掉入其中。鉴于此，我们在翻译某些含有否定意义的句子时，应当把握两点：一、英语里有些从正面表达的词或句子，译文可从反面来表达，即正说反译法；二、英语里有些从反面表达的词或句子，译文可从正面来表达，即反说正译法。例如： ?1) Only five customers remained in the bar. ?酒吧间只有五个顾客还没走。 ?(原文从正面表达，译文从反面表达。如译成“还留着”，或“还呆在那里”，则不如“还没有走”更符合汉语习惯。) ?2）Anyone wants to get out? Over my dead body! ?只要我活着，谁也别想出去。（the original English sentence implies “nobody can get out unless you kill me）. ?3) Mother said Father would come soon, but Mary knew better. ?妈妈说爸爸很快就会来了，玛丽知道不会。（“know better” implies that Mary thoug ht differently or disagreed with Mother, it means “think otherwise”） ?5) A radar screen is not unlike a television. ?雷达荧光屏跟电视荧光屏一样。 ?(如译成“雷达荧光屏不是不象电视荧光屏一样”则不符合汉语习惯。) ?我们可以看到，正面译不顺，不妨从反面译；反面译不顺，不妨从正面译，因为同一个概念，一个民族正面说，认为是合乎表达习惯的，而另一个民族则认为反着说才顺嘴。 ?下面从正说反译和反说正译这两个方面来探讨英语否定结构汉译的一般原则 ?一、正说反译法（Affirmative in English, but Negative in Chinese） ?英语中的含蓄否定词或含蓄否定短语一般都要译成汉语的否定词组。下面按词性列举它们的翻译方法。 ?1.名词 ?1) There was a complete absence of information on the oil deposit in that area. ?关于该地区的石油储藏情况，人们毫无所知。 ?(absence可译为“不在”、“毫无”、“不在……时间”等。) ?2) Her child was in a terrible state of neglect. ?她的孩子简直没人管。 ?(neglect可译为“不留心”，“没人管”。) ?3) All international disputes must be settled through negotiations and the avoidance of any armed conflicts. ?一切国际争端应通过谈判而不是武装冲突来解决。 ?(avoidance 可译为“不采取”。) ?作为名词用的含蓄否定词还有：defiance (不顾，无视)，denial (否认，否定)，exclusion (排除)，anything but (根本不，决不)，lack (无，缺乏)，failure (不成功，不足，不履行)，refusal ( 不愿，不允许)，loss (失去)等。
补充材料：英汉、汉英翻译技巧：视角转换(Shift of Perspective) E-C. 1. The University of San Francisco is located near the Golden Gate Park. （语态的转换） 2. Her parents are both in their seventies. （表达方式的转换） 3. If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only. （条件状语转换成结果状语） 4. You can mass-produce … incredible quantities of facts and figures. You cannot mass-produce knowledge, which is created by individual minds, drawing on individual experience, separating the significant from the irrelevant. （定语从句转换成原因状语从句） 5. "Coming!" Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch. （介词转换成动词） 6. Highway and air traffic came to a standstill in most of Eastern Washington. （名词转换成动词） 7. I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice. （词序调整） 8. Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. （词序调整） 9. It is a good workman that never blunders. （反说正译） 10. Keep off the lawn! 11.That fellow is far from being honest. 12.Obviously enough, she thinks otherwise. （正说反译） 13 I was like that ship before education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbor was.