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Lecture Illustration Multidimensional performance Measures

Lecture Illustration Multidimensional performance Measures

Lecture illustration: Non-Financial Performance Measures

La Quinta Corporation

La Quinta Corporation manufactures corrugated cardboard boxes. It competes and plans to grow by producing high-quality boxes at low cost and by delivering them to customers in a timely manner. There are many other manufacturers who produce similar boxes. La Quinta believes that continuously improving its manufacturing processes and having satisfied employees are critical to implementing its strategy in the coming year.

1)Is La Quinta’s strategy one of product differentiation or cost leadership? Briefly expla in.

2)Indicate two measures you would expect to see under each perspective in La Quinta’s

balanced scorecard for 2009. Explain your answer briefly.

mini lecture

Observing Behaviour Good morning, everyone. Today we will look at how to observe behaviour in research. Perhaps you would say it is easy and there is nothing extraordinary. Yes, you may be right. All of us observe behaviour every day. For example, when traveling in another country, we can avoid embarrassment by observing how people behave in that culture. And failing to be observing while walking or driving can be life-threatening. We learn by observing people's behaviour. Researchers too rely on their observations to learn about behaviour,but there are differences. For instance, when we observe casually, we may not be aware of factors that bias our observations, and, [1]and when we rarely keep formal records of our observations. Instead, we rely on our memory of events. [2]Observations in research on the other hand are made under precisely defined conditions, that is, in a systematic and objective manner, and with careful record keeping. Then how are we going to conduct observations in our research studies, and what do we need to do in order to make a scientific and objective observation? Now, as you remember, the primary goal of observation is to describe behaviour, but it is in reality impossible to observe and describe all of a person's behaviour. So we have to rely on observing samples of people's behaviour. Doing so, we must decide whether the samples represent people's usual behaviour. Thus, we will first take a brief look at how researchers select samples of behaviour. Before conducting an observational study, researchers must make a number of important decisions, that's about when and where observations will be made. As I've said before, the researcher cannot observe all behaviour. Only certain behaviors occurring at particular times, in specific settings can be observed. In other words, behaviour must be sampled. In this lecture, I will briefly introduce two kinds of sampling, that is, time sampling and situation sampling. Now first, time sampling. Time sampling means that researchers choose various time intervals for their observation. Intervals may be selected systematically or randomly. Suppose we want to observe students' classroom behaviour. Then in systematic time sampling, our observations might be made during five 20-minute periods, beginning every hour. The first observation period could begin at 9 am, the second at 10 am and so forth. [3]However, in random sampling, these five 20-minute periods may be distributed randomly over the course of the day. That is to say, intervals between observation periods could vary-some longer others shorter. One point I'd like to make is systematic and random time sampling are not always used in isolation. They are often combined in studies. For example, while observation intervals are scheduled systematically, observations within an interval are made at random times. That means the researcher might decide to observe only during 15-second intervals that are randomly distributed within each 20-minute period. [4]Now let's come to situation sampling. Then, what is situation sampling? It involves studying behaviour in different locations and under different circumstances and conditions. By sampling as many different situations as possible researchers can reduce the chance that their observation results will be peculiar to a certain set of circumstances and conditions. [5]Why? Because people

迷失之物做着谈创造力

创意和创造力 Original thought is like original sin: both happened before最原始的想法就像原罪:两者都发生过you were born to people you could not possibly have met.你出生的时候,你不可能还没有见过面。 - Fran Liebowitz-法兰Liebowitz Books! 书!Bottled chatter! 瓶装搬弄是非的人!Things that some other simian has formerly said.一些其他的东西有原泗说。 - Clarence Day.-克拉伦斯的一天。 Paul Klee once described an artist as being like a tree, drawing the minerals of experience from its roots - things observed, read, told and felt - and slowly processing them into new leaves. 保罗克里曾被一个艺术家一样,吸引着一棵树从它的根矿物质的经验——一切所观察到的,读,说,觉得他们慢慢地处理,新叶。The palaeontologist Stephen Jay Gould notes that the greatest discoveries are to be found not in a freshly hewn cliff of shale, but in old museum collections, by rethinking the relationships between the objects that have already been archived in our knowledge.史蒂芬-杰-高德的古人类学家指出,最伟大的发现是发现一个新拧凿成页岩,但在悬崖旧博物馆藏品,通过反思对象之间的关系,已存档在我们的知识。 The principle that …originality? is more about a kind of transformati on of existing ideas than the invention of entirely new ones is one that I can relate to as an artist and author. “创意”的原则,是一种思想的转变,现有的发明是一个全新的我能够理解作为艺术家和作家。I?m wary of using words like …inspiration? or …creativity? without at least trying to demystify them first. 我谨慎使用一些类似“灵感”或“创造力”没有至少试图去除掉他们先。They can easily convey a false impression that ideas or feelings appear spontaneously and of their own accord; “creation” in particular is a term that originally entered our language with divine connotations. 他们可以轻易地传达一个错误的印象和想法或感受出现自发自愿的;“创新”一词在特定语言最初进入我们与神的内涵。My own experience is that inspiration is has more to do with careful research and looking for a challenge; and that creativity is about playing with what I find, testing one proposition against another and seeing how things combine and react.我的经验是,灵感是更多地仔细研究,寻找一个挑战,创新是玩我找到关于命题,考验一个人向另一个人或事物如何将看到的反应。 My picture books have in the past been recognised as …highly imaginative?, …strikingly original? and even …magical?. 我的图画书过去被认为是“拥有丰富的想像力',醒目的原始的,甚至“魔法”。There is, however, certainly nothing mysterious about the way they are produced. 然而,当然没什么神秘的方式生产。Each work contains many thousands of ingredients, experiments, discoveries and transforming decisions executed over several months, compressed into a very small space, 32 pages of words and pictures. 每件作品包含成千上万的成分,试验,发现和改造决策执行几个月后,一个非常小的压缩成空间,32页的单词和图片。Everything can be explained in terms of process, influences, developmental elaboration and reduction. 什么都可以在词语解释的过程中,发展的影响,阐述并减少。What is original is not the ideas themselves, but the way they are put together. 什么是原始的不是自己的想法,但他们互相表达的方法。The fact that we recognise anything at all would seem to indicate that this is the case - a truly original idea would probably be so unfamiliar as to be unreadable, an impenetrably alien artefact.这个事实,我们承认什么似乎表明,这种情况——一个真正的最初的想法可能是如此的陌生,impenetrably读取,一个外星人编造出来的。 Often the most interesting stories are ones which tell us things that we already know but haven?t yet articulated in our minds. 通常最有趣的故事告诉我们的东西,我们已经知道,但还没有链接,我们的想法。Or more

汽车制动性能评价指标

汽车制动性能评价指标 Final approval draft on November 22, 2020

3-2 汽车制动性能评价指标 导入新课:制动性能的评价指标包括制动效能、制动效能的恒定性、制动时的方向稳定性三个方面。 一、制动效能 制动效能是指汽车迅速降低行驶速度直至停车,或在下坡时维持一定车速及坡道驻车的能力,是制动性能最基本的评价指标。一般用制动减速度、制动力、制动距离等来评价。 1、制动减速度 是指制动时单位时间内车速的变化量。它反映了地面制动力的大小,与制动器制动力及附着力有关。 2、制动力 1)地面制动力 2)制动器制动力 3)地面制动力、制动器制动力和附着力之间的关系 汽车的地面制动力越大,制动减速度越大,制动距离越短;而地面制动力首先取决于制动器制动力,同时受地面附着条件的限制。因此只有汽车具有足够的制动器制动力,同时地面又能提供高的附着力时,才能获得足够的地面制动力 3、制动距离 是指车辆在规定的出速度下,以规定踏板力急踩制动踏板时,从驾驶员右脚接触到制动踏板到车辆停止时车辆所使的距离。 影响制动距离的主要因素:制动器起作用的时间、最大制动减速度

(有附着力和制动器制动力决定)、制动出速度。因此及时维护车辆能缩短制动器起作用时间以及制动性能的稳定。 二、制动效能的恒定性 1)热衰退性 制动效能的稳定性是指汽车制动的抗热衰退性,是指汽车高速制动、短时间重复制动或下长坡连续制动时制动效能的热稳定性。因为制动产生大量的热量,使制动器温度上升,制动器在热状态下能否保持有效的制动效能是衡量制动性能的重要指标。 2)水衰退性 当制动器被水浸湿时,应在汽车涉水后多踩几次制动踏板,是制动蹄和制动鼓摩擦生热迅速干燥。 三、制动时的方向稳定性 制动时方向的稳定性是指汽车制动时不发生跑偏、侧滑及失支转向能力。 1、制动跑偏 主要是由于左、右轮(尤其是前轴)制动器制动力不相等。为限制制动跑偏,要求前轴左、右制动力之差不大于该轴符负荷的5%,后轴为8% 2、制动侧滑与制动时转向能力的丧失 侧滑是指制动时汽车的某一轴或两轴发生横向滑移。 制动时转向能力丧失是指弯道制动时。汽车不再按原来的弯道行驶而沿前线方向驶出,或直线行驶制动时转动转向盘不能改变方向的现象。原因是转向轮抱死。

2020版汽车制动性能与行车安全

( 安全管理 ) 单位:_________________________ 姓名:_________________________ 日期:_________________________ 精品文档 / Word文档 / 文字可改 2020版汽车制动性能与行车安 全 Safety management is an important part of production management. Safety and production are in the implementation process

2020版汽车制动性能与行车安全 制动性能主要指汽车按照驾驶员的指令,减速以至停车的能力。汽车动力性能越好,对其制动性能要求也越高。资料统计表明,重大交通事故中,隐制动距离太长或紧急制动时侧滑失控等情况而产生的占40%-50%。只有良好的制动性才能保证在安全行车的条件下提高行车速度,获得较高的运输效率。 汽车制动性能的评价包括: (1)制动效能,即制动距离或者制动减速运动。制动距离最直接影响行车安全,是人们最关心的指标。但是,制动距离受车速影响,也受道路条件、驾驶员反应灵敏程度等非汽车本身结构因素的影响。检测汽车制动距离和制动减速度需要较高的道路条件,检测效率较低,很难适应大量汽车的检测。制动减速度是由地面制动力产生的,故可以利用车轮的地面制动力来计算出汽车的减速度,即可以用制动力的检测来代替汽车制动减速度的测量。

(2)制动效能的恒定性。主要检查连续制动后,汽车制动效能下降的程度,这对连续下坡的汽车的安全也很重要。 (3)制动时的方向稳定性。这是指制动时汽车不能跑偏,侧滑及失去转向的能力。 以上三个方面对汽车行驶安全又影响,是汽车制动性能的重要指标,其中制动效能的影响是最经常、最重要的。随着道路的改善,汽车动力性能的提高,制动跑偏、侧滑对安全的影响也十分突出,因此方向稳定性也是一个必须保证的重要指标。新型的轿车制动系统要求在制动时不抱死跑偏,其制动系装有车轮制动自动防抱死装置,可在保证一定制动效能的前提下紧急制动而不会侧滑,并且驾驶员还有一定的方向控制能力。 云博创意设计 MzYunBo Creative Design Co., Ltd.

专八听力minilecture真题及答案doc

2015英语专业八级听力第一部分MINI-LECTURE LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Understanding Academic Lectures Listening to academic lectures is an important task fro university students. Then, how can we comprehend a lecture efficiently I.Understand all (1) ______________ A.^ B.words C.(2) ______________ -stress -intonation -(3) ______________ II. Adding information A.lecturers: sharing information with audience B.listeners: (4) ______________ C.sources of information -knowledge of (5) ______________ 》 -(6) ______________ of the world D. listening involving three steps: -hearing -(7) ______________ -adding III. (8) ______________ A.reasons: -overcome noise -save time & B. (9) ______________ -content -organization IV. Evaluating while listening A.helps to decide the (10) ______________ of notes B.helps to remember information 答案:1. parts of meanings 2. sound/vocal features 3. rhythm 4. absorbing 5. subject 6. experience 7. reinterpreting 8. prediction 9. what to listen 10. Importance

第4章 汽车的制动性

第4章 汽车的制动性 一、单项选择题(在每小题列出的四个备选项中,只有一项是最符合题目要求的, 请将其代码写在该小题后的括号内) 1、 峰值附着系数 p φ与滑动附着系数s φ的差别( ) 。 A .在干路面和湿路面上都较大 B .在干路面和湿路面上都较小 C .在干路面较大,在湿路面上较小 D .在干路面较小,在湿路面上较大 2、 峰值附着系数对应的滑动率一般出现在( )。 A .1.5%~2% B .2%~3% C .15%~20% D .20%~30% 3、 滑动附着系数对应的滑动率为( )。 A .100% B .75% C .50% D .20% 4、 制动跑偏的原因是( )。 A .左、右转向轮制动器制动力不相等 B .制动时悬架与转向系统运动不协调 C .车轮抱死 D .A 和B 5、 制动侧滑的原因是( )。 A .车轮抱死 B .制动时悬架与转向系统运动不协调 C .左、右转向轮制动器制动力不相等 D .制动器进水 6、 最大地面制动力取决于( )。 A .制动器 制动力 B .附着力 C .附着率 D .滑动率 7、 汽车制动性的评价主要包括( )。 A .制动效能、制动效能的恒定性、滑动率 B .制动效能、制动时汽车的方向稳定性、滑动率 C .制动效能的恒定性、制动时汽车的方向稳定性、滑动率 D .制动效能、制动效能的恒定性、制动时汽车的方向稳定性 8、 汽车制动的全过程包括( )。 A .驾驶员反应时间、制动器的作用时间和持续制动时间 B .驾驶员反应时间、持续制动时间和制动力的消除时间 C .制动器的作用时间、持续制动时间和制动力的消除时间 D .驾驶员反应时间、制动器的作用时间、持续制动时间和制动力的消除时间 9、 制动距离一般是指( )。 A .持续制动时间内汽车行驶的距离 B .持续制动时间和 制动消除时间内汽车行驶的距离 C .制动器的作用时间和 持续制动时间内汽车行驶的距离 D .驾驶员反应时间和持续制动时间内汽车行驶的距离 10、在下列制动器中,制动效能的稳定性最好的是( )。 A .盘式制动器 B .领从蹄制动器 C .双领蹄制动器 D .双向自动增力蹄制动器 11、在下列制动器中,制动效能的稳定性最差的是( )。 A .盘式制动器 B .领从蹄制动器 C .双领蹄制动器 D .双向自动增力蹄制动器

汽车制动性能

第一节制动性能的评价指标 制动性能:指汽车行驶时,能在短时间内停车,并维持行驶方向稳定。下长坡时能维持一定车速的能力。 评价指标: 1、制动效能:即制动距离与制动减速度。 2、制动效能的恒定性:抵抗制动效能的热衰退和水衰退的能力。 3、制动时,汽车方向的稳定性:即制动时,不跑偏、侧滑,即失去转向能力的性能。 第二节制动时车轮受力 一、地面制动力(T——车轴的推力;W——车轮垂直载荷)FXb=Tu/r?N 因为:FXb受到轮胎与地面附着力,Fφ=Fzφ的限制。 所以:FXb=Tu/r≤Fzφ,当FXb=Fzφ(Xb=zφ)时,Tu上升,则FXb不再上升,即:FXbmax=Fzφ 二、制动器制动力:在轮胎周缘克服制动器摩擦力矩所需的力Fu(Fu=Tu/r)。 取决于制动器的型式,结构尺寸、摩擦片摩擦系数、车轮半径与踏板力——制动系的油压(气压)成 正比。 三、地面制动力FXb,制动器制动力Fu及附着力Fφ之间的关系。 1、当FXb小于Fφ时,踏板力上升则Fu上升。 2、当Xb=Fφ时,踏板力上升,则Fu上升,而FXb=Fφ,此时,车轮抱死不转而出现滑拖现象。如果要提高地面制动力FXb,只有提高附着系数φ。即:FXbmax=Fzφ 所以:地面制动力FXb首先取决于Fu,同时又受Fφ的限制,只有Fu、Fφ都足够大时,FXb才比较大。 例:Fu很大,但在结冰路上FXb几乎为0。 四、硬路面上的附着系数φ,φ与车轮的运动状况(滑动程度)有关。 1、滑动率S:S=Vw-rωw/Vw Vw——车轮中心速度 ωw——车轮角速度 r——不制动时的滚动半径 (1)车轮纯滚动时:Vw≈rωw,S=0,制动印痕与胎纹基本一致。 (2)车轮边滚边滑时,Vw大于rωw,0小于S小于100%,胎迹逐渐模糊。 (3)车轮纯滑动时,ωw=0,Un>>roωw,S=100%,制动印痕形成粗黑的印痕。 S的数值说明了制动过程中,滑动成分的多少,S越大,滑动越多,S不同时,φb不同(obi=制动系数)。 2、φb——S关系曲线 (1)纵向φ,沿车轮旋转平面方向。因为:FXb=Fzφb,所以:φb=FXb/Fz (2)φb峰值附着系数S=15——20%时,纵向φ的最大值——φp。 (3)φs滑动附着系数S=100%时的纵向φ——φs。(滑动附着系数) 干路面φp与φs相差不大; 湿路面φp与φs相差很大。 r =φs/φp=1/3——1

机械图纸英语缩写

以下是我在工作中常用的 ALL WELDS CONTINUOUS UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. 未注焊缝均为连续焊 ALL WELDS 3mm FILLET UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED 未注焊角高3mm. ALL UNSPECIFIED RADI - R3 未注圆角R3 REMOVE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES 棱角倒钝CHANNEL 槽钢 RSA 708 角钢70X70X8 M30X1.5 pitch M30X1.5的锥螺纹Tackweld 点焊 OD 1/4" outside dimension 1/4"的缩写外径直1/4" 75 CRS 尺寸为75 材质为冷轧钢板 410 OPENING REF 410 开口参考尺寸 40 REF 尺寸为40,参考值 2.5" BSP 2.5” 圆锥管螺纹 2.5" BSPT HEXAGON 2.5” 六角圆锥管螺纹(即对丝) 30x2.5 FLAT BAR 30X2.5 扁钢 TYP 2 POSNS 2处 11 TOTAL COILS APROX.9 WORKING COILS APROX.RIGHT HAND WOUND ONLY,END COILS SQUARE TO TOUCH.

总圈数约11圈;工作圈数约9圈;右旋;弹簧的端部磨平以便于接触.(此为弹簧技术说明) FEMALE: 内扣(母扣) MALE: 外扣(公扣) 偏心轴eccentric shaft 销轴PIN 开口销COTTER PIN 螺杆screw 紧定螺钉SET SCREW 圆螺母ROUND NUT 内六角螺钉SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW 六角螺钉HEX HD SETSCREW 六角螺栓HEX HD BOLT 挡圈closing ring 弹性挡圈circlip 轴承隔套distance sleeve of axletree 轴承axletree 深沟球轴承DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARING 无扣长non-buckle longth 弹簧SPRING 吊环螺钉LIFTING EYE BOLT 开槽盘头螺钉SLOTTED PAN HEAD SCREW

汽车制动性实验报告

汽车制动性能试验报告

一、试验目的 1)学习制动性能道路实验的基本方法,以及实验常用设备; 2)通过道路实验数据分析真实车辆的制动性能; 3)通过实验数据计算实验车辆的制动协调时间、充分发出的制动减速度和制动距离。二、试验对象 试验对象:金龙6601E2客车; 试验设备: 1)实验车速测量装置: 常用的有ONO SOKKI机械五轮仪、ONO SOKKI光学五轮仪和RT3000惯性测量系统。实验中实际使用的是基于GPS的RT3000惯性测量系统。 2)数据采集、记录系统: ACME便携工控机 3)GEMS液压传感器,测量制动过程中制动压力的变化情况。 三、试验内容 1)学习机械五轮仪的工作原理、安装方法及安装注意事项;了解实验车上的实验设备及安装方法; 由于制动实验中,实验车辆上的所有人和物都处于制动减速度的环境中,因此需要对所有物品进行固定,以防止实验过程中对设备的损伤以及对实验人员的损伤。另外,由于实验过程是在室外进行,要求实验系统能够承受各种环境的影响,因此需要针对实验内容选择实验设备及防范措施。 2)学习车载开发实验软件的使用,了解制动性能分析中比较重要的实验数据的内容和测量方法。 3)制动协调时间的测量 在常规制动试验中,采集制动信号、动压力信号、车轮轮速信号和五轮仪车速信号。 将五轮仪的车速方波信号转化为可直接观察的车速信号和制动减速度信号。在同一个曲线图表中绘制制动踏板信号、制动压力信号和制动减速度信号,观察制动压力和制动减速度在踩下制动踏板后随时间变化的情况,计算当前制动情况下的制动协调时间。4)充分发出的制动减速度和制动距离的计算

充分发出的制动减速度: 22 25.92() b e e b u u MFDD s s - = - 制动距离 2 2 bmax τ 1 τ 3.6225.92 a a u s u a '' ' =++ 5)根据实验设备设计制动实验的实验方法,要求的实验车速范围应包括30Km/h~50Km/h;6)车速、轮速的计算方法分析; 7)按照实验方法在可能的条件下进行制动实验。为保证安全,试验中有同学们操作实验仪器,老师驾驶实验车辆。进行常规制动与ABS控制制动的对比实验。 四、试验数据处理及分析 本次实验数据需要一个进制的转换,因为实验得到的数据时十六进制的,所以需要我们转换为十进制,另外,还要根据CAN协议将对应ID值转换为数据。 1.轻踩制动 1)踏板位置 可以看出,驾驶员开始制动时间为1.565s,驾驶员松开制动踏板时间为4.798s,制动持续时间为3.233s。

专八听力:mini lecture解答技巧

听力section1 Mini-lecture 1. 首先是Mini-lecture部分,这是个确实让人挠头的部分,刚开始练习的时候正确率比较低,所以大家一定要耐心,多做练习,反复听,其中做mini的小窍门就是: (1)答案大多是名词居多,然后是形容词,最后才是动词。所以大家听的时候一定要对文章中的名词和形容词多留个心眼儿, (2)还有就是一定要把握文章的结构,参考书大家可以选用《英语听力快速突破—英语专业八级》点此查看。刚开始用这本书来练习,因为书中的答案讲得比较详细(对了,在最后的一部分我会对我使用的参考书做一一评价,大家敬请关注)。练得多了,自然就有感觉了。还有就是速记符号的使用,这个东西因人而异,所以不必拘泥于一种速记符号,只要自己能明白就好,举例来说,information--info,但是大家千万不要陷入到这样一个误区,就是光想着速记,而忘了你使用这些符号的目的,为的就是得分嘛,所以在听的时候要有个模糊的general idea,通过大约一个月左右的训练,基本上可以达到四五个的正确率了。如果说mini部分的难度值是9的话,那么下面部分的难度值就会直线下降,但是大家依然还是要给与高度重视,因为这是八级考试。 具体答题时需注意细节: 同一意思的不同表达法:对所听内容必须理解(一定要仔细听懂,宁可不写,也要听懂内容)之后,根据空格要求(因为空格所填词汇所要求的语法形式可能和你所听到的原文单词不同,甚至填的词汇是要求你经过概括总结后提炼出来的词汇,所以再三强调要求理解,理解之后才会产生优良的记忆,一定要仔细听懂,宁可不写,也要听懂内容),将原文意思通过另一种形式表达出来。 ·听记为主,笔记为辅(理解最重要,宁可不写,也要理解) 争取做到一心两用,做笔记的时候耳朵不能休息;对于那些大量罗列又细枝末节的信息,记个首字母甚至不留笔记都可以,关键是听清楚,记在心里。 ·听懂句子,抓住实词,放弃例证 ,在笔记中体现出来的应该是实词,即传达句子·紧跟提示词,笔记有条理 一般来说材料都会比较有条理 要包括以下几类: 1.解释性、态度性插入语; 2.祈使句; 3.疑问句; 4.逻辑关联词。 ·高度重视首尾部分

2010年英语专八听力mini-lecture原文+解析

今年的讲座名为“Paralinguistic Features of Languages”,主题是辅助语言学,对于英语专业的学生来说,这个话题或许没有专门学过,但并不陌生。讲座类的内容非常突出的特点就是逻辑性强,思路很清晰,所以在听音频做笔记的时候,要特别注意总起性质的句子。一般来说lecture的第一段会对接下来的内容做总结介绍,如果下文划分成若干个小类别,会概括性地提到这些类别,然后在后文进行详细的例证、再分类。第一段对给考生一个宏观性的思路非常重要,听漏掉一两点也没关系,下文必然会重新提到。 本次真题的听力原文如下,注意文章中标粗的部分,是记笔记的重点部分: Paralinguistic features of languages Good morning, everyone. Today we'll continue our discussion on describing language. Last week we examined such features of language as grammar, vocabulary, the sounds of language, etc. In this lecture, we'll look at another important aspect of language. Perhaps some of you may wonder what is this important aspect of language. Let me tell you. It refers to features of communication that takes place without the use of grammar and vocabulary. They are called ‘paralinguistic features of language'. These features fall into two broad categories: those that involve voice and those that involve the body. Now, the first category, is what we call vocal paralinguistic features. Vocal features are actually tones of voice. While they are, perhaps, not central to meaning in communication in the same way as grammar or vocabulary, they may, nevertheless, convey attitude or intention in some way. Let me give you some examples. The first is whispering, which indicates the needs for secrecy. The second is breathiness. This is to show deep emotion. The third is huskiness, which is to show unimportants. The fourth is nasality. This is to indicate anxiety. The last is extra lip-rounding, which expresses greater intimacy, expecially with babies, for example. So we can see that there are a number of ways of altering our tone of voice. And when we do this consciously, we do it to create different effects in communication.

影响汽车制动稳定性的因素分析

郑州科技学院 专科毕业设计(论文) 题目影响汽车制动稳定性的因素分析 学生姓名 专业班级 学号 所在系 指导教师 完成时间

影响汽车制动稳定性的因素分析 摘要 详述汽车制动系统的组成、工作原理,以及典型故障跑偏及侧滑。分析制动跑偏、侧滑的主要原因及诊断与排除方法,提出汽车制动跑偏及侧滑的解决方法。 关键词ABS/制动组成与工作原理/制动跑偏/侧滑/原因及诊断与排除方法

INFLUENCE FACTORS OF AUTO BRAKE STABILITY ANALYSIS ABSTRACT Details of the brake system composition, working principle, and typical fault running deviation and lateral spreads. Analysis of brake running deviation and lateral spreads the main reasons for and diagnosis and elimination method, put forward the brake run partial and lateral spreads solutions. KEY WORDS ABS,brake composition and working principle,brake running devi ation,lateral spreads,causes,and diagnosis and elimination method

目录 中文摘要 ............................................................................................................................. I 英文摘要 ........................................................................................................................... II 1 制动系统的组成及工作原理 .. (1) 1.1 制动系统的组成 (1) 1.2 制动系的工作原理 (1) 2 制动系统ABS故障诊断与检修 (1) 2.1 制动防抱死系统的结构组成及工作原理 (1) 2.1.1 制动防抱死系统概念 (1) 2.1.2 制动防抱死系统组成 (1) 2.1.3 ABS系统各组成部件的功能 (1) 2.2 制动系统ABS故障诊断与检修实例分析 (2) 2.2.1 检修过程 (2) 2.2.2 故障现象 (3) 2.2.3 故障现象 (3) 2.2.4 检修过程 (3) 2.2.5 故障排除 (3) 3 影响制动跑偏的因素 (4) 3.1 液压制动系故障的诊断 (4) 3.1.1 制动效能不良 (4) 3.1.2 制动突然失灵 (5) 3.1.3 制动发咬 (5) 3.1.4 制动跑偏(单边) (6)

原画插画美术设计英语

公司成立多年来,承接封面插图、游戏原画、儿童插画、宣传海报、杂志报刊、出版刊物等大量的商业绘画项目。 In the field of Cartoon illustration and Game Concept Art, our company is the most professional domestic digital design painting company. The company established years ago. It has successfully completed a broad variety of Magazines and Newspapers, and Publications’commercial painting project, such as Cover Illustrations ,Original Paintings Game Design, Childrens Illustration, Propaganda Poster. 这里的资深职业动漫插画团队经验丰富,掌握市面上主流业 插画和游戏原画制作全过程和方法,我们为广大客户提供业界最优的插画设计方案。 Our experienced senior professional cartoon illustration team masters mainstream the production process and methods of illustrations and concept art. We offer our customers the most optimal illustration design. 我们拥有美术设计、美术策划、商业插画和游戏原画集于一体的全面成熟团队,可以为您提供更切实于商业插画美术服务市场需要的方案,为您节省成本、节省时间。 更切实于商业插画美术服务市场需要的方案 Our mature team combines Artistic Designing, Commercial Illustration, and Concept art with comprehensive proposal, more suitable for the requirements of Commercial Art market which can save you cost and time.

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