A Concise History of American Literature
What is literature?
Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages.
Chapter 1 Colonial Period
I.Background：Puritanism
1.features of Puritanism
(1)Predestination：God decided everything before things occurred.
(2)Original sin：Human beings were born to be evil，and this original sin can be
passed down from generation to generation.
(3)Total depravity
(4)Limited atonement：Only the “elect” can be saved.
2.Influence
(1) A group of good qualities –hard work，thrift，piety，sobriety (serious and
thoughtful) influenced American literature.
(2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.
(3)Symbolism：the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of percep tion was chiefly
instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly
American.
(4)With regard to their writing，the style is fresh，simple and direct；the rhetoric is
plain and honest，not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct
influence of the Bible.
II.Overview of the literature
1.types of writing
diaries，histories，journals，letters，travel books，autobiographies/biographies，sermons
2.writers of colonial period
(1)Anne Bradstreet
(2)Edward Taylor
(3)Roger Williams
(4)John Woolman
(5)Thomas Paine
(6)Philip Freneau
III.Jonathan Edwards
1.life
2.works
(1)The Freedom of the Will
(2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended
(3)The Nature of True Virtue
3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism
(1)The spirit of revivalism
(2)Regeneration of man
(3)God’s presence
(4)Puritan idealism
IV.Benjamin Franklin
1.life
2.works
(1)Poor Richard’s Almanac
(2)Autobiography
3.contribution
(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical
Society.
(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case)
from heaven”.
(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville
thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.
Chapter 2 American Romanticism
Section 1 Early Romantic Period
What is Romanticism?
●An approach from ancient Greek：Plato
● A literary trend：18c in Britain (1798~1832)
●Schlegel Bros.
I.Preview：Characteristics of romanticism
1.subjectivity
(1)feeling and emotions，finding truth
(2)emphasis on imagination
(3)emphasis on individualism – personal freedom，no hero worship，natural goodness
of human beings
2.back to medieval，esp medieval folk literature
(1)unrestrained by classical rules
(2)full of imagination
(3)colloquial language
(4)freedom of imagination
(5)genuine in feelings：answer their call for classics
3.back to nature
nature is “breathing living thing” (Rous seau)
II.American Romanticism
1.Background
(1)Political background and economic development
(2)Romantic movement in European countries
Derivative – foreign influence
2.features
(1)American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience
and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place”
was radically new and alien.
(2)There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic
authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to
edify more than they entertained.
(3)The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American
Romanticism.
(4)As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work，American romanticism
was both imitative and independent.
III.Washington Irving
1.several names attached to Irving
(1)first American writer
(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world
(3)father of American literature
2.life
3.works
(1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch
Dynasty
(2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon，Gent. (He won a measure of international
recognition with the publication of this.)
(3)The History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus
(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada
(5)The Alhambra
4.Literary career：two parts
(1)1809~1832
a.Subjects are either English or European
b.Conservative love for the antique
(2)1832~1859：back to US
5.style – beautiful
(1)gentility，urbanity，pleasantness
(2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining
(3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere
(4)vivid and true characters
《小王子英文版》精读笔记——第一章 第1 章 [ Chapter 1 ] ◆magnificent /m?ɡ?n?f?snt/ adj. 壮丽的;令人印象深刻的 ◆primeval /pra??miv?l/ adj. 原始的 ◆a boa constrictor 一条蟒蛇 ◆boa /'b???/ n. 蟒 ◆constrictor /k?n'str?kt?/ n. 大蟒 ◆swallow /'sw?l??/ v. 吞下 ◆called True Stories from Nature 可以看做非限制性定语修饰a book（解释补充说明）◆in the act of doing (sth.) 正在做某事时 ◆prey /pre?/ n[U].猎物v.捕食 ◆swallow sth. whole 把……囫囵吞下 ◆whole /h??l/ adj. 完整的 ◆chew /t?u?/ vt.咀嚼 ◆succeed in doing 成功地做某事 ◆drawing /'dr??(r)??/ n. 图画 ◆masterpiece /'mɑ?st?pi?s/ n. 杰作 ◆frighten /'fra?t(?)n/ v.使惊恐;吓唬 ◆show sth. to sb. 把某物给某人看 ◆digest /da?'d?est/ v.消化 ◆ask sb. sth. 询问某人某事 ◆whether the drawing frightened them 宾语从句 ◆be frightened by... 被……吓坏(吓一跳) ◆digesting an elephant 现在分词短语作后置定语 完整版笔记持续更新中ing 公主号：中学英语Club
第9章地方色彩小说?马克?吐温 9.1复习笔记 I.Local Colorism（地方色彩主义） The vogue of local color fiction was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that had been gathering energy since early19th century.Local colorism as a literary trend first made its presence felt in the late1860s and early seventies.It is a variation of American literary realism. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.They concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Major local colorists are Bret Harte,Hanlin Garland, Harriet Beecher Stowe,Kate Chopin and Mark Twain. 地方色彩小说的流行是自19世纪早期以来历史和艺术力量凝聚的产物。作为一种文学潮流，地方色彩主义在19世纪60年代晚期和70年代早期初展头角。它是美国现实主义文学的一个分支。 地方色彩主义作家是怀念正在消逝的生活方式的历史家，他们记录了在他们眼前逝去的现在。他们致力于展示描述自己地方的特色，倾向于赞颂地方生活并将其理想化，但是他们又注意不失地方生活的真实色彩。主要的地方色彩主义作家包括布莱特·哈特、汉林·加兰德、哈里耶特·比彻·斯托、凯特·肖邦及马克·吐温等。 II.Mark Twain(1835-1910)（马克·吐温） 1.Life（生平） Mark Twain,pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary giant of America. He was brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.He was successively a printer’s apprentice,a tramp printer,a silver miner,a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi,and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California.This knocking about gave him wide knowledge of humanity. With the publication of his frontier tale,he became nationally famous.His first novel The Gilded Age was an artistic failure,but it gave its name to the American of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was his masterwork.Mark Twain was essentially an affirmative writer.But toward the latter part of his life,due to some tragic events,he changed to an almost
《英国文学史及作品选读》教学大纲 一、课程说明 1. 课程中文名称：英国文学史及作品选读 2 课程英文名称：History and Selected Readings of English Literature 3. 课程总学时数：32 4. 课程学分数： 2 5. 授课对象：英语专业本科学生 6. 本课程的性质、地位和作用 本课程为面向英语专业高年级（三年级）学生开设的一门专业选修课，在学科体系中居重要地位。要求学生以先修英语阅读、综合英语、英美文化和英美概况等课程为基础。通过教学，使学生对英国文学有一个概观了解，同时初步培养学生对英国文学作品的鉴赏能力，增强学生对西方文学及文化的了解。该课程有助于增强学生的语言基本功，丰富学生的人文知识、充实学生的文化修养，提高学生的精神素质。 二、教学基本要求 1. 本课程的目的、任务 英国文学史及文学作品包含着历史的记忆和哲学的睿智，是英语语言艺术的结晶。本课程旨在介绍英国文学各个时期的主要文化思潮，文学流派，主要作家及其代表作，使学生对英国文学的发展脉络有一个大概的了解和认识，提高他们对文学作品的阅读鉴赏能力，并能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。要求学生在阅读和分析英国文学作品的基础上了解英国的历史、社会、政治等方面的情况及传统，促进学生对西方文学及文化的了解，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性，培养学生对作品的洞察批判能力，从而丰富提升学生人文素养。 2. 本课程的教学要求 了解英国文学的发展概况，熟悉发展过程中出现的历史事件，文学思潮，文学流派；熟悉具体作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色和所属流派；能读懂代表作家的经典作品，并能分析评介作品的主题思想，人物形象，篇章结构、语言
美国文学史常耀信版 很有用的哦！ 2008-08-10 22:02 阅读206 评论0 字号：大中小 美国文学史常耀信版 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America浪漫主义American Romanticism(1815-1865) 早期浪漫主义early romanticism——Irving欧文, Cooper库柏, Bryant布莱恩特 先验主义transcendentalism and symbolic representation——Emerson 爱默森，Margaret Fuller玛格丽特福勒，Thoreau 梭罗 三位重要的小说家——Hawthorne 霍桑，Melville 梅尔维尔，Poe 坡 二位重要的诗人——Whitman 惠特曼，Dickinson 狄更生 现实主义American Realism（1865-1914） 带有地方色彩的写作local color writing——Mark Twain马克吐温 现实主义literary realism——James 詹姆士，Howells 豪斯尔斯 自然主义literary naturalism——Garland 加兰特，Grane 格雷恩，Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯，Jack London 杰克伦敦，Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞 现代主义American Modernism(1914-1945) 现代主义在欧洲American modernism in Europe——Gerturde Stein 格特鲁德斯坦因，Ezra Pound 艾兹拉庞德，Amy Lowell 艾米洛威尔，H.D.(Hilda Doolittle) 杜丽埃尔 战时的现代派小说modern fiction between the wars——William Faulkner 威廉福克纳，Hemingway 海明威，Fitzgerald 费兹杰罗，Passos 帕索斯，Steinbeck 斯坦贝克 现代派诗歌modern American poetry——T.S. Eliot 艾略特，Wallace Stevens 史蒂文斯，William Carols Williams 威廉姆斯，卡明斯 Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True Virtue Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Moneyoor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；
美国文学作者作品 Edwards: 爱德华兹 The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》 Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》 The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》 名篇：Personal Narrative 《自述》 Sinners in the hands of an Angry God 《愤怒上帝手中之罪》 Benjamin Franklin:本杰明·富兰克林 Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年历》Autobiography 《自传》 Washington Irving:华盛顿·欧文 A History of New York《纽约外传》The Sketch Book 《见文札记》名篇：Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·温·凡克尔》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》 James Fenimore Cooper:詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》 The Pioneer 《拓荒者》The Prairie 《大草原》 The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》 The Pathfinder《探路人》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》
Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言） The Poet Henry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗 Walden 《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑 The Scarlet Letter《红字》 The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》 Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》 The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》 Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》 Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》 Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》 The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》 The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》
第3章美国浪漫主义欧文库柏 3.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义简介） In the history of American literature, the Romantic period is one of the most important periods. It stretched from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war. 美国文学中的浪漫主义时期开始于18世纪末，到南北战争爆发为止，是美国文学史上的重要阶段。 1. Background（背景） (1) A nation bursting into new life cried for literary expression. The buoyant mood of the nation and the spirit of the times seemed in some measure responsible for the spectacular outburst of romantic feeling. The literary milieu proved fertile and conductive to the imagination. Magazine appeared in ever-increasing numbers. They played an important role in facilitating literary expansion. (2) Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism. The Romantic Movement, which had flourished earlier in the century both in England
百年中国的英国文学史书写研究 本论文以中国大陆的英国文学史为研究对象,考察从民国时期到当前近百年间英国文学史的发展历程,经历了哪些变迁?和西方的英 国文学史书写有何不同?受到了哪些因素的影响?体现了哪些特征?等等。论文运用文学史的相关概念和理论,从文学观念、文学史观、文学史书写体例和文学史经典建构四个方面讨论了英国文学史在国内 的发展历程,最后选取了不同时期的四个个案,来进一步说明以上讨 论的问题。除绪论和结语,论文主体部分共分5章。绪论部分简略地介绍了英国文学史在中国书写的学科背景,英国文学史在中国的发展概况,研究现状,写作目的,写作思路等。第一章从文学观念的角度讨论英国文学史的书写问题,说明文学观念是如何影响和决定着文学史家对材料的选择和处理,并对比了西方的几部英国文学史来说明中国的英国文学史在文学观念上的书写特色和所受影响。近代意义上的文学观念是西方传入的纯文学观,纯文学观念对国人影响极大,国内的 大部分英国文学史都坚持纯文学观念,收入的是诗歌、小说、戏剧和散文。泛文学观念影响下文学史把历史、哲学、书信、日记、箴言、小册子都纳入文学史料的范围内。后理论时代的大文学观念对国内英国文学史书写最大的影响就是收入了原来的亚文学类属的文本,妇女文学、地区文学、族裔文学、通俗文学进入文学史,而跨学科性质的文学史在国内并未出现。第二章从文学史观的角度讨论了英国文学史书写问题,并分为二个主要的时期,即民国时期以进化论为主导的文 学史书写和建国后以马克思主义唯物论为主导的文学史书写。无论是
进化论还是马克思主义唯物论的文学史观在进入中国后,和中国的社 会现实相结合,本着改变落后,争取富强的目的,被变形处理。以进化 论为指导的英国文学史书写强调文学与国民性的关系,以开民智,启 民力为目的,旨在改变中国国民素质。马克思主义唯物论文学史观最 初一度变成阶级论的文学史观,所有的文学作品都被打上阶级的烙印。进入新时期后,文学史的书写则强调社会经济、政治背景,作家生平, 作品的思想内容,也适当强调作品的艺术特征。最后一节针对英国文 学史书写中的史观问题提出了以人性论为指导的文学史书写问题。第三章首先从文学史的书写体例角度讨论了英国文学史书写中的分期 和撰写体例问题,对比了西方的几部英国文学史,找出异同并阐明了 原因。在分期上,国人倾向于大杂烩式的分期模式,即政治朝代+世纪+文艺思潮等混合体模式。在撰写体例上,受传统史书书写的影响,作家纪传体模式盛行,其次便是分类合编体。而评论体和辞典体则凤毛麟角,应用极少。第二节针对国内分期问题提出了以文学思潮、文学传 播方式为依据的分期模式,针对撰写体例问题提出了以编年体、故事 体为模式的撰写方式。第四章从文学史经典建构的角度讨论了百年来中国的英国文学史经典演变过程和中国文学传统对经典建构的影响 问题。发现中国的英国文学史经典是一步步中国化的过程,是历史、 现实、文化和意识形态共同作用的产物,在经典的选择、经典作家的 评价和经典作品的阐释上都有异于英国本土的文学史。第五章选取了中国不同时期四个比较独特的英国文学史书写案例来进一步说明以 上问题,以期从中窥见出百年来英国文学史在中国(大陆)书写历程和
考研阅读精读笔记（98Passage Four - 99）(2009-06-30 17:58:21) Passage Four L: census n.人口普查 regional a.地区的region n. standstill n.停止 in years ahead 将来 enthrone vt.使加冕；使登王位；使成为最高/最大/最强... densely ad.稠密地；密集地dense a. populate = inhabit vt.居住 the most densely populated region 人口最密集的地区 the most thinly populated area 人口最稀少的地区 counting n.计数，计算，数数count v. numerically ad.数字地，数目地numerical a. add up to = amount to 总计，达到 except for 除了 the Depression (1929-1932)大萧条 migrate v. 迁徙，移动migration n. migrant n.迁徙者；候鸟 belt n.带，地带，腰带 be attributed to 被归因于 nonstop a.不停顿的 wave n.浪潮；波浪 immigrant n.移民immigrate v. crop n.庄稼，作物；一批 baby boom 婴儿潮，婴儿出生高峰 child-bearing a.生育孩子的 demographer n.人口学家 demography n.人口学 vast a.广大的，大的 respectively ad.各自地respective a. be composed of 由...构成，包括 square n./a.正方形；广场；平方 per square mile 每平方英里 crowded a.拥挤crowdedness n. bearable a.能承受的，能忍受的 dramatize v.戏剧化的表达；清楚地表达/表现 spacious a.宽敞的 smog n.烟雾 plague n.弊端；瘟疫；灾难；祸患 urbanization n. 城市化，都市化urbanize v. the Golden State 指California two thirds 三分之二 one fifth 五分之一
第19章美国戏剧 19.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American drama（美国戏剧概述） American drama began in 1916 when the Provincetown Players produced Eugene O’Neil’s first play, Bound East for Cardiff. It is true that there were no great masters in the theater comparable in stature to such major figures in fiction as Melville or James, but there had been people who did spadework for the rise of American drama in the 1920s. There was a renaissance of drama in the 1920s. American drama began the process of developing itself into a department of American literature equal in significance to both poetry and the novel. The theater of the Depression was not depressing. Like other branches of literature the drama was preoccupied with social concern. The staging of Tennessee Williams’The Glass Menagerie on Broadway in 1945 was an even of unusual significance, as it marked American drama’s coming of age. The late fifties saw a temporary decline in dramatic productions, but in the next decade, American drama picked up a good deal of fresh energy. With the passage of time there has appeared the increasingly more obvious tendency to “decentralize”from Broadway with more and more plays stages Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway. And from the end of the sixties.
Amateur[??m?t?(r)] Naturalists[?n?t?r?l?st] Ecologists[i:?k?l?d??sts] are using a wealth of unusual data to predict he impact of climate change. 生态学家们通过大量民间数据来预测气候变化带来的影响 a wealth of Sn.大量;丰富If you say that someone or something has a wealth of good qualities or things, you are emphasizing that they have a very large number or amount of them. FORMAL 正式 ...such a wealth of creative expertise[?eksp?:?ti:z]... 如此丰富的创造性Un.专门技能 The city boasts[b??st]v.有，拥有（值得骄傲的成就或财产）a wealth of beautiful churches. 这座城市拥有众多美丽的教堂 A: Tim Sparks slides a small leather-bound装订的notebook out of an envelope[?env?l ??p]. Tim Sparks从信封里取出了一本皮面笔记本 slide out of The book’s yellowing pages contain beekeeping notes made between 1941 and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth, Leicestershire. 笔记本的纸页已经微微泛黄，它记载了在Kilworth, Leicestershire居住的已故的养蜂人Walter Coates从1941年到1969年间的养蜂记录 late adj.已故的；已逝的；（尤指）新近去世的Y ou use late when you are talking about someone who is dead, especially someone who has died recently. His growing pile[pa?l] of local journals 他那堆越来越多的地方日报 a pile of
第22章纽约派诗人?沉思型诗歌?黑山派诗人 22.1 复习笔记 I. The New York School（纽约派诗人） 1. Features of the New York School（纽约派诗歌的特点） The so-called New York School became well known with the publication of Donald Allen’s 1960 anthology. The poets of the New York School were different in their separate pursuits, but their poetry reveals something they shared in common. (1) For one thing, they were all vehemently up against the dominant New Critical values such as the impersonal presentation of images, and tried to assert their individual poetic voice. (2) They also introduced the popular and the low features of life into their writings like popular songs, comic strip figures, and Hollywood movies. (3) Thirdly, they exhibited a huge sense of humor, offering room as their poems did for elements like the vulgar and the sentimental. (4) Finally, they experimented with Surrealism, for a while. 所谓的纽约派是随着唐纳德·艾伦1960年发表的文集而出名的。纽约派诗人的追求各异，但他们的诗歌都有相同的特点。
第2章爱德华兹?富兰克林?克里夫古尔 I.Fill in the blanks. 1.In his_____Benjamin Franklin creates the image of a boy’s rise from_____to riches and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work and wise management.（天津外国语学院2008研） 【答案】Autobiography,poor 【解析】富兰克林在《自传》中讲述了其白手起家、自力更生的故事，平凡却生动的讲述表明他坚信通过努力就能实现美国梦。 2.If we say Jonathan Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind, _____represents the lower levels. 【答案】Benjamin Franklin 【解析】美国文学评论家范·威克·布鲁克斯（Van Wyck Brooks）在《美国的成年》(America’s Coming Age)中指出乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林是美国18世纪的两位重要的哲学家，他们是不同层次思想的代表。 3.Before his death,_____had gained a position as America’s first systematic philosopher. 【答案】Jonathan Edwards 【解析】乔纳森·爱德华兹（1703-1758）是美国“大觉醒”（the“Great Awakening”）
海南师范学院本科英语专业理论课教学大纲：美国文学 课程编号：03101026 学时：36 学分：2 一、课程的性质和任务 《美国文学史及选读》是英语语言文学专业（本科）的一门专业知识必修课。它简要介绍了美国文学从十七世纪殖民时期到二十世纪的发展历史及其主要作品。本课程是英语专业的专业基础课，目标是：通过文学史的教学拓宽学生的知识面，提高学生的文学修养，使学生了解英美文学各个历史时期的文艺思潮、文学流派、主要作家和作品； 通过美国文学作品的教学，提高学生对英文原著的理解能力、鉴赏能力，培养学生发现问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力； 通过课外实践活动，激发学生的文学兴趣，培养学生的文学鉴赏和批评能力及论文写作能力 二、相关课程的衔接 本课程是为英语专业高年级学生开设的，学生必须具有良好的英语阅读和理解基本功方能顺利地学习该课程，与此同时，它与美国历史、文化、社会背景等关系密切，因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，相关衔接课程有《英国文学》，《英语国家概况》《跨文化交际》等课程。 三、教学的基本要求 1．了解美国文学发展史上的重要时期和阶段，包括殖民地时期、独立战争时期、浪漫主义时代、南北战争时期和两次世界大战前后文学现象及特征。 2．了解各个重要发展阶段的代表作家及作品，熟知其内容、风格和艺术价值及其在世界文学史上的重要地位。 3．了解伴随美国文学各个阶段产生的文艺批评思潮，提高学生的文艺理论水平。 四、教学方法与重点、难点 教学方法：教学方法以课堂讲授为主，辅以讨论，并要求学生在课外大量阅读参考书，撰写读书报告及评论课上充分利用网络资源及现代化教学手段，使学生能够积极主动地进行学习 本课程的重点与难点相对来说是一致的 从时段上来说，19世纪20年代以后的美国文学由于处于第二次繁荣时期，对于美国文学的历史走向曾发生了相当重要的影响，自然是本课程的重点而这一阶段的文学语言丰富、色彩各异，且与哲学、史学、艺术学等结合得比较紧密，所以这一时期的文学作品在语言上和思想上都具备一定的难度，是本课程的难点所在另外，后现代文学作品的出现也增加了学生阅读的难度，因此了解后现代作品的创作手法，写作动机也是本科的一个难点解决的办法主要是在专业基础课之外，定期安排专家讲学，题目多涉及与课程难度相关的内容，旨在拓宽
一．元素周期表 1.原子序数=核电荷数=核内质子数=核外电子数 2.主族元素最外层电子数=主族序数 3.电子层数=周期序数 4.碱金属元素:密度逐渐增大,熔沸点逐渐变大,自上而下反应越来越剧烈 银白色金属,密度小,熔沸点低,导电导热性强 5.判断元素金属性强弱的方法: 单质与水(酸)反应置换出氢的难易程度 最高价氧化物的水化物(氢氧化物)的碱性强弱 单质间的置换 6.卤族元素:密度逐渐增大,熔沸点逐渐升高 与氢气反应剧烈程度越来越弱,生成氢化物稳定性渐弱 7.判断元素非金属性强弱的方法: 与氢气生成气态氢化物的难易程度以及氢化物的稳定性 最高价氧化物的水化物的酸性 单质间的置换 8.质量数:核内所有质子和中子的相对质量取近似整数相加 9.核素:具有一定数目质子和一定数目的中子的一种原子 10.同位素:质子数相同而中子数不同的同一元素的不同原子互称为同位素 天然稳定存在的同位素,无论是游离态还是化合态各同位素所占的原子个数百分比一般是不变的在相同状况下,各同位素的化学性质基本相同(几乎完全一样),物理性质有所不同 12.原子相对原子质量=1个原子的质量/（1/12 C12的原子质量） 13.原子的近似相对原子质量=质量数 14.元素的相对原子质量=各同位素的相对原子质量的平均值=A·a％+B·b％… 15.元素的近似相对原子质量=各同位素质量数的平均值=A·a％+B·b％… 二．元素周期律 1.K、L、M、N、O、P、Q（1,2,3,4,5,6，7，）层数越大，电子离核越远，其能量越高 2.能量最低原理 3.各电子层最多容纳电子数：2n^2 4.最外层不超过8，次外层18，倒数第三层32 5.原子半径：同周期主族元素，原子半径从左到右逐渐减小
A Concise History of American Literature What is literature? Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages. Chapter 1 Colonial Period I.Background: Puritanism 1.features of Puritanism (1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred. (2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. (3)Total depravity (4)Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved. 2.Influence (1) A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3)Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II.Overview of the literature 1.types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2.writers of colonial period (1)Anne Bradstreet (2)Edward Taylor (3)Roger Williams (4)John Woolman (5)Thomas Paine (6)Philip Freneau III.Jonathan Edwards 1.life 2.works (1)The Freedom of the Will (2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (3)The Nature of True Virtue 3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism (1)The spirit of revivalism (2)Regeneration of man (3)God’s presence (4)Puritan idealism IV.Benjamin Franklin 1.life 2.works (1)Poor Richard’s Almanac (2)Autobiography 3.contribution (1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.
1993 Passage One L: critical a.重要的，关键的；批评的，批判的starve v.饿；饿死 drastic a.极端的；有力度的；严厉的 mother tongue 母语 infant n.婴儿 capacity n.能力；容量 severe a.严重的；严厉的 nevertheless = nonetheless conj. 尽管如此insensitive to A 对A不敏感 signal n./v. 信号；发信号 Sb is programmed to do... 某人天生能做 neglect vt.忽略 negligence n. negligent a. ideal a./n.理想的；理想 stage n.阶段；舞台 eventually ad.最终 turn out to be 结果证明是 command n./v.命令；指挥；掌握 style n.风格 sight n.视觉；看到；视力 feel n.触觉 toy n.玩具 pattern n.模式，样式，方式；规律 incredible a.不可思议的，难以置信的 mixture n.混合；混合物 induce vt.诱导，引诱 grasp n./v.抓；抓住；掌握 respond to A 对A做出反应/回应 dull a.迟钝；枯燥 vt.使迟钝 discourage vt.使灰心 discouraged a.灰心的，沮丧的 verbal a.语言的 purpose n.目的
at once 突然；立刻 inadequately ad.不充分的，不够的 inadequate a. intelligent a.聪明的 exceptionally ad.格外，特别 remarkable a.非凡，不寻常 owe A to B 把A归因于B；有了A是因为B faculty n.能力；全体教师；系，院 inborn a.天生的 anything but selective a.选择性的；选择的 select v. definite a.明确的；具体的 necessarily ad.必然，必定 not necessarily 未必，不见得，不一定 S: such A as B 像B这样的A Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. 分析：such severe lack as that ordered by Frederick A：severe lack B: that ordered by Frederick，其中that指代前面的lack 介词as引导的介宾短语，作名词lack的后置定语，但因为lack作句子的主语，为了避免头重脚轻，名词和介宾短语被谓语动词exists分割开了。 翻译：今天，再不存在像Frederick下命令所造成的那种严重的匮乏。 What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. 与猴子的大脑相比，关于人的大脑的特殊之处，是一个复杂的系统，这个系统能让一个小孩把，比如说，对一个玩具熊的视觉和触觉，与“toy-bear”这个单词的发音模式联系起来。 And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. 更不可思议的是，小孩的大脑有能力从他周围混杂的声音中选出语言的秩序，有能力进行分析，有能力以新的方式对词和句进行组合与重新组合。 W: be incapable of 不能