语言学补充习题
Language and Linguistics
1.The important distinction in linguistics proposed by Chomsky is _____.
A.Synchronic and diachronic
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5213340105.html,ngue and parole
C.Signifier and signified
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5213340105.html,petence and performance
2.According to Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by
all the members of a speech community.
A.parole
B.performance
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5213340105.html,ngue
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5213340105.html,nguage
3.The term _________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the
approach which studies language change over the various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. comparative
D. historical comparative
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5213340105.html,nguage is ____ in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a
word and the object it refers to.
A.systematic
B.symbolic
C.arbitrary
D.ambiguous
5.What function are most imperative sentences associated with?
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5213340105.html,rmative
B.Interrogative
C.Phatic
D.Directive
6. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade.” is _________
A. interrogative
B. directive
C. informative
D. performative
6.Everyday we send messages that have never been sent and understand novel
messages; in this sense, our language is ____.
A.productive
B.interchangeable
C.genetically transmitted
D.rule-governed
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5213340105.html,nguage can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the
speaker. This is what we mean by _____.
A.cultural transmission
B.displacement
C.duality
D.productivity
8.By duality we mean that language has two sets of structures, one of _______ and
the other of ______.
A.surface structure, deep structure
B.phonemes, morphemes
C.sounds, meanings
D.production, reception
9.According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of
his language.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5213340105.html,petence
B.parole
C.performance
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5213340105.html,ngue
10.General linguistics is the scientific study of _________.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5213340105.html,nguage of a certain individual
B.the German language
C.human languages in general
D.the system of a particular language
Phonetics and Phonology
11.The study of how sounds are put together are used to convey meaning in
communication is _________.
A.morphology
B.general linguistics
C.phonology
D.phonetics
12.A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection
of distinctive phonetic features.
A.phone
B.sound
C.allophone
D.phoneme
13./m, n / are ________.
A.fricatives
B.dentals
C.glides
D.nasals
14./w, j / belong to _____.
A.fricatives
B.dentals
C.glides
D.nasals
15.Which of the following vowel is the rounded one?
A./i:/
B./u:/
C./i/
D./a:/
16.The vowel /u:/ in /fu:d/(food) is a _________vowel.
A.back
B.front
C.unrounded
D.central
MORPHOLOGY
17._______ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between
expression and content.
A.Word
B.Morpheme
C.Allomorph
D.Root
18._______are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined
with other morphemes to form a word.
A.Free morphemes
B.Bound morphemes
C.Bound words
D.Words
19._______modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of
speech of the original word
A.Prefixes
B.Suffixes
C.Roots
D.Affixes
20.“-s” in the word books is ____.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C.an inflectional affix
D. a root
Note: root（词根）/ affix（词缀）, 都属于 bound morpheme (粘着词素)
1. root(词根): a part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears a clear,
definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to
form a word.(一个不能再分，再分就会失去其本义的基本形式)
词根词素可以分为自由词根词素（free root morpheme, e.g. rain→ rainy →raincoat
粘着词根词素(bound root morpheme)
e.g. geo(the earth) + ology (a branch of learning)→ ge ology, psych ology, physi ology tele (distant, far) + vision →tele vision, tele graph
trans mit, per mit, sub mit ‘
main tain, con tain, de tain
2. Affix 词缀
1) inflectional（曲折）: 语法关系的标志grammatical relations
(number, tense, degree, case) -s, -er,不改变词性
2) derivational(派生):在词干上加上一个词缀得到一个新词，与词性和意义有关
3. stem 词干
The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.
It refers to the left morpheme or combination of morphemes when one affix is removed for one time.
e.g. care less ness
21.Which of the following words is a derivational one?
A.Blackboard
B.Teaches
C.Consideration
D.Books
22.Which of the following words is created through the process of acronym?
A.ad
B.edit
C.AIDS
D.Bobo
23.The word “lab” is formed through ____.
A.back formation
B.blending
C.clipping
D.derivation
24.Which of the following is NOT a compound word ?
A. Landlady
B. Greenhouse
C. Uplift
D. Unacceptable
20. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ________.
A.lexical words
B.grammatical words
C.function words
D.form words
21. Open class of words can consist of the following categories EXCEPT _________
A. nouns
B. verbs
C. adjectives
D. articles
22. Which one of the following most possibly belongs to the closed class?
A. Flower
B. Treacherous.
C. We
D. Whack
23. Inflectional morphemes manifest the following meanings EXCEPT_________
A. tone
B. tense
C. number
D. case
24. Which of the following contains at least an inflectional morpheme?
A. Possibility
B. Decision
C. Hers
D. Enable
25. ________ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.
A. Roots
B. Stems
C. Affixes
D. Compounds
26. The word “irresistible” is ______________
A. a compound one
B. a clipped one
C. a blended one
D. a derived one
27. Which of the following affix differs from others?
A. –ly
B. –ness
C. –ing
D. –ful
28. The word “Kung-fu” is _____.
A. a clipped one
B. a blended one
C. a compound on e
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is
系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 作者：翁素贤提供 转贴自：摘自《系统功能语言学多维思考》 您要打印的文件是：系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 打印本文 系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 ―――摘自《系统功能语言学多维思考》 A Abitliy 能力 Actor 施动者 Addressee 受话者 Addresser 发话者 Agent 施事 Anaphoric 指前的 Antonym 反义词 Antonymy 反义意义 Autonomy 自治性 B Behavior 行为 Behavioral process 行为过程 Beneficiary 受益者 C Cataphoric 指后的 Categorical 绝对的 Categorization 范畴化 Central token 中心标志 Chain 链 Channel 渠道 Choice 选择 Clause 小句 Clause as theme 句项主位 Cleft sentence 分裂句 Closed system 封闭系统 Coclassisfication 相互区分
Coextension相互扩展Coherence连贯 Cohesion链接 Cohesive chain链接链Cohesive tie链接纽带Cohyponym共同下义词Collocation搭配Collocational chain搭配链Comeronym共同局部关系词Command命令 Comment述题 Competence（语言）能力Complementarity互补性Congruence一致性Conjunction连接，连词Consonant辅音 Consonant grammar协和语法Constructivism构建主义Context语境，上下文Context of culture文化语境Context of situation情境语境Continuity连续体Continuum连续体Conventional meaning常规意义Coocurrence同现Cooperative principle合作原则Coordination并列Coreference相互对应Correspondence对应 Critical linguistics批评语言学Cross-coupling交互匹配 D Decategorization非范畴化Declarative陈述的 Delicacy精密度 Dialect方言 Dialectal variety方言变体Diatypic variety功能变体Didactic教导性的 Direct speech act直接言语行为Discontinuity脱节，间断性Discourse话语 Discourse analysis话语分析
一．简答题 1.广义上的应用语言学 答:指的是运用理论语言学的理论、方法和基础研究成果，来阐明、解决其他学科领域中出现的各种与语言相关的问题。包括语言教学理论、语言学的一般应用研究成果和语言学的跨面研究成果。 2.结构主义的特点 答：①把语言确定为研究对象；②重视共时语言的研究；③重视口语的研究；④重视详细描写语言的结构；⑤用联系和系统的观点观察语言要素，语言是一个完整的符号系统⑥注重对立成分的分析。 3.语言的系统性 答：①首先体现在它是一个层级体系；②还体现在语言符号各层次之间的根本关系上——语言成分的组合关系和聚合关系以及二者彼此之间的关系。 4.语言与言语的关系 答：㈠区别：①语言是社会的言语是个人的②语言有限，言语无限③语言是现成的，言语是临时创造的；㈡联系：一方面，语言以言语的形式存在，因为语言离不开言语，没有说话和说出的话就没有语言；另一方面，言语离不开语言，没有大家认可的词语和语法规则就无法说话。二者相互依赖，相互依存。 5.元音与辅音的区别 答：①发元音时声带颤动、气流在发音通道上不受阻碍，发辅音时声带颤动或不颤动、气流在发音通道的一个或多个部位上受到阻碍；②发元音时，发音器官的各部位均衡紧张；辅音则形成阻碍的部位特别紧张；③发元音时，呼出的气流较弱，拉长音而音质不变，辅音一般不可以拉长音，气流较强。 6.语音的社会性质 答：社会性是语音的本质属性。①世界上没有一种语言采纳了100以上的音素的，各种语言使用哪些语言完全由其社会成员约定的；②语言表达意义，但什么样的声音形式与什么样的意义相结合；③每一语言或方言都有自己独特的语音系统，从语音的物理性质和生理性质分析得出德尔某一语音现象或语音成分，在不同系统中可能有不同作用和不同心里感知。 7.语法构词法 答：就是利用语言中原有的语素材料构造新词。其方法有复合、附加、内部屈折、重音位置变化、词组缩简等。 8.研究语言演变的凭借 答：①通过对照方言和亲属语言可以获知；②通过对记录了语言的过去状态的文字的分析可以获知；③通过对古代的借词的分析可以获知。 9.构词法与构形法的区别 答：构词法是构成新词的方法，构成的新词的词汇意义与各构词成分的词汇意义有关但并不相同。构形法虽然与词的结构有关，但它并不构成新词，不引起词汇意义的改变，只是表
Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books)
Literary linguistics studies the language of literature. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. 9.1 Theoretical background
9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form 9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche 9.2.3 The analysis of literary language
9.3.1 Sound patterning 9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance Reverse rhyme Pararhyme Repitition
-Metre(Dimetre, Trimetre, Tetrametre, Hexametre, Heptametre, Octametre) -Foot (Iamb, Trochee, Anapest, Dactyl,Spondee, Pyrrhic) 9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound Couplets Quatrains Blank verse Sonnet 9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre 9.3.6 How to analyse poetry?
从系统功能语言学的角度分析菜谱Chinese Recipe 从系统功能语言学的角度分析菜谱Chinese Recipe 摘要：自韩礼德的系统功能语言学在我国的推广和发展以来，这一学派的语域、语体、 语境等理论越来越多地引起各学者的关注和研究。本文试从系统功能语言学的纯理功能角度对中国菜谱——鸡肉火腿虾仁炒饭中的及物性、人际功能和语篇功能进行分析，以验证系统功能语言学在分析文字作品中的实用性和可操作性。 关键词：系统功能语言学；及物性；人际功能；语篇功能 一、引言 菜谱，顾名思义，是指某道菜的制作指导方法，其特点是用词简单易懂，步骤详细有序，其目的是让即使没有接触过这道菜的人也能看得懂，并能依照它做出此道菜。 作为系统功能语言学派的代表人物，韩礼德认为系统功能语法是从意义入手来描述和解 释语言，其目的是为语篇分析提供一个理论框架，该语法能够分析英语中的任何口头和书面语篇。纯理功能思想是系统功能语法的核心思想之一。所谓“纯理功能”，指的是在语言所必须完成的众多功能中，最为抽象、最具概括性的那些功能，它们是语言所固有的，具有语言的普遍特征。韩礼德把纯理功能分为三种：经验功能、人际功能、语篇功能。黄国文认为，经验功能指的是人们用语言来谈论他们对世界的经验（包括内心世界），用语言来描述周围所发生的事件或情形；人际功能指的是人们用语言来与他人交往，建立和保持人际关系，用语言来影响别人的行为，并用语言来表达对世界的看法和改变世界；语篇功能指的是人们在使用语言时组织信息的方式，它表明信息与信息之间的关系，以及与人们说话和写作时所处的语境的关系。 二、Fried Rice with Chicken,Ham and Shrimp的语域分析 韩礼德把语域定义为“使用的变异”，换句话说，语域是语言使用的特性，指人们在不同的语境中用不同的语言结构来表达意义。语域主要包括三个变量：语场（field，指谈论 的内容）、语旨（tenor，指交际中涉及的参与者及交际双方的关系）和语式（mode，指 交际中使用语言的方式，如口语或书面语），它们分别对应经验功能、人际功能和语篇功能。通过对Fried Rice with Chicken，Ham and Shrimp的分析，我们可以得出以下结论： 语场：鸡肉火腿虾仁炒饭的制作方法，从材料的准备到具体的制作步骤，直到最后品尝本菜。 语旨：说话人是懂得本道菜制作方法的人，其讲解的对象是不懂制作方法而学习的人，是“师与徒”或“授课与学习”的关系。 语式：这里说话人是口头解说，因此在语言的选用上，选用的都是口语化的词语，通俗易懂，且由于说话人面对的是学习菜肴制作的学习者，因此语言很随意。
绪论、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1．语言学 2．语言 5．文言文 6．符号 7．符号形式 8．符号的任意性 9．语言符号 10．组合关系 11．聚合关系 二、填空 1．__________、________ 、________________ 具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2．__________ 是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为__________。 3．__________ 、__________ 、__________ 是我国传统的语文学。 4．研究语言的结构，主要是研究 __________、____________ 、__________ 三个部分。 5．运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为________、________ 、_________ 、__________ 、__________ 五个阶段。 6．语言是人类社会的______________，而且也是思维的______________。 7．在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务。例如汉民族点头表示____________，摇头表示____________，送别时挥手表示 ______________，____________表示欢迎，咬牙切齿表示_____________，手舞足蹈表示____________。 8．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性____________。 9．汉语的“哥哥”、“弟弟”，英语用________________表示，汉语的“舅舅、姨父、姑父、叔叔、伯伯”，英语用______________表示。 10．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个 _____。 11．儿童最早的智力活动就是学习_________。 12．任何符号，都是由和两个方面构成的。 13．一个符号，如果没有_______，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有_______，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 14．语言符号是_________和_________的统一体，声音是语言符号的______。
英语语言学教程（胡壮麟版） Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1.What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, “shu” in Ch inese. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2.Design Features of Language. “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1)Arbitrariness: By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2)Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3)Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4)Displacement: “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5)Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6)Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3.Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1)Phatic function: The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2)Directive function: The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer
第五章韩礼德为代表的系统功能语言学派 韩礼德(M.A.K.Halliday)的系统功能语言理论是20世纪后半叶国际上最有影响的语言学理论之一,其旺盛的生命力显示,它加深了人们对语言的认识,并将在新世纪语言学研究中发挥更大作用。本文从伦敦学派及其奠基人弗斯的理论研究对韩礼德系统功能语言学的启迪和传承关系谈起,对韩氏理论的几个发展阶段和主要观点、重要成员作一综合性述评,以理清它的发展脉络和理论贡献。 1.弗斯与伦敦语言学派 伦敦学派奠基人弗斯曾在伦敦大学学院的语音系同著名语音学家琼斯(Daniel Jones,1881—1967)一起做研究。1938年,他受聘于伦敦大学东方与非洲研究学院,并于1944年成为英国历史上第一个普通语言学教授。弗斯的语言学理论是他在伦敦大学工作期间形成的,他和他的同事又长期在伦敦大学工作,因此以他为首的语言学派被称为“伦敦学派”。这个学派与美国结构主义语言学、乔姆斯基生成语法学派、布拉格学派、丹麦的哥本哈根学派等同为20世纪语言学界最为人瞩目的语言学派(王宗炎1985:94)。 弗斯的学生韩礼德继承和发展了弗斯的语言学理论,并建立了新弗斯学派。韩礼德在伦敦大学获得汉语语言文学学士学位后,于1947年到北京大学跟随罗常培教授学习汉语音系学、词典学和比较历史语言学。后来师从王力教授研究现代汉语方言。1949年回伦敦,被剑桥大学录取为博士研究生,导师便是伦敦大学东方与非洲研究学院的弗斯教授。 弗斯的语言学思想对韩礼德的影响特别大。弗斯(1957)认为,语言中的意义(即使用中的语言项目的功能)非常重要,语言中言语产生的社会语境也非常重要。弗斯受伦敦经济学院人类学教授马林诺夫斯基(B.Malinowski,1884—1942)语言研究的影响,强调言语使用的社会语境,其目标是根据马林诺夫斯基的“情景语境”(context of situation)建立一种语言学理论。遗憾的是,弗斯自己没有达到这个目标。 他的观点后来在弟子韩礼德手上获得发展。尽管弗斯的学术思想在很多方面有深刻见解,给人启迪,但他并未形成一个连贯的理论框架。对韩礼德这一代人来说,任务之一是把弗斯的学术观点建立成一个能解释“什么是语言”和“语言是怎样工作的”这样一种完整的理论体系。韩礼德面临的任务是:怎样用关于情景语境的观点建立一个能把语言中的范畴和它们之间的关系都解释清楚的语言学理论。 2.阶和范畴语法 在“现代汉语的语法范畴”(Halliday 1956)一文中,韩礼德建立了一个能比较好地处理语言单位之间关系的分析框架。这篇论文代表韩礼德语言理论研究的开始。他在文中提出,语言中有三个语法范畴,即:单位(unit),成分(element)和类别(class)。在这个分析框架中,“系统”从属于“类别”。韩礼德用汉语例子解释了单位与成分和类别之间的关系。他还讨论到汉语小句中“旧”(given)信息与“新”(new)信息的区别,并谈到“系统”选择中的“盖然”(proba-bilistic)问题。可以说,这篇论文的初步理论框架为以后的系统功能理论奠定了坚实基础。 韩礼德虽然在上文中已提出一个能很好处理语言单位之间关系的分析模式,但它并不是一个完整的理论框架,而且还存在一些问题(见Butler 1985: 14_15,王宗炎1985:136_148)。 这篇文章主要是对现代汉语进行研究,从那之后,韩礼德的研究开始真正进入普通语言学理论领域。1961年他发表了“语法理论的范畴”(Halliday 1961);一般认为,这是一篇能代表韩礼
语言学纲要复习题
语言学纲要复习题 一、填空题 1、语言学的三大发源地是：古代印度、中国和古希腊-罗马 2、语言是 19 世纪成为独立学科，其标志欧洲历史比较语言学的出现。 3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》 4、语言交际可分为哪五个阶段：编码—发送---传递—接受—解码 5、印度最早的经典实用的语言是：梵语 6、中国“小学”主要研究内容包括哪三方面：文字学、音韵学、训诂学 7、语言的功能包括哪两个：社会功能和思维功能 8、语言的社会功能包括哪两个:信息传递功能和人际互动功能 9、在各种信息传递形式中，语言是第一性、最基本的手段。 10、人的大脑分左右两个半球，语言功能及计数、推理能力等由左半球掌管，音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由右半球制约。
11、儿童语言学习得经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。 12、说出的话语句子是无限的，但无限多的句子都是有限的词和规则组装起来的。 13、符号包含形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。 14、语言符号的意义是对它所指代的一类心理现实的概括。 15、我们是通过听话认识到“孔子是中国古代的思想家”这个心理现实的。 16、语言的表达是对心理实现的编码。 17、心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。 18、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是语言符号的基本性质。 19、语言系统二层性的一大特点是形式层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。 20、组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系。 21、动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础上看是不具有语言能力和抽象思维能力。
语言学概要试题7 一、填空题（每空1分，共8分） 1.语言符号的意义是对它所指代的一类（）的概括。 2.动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有（）和（） 3.仅有一个语素构成的词是（）。 4.我国传统文字学中的“六书”是指象形、（）、（）、形声、转注、假借。 5.语言演变的两大特点是（）和（）。 二、单项选择（每空2分，共14分） 1. 汉语拼音中的ü、c、h，国际音标分别写作（）。 A．[u]、[c]、[h] B．[y]、[ts']、[x] C．[u]、[ch]、[h] D．[x]、[y]、[k] 2. 对发音器官功能的描述，（）是正确的。 A．声带在发音中的作用是次要的。 B．舌头的活动，起了调节共鸣器形状的作用。 C．口腔中最为灵活的部位是上腭。 D．声带、舌头等是被动发音器官。 3. 下列各组对元音区别的描述中，（）是错误的。 A．[I]和[y]的区别是舌位前后不同。 B．[u]和[o]的区别是舌位高低不同。C．[a]和[ɑ]的区别是舌位前后不同。 D．[I]和[a]的区别是舌位高低不同。 4. 以下关于句法变换的陈述正确的一项是（） A．句法变换反映的是具体句子之间的关系。 B．句法变换可以区分句法多义。 C．容许变换说明一个语言的语序是自由的。 D．变换从不改变句子的语义。 5. 以下的陈述不正确的一项是（） A．随着旧事物的消失，表示它们的词语也会随之彻底消失。 B．类推的效力是有限的，不可能消除语言中所有的例外现象。 C．词汇的总的发展趋势是词语越来越多。 D．社会的变动可能会引起词语的替换。 6. 分析以下Michoacan Aztec语中的一些词及其英译翻译。 Nokali----my house nokalimes----my houses Mokali----your house ikali----his house kalimes----houses 如果表示“friend”的词是mahkwa,表示“my friends”的词应该是（） A.nomahkwa B.mahkwas C.momahkwames D. momahkwaes E.nomahkwames 7. 下列各组辅音，区别特征为清浊对立的一组是（）。 A．[x]-[h]B．[t]-[d]C．[c]-[ch] D．[z]-[ts] 三、名词解释（每题4分，共20分）
英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版) Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1. What is language? “ Languageis system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains a is explained by the fact that different languages have different “ books ”“:book ”in English, “ livre in” French, “shu” ii n eCseh. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “ human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2. Design Features of Language. “ Design features ” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1) Arbitrariness: By “ arbitrariness ”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2) Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3) Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one?s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4) Displacement: “ Displacement ”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5) Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6) Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3. Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1) Phatic function: The “ phaticfunction r”efers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2) Directive function: The “ directive function ”thamt laenagnusage may be used to get the hearer to do something. Most imperative sentences perform this function, e. g., “Tell me the res you finish. ” (3) Informative function: Language serves an “ informational function ”when used to tell something, characterized by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often labeled as true (truth) or false (falsehood). (4) Interrogative function: When language is used to obtain information, it serves an “ interrogat