2010
Copying Birds May Save Aircraft Fuel
Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft. The 787 and
350 respectively . Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference .
But a group of researchers at Stanford University , led by Ilan Kroo , has suggested that airlines
could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use and it would not require them to buy
new aircraft.
The answer, says Dr Kroo , lies with birds . Since 1914, scientists have known that birds
flying in formation-a V-shape-expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird ’w sings curls
upwards behind the wingtips . a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash
experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves . Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California ,has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.
When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different . Dr Kroo and his team
modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco
and I as Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation occasionally change
places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions , and proceed to London. They
found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in
carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by
around a quarter.
There are , of course , knots to be worked out . One consideration is safety , or at least the
perception of it . Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion? Dr Kroo points out
that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles , and would not be in the intimate
groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows , A passenger peering out of the
window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would
satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a
blueprint for new operational guidelines.
It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight
more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes ’wakes will decay more quickly and
the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It
might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger
aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast,
might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flight.
As it happens, America ’asrmed forces are on the on case already. Earlier this year the
country ’D sefence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to
investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin . There are reports that some
military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War ,but
Dr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. “Myfather was an RAF pilot and my cousin the
skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin, ”he adds. So he should know.
41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and
Airbus aircraft.
42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.
43. Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other plans.
44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.
45. It has been documented that during World War Ⅱ, America ’s armed forces once tried
formation flight to save fuel.
2011
Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public
health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes ”on unhealthy food and-i-ntroduce cigarette style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley,
who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free
businesses from public health regulations.
But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict
advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fastfood
producers such as McDonald's.
They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food
and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.Professor Terence Stephenson,
president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of
unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.
“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in
the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now.Are we willing to be just as
courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be, ”said the leader of the UK's
children's doctors.
Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than
government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central
role in the Chang for Life campaign, the centerpiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating
and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve
school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing ”people was not the best way to
change their behavior.
Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for
foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or i n cinemas. “If we
were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as
cigarettes—by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports
events，”he said.
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching
scheme run by the Football Association. Fast food chains should also stop offering “inducements ”such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
Professor Di nesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If childre
are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least
information is available up front. ”
He also argues councils to impose -food-f“r e e f a z s o t nes ” around schools and
hospitals— areas within which takeaways cannot open.
A department of Health spokesman said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new
‘responsibility, deal with business, built on social responsibly, not state regulation. Later this year,
we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this. ”
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves,
especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over
the last decade.
A “fat taxes ” should be imposed -ofonofda sptrod ucers such as
McDonald ’s
B the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of
schools
46.Andrew Lansley held that C “lecturing ” was an effective way to improve school lunches in
England
47.Terence Stephenson agreed that D cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the
dangers of a poor diet
48.Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that E the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to
the Change4Life campaign
49.Dinesh Bhugra suggested that F parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a
healthy diet at home
50.A Department of Health spokesperson G the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among proposed that businesses
2012
“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the
History of the Great Men who have worked here, ”wrote the Victorian Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.
Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favorite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach
the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain.
Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.
From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris
Illustribus —On Famous Men , highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch
celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical
tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince , he championed cunning,
ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.
Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist ’s personal experien
than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Helpas a catalogue
of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. “The valuable examples which th
furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity,
issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit, ”wrote Smiles, “what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself. ”His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josian Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult
life.
This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures
represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere
mortals.
Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles, ”wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no i mmense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that. ”And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle, As
such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in
which each epoch stood. For: “M en make their own history, but they do not make it just as they
please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances
directly found, given and transmitted from the past. ”
This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from
below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding —from
gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost
societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.
[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
51. Petrarch [B] highlighted the public glory of the leading
artists.
52. Niccolo Machiavellli [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were
53. Samuel Smiles [D] opened up new realms of understanding the
great men in history.
54. Thomas Carlyle [E] held that history should be the story of the
masses and their record of struggle.
55. Marx and Engels [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful
leaders.
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer
industrialists and explorers
2013
[A] Shopkeepers are your friends
[B] Remember to treat yourself
[C] Stick to what you need
[D] Live like a peasant
[E] Balance your diet
[F] Planning is everything
[G] Waste not, want not
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on
food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130，000 a year working in corporate communications
and eating at London's best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career
burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life.
And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave
me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by- day thing. ”Now he's living in
a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on
blogging —not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many peoeplin a much worse
state, with barely any money to spend on food b”u t—eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for
economical foodies.
41.________
Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast,
lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's
also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change
your mind about what you fancy.
42.________
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly,
you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever
weight is prepacked in the supermarket chiller.
43.________
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer —that's not good enough.
Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage,
but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go
off ”w ill be cooked or juiced.
56.________
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-
sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking
if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish
heads for stock which, more often than not, they'll let you have for free.
57.________
You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat
yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant —￡1.75 a week for three months gives
you ￡21—more than enough for a threecourse lunch at Michelinstarred Arbutus. It's ￡16.95
there—or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.
2014
Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a
range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which
pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying
landscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.
The British Land Art, typified by Long's piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a
lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of
Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long's
photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action ”is in the past, the photograph is its sole embodiment.
That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a
lot of blackandwhite photographs and relatively few natural objects.
Long is Britain's bestknown Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks
from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the
form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stands for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists
Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British
landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one
of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience
of the landscape most of the time.
Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard's very funny Across the
Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly
assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.
Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards
landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire
Downs. While it probably wasn't apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit
of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman's yellowtinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire
landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul
Nash.
In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can't help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a
way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single
beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days
taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly
scaled exhibition wasn't about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated
light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results
were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.
[A] originates from a long walk that the artist took
58. Stone Circle [B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art
59. Olaf StreetStudy [C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.
60. Across the Park [D] represents the elegance of the British land art
61. Towards Avebury [E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art
62. Seven days [F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors
[G] contains images from different parts of the same photograph.
2015
[A] You are not alone
[B] Don ’t fear responsibility for your life
[C] Pave your own unique path
[D] Most of your fears are unreal
[E] Think about the present moment
[F] Experience helps you grow
[G] There are many things to be grateful for
Some Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough Times
Unfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences.
Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house.
Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you
should remember that t hey won ’t last forever.
When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding
and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward
future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I ’ve learned along the way.
63._____________________________
Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by
signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with
a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a
product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a
choice. ”I do completely agree that fears a j u r e s t the product of our luxuriant imagination.
64._____________________________
If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on
the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You
may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances
you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive.
Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you.
Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be
designed into the present.
65.______________________________
Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be
easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have.
Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about
something.
66.________________________________
No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always
remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to
help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest
people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and
companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities,
full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.
67.________________________________
Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining
objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are
incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important
you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin,
think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.
2016
[A]Be silly
[B]Have fun
[C] Ask for help
[D] Express your emotions
[E] Don't overthink it
[F] Be easily pleased
[G] Notice things
As adults, it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet
children appear to have it down to an art —and for the most part they don't need self-help books or
therapy. instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively, and usually more effectively than we
do as grownups. Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.
41.______________
What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. When he's angry? He shouts. Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up,we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable
and don't dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones. that's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then —again like children —move.
42.____________
A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was nine years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn't stop talking about it. Too often we believe that a new job, bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.
43.______________________
Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies , increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off enfection. All of which, of course, have a positive effect on happiness levels.
44.__________________
The problem with being a grown up is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with —work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love. Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random(dancing aroud the living room, anyone?) —it doesn't matter, so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.
45.___________________
Having said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: "Happiness is the absence of striving
for happiness."And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural by product of the way they live.
2017
The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. “W e don't make anything anymore,”he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.
Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.
But there is also a different way to look at the data.Across the country, factory owners are
now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with
too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every years. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.
For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers －and upward pressure on wages. “T hey’r e harder to find and they have job offers,”says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, “T hey may be coming [into the workforce], but they've been plucked by other industries that are also doing an well as manufacturing, ”Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.
At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.
At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he's trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It's his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. "I love working with tools. I love creating." he says.
But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials "remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession," says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.
These concerns aren’t misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million
in 1970 to 12 million in 2013. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the
high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels.
“T he gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill," says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. "There're enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don't need to have much skill. It's that gap in between, and that's where the problem is.”
Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. “O vertime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives, ”she says.
[A] says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working with tools 。41。Jay Deuwell [B] points o ut that there are enough people to fill the jobs that don 。’t need m
42。Jason Stenquist[C] points out that the US doesn ’t manufacture anythin。g anymore
43。Birgit Klohs [D] believes that it is important to keep a close eye on the age of his workers 。
44。Rob Spohr [E] says that for factory owners ，workers are harder to find because of stiff competition 。
68.Julie Parks [F] points out that a work/life balance can attract young people into manufacturing 。
[G] says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the lay- off the young people ’
s。par
2018
A. Just say it
B. Be present
C. Pay a unique compliment
D. Name, places, things
E. Find the “me too”s
F. Skip the small talk
G. Ask for an opinion
Five ways to make conversation with anyone
Conversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link
gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.
You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or
the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.
Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with
strangers.
44.____________
Suppose you are in a room with someone you don ’t know and something within you says “I
want to talk with this person this is s”o m—ething the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to
say something—the first word —but it just won ’t c o m e f e o e u l t s.lIitk e it is stuck somewhere, I
know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.
Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won ’t talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!
I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it
simple: “Hi ”, “Hey” or do“t h H e e b l e o s t”y o—u can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy
you can, put on a big smile and say 。“Hi ”
42.____________
It ’s a problem all of us face: you have limitedtime with the person that you want to talk with
and you want to make this talk memorable.
Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi ”, “hello ”, “how are you? ”and “what’s going on? you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that make it so memorabl’e. s can So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you ’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.
43.____________
When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and
that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you
start conversation from there and then move outwards, you ’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.
44.____________
Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and
if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask ”.
So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication
wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.
45.____________
You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you
may have met again and have forgotten their names. Isn ’t that awkward!
So remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places
they have been to the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing the hate —whatever you
talk about.
When you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing.
So the feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.
That ’s it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every
person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!
考研英语答题顺序及作文模板 导读：本文考研英语答题顺序及作文模板，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 考研英语做题策略 从分值来看，考研英语一阅读理解和作文总共70分，英语二是65分，阅读理解和作文是重中之重；英语一翻译、新题型和完形填空各10分，英语二则为15分、10分、10分，是非重点。如果阅读和作文能够顺利完成，考研英语可以说已经成功了一大半，接下来做其他题目也就信心十足，完全有可能超常发挥。 如果按试卷题目顺序做题，到最后极有可能完形填空、新题型、翻译都做完了，但是作文没写完，因小失大，损失惨重。同时，根据往年的考试情况分析，完形填空得分率都比较低，可以放到最后做。因为很多考生到最后根本没有足够的时间仔细分析完形填空，一般都是大概看一看，直接填涂答题卡，运气好还能蒙对几个。即使得了低分，跟其他同学相比差距也不会很大。 因此，时间要用在刀刃上，在的精神状态下把时间合理地运用于最重要的地方，才能产生的结果。具体到实际考试过程中，建议按照作文、阅读理解、翻译、新题型、完形填空这个顺序来做题。 考研英语做题时间分配 做题顺序已经确定，接下来就要分配做题时间。一般来说，写作文时间应该控制在40分钟之内，小作文写15分钟，6--8句话。大
作文25分钟足够了，写3个自然段，12句话，最多15句。很多同学感觉写作时间不够，主要是因为他们写的内容太多、太杂，层次不清晰，思路不明确，语言表达不到位。在考场上写作文，不在于你写的内容、篇幅太长，关键是看你的质量，包括内容、形式和语言。 四篇阅读理解文章，做题时间在60分钟到70分钟之间。建议每篇文章花费15分钟时间，如果有个别较难的文章，可以多花点时间，但是不要超过20分钟。一定不能在一篇文章上耽误太久，到点就要做下一篇，如果最后有时间，可以再来详细检查。有的同学遇到比较难的文章就在此花费过多时间，最后正确率仍然不高，还可能导致答不完其他题。 新题型部分，从这几年的真题走势来看，这部分的难度不是很大，建议考生把时间控制在20分钟之内。 翻译部分实际上是对阅读理解和翻译综合能力的考查，本身题目量较大，而且要翻译成相对应的汉语，建议大家把时间控制在20分钟内。 完形填空最后做，最多花15分钟时间，因为20个选项涂答题卡也要几分钟时间。如果最后没有时间仔细看题，就适度放弃完形填空，把时间放在认认真真涂好答题卡上面。 写作注意事项 写作格式主要包括如下：1、题目的写法；2、文章的格式；3、大小写；4、标点符号等。 如何写题目
新题型大纲样题（考研英语一） 一、七（六）选五 Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41) ________ Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate. 42) ________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing. 43) ________ There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet. 44) ________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast. 45) ________. About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings. [A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known. [B]Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate. [C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air. [D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world. [E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the
新祥旭矿大设计学 1 择校和定专业 在这里和大家分享一下我自己的、有关矿大设计考研的一些心得体会。中国矿业大学位于江苏徐州，211院校。我选择矿大很大一部分原因是地理位置，因为是徐州人。备考矿大的同学中，有非常多都来自附近的地区（苏北，皖北，山东）以及山西。设计类专业不算是矿大的王牌专业，但也因此稍微降低了难度，个人 认为是江浙沪地区“性价比”很高的211院校。 设计类专业包括学硕和专硕两类，学硕是设计学，专硕叫艺术设计。最近几年来矿大设计类专业，基本上专硕报名的人数较多，学硕相对较少。学硕报录比约十比一，学硕报录比约五比一到八比一。具体分数线、参考书等都能在网上查询到，请自己动手查找，不做伸手党，这样自己也会更有印象哦～ 2 初试经验 我是跨专业的同学。我开始复习的比较晚，原本准备考自己的工科专业，一直到 临近暑假还在看张宇的高数复习资料。但我对本专业并不感兴趣，数学复习的也 很懒散，进度很慢。到七月初才偶然了解到艺术考研，我想按照自己现在的进度， 懒散的复习不喜欢的专业，也不一定能考上，不如试一试考自己一直想学的设计 专业，万一就考上了呢？于是暑假报了新祥旭考研一对一，补习手绘，也是这个时候 选择了中国矿业大学作为我的目标院校。考研的手绘内容是快题，和平常日常的学习内容很不一样，本专业的同学也不能掉以轻心。不管报不报班，大量的手绘练习都是非常有必要的。考研的手绘内容是快题，和平常日常的学习内容很不一样，本专业的同学也不能掉以轻心。 九月份学校开学，我开始正式复习所有科目。首先我给自己做了一个目标计划，算好目标的分数，根据分数来确定复习的重点。我跨专业难度大，时间紧张，距离正式考试只有四个月了，所以没有把每一科的要求设的太高，能正常发挥，分数够用就好。 【政治】 我对政治完全没有感觉，对政治的要求不高。从九月份开始看肖秀荣系列的选择
2019考研《英语一》新题型密押：排序题及答案 Passage 1 Directions： For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed. [A] Subscription has proved by far the best way of paying for high瞦uality television. Advertising veers up and down with the economic cycle, and can be skipped by using digital video recorders. And any outfit that depends on advertising is liable to worry more about offending advertisers than about pleasing viewers. Voluntary subscription is also preferable to the compulsory, universal variety that pays for the BBC and other European public broadcasters. A broadcaster supported by a tax on everyone must try to please everyone. And a government can starve public broadcasters of money, too—as the BBC is painfully learning. [B] What began as an interesting experiment has become the standard way of supporting high瞦uality programming. Most of the great television dramas that are watched in America and around the world appear first on pay睺V channels. Having shown others how to make gangster dramas with “The Sopranos”, HBO is laying down the standard for fantasy with “Game of Thrones”. Other pay睺V channels have delved into 1960s advertising (“Mad Men”), drug dealing (“Breaking Bad”) and Renaissance court society (“The Borgias”). Pay睺 V firms outside America, like Britain餾 BSkyB, are beginning
2019考研英语(二)真题参考答案完整版2019考研英语(二)真题参考答案完整版 SectionⅠ Use of English 完型填空答案 1. [D] However 2. [A] helps 3. [B] solely 4. [B] lowering 5. [D] reach 6. [B] depiction 7. [A] due to 8. [D] immediate 9. [C] reasons 10. [A] instead 11. [A] track 12. [D] account for 13. [B] adjust 14. [A] results 15. [C] hungry 16. [D] sign 17. [C] decision 18. [A] disappointing
19. [A] because 20. [A] obsessing SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension(50 points) Part A 阅读答案 Text 1 21. [C] foster a child’s moral development 22. [B] burdensome 23. [D] an emotion can play opposing roles 24. [B] can result from either sympahty or guilt 25. [D] wrongdoings Text 2 26. [D] forests may become a potential threat 27. [D] lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity 28. [B] reduce the density of some of its forests 29. [A] To handle the areas in serious danger first 30. [C] supportive Text 3 31. [C] Flaws in U. S. immigratinon rules for farm workers. 32. [D] the aging of immigrant farm workers 33. [B] To get native workers back to farming. 34. [A] slow graning procedures.
第一时间深入分析 《2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）考试大纲》 在同学们的千呼万唤中，《2011全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）考试大纲》终于与大家见面了，万学海文第一时间将之与去年的英语（二）大纲进行对比，发现2011考研英语（二）大纲没有任何变化，大家可以放心的按照原计划继续英语复习。为了帮助大家对英语（二）大纲有更深刻的认识，下面我们根据考研英语（一）与英语（二）大纲的区别，从考试性质、评价目标和试卷结构三个角度，对2011年英语（二）考试大纲的考查要求和内容进行全面分析和深度解析。 一、考试性质 全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。 全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）是为高等院校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。 即英语（一）是针对学术硕士研究生的考生，英语（二）是针对专业硕士研究生的考生。 专业硕士研究生主要包括以下19种：法律硕士，社会工作硕士，教育硕士，体育硕士，汉语国际教育硕士，翻译硕士，艺术硕士，风景园林硕士，工程硕士，建筑学硕士，农业推广硕士，兽医硕士，临床医学硕士，口腔医学硕士，公共卫生硕士，会计硕士，工商管理硕士，公共管理硕士，军事硕士。 考研英语试卷一分为二既是为了顺应考研英语测试向更加科学化、多样化、公平化等方面发展的需要，也是对硕士研究生人才选拔方式的一次大胆尝试。从学习和考试的角度来讲，这种一分为二提供的更多的是机遇，而不是挑战，因为总的来说考研英语没有增加新的东西，只是进行了合理的拆分，只要明确了自己的努力方向，这种拆分无论对于英语(一)的考生还是对于英语(二)的考生都是有所帮助的。 二、评价目标 1. 语法：英语二明确了八个语法知识点
考研英语新题型解题技巧总结 新题型是年考研英语改革时，创新的一种题型，然而这种题型其实并不陌生，其形式类似于完形填空，主要考察考生把握篇章总体结构，上下文之间逻辑关系的能力。大家在复习的时候要根据不同题型去复。 新题型一共有三种题型： 一：选择搭配题：5空，在6，7个选项里以补充完整5空。所谓的七选五 二：排序题：7，8个选项排序，已给2，3段的段落位置。 三：小标题或概括句：从6，7个选项中选出最恰当的5个标题填入文中空白处。 所有的新题型都会从这三类里边出，或者是变形(如10年的新题型，6选5)在这里边，后两种题型是相对简单的，用我们阅读理解的一些方法就能搞定。举例题匹配题就是已知中心思想，来找符合中心思想的例子。而小标题是已知对中心思想的例子的阐述，来反推中心思想。这两类题是互逆的过程，小标题考过一次，例证题没有考过。年的新题型，第一段是没有设置空的。首先通过第一段我们要知道这篇文章要说的是什么。当然文章的标题也有提示。然后是分了5个方面对主题进行阐述，并举例论证了这五个方面。我们只需要把他的阐述文字，归纳总结，提炼出中心思想就能把正确选项选出来。相反，例证题是个反过程。如果在年的试卷中出这两类题之一的话，大家应
该感到幸运了，努力拿8~10分吧。用你们现有的阅读partA的一些能力，足够应付这两类题型，在这里不展开的说太多了。 重点说一些前两类题型——七选五、排序。这两类题型比小标题稍难，也是最有概率考的。在这不是压题，是用之前的数据说话。再说这两类题之前，我们很有必要来了解这篇文章是怎么来的。大家知道，一篇考研阅读的文章不能是跟散文一样，想到哪说到哪，一定是很有逻辑性，一环扣一环的。就算是散文也是“形散神不散”。 不能是这样：A：你吃饭了么? B：我考试得了100分，你考得怎么样? A：我周末去公园玩了。 这样的句子就是毫无逻辑可言的，当然也不会出现在文章中。那么一篇文章怎么能做到逻辑缜密、严丝合缝呢!最重要的是通过两个“连接装置”：一是逻辑连词，andbutsoorfor这类的，这个是大的逻辑关系词。第二类就是代词。但是有的同学说了，代词怎么能有逻辑关系呢?怎么能连接句子呢?我说一个最简单的例子：阿娇长得很漂亮，我很喜欢她。这两个之间没有逻辑连词，但是句子仍然显得很有逻辑性，很严密。这是因为有了代词，“她”这个代词就把两个没关系的句子连接起来了。这样一解释我们就顿悟了，原来我们寻找的“同义复现”背后的原理就是寻找文章的代词，原来原理竟是如此的简单。 既然知道了“连接装置”的存在，我们就要进一步的想一下文章的脉络了。一篇文章挖了5个空，让我们从7个备选答案中选出正
2013考研英语二新题型有变化增 之前网上好多考生在盛传说今年英语考生会增加听力，同学们很慌，因为之前没有复习过，还有说大纲增加七百词，还有人传考研的难度会增加到专八的难度，海天英语辅导名师惠新华老师之前就告诉考生不要特别惊慌，大纲出现大的变动的可能性并不会特别大，它的调整是微调小的调整，对大家的复习方向不会有大的影响。 13年考研大纲具体变化体现在这样几个方面，第一方面是英语一的变化，英语一2010年增加了一个摘要，应用文增加了一个摘要的写作，给了一个范文，给了一个样本题目，但是这个题目没有考，但是到了2013年的考试大纲的时候把这个摘要删除了，这样同学们就不用担心这道题了，因为摘要相对于应用文来说，相对于书信会稍微难一些，比如之前同学写小作文不会的难词可以用简单词替换，起码保证能写出来，但是摘要是限定了内容的，有些核心词不会会很棘手，同学们一直很担心这个问题，结果今年大纲把这个删掉了，其实是个好消息。 还有词汇出现了一定量的删减，删了一些单词，同时增加了60个单词，实际上60个单词对考生来说很好解决，
一会儿我们会详细解析一下增加了哪些单词。 英语(二)的变动主要体现在新题型，其他的基本稳定，去年有三种题型，一种是判断正误，还有七选五，这个比较简单是连线形式的，还有一种形式是给段落加标题，就是我们通常所说的一种雅思题型List of headings，给每个段落加一个标题，等于概括一个中心，这三个题型都不难，现在把判断正误的题型删掉了，保留了两个题型，基本的变化就是这些。 首先大纲的变动同学们不用惊慌，因为基本上它的本质，它的精髓一些东西都没有发生变化，所以，我们之前的复习思路继续延续，不需要做出太大的调整，但是相对它的变化而言，我们应该有一些小的策略上的调整，刚才我们说的英语(一)删除了摘要就不用理它了，增加的这些单词大家还是要重点研究一下，因为今年新增的单词可能是有一定含义的，这60个单词大家把它的词性、意思、搭配好好学一下，记下来就可以了，任务量并不是很大，而且有挺多单词在之前的真题中出现的。accustom是1991年完形填空考过，toil、vaccine这些词都是在之前出现过的，所以，还是验证了我们之前复习的总策略，就是真题始终是我们复习的一个最重要的真经，是我们整个复习中最经典的教材。 英语(二)删除的判断正误大家不用复习这种题型就 可以了，至于9月份复习的内容，大家现在到了一个冲刺阶
[A] The first published sketch "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle earned him a modest reputation. 狄更斯发现他的第一部随笔，《白杨庄晚宴》，在每月杂志上刊登的时候，使他热泪盈眶。从那以后他就用笔名博兹发表随笔，刊登在《夜晚记事》上，让他小有名气。 sketch文学速写，随笔 chronicle编年史 modest轻微的，不太多的 bring tears to sb’s eyes使某人落泪 from then on从那时开始 [B] The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers as it is generally known today secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars and the plump spectacled hero Samuel Pickwick became a national figure. 《匹克威克外传》的巨大成功，为狄更斯赢得了名声。有匹克威克大衣和匹克威克雪茄，并且那个胖胖的，戴着眼镜的男主人公，塞缪尔匹克威克成为了一个享誉全国的人物。runaway success巨大的成功 spectacled戴眼镜的 plump胖胖的 secure保证 hero男主人公 [C] Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change went into his backyard and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first published in book form in 1837. 《博兹札记》出版后不久，一家出版公司接触狄更斯想让他以每月连载的方式写一个故事，作为当时著名艺术家西摩的木刻画的背景，他最初构想的这个故事。带着特意的自信，狄更斯坚称西摩的版画是为他自己的故事配图。在第一期连载之后，狄更斯给这位艺术家写信让他更改绘画，因为他觉得版画与他的故事不符。西摩做了更改，回到后院，用自杀的方式表达自己的不满。狄更斯和出版商直接换了一个新的艺术家继续工作，这部喜剧小说，《匹克威克俱乐部遗稿》，在1836到1837年以连载的方式出现，并且于1837年首次出版成书。installment分期连载的部分 backdrop背景 originate初始 characteristic独特的，特有的 illustrate给…插图做说明 prose散文 posthumous死后发生的，死后出版的 approach…to向…接洽 be faithful to sth忠实于
考研英语二该怎么复习 不知不觉间，从年初决定考研到正式进入备考状态已经快4个多月了，虽然过得像苦行僧一样，但看到自己每天都在不断地进步,明0怕是只记住了_个政治术语,背诵了几个单词，心里也倍感自豪！也许所谓的’有梦为马，随处可栖"大抵就是这种感觉吧，目前对于我而言，考研就是我的梦，努力就是那匹追梦的马，而考上研究生就是我梦想的栖息之地！ 我是一个高考时误打误撞被计算机专业录取的川妹子，但骨子里还是比较喜欢文字和文学，在学校期间也靠写散文也赚了点稿费，所以就有点儿〃自命不凡",想通过跨专业考研来实现自己多年来的文学梦。今天之所以在这里与大家分享我考研英语复习的方法与经验，是因为自己感觉这段时间在考研英语的复习上进步确实蛮大的，实在按捺不住心里的兴奋和激动这段时间,考研英语复习我主要采取的是分题型训练法，这主要还得归功于我手头的那册英语二真题解析书《考研圣经?最新五年版》,自黑一下,其实一开始我也没有具体的复习思路，幸亏本姑娘是个很有想法的人，在研读了这个真题册后,觉得可以借助它来打造一套自己专属的复习方案，看到这里，相信很多人都迫不及待了，so ,下面就请听我细细道来自己的具体方法和经验吧八A （一）词汇 不得不说.在中国,一提到英语考试.大家的本能反应肯定是”背单词"”考研英语也不例外。但很多人在拿起一本词汇书时就盲目地从abandon开始背诵，开始时可能兴致很高，但背诵一段时间后，热情就慢慢减退了，直到最后彻底将词汇书弃之一旁。所以，单词是一定要背的，但掌握正确的方法是关键。在复习词汇时,我没有刻意地去专门死啃—本词汇书，而是选择^用音标、词性、词义、近反义词以及例句等去记忆,这样既能加深对于词汇的理解，又能熟悉这个词汇在具体语境中的用法。词汇的积累虽然越多越好，但你并不需要记住全部的单词，除了考硏必考的5500多个词汇外，其他一些词汇只需要混个脸熟就行，在遇到它们的时候，大概知道它们的含义就行。 另外，词汇的学习并不局限于专门的词汇书，大家还可以摘抄、背诵和记忆预测试卷、真题试卷中阅读文章、翻译和写作中涉及到的一些核词汇，在复习时，我就拿了个小本子,将《考研圣经最新五年版》中每篇文章中提到的词汇摘录岀来，放在一起进行记忆,相对来说,这个试题册对于词汇的注释算是比较全面的，你只需要摘录下来逬行记忆就行，不需要自己动手再去查字典。 （二）阅读理解 词汇的功课做足准备后，就要通过做题来进行巩固啦。相信研友们都知道，坊间流传着这样一句话〃得阅读者得天下〃，阅读理解在考研英语中的重要性由此可见一斑。这部分在考研英语整个卷面中所占的分值比较大，也是最容易失分的题型。它包括三个完型填空、传统阅读和新题型三个部分,很多人在一开始就被这〃三兄弟〃的阵势给吓倒了,从而彻底丧失了信心。所以，一定要树立自信心。在备考这部分时，一定要兼顾速度与技巧，因为考试的时间有限，
考研英语阅读理解新题型答案 Directions: The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. [B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in
英语二新题型冲刺课程 多项对应题型解题步骤 1.找出5道题目中的关键词----大写字母（专有名词）：数字，句子主干信息 2.回到原文，找出题目中关键词的位置------题目顺序与文章顺序基本一致 3.阅读关键词所在句子和其之后的句子------到选项中找到对应的信息 （1）原句完全重现（保6） （2）核心信息同词复现（保6） （3）核心信息同义替换（争8） （4）全句同义替换（争10） 4.对于无法确定答案位置的选项，回到文章中找出选项所在位置，判断是否在某个题目关 键词之后的部分 小标题题型解题步骤 1.判断段落主题位置 （1）段落首末句 （2）如果段落首末句为举例，则一般为段落次句 2.找出各个选项中的实词 （1）排除选项中重复出现的实词（全文主题词） （2）实词：名词动词形容词 3.到各段落主题句中寻找是否出现了选项中的实词—完成保6 （1）完全同词复现（保6） （2）同词不同形式复现（动词不同时态，名词单复数）（保6） （3）同根词复现（保6） 4.选项中是否出现了段落主题句中词汇的同义词---完成争8 5.选项中是否出现了段落主题句的同义改写---完成争10 解题方法的重要性 1.同词复现 2.同义替换 3.句子改写
模拟题讲解——方法论的掌握 小标题题： [A] What to do as a student? [B] Various definitions of plagiarism [C] Ideas should always be sourced [D] Accident can be forgiven [E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft [F] The consequences of plagiarism Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person's ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one's ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one’s own of the idea, or the expression of ideas of another.” 41. The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment many range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writes are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources. 42. Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholar’s ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention. 43. Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished. 44. Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not
2019考研英语科目分值及时间的分配问题 考研英语总时长为180分钟，建议大家按照以下时间划分来完成各部分考题，以下建议由凯程郑老师提供，仅供大家在自己没有把握的情况下进行参考，同学们要注意结合自己的实际情况进行调整。 1、完型填空：15-20分钟(10分) 2、阅读理解：110-115分钟(分值：60分，Part A为40分，其余各占10分) Part A：传统阅读理解70-75分钟(考试重点) Part B：新题型20分钟 Part C：翻译20-25分钟 3、作文：50分钟(30分)(考试重点) Part A：小作文15分钟 Part B：大作文35分钟 考研英语作文答题时间应该控制在50分钟之内。第一篇小作文15分钟差不多，因为第一篇小作文写6—8句话，超过8句话就过分了，就远远超过考试的字数要求，增加判卷老师的工作量。 第二篇作文35分钟足够了，也就是写3个自然段，12句话，冲到顶17句话。很多同学感觉写作时间不够，主要是因为他们写的内容太多、太杂，层次不清晰，思路不明确，语言表达不到位。 在考场上写作文，不在于你写的内容、篇幅太长，关键是看你的质量，无论是从内容上还是从语言上。 对于以上的考研英语时间分配表，大家可以结合自身情况进行参考。一个比较安全的方法是各位考友在考前严格按照上面这个时间分配表做三套模拟题。只有这样，你们在真正考场上才能熟练而且严格按照时间表来做题。 由于考研英语阅读Part A和写作这两部分占的分值很大，可以说拿下这两个部分考生基本上可以高枕无忧了。因此，大家在实际考试的时候，绝对要保证阅读和写作两个部分能够有充裕时间完成。 如何安排考研英语各个部分的答题顺序考研英语的答题顺序要因人而异的，考生可以根据自身答题情况来调整顺序，使自己达到最佳应试状态。建议，还是按照传统的考题顺序来做比较妥当一点，即先做“完形”、再做“阅读”，最后做“作文”。这样做，不会让你漏题(注：事实上漏题这种担心并非多余，每年考场上都发生这样的事情)