Network Working Group S. Bellovin Request for Comments: 4278 AT&T Labs Research Category: Informational A. Zinin Alcatel January 2006 Standards Maturity Variance Regarding the TCP MD5 Signature Option
(RFC 2385) and the BGP-4 Specification
Status of This Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
Abstract
The IETF Standards Process requires that all normative references for a document be at the same or higher level of standardization. RFC
2026 section 9.1 allows the IESG to grant a variance to the standard practices of the IETF. This document explains why the IESG is
considering doing so for the revised version of the BGP-4
specification, which refers normatively to RFC 2385, "Protection of
BGP Sessions via the TCP MD5 Signature Option". RFC 2385 will remain at the Proposed Standard level.
1. Introduction
The IETF Standards Process [RFC2026] requires that all normative
references for a document be at the same or higher level of
standardization. RFC 2026 section 9.1 allows the IESG to grant a
variance to the standard practices of the IETF. Pursuant to that, it is considering publishing the updated BGP-4 specification [RFC4271]
as Draft Standard, despite the normative reference to [RFC2385],
"Protection of BGP Sessions via the TCP MD5 Signature Option". RFC
2385 will remain a Proposed Standard. (Note that although the title of [RFC2385] includes the word "signature", the technology described in it is commonly known as a Message Authentication Code or MAC, and should not be confused with digital signature technologies.)
[RFC2385], which is widely implemented, is the only transmission
security mechanism defined for BGP-4. Other possible mechanisms,
such as IPsec [RFC2401] and TLS [RFC2246], are rarely, if ever, used Bellovin & Zinin Informational [Page 1]
for this purpose. Given the long-standing requirement for security
features in protocols, it is not possible to advance BGP-4 without a mandated security mechanism.
The conflict of maturity levels between specifications would normally be resolved by advancing the specification being referred to along
the standards track, to the level of maturity that the referring
specification needs to achieve. However, in the particular case
considered here, the IESG believes that [RFC2385], though adequate
for BGP deployments at this moment, is not strong enough for general use, and thus should not be progressed along the standards track. In this situation, the IESG believes that variance procedure should be
used to allow the updated BGP-4 specification to be published as
Draft Standard.
The following sections of the document give detailed explanations of the statements above.
2. Draft Standard Requirements
The requirements for Proposed Standards and Draft Standards are given in [RFC2026]. For Proposed Standards, [RFC2026] warns that:
Implementors should treat Proposed Standards as immature
specifications. It is desirable to implement them in order to
gain experience and to validate, test, and clarify the
specification. However, since the content of Proposed Standards may be changed if problems are found or better solutions are
identified, deploying implementations of such standards into a
disruption-sensitive environment is not recommended.
In other words, it is considered reasonable for flaws to be
discovered in Proposed Standards.
The requirements for Draft Standards are higher:
A Draft Standard must be well-understood and known to be quite
stable, both in its semantics and as a basis for developing an
implementation.
In other words, any document that has known deficiencies should not
be promoted to Draft Standard.
Bellovin & Zinin Informational [Page 2]
3. The TCP MD5 Signature Option
[RFC2385], despite its 1998 publication date, describes a Message
Authentication Code (MAC) that is considerably older. It utilizes a technique known as a "keyed hash function", using MD5 [RFC1321] as
the hash function. When the original code was developed, this was
believed to be a reasonable technique, especially if the key was
appended (rather than prepended) to the data being protected. But
cryptographic hash functions were never intended for use as MACs, and later cryptanalytic results showed that the construct was not as
strong as originally believed [PV1, PV2]. Worse yet, the underlying hash function, MD5, has shown signs of weakness [Dobbertin, Wang].
Accordingly, the IETF community has adopted Hashed Message
Authentication Code (HMAC) [RFC2104], a scheme with provable security properties, as its standard MAC.
Beyond that, [RFC2385] does not include any sort of key management
technique. Common practice is to use a password as a shared secret
between pairs of sites, but this is not a good idea [RFC3562].
Other problems are documented in [RFC2385] itself, including the lack of a type code or version number, and the inability of systems using this scheme to accept certain TCP resets.
Despite the widespread deployment of [RFC2385] in BGP deployments,
the IESG has thus concluded that it is not appropriate for use in
other contexts. [RFC2385] is not suitable for advancement to Draft
Standard.
4. Usage Patterns for RFC 2385
Given the above analysis, it is reasonable to ask why [RFC2385] is
still used for BGP. The answer lies in the deployment patterns
peculiar to BGP.
BGP connections inherently tend to travel over short paths. Indeed, most external BGP links are one hop. Although internal BGP sessions are usually multi-hop, the links involved are generally inhabited
only by routers rather than general-purpose computers; general-
purpose computers are easier for attackers to use as TCP hijacking
tools [Joncheray].
Also, BGP peering associations tend to be long-lived and static. By contrast, many other security situations are more dynamic.
This is not to say that such attacks cannot happen. (If they
couldn’t happen at all, there would be no point to any security
measures.) Attackers could divert links at layers 1 or 2, or they Bellovin & Zinin Informational [Page 3]
could (in some situations) use Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
spoofing at Ethernet-based exchange points. Still, on balance, BGP
is employed in an environment that is less susceptible to this sort
of attack.
There is another class of attack against which BGP is extremely
vulnerable: false route advertisements from more than one autonomous system (AS) hop away. However, neither [RFC2385] nor any other
transmission security mechanism can block such attacks. Rather, a
scheme such as S-BGP [Kent] would be needed.
5. LDP
The Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) [RFC3036] also uses [RFC2385]. Deployment practices for LDP are very similar to those of BGP: LDP
connections are usually confined within a single autonomous system
and most frequently span a single link between two routers. This
makes the LDP threat environment very similar to BGP’s. Given this, and a considerable installed base of LDP in service provider
networks, we are not deprecating [RFC2385] for use with LDP.
6. Security Considerations
The IESG believes that the variance described here will not adversely affect the security of the Internet.
7. Conclusions
Given the above analysis, the IESG is persuaded that waiving the
prerequisite requirement is the appropriate thing to do. [RFC2385]
is clearly not suitable for Draft Standard. Other existing
mechanisms, such as IPsec, would do its job better. However, given
the current operational practices in service provider networks at the moment -- and in particular the common use of long-lived standard
keys, [RFC3562] notwithstanding -- the marginal benefit of such
schemes in this situation would be low, and not worth the transition effort. We would prefer to wait for a security mechanism tailored to the major threat environment for BGP.
8. Informative References
[Dobbertin] H. Dobbertin, "The Status of MD5 After a Recent Attack", RSA Labs’ CryptoBytes, Vol. 2 No. 2, Summer 1996.
[Joncheray] Joncheray, L. "A Simple Active Attack Against TCP."
Proceedings of the Fifth Usenix Unix Security Symposium, 1995.
Bellovin & Zinin Informational [Page 4]
[Kent] Kent, S., C. Lynn, and K. Seo. "Secure Border Gateway
Protocol (Secure-BGP)." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 18, no. 4, April, 2000, pp.
582-592.
[RFC3562] Leech, M., "Key Management Considerations for the TCP
MD5 Signature Option", RFC 3562, July 2003.
[PV1] B. Preneel and P. van Oorschot, "MD-x MAC and building
fast MACs from hash functions," Advances in Cryptology
--- Crypto 95 Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer
Science Vol. 963, D. Coppersmith, ed., Springer-Verlag, 1995.
[PV2] B. Preneel and P. van Oorschot, "On the security of two MAC algorithms," Advances in Cryptology --- Eurocrypt 96 Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, U.
Maurer, ed., Springer-Verlag, 1996.
[RFC1321] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm ", RFC
1321, April 1992.
[RFC2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC:
Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
February 1997.
[RFC2246] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0", RFC 2246, January 1999.
[RFC2385] Heffernan, A., "Protection of BGP Sessions via the TCP
MD5 Signature Option", RFC 2385, August 1998.
[RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
[RFC3036] Andersson, L., Doolan, P., Feldman, N., Fredette, A.,
and B. Thomas, "LDP Specification", RFC 3036, January
2001.
[RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, Eds., "A Border
Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January 2006.
[Wang] Wang, X. and H. Yu, "How to Break MD5 and Other Hash
Functions." Proceedings of Eurocrypt ’05, 2005.
Bellovin & Zinin Informational [Page 5]
Authors’ Addresses
Steven M. Bellovin
Department of Computer Science
Columbia University
1214 Amsterdam Avenue, M.C. 0401
New York, NY 10027-7003
Phone: +1 212-939-7149
EMail: bellovin@https://www.doczj.com/doc/4017250423.html,
Alex Zinin
Alcatel
701 E Middlefield Rd
Mountain View, CA 94043
EMail: zinin@https://www.doczj.com/doc/4017250423.html,
Bellovin & Zinin Informational [Page 6]
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Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF
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Bellovin & Zinin Informational [Page 7]
[标签:标题] 篇一：英语比较作文范文4篇 英语比较作文范文4篇 City Life and Suburban Life 1．最近几年越来越多的人迁往近郊居住 2．城市生活和近郊生活各有特点 3．比较起来，我喜欢的是… (1)In recent years more and more homes are being pushed outwards as the activities of business, government and pleasure tend to be concentrated in the centers of the cities. (2)Although most people are reluctant to move to the outskirts of the cities, I feel like living in the suburbs. (3)It is true that the city can provide much convenience and entertainment, the very reason people can’t bear to part with city life. (4)But the cost for the privilege of living in the city is also high. (5)Just think of the places where we live, full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the roar of buses and lorries day and night, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. (6)Besides, as the housing problem in the central city gets more serious, people have to pay high rents for very tiny flats which I would certainly disdain to live in. (7)In contrast, living near the countryside one can enjoy the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the quiet, peaceful surroundings—the essentials of a healthy life. (8)Nothing can be compared, as the pace of modern life is getting quicker, with the first cock crow, the twittering of birds at dawn, and sight of the rising sun glinting on the trees and green fields. (9)Although living in the suburbs you may suffer a little discomfort brought about by the necessity of traveling miles to work every day, the situation will change soon as many highways and subways are being constructed. (10)The new suburban life is fast becoming a predominant pattern of living in most cities; and with the development of traffic and the perfection of services, it will prove to hold great superiority over city life. Newspaper as a Better Source of News 1．现在许多人都从电视上得知天下事 2．但我认为报纸是获取消息的更好来源 3．其理由是… (1)For most of us today, television has become our main source of daily news. (2)This is unfortunate, however, because for several reasons newspapers should be regarded as a better source. (3)It is true that television news can vividly bring into our living rooms dramatic events of singular importance, such as space launchings, natural disasters, wars and so on, but it can not cover important stories in the depth they may deserve because of its time limitation. (4)On the contrary, print news excels in its ability to devote as much space to a story as it sees fit, though it can not compete with television visually. (5)Besides, television is essentially a passive medium. (6)Whether we like a particular piece of news or not, all we have to do is sit in front of the tube and “let it happen”. (7)But a newspaper reader can select what he is interested in, skip what he
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Write in 300 words why you would like to participate in the student exchange programme in these countries. French – Belgium, france, swizerland German- Austria, germany, Switzerland Broaden vision Gain independence Experience different culture and ways of life International experience Asthetics of the cities I would like to participate in the student exchange programme because I want to take a step out of my home country, Singapore, to gain international exposure of different cultures and way of learning and doing things. Venturing beyond our local shores will allow me to step out of my comfort zone, develop my own opinions and build up my character. It will also improve my self-confidence and communication skills. Furthermore, the participation in the exchange programme will enable me to widen my social circle by making more international friends. As a business student, establishing a wider social network may be helpful when I enter the workforce, particularly into fields such as finance and banking. In addition, studying abroad will broaden my vision and expose me to new things and methods employed by people from a vastly different society. I believe that with these experiences gained, it will allow me to contribute to the future organizations I would be working for by sharing the other possible perspectives locally and internationally. In conclusion, with the opportunity to experience different culture and sharpen my interpersonal skills as well as widen my social circle, I wish to not only have a fun-filled and interesting university life but also to acquire skills for life that will allow me to contribute and give back to the society that has nurtured me.
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我最想去美国英语作文 我高兴得跳了起来！ 我念叨了好几年的梦想终于可以实现了！ 在回寝室的路 上，我看见天出奇地蓝，白云也仿佛变成了笑脸的形状，以往捣蛋的同学，也都 比平常顺眼多了！以下内容是小编为您精心整理的我最想去美国英语作文 ，欢迎参考！ 我最想去美国英语作文篇一 我从小就喜欢旅游，上幼儿园起，我就梦想着出国去旅游。 四年级时， 我本想和同学一起去新加坡， 却因为年龄太小， 被爸爸妈妈拒绝。 一转眼，到了五年级的暑假，本打算去日本的我又对日本严重的甲型 H1N1 流感 望而却步。唉，我的梦想再一次破灭了。 现在，我已是七年级的学生了。一天，冯老对我们说：“今年暑假，我们又 有出国去参加夏令营的活动。 ”我听后高兴极了： “嘿嘿， 我又有机会圆梦了！ ” 中午，我飞快地吃完饭，然后飞奔到电话亭。 “滴滴，滴……”我拨通了妈妈的电话。“喂，妈妈，我们学校又组织去国 外夏令营了，我想去美国。第一，我现在上初一，是个很关键的阶段，美国是现 在最发达的国家，我去那里增长了见识一定会有利于我的学习的。第二，此去美 国有足足三十天时间， 能够给我一个充分的纯英语环境， 对我的英语学习会大有 帮助。第三，美国的东西卖得便宜……”我把我所有的理由都一一搬了出来。终 于，功夫不负有心人，在我的软磨硬泡后，妈妈总算说：“那好吧，反正你都这 么大了，也该见见世面了。不过你一定要珍惜这次机会，出去多学点东西吧。” 我高兴得跳了起来！ 我念叨了好几年的梦想终于可以实现了！ 在回寝室的路 上，我看见天出奇地蓝，白云也仿佛变成了笑脸的形状，以往捣蛋的同学，也都 比平常顺眼多了！ 对了， 去美国要住在居民家里， 多学会一些英语的日常用语也是必不可少的。 于是，我开始苦练英语，上课时，我比以前专心了许多。在上补习班的时候，我 也让老师给我强化了一下口语，渐渐的，我的英语会话能力提高了。 这次去美国，一定会让我增长许许多多的见识，提高我的英语成绩，也会让 我快乐。所以，我要好好珍惜这次机会，多学些知识，丰富我的人生。 我最想去美国英语作文篇二 这几天，美国给我发了邀请函，让我去美国参加钢琴比赛。听了这个消息， 我十分激动，也非常兴奋。因为只有在全国拿到一等奖的才有可能收到邀请函， 但还不知道爸爸妈妈让不让我去呢。
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2010年全国中考英语作文题目及范文12篇 2010重庆中考英语作文题目及中考英语作文范文 在和谐社会里，人与人之间的互帮互助已构成我们生活中的重要组成部分。下周英国友好学校将来你校访问，你校英语俱乐部将举行一次以“Helping Each Other Makes the World Wonderful”为主题的英语演讲比赛。假如李智要参加演讲比赛，请你以“李智”的名义用英语写一篇讲稿。内容要点提示：帮助同学---友谊；帮助老人---幸福; 帮助病人---快乐; 帮助别人体会…… 要求： 1、词数：80词左右。正文开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数; 2、文中不能出现自己的姓名和所在学校的名称。 Helping Each Other Makes the World Wonderful Hello, everyone. I’m Li Zhi. It’s nice to speak about help here. _________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for your listening. 中考英语作文范文 Helping Each Other Makes the World Wonderful Hello, everyone. I’m Li Zhi. It’s ni ce to speak about help here. In our life we often help others and also get help from others. When we help our classmates with their study and other things, we can develop our friendship. If we give a hand to old people, we can understand the meaning of pleasure. As we know, patient in our life. I think we can get much when we help the people around us. As the saying goes, “Giving is much better than receiving.”
去美国旅行英语作文 我们写过很多的旅游范文，但写去美国的英语作文怎么写，下面是小编整理的去美国旅行英语作文，欢迎阅读。 去美国旅行英语作文【一】 I am going to Hawaii for vacation .I am going in December ,and I am staying for three is comprised of a chain of 132 usually think of the eight main islands when we think of is not surprising as the other 124 islands only total about 3 square miles in land area. Hawaii is home of the world's most active volcano,the crater of Kilauea on Mauna beaches,towering volcanoes,and lush valleys lure thousands of tourists each year to this tropical paradise. Hawaii is the most ethnically and racially diverse state of any state in the union,a mix that includes Caucasians,Americans of Japanese descent,and Polynesians,among Hawaiians have held on to many of their customs and traditions despite the influx of non-natives over the is the only state that has an official native had been proposed many times
用英语介绍爱尔兰 As far as tourist appeal goes, the small island of Ireland punches far above its own weight. The country is so packed with delights that visitors are often reduced to describing its charms in hyperbolic clichés: it is the greenest country, full of the friendliest people, all of whom would be geniuses if they weren't distracted by the lure of the pub. Ireland is indeed a green country - so much rainfall must have its benefits - and the people are justifiably renowned for their friendliness. As for the geniuses, well, the Irish will proudly point to their four Nobel Laureates for Literature and declare that the success rate is unmatched in any other country of its size, all the while ensuring that the sacred 'round' system (where everyone buys a drink for everyone else in turn) is strictly adhered to. Yet Ireland's charms run far deeper than the legendary craic of the pub or the accomplishments of a bunch of (mostly) dead writers. It has a remarkable history that is woven into virtually everything, from the prehistoric stone monuments of the Boyne Valley to the monuments honouring its fallen patriots, men and women who dared challenge the imperious might of its longtime occupier and contemporary friend, Britain. Also a football fan as I am, I am eager to watch the best football match on the spot. I am looking forward to applause for the stars together with other fans. If possible, I will be lucky enough to get the signature of my favorite stars. Tired after sightseeing and shouting at the stadium, I would like to lie on the beach of mediterranean sea. It is the most beautiful sea shore in the world. Playing sand with children, drinking juice on the beach, and surfing on the waves are all my dream.. There are so many countries in the world, but Italy is my favorite. I could visit the great architectures, watch football matches, and enjoy the scene of mediterranean sea. Maybe two weeks time is too short for me.
I have a dream, that is travelling to Yunnan Province. It is a very beautiful place. I will go to Yunnan when I have enough money and time. First I will go to Kunming City to see flowers. It is a city of spring. Then I will go to Dali and Lijiang to see some old buildings. I will learn some knowledge about history from them. After that I will go to Xishuangbanna to enjoy the beautiful mountains and the rivers. It will be interesting to see the house made of bamboo, and I hope to be lucky to celebrate the Water-splashing Festival with the people there. If I can ride on an elephant, I will be so exciting. I think having a journey in Yunnan will be so interesting, b ut it’s just a beautiful dream now and I must study hard for the dream. 我有一个梦想，那就是去云南省旅游。那是一个非常美丽的地方。等我有足够的时间和金钱，我就会去云南。首先，我要去昆明看鲜花，它号称春城。然后我将去大理和丽江去看一些古老的建筑。从中我将学到很多关于历史的知识。之后我还会去西双版纳去欣赏美丽的山水。看到用竹子筑成的房子将会很有趣。我希望我能幸运地和当地人一起庆祝泼水节。如果我能骑上大象，我将会非常兴奋。 我想在云南旅游将非常有趣，但是现在它只是一个美丽的梦想而已，我必须为了这个梦想而努力学习。
英语作文：我最喜欢的地方My Favorite Places My Favorite Places 我最喜欢的地方 Many people have favorite places they like to go to when they are feeling sad or bored. I also have favorite places that I go to as often as I can. 很多人在难过或烦躁的时候，都会有他们最喜欢去的地方。我也有自己常常去的、最爱的地方。 Here are the three places that I like most. First of all, I like the zoo. The animals are amazing because some are so cute and some are so ugly! I like to pet them,feed them and watch them perform. Museums are cool places, too. They have good exhibits and fascinating displays. I like the works of art there. Some museums teach me a lot about history and science. From dinosaurs to robots, I love them all. Finally, theme parks are my favourite place. I think the roller coasters are the best. It’s fun to scream and get scared. 这儿有三个地方是我最喜欢的。首先，我喜欢动物园。这些动物是有些惊人的，因为有些（动物）很可爱，有些却
小学英语作文：我想去的地方The Place I Want to Go To 导读：本文小学英语作文：我想去的地方The Place I Want to Go To，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 【篇一】我想去的地方The Place I Want to Go To My summer holiday is coming soon, I start to make some plans about my vacation. I go to travel every year, this time, I want to travel to Tibet, it is the place I always want to go to. I have heard about Tibet many times, my mother’s friends tell me so many wonderful things in it, so I want to go to Tibet. This summer I will go to Tibet. 我的暑假很快就要到来了，我开始为我的暑假指定了一些计划。我每年都去旅行，这一次，我想要去西藏旅游，那也是我一直想要去的地方。我经常听到有关西藏的事情，我妈妈的朋友告诉我很多关于那里的美好事情，所以我想要去西藏。这个夏天我将要去西藏。【篇二】我喜欢迪斯尼I Like Disneyland I get to know Disneyland a year ago, at the time, my mother took me to Hong Kong, I was so happy, we went to Disneyland, I saw many lovely cartoon characters. I saw them when I was watching TV, I felt so happy, I told my mother I
【精编范文】描述一个你想去的国家英语作文-实用word文档 本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 描述一个你想去的国家英语作文 Describe a country you would like to visit for the first time.You should say:what country it is how long you would stay there .what you would like to do there and explain why you would like to visit this particular country. Ok right then, well, one country that I’d really love to go and visit sometime is the States. And the reason I wanna go there is………….well, there are a few reasons really. First of all, I have some really good friends living there, and um, you know they told me if I do ever get round to going there, then I’m welcome to stay at their place, which would be great! And another t hing is that I’ve always wanted to go there, but have never quite seemed to have the opportunity, what with all my study and stuff, so I really hope that sometime in the future I’ll be able to go there. You know, I think there would be so much to do there. I mean, first of all, I’d definitely go and see Hollywood. And if I’m not mistaken, that’s where Universal Studios is, where you can, like, go around and check out all thesets from all these famous movies that have been filmed there. So that would be pretty cool! Um, what else…..oh and the weather’s meant to be really great there, you know, sunny the whole time, at least in California anyway, which is where I’d spend most of the time, seeing as that’s where my friends are based. And as for how long I would stay there, well I’m not actually that sure, but I suppose two or three weeks would be about right. You know, I think I’d be able to do and see most things in that time. And if I stayed any longer, I’d probably end up spending far more money than I can afford to, if you know what I mean!