语言学选择题练习
Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ___D___.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
2. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound ____D______.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D. None of the above.
3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of____B___.
A. the first element
B. the second element
C. either the first or the second element
D. both the first and the second elements
4. ___B____ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other
morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes
B. Bound morphemes
C. Bound words
D. Words
5. ___C______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the
rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax
B. Grammar
C. Morphology
D. Morpheme
6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ___C____.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
7. Bound morphemes are those that ___D________.
A. have to be used independently
B. can not be combined with other morphemes
C. can either be free or bound
D. have to be combined with other morphemes
8. ___A____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
9. ____B_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words
B. Morphemes
C. Phonemes
D. Sentences
10. “-s” in the word “books” is __C_____.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix
D. a root
11 Of all the speech organs, the ___C____ is/are the most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C. tongue
D. vocal cords
12. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __A_ sounds.
A. voiceless
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal
13. ____B______ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/
B. /d/
C. /k/
D. /b/
14. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _____D_______.
B. same
C. exactly alike
D. similar
15.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ____A_______.
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
16. The sound /f/ is ____D_____________.
A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodental fricative
17. A __C__ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back
B. central
C. front
D. middle
18. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called
____C___.
A. phonetic components
B. immediate constituents
C. suprasegmental features
D. semantic features
19. A(n) ______D_____ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone
B. sound
C. allophone
D. Phoneme
20.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the __D__ of that phoneme.
A. phones
B. sounds
D. allophones
21. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be
____C___.
A. prescriptive
B. analytic
C. descriptive
D. linguistic
22. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ___C____.
A. primary
B. correct
C. secondary
D. stable
23. A historical study of language is a __B_____ study of language.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. comparative
24. According to F. de Saussure, ___C____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole
B. performance
C. langue
D. Language
25. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called ___A____,
A. displacement
B. duality
C. flexibility
D. cultural transmission
26. Of all the speech organs, the __C_____ is/are the most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C. tongue
D. vocal cords
27. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __A__ sounds.
A. voiceless
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal
28. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ____A_______.
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
29. A __C__ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back
B. central
C. front
D. middle
30. A(n) ____D_______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of
distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone
B. sound
C. allophone
D. phoneme
31. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ___D___.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
32. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound ___D_______.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D. None of the above.
33. ____C_____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax
B. Grammar
C. Morphology
D. Morpheme
34. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ____C___.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
35. ___A____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
36. A sentence is considered __D__ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right
B. wrong
C. grammatical
D. ungrammatical
37. Phrase structure rules have __A__ properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
38. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand ______D_______.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. All of the above.
39. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ___A_____.
A. transformational rules
B. generative rules
C. phrase structure rules
D. x-bar theory
40. The sentence structure is ___D____.
A. only linear
B. only hierarchical
C. complex
D. both linear and hierarchical
41. The syntactic rules of any language are __C__ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
42. The ____D____ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sen-tences.
A. lexical
B. morphological
C. linguistic
D. combinational
43.“We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents ____B___.
A. the conceptualist view
B. contexutalism
C. the naming theory
D. behaviourism
44. “Can I borrow your bike?”____D___ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
45. _____B______ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning
components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis
B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
D.
Grammatical analysis
46. “Alive” and “dead” are ________C______.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational opposites
C. complementary antonyms
D. None
of the above
47. ______C_____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the
same form.
A. Polysemy
B. Synonymy
C. Homonymy
D. Hyponymy
48. Words that are close in meaning are called _______D_______.
A. homonyms
B. polysemy
C. hyponyms
D. synonyms
49. ____A_____ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.
A. Pragmatics
B. Semantics
C. Sense relation
D. Concept
50. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning
____D_____ is
considered.
A. reference
B. speech act
C. practical usage
D. context
51. A sentence is a ___B______ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in
isolation.
A. pragmatic
B. grammatical
C. mental
D. conceptual
52. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) ____C_____.
A. constative
B. directive
C. utterance
D. expressive
53. Which of the following is true? ___B____
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
54. ______C____ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the
change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act
D. A
performative act
55. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ
____C______.
A. in their illocutionary acts.
B. in their intentions expressed
C. in their strength or force
D. in their effect brought about
56. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, ___D____ might arise.
A. impoliteness
B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding
D. conversational
implicatures
57. English language belongs to ___A______.
A. Indo-European Family
B. Sino-Tibetan Family
C. Austronesian Family
D.
Afroasiatic Family
58. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness
B. Displacement
C. Duality
D. Meaningfulness
59. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.
A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed
C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D. All of the above
60. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and
meanings.
A. sense
B. sounds
C. objects
D. ideas
61. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right
B. wrong
C. grammatical
D. ungrammatical
62. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator
B. particle
C. preposition
D. subordinator
63. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
64. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. All of the above.
65. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.
A. transformational rules
B. generative rules
C. phrase structure rules
D. x-bar theory
66. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.
A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase
C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions
D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.
67. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear
B. Only hierarchical
C. complex
D. both linear and hierarchical
68. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
69. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.
A. lexical
B. morphological
C. linguistic
D. combinational
70._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
A. Generative
B. Transformational
C. X-bar
D. Phrase structure
71. The naming theory is advanced by ________.
A. Plato
B. Bloomfield
C. Geoffrey Leech
D. Firth
72. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.
A. the conceptualist view
B. contexutalism
C. the naming theory
D. behaviourism
73. Which of the following is not true?
A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.
C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.
D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
74. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
75. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis
B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
D. Grammatical analysis
76. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational opposites
C. complementary antonyms
D. None of the above
77. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference
B. Concept
C. Semantics
D. Sense
78. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polysemy
B. Synonymy
C. Homonymy
D. Hyponymy
79. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
A. homonyms
B. polysemy
C. hyponyms
D. synonyms
80. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.
A. grammatical rules
B. selectional restrictions
C. semantic rules
D. semantic features
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
生理学 1 可兴奋细胞兴奋时，共有的特征是产生（E） A.神经活动 B.肌肉收缩 C.腺体分泌 D.反射活动 E.动作电位 2 机体处于应激状态时，糖皮质激素分泌增多是属于（C） A.全身性体液调节 B.局部性体液调节 C.神经体液调节 D.神经调节 E.自身调节 3 维持机体稳态的重要途径是（B） A.正反馈调节 B.负反馈调节 C.神经调节 D.体液调节 E.自身调节 4 下列生理过程中，不属于负反馈调节的是（E） A.血液中红细胞数量的恒定 B.降压反射 C.呼吸节律的维持 D.体温恒定的维持 E.排尿反射 5 下列生理过程中，不属于正反馈调节的是（C） A.血液凝固 B.排便反射 C.血浆晶体渗透压升高时ADH释放增加 D.排尿反射 E.分娩反射 6 人体生理学是研究（E） A.人体与环境关系 B.人体细胞功能 C.人体功能调节 D.各器官的生理功能 E.人体功能活动规律 7 神经调节的基本方式是（A） A.反射 B.反应 C.适应 D.正反馈 E.负反馈 8 衡量组织兴奋性高低的客观指标是（D） A.动作电位 B.阈电位 C.组织对刺激的反应能力 D.强度阈值 E.除极速度 9 机体功能调节中，最重要的调节方式是（A） A.神经调节 B.体液调节 C.自身调节 D.反馈调节 E.前馈调节 10 下列关于刺激和反应的说法，哪项是错误的（A） A.有刺激必然产生反应 B.产生反应时，必然接受了刺激 C.阈刺激时，必然产生反应 D.有刺激时，不一定产生反应 E.有时反应随刺激强度加大而增强 1 人体内O2、C02和NH3进出细胞膜是通过（A） A.单纯扩散 B.易化扩散 C.主动转运 D.入胞出胞 E.继发性主动转运 2 葡萄糖进入红细胞属于（D） A. 主动转运 B.入胞 C. 单纯扩散 D. 易化扩散 E.继发性主动转运 3 肠上皮细胞由肠腔吸收葡萄糖属于（D） A.单纯扩散 B. 易化扩散 C.原发性主动转运 D. 继发性主动转运 E.入胞 4 产生细胞生物电现象的离子跨膜移动属于（C） A.单纯扩散 B.载体为中介的易化扩散 C. 通道为中介的易化扩散 D. 入胞 E. 出胞 5 运动神经纤维末稍释放Ach属于（D） A.单纯扩散 B.易化扩散 C.主动转运 D.出胞 E.继发性主动转运 6 钠钾泵的作用是（A） A.将Na+泵出细胞外，将K+泵入细胞内 B.将Na+泵入细胞内，将K+泵出细胞外 C. 将Na+泵入细胞内 D.将Na+和K+泵入细胞内 E. 将Na+和K+泵出细胞外 7 在一般生理情况下，每分解一分子ATP，钠泵运转可使（D） A.2个Na+移出膜外 B. 2个K+移出膜外 C. 2个Na+移出膜外，同时有2个K+移出膜内 D. 3个Na+移出膜外，同时有2个K+移出膜内 E. 3个Na+移出膜外，同时有3个K+移出膜内 8 细胞膜内，外正常的Na+和K+浓度差的形成和维持是由（D） A.膜在安静时对K+通透性大 B. 膜在兴奋时对Na+通透性增加 C. Na+、K+易化扩散的结果 D.膜上钠-钾泵的作用 E. 膜上ATP的作用 9 判断组织兴奋性高低最常用的指标（B） A.基强度 B. 阈强度 C. 阈时间 D.利用时 E. 时值 10神经细胞在接受一次阈上刺激后，其兴奋性的周期变化是（D） A. 相对不应期→绝对不应期→超常期→低常期 B. 绝对不应期→相对不应期→低常期→超常期 C. 绝对不应期→低常期→相对不应期→超常期 D. 绝对不应期→相对不应期→超常期→低常期 E. 绝对不应期→超常期→低常期→相对不应期 11组织兴奋后处于绝对不应期时，其兴奋性为（A） A.零 B.无限大 C.大于正常 D.小于正常 E.等于正常 12神经细胞产生静息电位的主要原因是（A） A.细胞内高 K+浓度和安静时膜主要对K+有通透性 B. 细胞内高 K+浓度和安静时膜主要对Na+有通透性 C. 细胞内高 Na+浓度和安静时膜主要对K+有通透性
一．简答题 1.广义上的应用语言学 答:指的是运用理论语言学的理论、方法和基础研究成果，来阐明、解决其他学科领域中出现的各种与语言相关的问题。包括语言教学理论、语言学的一般应用研究成果和语言学的跨面研究成果。 2.结构主义的特点 答：①把语言确定为研究对象；②重视共时语言的研究；③重视口语的研究；④重视详细描写语言的结构；⑤用联系和系统的观点观察语言要素，语言是一个完整的符号系统⑥注重对立成分的分析。 3.语言的系统性 答：①首先体现在它是一个层级体系；②还体现在语言符号各层次之间的根本关系上——语言成分的组合关系和聚合关系以及二者彼此之间的关系。 4.语言与言语的关系 答：㈠区别：①语言是社会的言语是个人的②语言有限，言语无限③语言是现成的，言语是临时创造的；㈡联系：一方面，语言以言语的形式存在，因为语言离不开言语，没有说话和说出的话就没有语言；另一方面，言语离不开语言，没有大家认可的词语和语法规则就无法说话。二者相互依赖，相互依存。 5.元音与辅音的区别 答：①发元音时声带颤动、气流在发音通道上不受阻碍，发辅音时声带颤动或不颤动、气流在发音通道的一个或多个部位上受到阻碍；②发元音时，发音器官的各部位均衡紧张；辅音则形成阻碍的部位特别紧张；③发元音时，呼出的气流较弱，拉长音而音质不变，辅音一般不可以拉长音，气流较强。 6.语音的社会性质 答：社会性是语音的本质属性。①世界上没有一种语言采纳了100以上的音素的，各种语言使用哪些语言完全由其社会成员约定的；②语言表达意义，但什么样的声音形式与什么样的意义相结合；③每一语言或方言都有自己独特的语音系统，从语音的物理性质和生理性质分析得出德尔某一语音现象或语音成分，在不同系统中可能有不同作用和不同心里感知。 7.语法构词法 答：就是利用语言中原有的语素材料构造新词。其方法有复合、附加、内部屈折、重音位置变化、词组缩简等。 8.研究语言演变的凭借 答：①通过对照方言和亲属语言可以获知；②通过对记录了语言的过去状态的文字的分析可以获知；③通过对古代的借词的分析可以获知。 9.构词法与构形法的区别 答：构词法是构成新词的方法，构成的新词的词汇意义与各构词成分的词汇意义有关但并不相同。构形法虽然与词的结构有关，但它并不构成新词，不引起词汇意义的改变，只是表
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T
CHAPTER 1 I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false: T 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. F 2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. T 3. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole T 4. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. T 5. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. T 6. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning T 7 Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete F 8 Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language T 9. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language F 10. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary F 11. There is universal agreement about the origin of language. F 12. Pet dogs can speak human languages. F 13. All human infants can speak some language. F 14. By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets. F 15. With different cultures there will be different languages. T 16. Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.doczj.com/doc/562944013.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.doczj.com/doc/562944013.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.doczj.com/doc/562944013.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/562944013.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
生理学试题及答案 一、单项选择题(每小题1分，共计30分) 1. 全身动脉血液变动在80－180mmHg范围内，肾血流量由于血管口径的相应变化，仍能保持相对稳定，属于 A. 自身调节 B. 神经调节 C. 正反馈调节 D. 体液调节 2. 有机磷农药中毒时骨骼肌痉挛的原因是 A. 乙酰胆碱释放增加 B．刺激运动神经末梢的兴奋 C．胆碱脂酶被抑制，乙酰胆碱在运动终板处堆积 D．增加了Ca2+内流 3. 低温、缺氧或代谢抑制，影响细胞的钠-钾泵活动时，将导致 A. 静息电位值增大，动作电位幅度减小。 B. 静息电位值减小，动作电位幅度增大。 C. 静息电位值增大，动作电位幅度增大。 D. 静息电位绝对值减小，动作电位幅度减小。 4.血沉加快表示红细胞 A.通透性增大 B.脆性增大 C.悬浮稳定性差 D.可塑性差 5.柠檬酸钠的抗凝机理是 A.加强血浆抗凝血酶的作用 B.使血浆中的钙离子成为不易解离的络合物 C.抑制凝血酶活性 D.中和酸性凝血物质 6.甲状腺手术容易出血的原因是甲状腺含有较多的 A.血浆激活物 B.组织激活物 C.纤溶酶 D.抗凝血酶 7.某人的血细胞与B型血的血清凝集，而其血清与B型血的红细胞不凝集，此人血型为 A.A型 B.B型 C.O型 D.AB型 8.幼年时期缺乏生长激素将造成 A. 呆小症 B. 巨人症 C. 侏儒症 D. 肢端肥大症 9.在心动周期中，心室血液充盈主要是由于 A.心房收缩的挤压作用 B.心室舒张的抽吸作用 C.骨骼肌的挤压作用 D.胸内负压促进回流 10.窦房结作为正常起搏点的主要原因是。 A.位于心肌上部
B.0期去极化速度快 C.没有平台期 D.4期自动化去极化速度最快 11.室性期前收缩之后常出现代偿性间歇的原因是。 A.窦房结的节律性兴奋延迟发放 B.窦房结的节律性兴奋少发放一次 C.室性期前收缩时心室肌的有效不应期很长 D.窦房结的一次节律兴奋落在室性期前兴奋的有效不应期内 12.房室延搁的生理意义是。 A.使心室肌不会发生完全强直收缩 B.使心室肌动作电位幅度增加 C.使心室肌有效不应期延长 D.使心房、心室不会同时收缩 13.关于心动周期的论述，以下哪项是错误的。 A.舒张期长于收缩期 B.房室有共同收缩的时期 C.通常指心室的活动周期 D.心动周期的长短与心率有关 14.关于心电图的描述，下列哪一项是错误的。 A.ECG反映心脏兴奋的产生、传导和恢复过程中的生物电变化 B.ECG与心脏的机械收缩活动无直接关系 C.ECG与单个心肌细胞生物电变化曲线有明显区别 D.电极放置的位置不同，记录出来的ECG基本相同 15.脊休克产生的主要原因是： A. 脊髓的血液供应突然中断 B. 脊髓突然失去了高位中枢对其的控制作用 C. 脊髓的反射中枢被破坏 D. 突然切断的损伤刺激所引起的抑制作用 16.肺总容量等于 A.潮气量＋肺活量 B.潮气量＋功能余气量 C.余气量＋补吸气量 D.余气量＋肺活量 17.关于气体扩散速率与下列因素的关系，哪一项是不正确的 A.与温度呈正变 B.与扩散距离呈反变 C.与气体分子量呈反变 D.与气体溶解度呈正变 18.血液的氧离曲线左移 A.温度降低时 B.有利于氧从血液进入组织 C.发生在血液PH值降低时 D.发生在红细胞中2，3－二磷酸甘油酸含量增加时 19.体力劳动或运动时，机体主要的产热器官是
语言学纲要简答题及答 案精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】
1、为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具。 A、语言的人类最重要的交际工具：人类传递信息，进行交际和交流思想，除了使用语言外还可以使用文字、旗语、红绿灯、电报代码、数学符号以及身势、表情等，在一定场合使用，可以弥补语言的一些不足，但是这些交际工具使用范围有限，有的仅用于特定的范围，最重要的是，这些交际工具，都离不开语言，都是在语言的基础上产生的，是辅助语言进行交际的，没有语言，这些手段的存在没有任何意义。 B、其次这是由语言的自身特征决定的，语言即是声音的传播，是所有工具当中使用起来最简便快速，容量最大，效果最好的工具，其它任何联系沟通手段所不能代替的，所以语言是人类最重要的交际工具。 2、语言和思维有怎样的关系？ 语言离不开思维，思维也离不开语言，语言是表达自己思想都和理解别人思想的工具，是思维存在的物质形式；思维活动的成果依靠语言得以巩固和存在，思维的发展、认识能力的提高要依靠语言；人脑半球的实验依据证明思维不能脱离语言而存在。 语言和思维又相互区别； 二者的功能不同：语言是社会成员之间能相互交际；思维帮助人们认识客观世界和能动地改造客观世界 二者的规律不同：语言具有民族特性；思维是客观现实规律的反映，具有全人类共同性 二者的范畴不同：语言的单位主要是字词句等，思维的单位表现为概念、推理等3、什么是符号？符号应具备哪些条件？举例说明。 符号：一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号、标记。例如：信号灯、旗语、上课铃、盲文等 符号应具备三个条件：符号由形式和内容两部分组成 形式和内容之间没有必然的联系 符号对于符号使用者来说具有强制性 4、语言符号的任意性特点是不是说我们可以任意运用不同的语音形式表示事物？任意性是就语言符号的形式和内容的即音和义的结合是约定成俗的，任意性特点是就语言起源时的情况来说的 指最初用什么样的语音形式代表客观事物现象这个意义内容是任意的。但是这并不意味着人们可以对语音的形式作随意更改。符号的音义关系一经社会约定而进入交际之后，它对人们就有强制性，每一个人都只能乖乖地接受它，个人绝不能随意更改，也无权更改，各个成员都只能接受社会已经约定的符号。所以，语言符号的任意性和强制性是对立的统一，人们不能借口任意性而随意更改已经约定的音义关系。约定俗成前可以说有任意性，约定俗成后则具有了强制性。假如个人可以根据自己的好恶来使用语言，如果这种任意性没有任何规定性，没有强制性，各人可以自说自话，乱说一套，比如把“死”说成“活”，把“高”说成“矮”，把“香”说成“臭”，等等，那么结果是谁也听不懂谁的话，语言交际就无法进行，语言也就不可能成为人类最重要的交际工具了。 5、语音有哪些属性？什么是语音的本质属性？ 语音具有生理属性（呼吸器官、发音器官、共鸣器官）、物理属性（音高、音强、音长、音色）和社会属性，社会性是语言的本质属性 6、什么是音位？怎样确定音位？
Chapter One Language 1. Define the following terms 1) discreteness 2) design features 3) arbitrariness 4) duality 5) displacement 6) cultural transmission 7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language 9) the heuristic function of language 10) language 2. Multiple Choice Directions: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best. 1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does it perform? A. Interpersonal. B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational. 4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome the barriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. interchangeability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness. 5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn’t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic. C. Peformative. D. Interpersonal. 6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is . A. stimulus free B. stimulus bound C. under immediate stimulus control D. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest. 7) Which of the following is the most important function of language? A. interpersonal function B. performative function C. informative function D. recreational function 8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language. A arbitrariness B cultural transmission C displacement D discreteness 9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics? A. statistics B. psycholinguistics C. physics D. philosophy 10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.