Unit5 A Theme parks语法篇
__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________要求学生掌握本单元的重点语法----英语构词法并能熟练运用相关语法知识解决相应类型的题。英语构词法种类
英语构词法主要有：合成法，转化法，派生法，混成法，截短法和词首字母缩略法。
定义与精讲
1.合成:两个单词连在一起合成一个新词，前一个词修饰或限定后一个词。
合成名词的主要构成方式
(1)名词＋名词
sunlight 阳光handbag 手提包
(2)形容词＋名词
blackboard 黑板darkroom 暗室
(3)副词/介词＋名词
afternoon 下午uproar 喧嚣
(4)动词＋名词
postcard 明信片pickpocket 扒手
(5)名词＋动名词
sightseeing 观光handwriting 书法
(6)动词＋副词
get-together 聚会break-through 突破
(7)其他方式构成的合成名词
passer-by 过路人grown-up 成年人
合成形容词的主要构成方式
(1)名词＋形容词
snow-white 雪白的world-famous 世界闻名的
(2)形容词＋名词
open-air 户外的old-style 旧式的
(3)名词/形容词＋名词＋-ed
kind-hearted 好心的blue-eyed 蓝眼睛的
(4)名词/形容词/副词＋现在分词
good-looking 好看的well-written 写得好的
合成动词的主要构成方式
(1)名词＋动词
sunbathe 晒日光浴typewrite 打字
(2)副词＋动词
underline 画底线标出overcome 克服
(3)形容词＋动词
blacklist 将……列入黑名单
whitewash 用石灰水把……刷白
1)有些合成词保留了原来两个单词的意思。
keyword 关键词toothache 牙痛
2)有些合成词与原来两个单词的意思区别很大。
eggplant 茄子parkway 驾车专用道注意：
2.派生:是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。
前缀
词根加前缀多数不改变词性，只改变词义。
(1)表示相反意义的前缀有：un-，in-，im-，il-，ir-，non-，dis-，mis-等。如：
①名词派生词
imbalance 不平衡
displeasure不快
②形容词派生词
impatient 不耐烦的
uncommon 不普通的
③动词派生词
disagree 不同意
inactivate使不活跃
(2)表示其他意义的前缀有：re- (重新)，anti- (反，防)，bi- (双)，en- (使成为)，co- (共同)，sub-(下面的)，post- (后的)，fore- (先的)，pre- (预先的)，auto- (自动的)，inter- (之间的)，super- (超级的，上层的)等。如：retell复述superman 超人subway 地铁international 国际的
后缀
许多名词、形容词、副词和动词是由词根加后缀构成的。
(1)构成名词的后缀
①-er，-or，-ist，-ee，-ian，-ese，-ant 等构成表示人或事物的名词。如：
employee 雇员translator 翻译家
②-ance，-ence，-ancy，-(a)tion，-sion，-ment，-bility，-ship，-hood，-age，-ing，-ity，-ness，-th，-ty，-ism 等构成表示行为、性质、状态等的抽象名词。如：
invention发明movement运动
(2)构成形容词的常用后缀有：-able，-ible，-al，-ful，-less，-ish，-ive，-ous，-ent，-y 等。如：
responsible 负责的natural 天然的
(3)构成副词的常用后缀有：-ly，-ward，-wise 等。如：
carefully 细心地otherwise 否则
(4)构成动词的常用后缀有：-ise (ize)，-en，-ify 等。如：
realize 意识到strengthen 加强
3.转化: 英语中有些单词，词形不变，词性却可以由一种转化成另一种。一个单词由某一种词类转用为另一种词类，这就是转化。单词转换后的意义往往与未转换前的意义有密切的联系。
转化法
动词转化为名词
很多动词可以转化为名词，大多数意思没有多大的变化（如下①）；有时意思有一定变化（如下②）；有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作（如下③）。如:
①Let’s go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。
②He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
③Let’s have a swim.咱们游泳吧。
名词转化为动词
很多表示物件（如下①）、身体部位（如下②）、某类人（如下③）的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，某些抽象名词（如下④）也可作动词。如:
E.g.①Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗？
E.g.②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。
E.g.③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护她丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
E.g.④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。
形容词转化为动词
有少数形容词可以转化为动词。
E.g. We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。
E.g. Murder will out.（谚语）恶事终将败露。
形容词转化为名词
表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词（如下①）；某些形容词如old，young，poor，rich，wounded，injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数（如下②）。
E.g.①You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。
E.g.②The old in our village are living a happy life.
我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
4.截短法(缩略法)
截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1)截头
telephone → phone aeroplane → plane omnibus → bus
2)去尾
mathematics → maths co-operate → co-op
examination → exam kilogram → kilo
laboratory → lab taxicab → taxi
3)截头去尾
influenza → flu refrigerator → fridge prescription → script
5.混合法(混成法)
混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast → newscast新闻广播television broadcast →telecast电视播送smoke and fog → smog烟雾helicopter airport → heliport直升飞机场
6.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。
very important person→ VIP(读字母音)要人；大人物
television→TV(读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language →TOEFL托福
例1.（2019湖北孝感月考）In recent years many new roads have been built，which are of great ______to the areas around.
A. distance
B. benefit
C. scenery
D. puzzle
解析：根据句意“近几年许多新公路已经建成，这些公路给周边地区带来极大的好处。”be of great+ 抽象名词=be+adj.
答案：B。
例2.（2019浙江）We most prefer to say yes to the ______ of someone we know and like.
A. attempts
B. requests
C. doubts
D. promises
解析：根据句意“对于我们认识和喜欢的人的请求我们大多喜欢说可以。”attempt尝试；request请求；doubts怀疑；promises承诺
答案：B。
例3.（2019江苏鹰潭期末）It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park. It was ____ journey.
A. three hour
B. a three-hours
C. a three-hour
D. three hours
解析：根据句意“去游乐园花了很长的时间，它大约花了三个小时的时间。”这里是时间做定语用a three hours’ journey或a three-hour journey
答案：C。
例4.（2019浙江杜桥月考）The incomes of skilled workers went up. _____ ，unskilled workers saw their earnings fall.
A. Moreover
B. Therefore
C. Meanwhile
D. Otherwise
解析：根据句意“技术工人的收入在增长，与此同时非技术工人却看见他们的收入下降。”moreover 并且；therefore因此；meanwhile期间，与此同时；otherwise要不然的话。
答案：C。
例5.（2019江西赣州期中）He tried to ________ some childhood memory ，which would tell him tell him whether he come to London.
A. make out
B. set out
C. take out
D. squeeze out
解析：根据句意“他试图逼迫自己想起一些童年的记忆，这些记忆会告诉他他是否到过伦敦。”make out弄清楚；set out开始，着手；take out拿出，取出；squeeze out挤出，榨出
答案：D。
基础演练
一、给下列单词加上前缀dis-，un-，in-或im-来构成反义词
1. complete __________
2.proper __________
3. visible __________
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5012250514.html,fort __________
5. practical _________
6.seen __________
7. fit _________ 8.like ___________
9. happy __________ 10.formal __________
二、单选
1. -- How much do you ________ for mending my bike?
-- Only one dollar，sir.
A. pay
B. charge
C. offer
D. apply
2. What about the two of us ________ to the newly opened theme park in our city this afternoon?
A. going
B. to go
C. go
D. will go
3. Most members of the committee were in favour of the suggestion；only a ________ were against it.
A. majority
B. minority
C. quantity
D. amount
4. In October，the price of the ________ to Mount Tai has risen by 50 yuan.
A. permission
B. admission
C. introduction
D. instruction
5. -- She is unhappy.
-- So she is. She has got ________ in the quarrel between Jane and Susan.
A. involved
B. involve
C. involving
D. involvement
6. Not only the USA and Russia but also China ________ manned satellites to circle the earth.
A. has sent up
B. has been sent up
C. have sent up
D. have been sent up
7. While seeing the film，what had happened on the battlefield ________ in the old man’s mind.
A. made a life
B. made a living
C. come to life
D. come to live
8. We all know that a good sleeping bag is a necessary part of every camper’s ________.
A. experiment
B. entertainment
C. equipment
D. settlement
9. -- Can you tell me why more and more people choose to shop in a supermarket?
-- Because it offers a great ________ of goods.
A. variety
B. mixture
C. connection
D. combination
10. -- How could they forget the airline tickets?
-- They were in ________.
A. a rush so anxious
B. a such anxious rush
C. so an anxious rush
D. such an anxious rush
11. He didn’t want to stay in this hotel because it didn’t ________ his expectations.
A. meet
B. please
C. fill
D. express
12. ________ an actual occurrence，the film Huo Yuanjia will be popular with many people.
A. Basing on
B. Based on
C. To base on
D. Base on
13. All the computer in this factory must go through strict ________ before going to the market.
A. search
B. check
C. test
D. observe
14. It was not what he said but the way ________ he said it that made all the people laugh.
A. in which
B. which
C. how
D. in that
15. It is the custom for people to get together on New Year’s Eve，________ with each other.
A. making
B. getting
C. having
D. amusing
Keys:
一、给下列单词加上前缀dis-，un-，in-或im-来构成反义词
incomplete/improper/invisible/ discomfort/impractical/unseen/unfit/dislike或unlike/unhappy/informal 二、单选
1-5 BABBA 6-10 ACCAD 11-15 ABCAC
巩固提高
一、短语填空
in advance，come to life，be modelled after，get close to，no wonder，be famous for
1. The handbag______________ the LV's new style.
2. He has been there many times.______________ he doesn't approve of the plan going there for holiday.
3. Three days had passed before he______________. His parents never left the hospital until they saw him open his eyes.
4. We are planning a trip to Yuntai Mountain in Henan Province，which______________ its beautiful natural scenery.
5. It is so cold in the Antarctic that penguins have to______________ each other to keep warm.
6. You should have booked a ticket for the performance______________. Now they have been sold out.
二、Make compound words after the models and fill in the blanks with the words
A: part，long，passer，film，short，well，cold，baby，get，low，world
B: by，known，time，maker，wave，famous，sitter，term，together，lying，blooded Model: part + time = part-time
1) It’s a good idea to start a _________ job to make extra money.
2) It’s necessary to use a __________ radio to pick up the program.
3) Walt Disney，the great __________，was born in Chicago in 1901
4) The Dead Sea is very _________，at around 395 meters below sea level.
5) We’re having a little ___________ to celebrate his birthday.
6) They often perform in the streets for the _________.
7) I’m sure you will be __________ soon
Keys:
一、短语填空
1. is modelled after
2.No wonder
3.came to life
4. is famous for
5.get close to
6.in advance
二、Make compound words after the models and fill in the blanks with the words
part-time/short-wave/.film-make/low-lying/get-together/passers-by/well-known
单词适当形式填空
1. He was one of the best _______ in yesterday’s football match. (play)
2. Look! How _______ Kate is laughing! (happy)
3. It snowed _______last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy)
4. Edison was a great ________.During his life he had many __________. (invent)
5. More and more _________ have come to visit China over these years. (foreign)
6. We want ___________ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)
7. Please give me some reference work. It will ________ my task. (simple)
8. The boy had the ___________ of being half starved. (appear)
9. The police have __________ a plot against the President. (cover)
10. The doctor said that Mary’s mother needed an _________. (operate)
11. She hoped that her son would become a _________. (music)
12. Few ________ words made us excited. (speak)
13. The days on the moon get hotter than ______water. (boil)
14. Thank you for your _________. (kind)
15. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _________. (expensive)
16. Most international ______letters are written in English，too. (busy)
17. The boy noticed an _______mistake on his paper，but he decided not to say anything about it. (correct)
18. When in Rome，do as the _______do. (Rome)
19. The teacher was pleased with her ______. (honest)
20. The mother didn’t know why her daughter was crying _______. (noise)
Keys:
players/happily/heavily/inventor，inventions/foreigners/satisfactory/simplify/appearance/uncovered/ operation/musician/spoken/boiling/kindness/expenses/business/ uncorrected/Romans/honesty/noisily _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一、完形填空
It was a market day，so people and traffic had been pouring into the town since early morning. 1 it was an old town，even the main street was very 2 and soon became overcrowded. There was not enough 3 for all the people on the sidewalk at the roadside， 4 they overflowed into the road， 5 danger to their lives from 6 cars and buses，the drivers of 7 were constantly blowing their horns (喇叭) to 8 people to get out of their 9 .
Yet it was a (n) 10 scene. Peasants walked along the street，their heads piled high with baskets or beautifully woven blankets which they hoped to 11 to the townsfolk. Men with carts 12 their way along，shouting their goods at the top of their 13 .They were selling apples，oranges and grapes — the 14 of their fields. 15 it all，women in bright summer clothes made their way，laughing and talking，16 children rushed in and out of the crowds screaming with laughter when they didn’t ask for something they could not have，or crying with 17 because they were lost.
The noise went on all day. People did not even stop for a meal，but preferred to buy bits of meat cooked over a fire or bread or ice-cream from the street sellers. The 18 from this and from all the activities of the day began to collect in the street. And finally，when night at last came，the street 19 and only the rubbish 20 sadly blowing in the cooling night wind.
1. A. Although B. For C. But D. As
2. A. small B. crowded C. narrow D. short
3. A. land B. area C. ground D. room
4. A. and B. however C. or D. then
5. A. having B. causing C. throwing D. being
6. A. passing B. taking C. catching D. driving
7. A. them B. which C. whom D. that
8. A. persuade B. order C. stop D. wait
9. A. road B. way C. sight D. place
10. A. strange B. usual C. colorful D. interesting
11. A. give B. sell C. take D. send
12. A. forced B. walked C. found D. took
13. A. voices B. prices C. heads D. carts
14. A. crops B. result C. harvest D. productions
15. A. Through B. Across C. Above D. After
16. A. while B. as C. when D. whose
17. A. tear B. sorrow C. sadness D. fear
18. A. people B. noise C. rubbish D. business
19. A. emptied B. silenced C. calmed D. changed
20. A. remained B. left C. lay D. piled
二、阅读理解
A
The child of today owes much of its pleasant school life to the work of Maria Montessori and others who felt as she did.
Maria Montessori was born in 1870 in northern Italy. Both her parents were well educated.
While Maria was a student，she took great interest in the study of the particular nature of the child's mind. It came to her that small children should have freedom(自由) to learn.
Maria became a doctor and a professor at Rome University. In 1907，after working with backward students，she was given a chance to try out her ideas on children. There were sixty children，aged three to six，in the Children's House. The rooms were bright and colorful. Maria let the children make their own choice of what they wanted to do and work with their own speed. They became busy，peaceful and happy.
Maria Montessori was one of the world's great teachers. She traveled in Europe，America and Far East. She thought that true education，providing(提供) for the real needs of the child，would produce wise and happy grown-ups and therefore a peaceful world. Her original way of education has changed our whole idea of what childhood is.
Maria Montessori died in Holland at the age of eighty-two.
1. The short passage is mainly about.
A. the education of backward students
B. a new idea of education
C. the importance of proper education
D. the life of Maria Montessori
2. Maria traveled a lot in the world to.
A. teach the backward students
B. enjoy her life in real nature
C. spread her ideas of teaching
D. study the situation of education
3. In what way did Maria teach the children in the Children's House?
A. She taught them the best way of learning well.
B. She let them learn in a very pleasant way.
C. She taught them by showing them how to do things.
D. She just let them choose the most interesting subjects.
4. We learn from the passage that ________.
A. Maria left her homeland in order to study abroad
B. Maria didn't get married
C. Maria's own parents were her teachers
D. Maria fully understood the child's mind
5. Which of the following best explains why Maria was one of the world's great teachers?
A. She created a new way in teaching，which changed the old idea of children's education.
B. She taught the backward students very successfully and produced a peaceful world.
C. She showed great love for the children and trained them in a new way.
D. She taught backward students in many different countries and let them learn freely.
B
A German taxi-driver，Franz Bussman，recently found his brother who was thought to have been killed twenty years before.
While on a walking tour with his wife，he stopped to talk to a workman. After they had gone on，Mrs. Bussman said that the workman was closely like her husband and even suggested that he might be his brother. Franz laughed at the idea，pointing out that his brother had been killed in action during the war. Though Mrs. Bussman knew this story quite well，she thought that there was a chance in a million that she might be right.
A few days later，she sent a boy to the workman to ask him if his name was Hans Bussman. Needless to say，the man's name was Hans Bussman. And he really was Franz's long-lost brother. When the brothers were reunited，Hans explained how it was that he was still alive.
After having being wounded towards the end of the war，he had been sent to hospital and was separated from his unit. The hospital had been bombed and Hans had made his way back into Western Germany on foot. Meanwhile，his unit was lost and all records of him had been destroyed. Hans returned to his family house，but the house had been bombed. Guessing that his family had been killed during an air-raid(空袭)，Hans settled down in a village fifty miles away where he had remained ever since.
1. Which of the following can be used as the best title of the passage?
A. Living Not Far
B. A Chance in a Million
C. Coming Back to Life
D. Back after the War
2. How to understand the sentence "There was a chance in a million that she might be right. "?
A. There was a little possibility of what she suggested，though little.
B. It was impossible for her to be right.
C. She had no chance to meet his brother any more.
D. There were many chances for her to meet his brother again.
3. Which of the following orders is right?
a. He walked back to Western Germany.
b. He was wounded when the war was coming to the end.
c. The hospital was destroyed by bombs.
d. He came back to his family hous
e.
e. He was sent to hospital.
f. His unit of German didn't exist any longer.
A. b，a，e，d，f，c
B. b，e，c，a，f，d
C. b，e，a，c，d，f
D. b，c，f，d，a，e
一、完形填空
1-5 DCDAB 6-10 ABABC 11-15BAACA 16-20 ADCAA 二、阅读理解
1-5DCBDA 1-3BAB
Book 4 UNIT1 1.only+状语（副词、介词短语或从句）位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。 （把be动词/情态动词/助动词提前到主语前面） only+状语+助V+主语+其他 ① I realized that I was wrong only then. ? Only then did I realize that I was wrong. ② You can learn English well only in this way. ? Only in this way can you learn English well. ③ We will achieve success only when we work hard. ? Only when you work hard will you achieve success. 2.spend、pay、cost、take 表“花费” sb+spend+time/money+(in)doing sth/on sth sb+pay+money+for sth It+cost(sb)+money+to do sth sth +cost+ sb+money It+take(sb)+time+to do sth eg:①读这本书花了他两天的时间。 He spent two days ( in ) reading this book. = It took him two days to read this book. ②买这辆车花了他20万元。 He spent 200,000 on thiis car. = He paid 200,000 yuan for the car. 3.lead a(+adj.) life 过着...的生活 lead a quiet/simple/happy life 4.look down upon/on... 鄙视...瞧不起... eg：我们不应该瞧不起残疾人。 We shouldn’t look down upon / on the disable . 5.by chance= by accident 碰巧，偶然地 eg: 我偶然找到了那本丢失了的书。 I found the lost book by chance. come across... 偶然碰到（某人），偶然发现（某物） eg：我今天早上在街上遇到了一个老朋友。 I came across an old friend on the street this morning. 6.carry on (sth) 继续；坚持 eg：在他死了之后，他的孩子肯定会坚持他的梦想的。 After his death , his children will certainly carry on his dream. carry out 履行，执行，实行 eg：你必须实履行你的承诺，要不然的话没人会相信你。 You must carry out your promise, or no one will believe you. 7.intend to do sth 打算做某事 eg：我打算赶上早班车，但我没有及时起床。 I intented to catch the early train, but I didn’t get up in time. be intended for sb 为...而准备，专供...使用
人教版高中英语必修四课文翻译 第一单元：非洲野生动物研究者 清晨5点45分，太阳刚从东非的贡贝国家公园的上空升起，我们一行人准备按照简研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜访它们。简研究这些黑猩猩家族已经很多年了，她帮助人们了解黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么的相似。我们当天的首项任务就是观察黑猩猩一家是如何醒来的。这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开黑猩猩一家睡觉的大树旁。大家坐在树荫下等待着，这时候猩猩们睡醒了，准备离开。然后这群黑猩猩向森林深处漫步而去，我们尾随其后。在大部分时间里，黑猩猩或相互喂食，或彼此擦身，这在它们的家庭里是表示爱的方式。简预先提醒我们，到下午的时候我们就会又脏又累。她说对了。不过到傍晚时分我们觉得这一切都是值得的。我们看到黑猩猩妈妈跟她的幼子们在树上玩耍，后来看见它们晚上一切回窝里睡觉了。我明白了猩猩家庭成员之间的联系像人类家庭一样紧密。 在简之前没有人完全了解黑猩猩的行为。她花了多年的时间来观察并记录黑猩猩的日常生活。从孩提时代起，简就想在动物生活的环境中研究它们。但是，这不是一件简单的事。当她1960年最初来到贡贝时，对女性来说，住进大森林还是很稀罕的事情。她母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。她的工作改变了人们对黑猩猩的看法。比方说，她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩猎食动物。而在此之前，人们一直认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果。她曾经亲眼看到过一群黑猩猩捕杀一只猴子，然后把它吃掉。她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩肢体语言的研究帮助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社会体系。 40年来，简古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活。她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活，而不能用于娱乐或广告。她还为黑猩猩建起了可以安全生活的保护区。她的生活是忙忙碌碌的，然而，正如她所说的：“我一旦停下来，所有的一切都会涌上心头。我就会想起实验室的黑猩猩，太可怕了。每当我看着野生黑猩猩时，这个念头总是萦绕着我。我会对自己说：‘难道它们不幸运吗？’然后我就想起那些没有任何过错却被关在笼子里的小黑猩猩。一旦你看到这些，你就永远不会忘记……” 简已经得到了她想要得到的一切：在动物的栖息地工作；获得博士学位；还向世人证明女人和男人一样也能在森林里生活。她激励着人们为妇女们的成就而欢呼喝彩。
高中英语必修四语法、词汇、完型、理解综合提升训练Ⅰ. 语法和词汇知识 1. His proposal is very _____. We do not need any explanation. A. abstract B. faithful C. loyal D. concrete 2. Be ____ to finish your homework before supper. A. shy B. sure C. nervous D. serious 3. Food supplies may ________ towards the end of the trip, so we can’t waste any food. A. run out B. run up C. run in D. run away 4. Waste paper, waste glass, and waste iron can all be _____. A. made B. taken C. recorded D. recycled 5. I rely ____ her to pay back the money. A. to B. for C. on D. at 6. To keep the town clean, the truck ____ garbage is prevented ____ entering the town. A. loaded with; 不填 B. loading with; from C. loaded of; from D. loading of; 不填 7. She was _____ for helping the murderer to escape. A. searched B. brought C. arrested D. determined 8. He made a living ___ teaching.
高中英语黄金阅读(高一版) 习俗类 (1) In the US, people prefer waiting for a table to sitting with people they don’t know. This means a hostess may not seat a small group until a small table is available, even if a large one is. If you are sitting at a table with people you don’t know, it is impolite to light up a cigarette without asking if it will disturb them. At American restaurants and coffee shops you are usually served tap water before you order. You may find the bread and butter is free, and if you order coffee, you may get a free refill. Most cities and towns have no rules about opening and closing time for stores or restaurants, though they usually do make rules for bars. Especially in large cities, stores may be open 24 hours a day. Serving in restaurants is often large; too large for many people. If you can’t finish your meal but would like to enjoy the food later, ask your waitress or waiter for a “doggie bag”. It may have a picture of a dog on it, but everybody knows you’re taking the food for yourself. Supper and dinner are both words for the evening meal. Some people have “Sunday dinner”. This is an especially big noon meal. Tips are not usually added to the check. They are not included in the price of the meal, either. A tip of about 15% is expected and you should leave it on the table when you leave. In some restaurants, a check is brought on a plate and you put your money there. Then the waiter or waitress brings you your change. 1. Which statement is true? A. American people like sitting with people they don’t know. B. A hostess always seats a small group at a large table. C. American people never sit with people they don’t know. D. American people would not light a cigarette if the people who sit at the same table mind their smoking. 2. What is served before you order? A. bread B. butter C. coffee D. cold water 3. What do American people always do when servings are too large for them? A. They take the food home with a doggie bag for their dogs. B. They leave the food on the table and go away. C. They take the food home with a doggie bag and enjoy the food later. D. They ask the waitress or waiter to keep the food for them. 4. Sunday dinner is_______. A. a dinner in the evening B. A big noon meal C. a big lunch on Sunday D. A supper on Sunday 【答案解析】本文介绍了美国人在外就餐时的风俗习惯。 1. D。细节题。根据第一段及关键句…it is impolite to light up a cigarette without asking if it will disturb them 可知 A、B、C 与原文不相符，同时关键句告诉我们“未
Unit 1 Women of achievement 1． Target language a. achieve, achievement, condition, welfare, institute, connection, campaign, organization, entertainment, inspire, support, devote ... to b. Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day. P2 Everybody sits and waits while the animals in the group begin to wake up and move. P2 But the evening makes it all worthwhile. P2 ... we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night. P2 2． Ability goals a. Learn Warming Up, and know how to tell the great women and the famous women. b. Learn the way to describe a person from what the person did, what she/he looks like and so on. 3． Learning ability goals Teach Ss how to describe a person. Teaching important points a. By reading A protector of African wildlife, students can learn from Jane Goodall in at least two aspects: b. Ask students to answer these questions: 1) What made her a great success? 2) What should we learn from Jane Goodall? Teaching difficult points Let everyone believe that all of us can become Jane Goodall. Teaching methods Inspiration, Questioning and Discussion. Teaching aids A computer, a projector and a recorder.
第一单元语法 主谓一致 主谓一致是指： 1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。 2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语， 一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 2 主谓一致中的就近原则 1) 当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 2）当either?or?与neither?nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 4 谓语需用单数 1）代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。 2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变）。 5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1）在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。 2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。 A number of +名词复数+复数动词。 The number of +名词复数+单数动词。 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English. population的谓语动词形式与表语一致，一般来说与分数，百分数连用时，谓语动词用复数。 6 与后接名词或代词保持一致 1）用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。 2）在一些短语，如many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than? of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。 7 在定语从句中主语是关系代词who , that , which , 谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。
Unit 1 achievement n. 成就；功绩 △Joan of Arc 圣女贞德 △Elizabeth Fry 伊丽莎白.弗赖伊 （英国慈善家） △Quaker n. 教友派信徒；贵格会会员welfare n. 福利；福利事业 project n. 项目；工程；规划 institute n. 学会；学院；协会 △China Welfare Institute 中国福利基金会specialist n. 专家；专业工作者specialize vi. 专攻；专门从事；专注于 △Jane Goodall 简.古道尔(英国动物学家) △chimp n. （非洲）黑猩猩 connection n. 连接；关系 human being 人类 △Jody Williams 乔迪.威廉斯 （美国诺贝尔和平奖得者）campaign n. 运动；战役 vi. 作战；参加运动 △landmine n. 地雷 organization n. 组织；机构；团体 △Gombe National Park 贡贝国家公园behave vt. & vi. 举动；（举止或行为）表现behaviour (=behavior) 行为；举止；习性shade n. 荫；阴凉处 vt. 遮住光线 move off 离开；起程；出发 worthwhile adj. 值得的；值得做的 nest n. 巢；窝 bond n. 联系；关系；结合；纽带observe vt. 观察；观测；遵守observation n. 观察；观测 childhood n. 童年；幼年时代 outspoken adj. 直言的；坦诚 respect vt. & n. 尊敬；尊重；敬意 argue vt. & vi. 讨论；辩论；争论 argument n. 争论；争辩；争吵 entertainment n. 款待；娱乐；娱乐表演 lead a … life 过着……的生活 crowd n. 人群；观众 vt. 挤满；使拥挤 crowd in （想法、问题等）涌上心头； 涌入脑海 inspire vt. 鼓舞；激发；启示 inspiration n. 灵感；鼓舞 support n. & vt. 支持；拥护 look down upon/on 蔑视；瞧不起 refer vi. 谈到；查阅；参考 refer to查阅；参考；谈到 audience n. 观众；听众；读者 by chance碰巧；凑巧 come across （偶然）遇见；碰见 △career n. 事业；生涯 rate n. 比率；速度 sickness n. 疾病；恶心 intend vt. 计划；打算 emergency n. 突发事件；紧急情况 generation n. 一代；一辈 △determination n. 决心；果断 kindness n. 仁慈；好意 considerate adj. 考虑周到的 consideration n. 考虑；体谅 deliver vt. 递送；生（小孩儿）；接生； 发表（演说等） carry on 继续；坚持 modest adj. 谦虚的；谦让的；适度的Unit 2 statistic n. （常用pl statistics）数据；统计； 统计数字；统计资料 sunburnt adj. 晒黑的 struggle vt. & vi. 斗争；拼搏；努力decade n. 十年；十年期 super adj. 特级的；超级的 △hybrid adj. 混合的；杂种的 n. 杂交种；混血儿output n. 产量；输出 △strain n.（植物的）品种；种类 crop n. 庄稼；农作物；产量 hunger n. 饥饿；欲望 vt. & vi. （使）饥饿 disturbing adj. 引起烦恼的；令人不安的expand vt. & vi. 使变大；伸展circulate vt. & vi. 循环；流传
新人教版高中英语课文译文 必修四 第一单元卓有成就的女性 Reading 非洲野生动物研究者 清晨5点45分，太阳刚从东非的贡贝国家公园的上空升起，我们一行人准备按照简研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜访它们。简研究这些黑猩猩家族已经很多年了，她帮助人们了解了黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么的相似。我们当天的首相任务就是观察黑猩猩一家是如何醒来的。这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开时黑猩猩睡觉的大树旁。大家坐在树荫下等待着，这时候黑猩猩睡醒了，准备离开。然后这群黑猩猩向森林深处漫步而去，我们尾随其后。在大部分时间里，黑猩猩或互相喂食，或彼此擦身，这在它们的家族里是爱的表达方式。简预先提醒我们，到下午的时候我们就会又脏又累。她说对了，但是到了傍晚时分我们就觉得这一切都是值得的。我们看到黑猩猩妈妈跟她的幼子们在树上玩耍，后来看见它们一起回窝里睡觉了。我们明白了黑猩猩家庭成员之间的联系像人类家庭一样紧密。 在简之前没有人完全了解黑猩猩的行为。她花了多年的时间来观察并记录黑猩猩的日常活动。从孩提时代起，简就想在动物生活的环境中研究它们。但是，这不是一件简单的事。当她1960年最初来到贡贝时。对女性来说，住进大森林还是很稀罕的事情。她母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。她的工作改变了人们对黑猩猩的看法。比方说，她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩猎食动物。而在此之前，人们一直认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果。她曾经亲眼看到
过一群黑猩猩捕杀一只猴子，然后把它吃掉。她还发现了黑猩猩是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社会体系。 40年来，简·古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活。她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活，而不是用于娱乐或公告。她还为黑猩猩建起了可以安全生活的专门的保护区，她的生活是忙忙碌碌的，然而，正如她所说的：“我一旦停下来，所有的一切就会涌上心头。我就会想起实验室的黑猩猩，太可怕了。每当我看着野生黑猩猩时，这个念头总是萦绕着我。我会对自己说：…难道它们不幸运吗？?然后我就想起了那些没有如何过错却被关在笼子里的小 黑猩猩。一旦你看到这些，你就永远不会忘记……。” 简已经得到了她想要得到的一切：在动物的栖息地工作：获得博士学位；还向世人证明女人和男人一样也能在森林里生活。她激励着人们为妇女们的成就而喝彩。 Using Language 为什么不继承她的事业？ 上学时我喜欢英语、生物和化学，但是我进大学该选哪门专业呢？直到有一天晚上坐在电脑旁研究中国的伟大女性时，我才有了答案。 很偶然地，我看到了一篇关于林稚巧大夫的文章。她是妇科专家，1901年生，1983年去世。林稚巧似乎一直都在为自己选择的事业而奔忙，去国外留学，写了很多书和文章。其中有一本书引起了我的注意。这是一本小书，介绍如何从妇女怀孕到护理婴儿的过程中降低死亡率，她提出了一些可以遵循的简单的做法，保持婴儿清洁和健康，让他们远离疾病。她为什么要写这些东西呢?林稚巧认为哪些妇女会需要这些忠告呢？我仔细地看了这篇文章，了解到那是为农村妇女写的。也许是她们在遇到紧急情况时找不到医生。
必修4 Unit 1 A STUDENT OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE It is 5:45 am and the sun is just rising over Gombe National Park in East Africa. Following Jane's way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest. Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave like humans. Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day. This means going back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before. Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off. Then we follow as they wander into the forest. Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other as a way of showing love in their family. Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right. However, the evening makes it all worthwhile. We watch the mother chimp and her babies play in the tree. Then we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night. We realize that the bond between members of a chimp family is as strong as in a human family. Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour. She spent years observing and recording their daily activities. Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in their own environment. However, this was not easy. When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest. Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. Her work changed the way people think about chimps. For example, one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat. Until then everyone had thought chimps ate only fruit and nuts. She actually observed chimps as a group hunting a monkey and then eating it. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other, and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system. For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals. She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements. She has helped to set up special places where they can live safely. She is leading a busy life but she says: "Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories. It's terrible. It affects me when I watch the wild chimps. I say to myself, 'Aren't they lucky?" And then I think about small chimps in cages
Unit4 Body language语法篇 __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 要求学生掌握本单元的重点语法----动词的-ing形式作定语和状语并能熟练运用相关语法知识解决相应类型的题。 一、动词的-ing形式由“动词原形+ing形式”构成，它既是现在分词形式，也是动名词形式。v-ing 能在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。其时态和语态的变化为 二、动词-ing形式的作用 1.动词-ing形式作定语 E.g. The sleeping baby looks very beautiful. (前置定语)这位正在睡觉的婴儿看起来太漂亮了。 E.g. The man sitting in the car is waiting for his daughter. (后置定语)坐在车里的男子正在等他的女儿。 E.g. The law being carried out is to ban drunken driving.(后置定语，强调正在被执行的法律) 正在执行中的这则法律旨在禁止酒后驾驶。 名师点拨 (1)现在分词短语作定语时通常后置，而单个的分词作定语时可置于被修饰词的前面，也可置于被修饰词的后面。 (2)现在分词的完成时的主动及被动形式均不作后置定语。 2．动词-ing形式作状语。 (1)作时间状语。 E.g. Working in the office，the clerk heard an explosion from the street. 在办公室工作时，这位职员听到街上发出了爆炸声。 E.g. Having finished her homework，the girl was busy with the thing she likes. 完成了家庭作业，女孩就忙于做她喜欢做的事情。 名师点拨 动词-ing形式一般式常表示该动作与句子谓语动作同时发生，而动词－ing形式的完成式则表示该
I 主语和谓语动词的一致 1主语要和谓语动词保持人称和数的一致。如: I am seventeen. She is sixteen. There is a desk in the room. There are no chairs in it. They have not come yet. Nobody knows who is going to win in the competition. What is the latest news about the Olympic Games? 2两个名词由and连接作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。如: Wang Gang and Zhang Hua were here a moment ago. My brother and I have both seen the film. Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 说明 (1) 当and不表示并列意义，连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词用单数。如: The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting.那位教授作家正在会上发言。 One more knife and fork is needed.还需要一副刀叉。 War and peace is a constant theme in history.战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。 (2) 两个并列的名词有each, every, many a等修饰语时，谓语动词一般用单数。如: Each doctor and (each) nurse / Every doctor and (every) nurse was given a new shirt.每个大夫和护士都发了一件新衬衫。 NO sound and no voice is heard.-点声音都没有。 Many boy and (many a) girl has made the same mistake.许多男孩女孩都犯了同样的错误。2电休名词group, class family army, enemy等作主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数形
1.必修四Unit1A STUDENT OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE 非洲野生动物研究者 It is 5:45 am and the sun is just rising over Gombe National Park in East Africa. 清晨5点45分，太阳刚从东非的贡贝国家公园的上空升起，Following Jane's way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest. 我们一行人准备按照简研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜访它们。Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave like humans. 简研究这些黑猩猩家族已经很多年了，她帮助人们了解黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么的相似。Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day. 我们当天的首项任务就是观察黑猩猩一家是如何醒来的。This means going back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before. 这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开黑猩猩一家睡觉的大
树旁。Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off. 大家坐在树荫下等待着，这时候猩猩们睡醒了，准备离开。Then we follow as they wander into the forest. 然后这群黑猩猩向森林深处漫步而去，我们尾随其后。Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other as a way of showing love in their family. 在大部分时间里，黑猩猩或相互喂食，或彼此擦身，这在它们的家庭里是表示爱的方式。Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right. 简预先提醒我们，到下午的时候我们就会又脏又累。她说对了。However, the evening makes it all worthwhile. 不过到傍晚时分我们觉得这一切都是值得的。We watch the mother chimp and her babies play in the tree. Then we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night. 我们看到黑猩猩妈妈跟她的幼子们在树上玩耍，后来看见它们晚上一起回窝里睡觉了。We realize that the
1.名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一、引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连词：that（无任何词意） whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性） as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”） 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.whichever,whomever 连接副词：when, where, how, why 不可省略的连词： 1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较： whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代： 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 从句后有"or not" Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。 二. 主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： （1）It + be + 名词+ that从句 （2）It + be + 形容词+ that从句 （3）It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句 （4）It + 不及物动词+ that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有： It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…