毕设附件：外文文献翻译原文+译文
原文
The research of network buzzwords spreading
Markus D
Abstract
Network buzzwords from the Internet language, that is, first appeared in the Internet and popular on the Internet, created by users or reference and are endowed with special meaning of words and sentences. Here's the special meaning has two meanings: the first layer means that it is unique in a certain period of time on the network popular virtual things and behavior as well as the things associated with the computer network technology. The second means that it is very different from daily in the natural language system, the unique meaning, this means that a certain period of social politics, economy, culture and Internet psychological activity factors such as comprehensive product.
Keywords: Network hot words; Buzzwords; Spreading
1 Introduction
In the 1980 s, Toffler in the United States believe that human civilization forward like waves, already had two causes the whole civilization and the great wave of social change: agriculture is the first wave of agricultural society is established. The second wave of industry established the industrial society. "Now is a new civilization in our life. The birth of the new civilization, is the only the most explosive events in our lives. The deep meaning of it, just like the invention of agriculture one hundred years ago the first wave of change of human liberation, or as the industrial revolution caused by the second wave of shock the world. We are the architects of the next change. Like it?s predicted, we ushered in the third wave, and the third wave is marked by information highway construction of the information revolution. In this case, the information highway is the emergence of the Internet. Its emergence caused a revolutionary change of the human social life each aspect. These changes occur, also affected the development of language change. Current research of network language has made certain achievements. In the definition of network language and the
understanding of the nature has almost the same, and from the vocabulary, language symbols, language variation, and network communication, and other point of view to study and analysis of network language.
2 The definition and characteristic of network buzzwords
2.1 Definitions
Network buzzwords, which first appeared in the Internet and popular on the Internet, created by users or lead Use and are endowed with special meaning of words and sentences. Here's the special meaning has two meanings: the first layer is mean. That it is unique in a certain period of time on the network popular virtual things and behavior, as well as electricity the brain network technology related things. The first means that it is on the second floor and daily in the natural language system completely different and unique meaning, this means that a certain period of social politics, economy, culture and Internet users factors such as comprehensive product.
The first meaning refers to the prior to 2004, and could be called early network catchword. The second meaning refers to the popular time after 2004, classified collection by Internet users and ranked annually by site network buzzwords, but also can be called network buzzwords. Do such segmentation, is the cause of the early 2004 years ago the network buzzwords, the characteristics of the network language performance is more outstanding. And after 2004 network buzzwords, its popular features emerge slowly, began to tend to the daily language. Martin similar problems is analyzed, the similar conclusions. And mentioned in the introduction of network catchword is defined by Johan to summarize, the former definition of network buzzwords, notice is increasingly penetrating the natural language of network buzzwords, namely network catchword late. The definition of network buzzwords emphasizes its mediated and sociality, the network buzzwords in itself is no more. Compare the two definitions of network catchword are more systematic and comprehensive. At the same time, the definition of how to categorize the network catchword provides the help. Early network buzzwords, mainly form as a standard for classification of network catchword is late to source and popular time for standard to classify words.
2.2 Features
2.2.1 Times
"Bright times is the most prominent feature of buzzwords, as a popular saying, also is a kind of" popular ", and other popular things, has its popular stage. And different period, the popular things are different, and used to reflect the popular catchphrase of the things is not the same. "Times namely phrase reflects certain social style and features of The Times, language style and public psychology. Network catchword epoch characterized by the following aspects: language is a social phenomenon, whenever changes in social life, it will be along with the social phenomena and the generation of new things and, as the die the death of the old things. V ocabulary is the most active elements in language, the changes of the external factors, often cause the evolution of vocabulary first.
2.2.2 Dynamic
Another feature of network catchword is its dynamic nature. In a sense, is closely related between the dynamic and time inseparable. Time itself is a dynamic concept. With the passage of time is never-ending running. Network buzzwords shows time determines the dynamic characteristics of it must advance with times. Summary from our previous annual network buzzwords can clearly be seen in this. Every year the network catchword has different change, basic won't appear the same situation. Some dead network buzzwords, for example the fact that more telling.
2.2.3 Creative
Creativity is an important attribute of buzzwords, the network buzzwords creative performance is more outstanding, and language is the crystallization of human wisdom. Buzzwords is a kind of creative language, especially in the beginning of the can always give people the feeling that find everything new and fresh, which is one of important reasons why them popular. It is more serious and network catchword creativity. Network catchword creative main show is a form of had by it. In the former facing network buzzwords are classified, analyzed its form. At the same time, and analyze the source of creativity in the class. Among them, the harmonics class and controlled class embodies the Internet users to modify the old language form, concise
and interesting language expression of requirements. Pictographic class is completely ignoring the rules of grammar and classification, the pursuit of pure language innovation dissimilation. Net citizen?s creativity in the class is completely innovation of old language form. These words form embodies the catchword outstanding innovative network.
2.2.4 Diversity
Network popular language has its diversity and irregularity. Diversity is network catchword forms. there are many words in the selection of different users for a variety of vocabulary differences. Irregularity that is in the form of word formation is not specification and use of words. Network catchword is the reason is that language is an aggregation of diversity, and the user is a person. As for the individual user as a collection of symbols in the language selection of elements is diversity. Network catchword, as the most dynamic part of the modern Chinese, there are a variety of word forms, and the selection of different users for a variety of vocabulary differences, these differences is diversity. The cause of network buzzwords diversity is very complex: the use of network buzzwords, social groups and style often have to restrict and differences. Geographical, cultural degree, the different sex, age, use the catchword is different also, presents the diversification.
3 The cause of network buzzwords
3.1 Social reasons
Language as a social product is influenced by the social factors. American Fulbright scholars (w. Bright) was proposed in his "social linguistics" "language and social covariant: the theory of gradient and catastrophe occurs when the social life, as a social phenomenon of language will be unequivocally changing with the pace of progress in social life. Mr. Matins also said: "language is a variable, the society is another variable. The two variables influence each other, interact, mutual restrict, mutual change, this is covariant. If this means that we often say: when the gradient and catastrophe occurs in social life, language is bound to change with the pace of social life, so, this is completely understandable covariant theory. The theory of the above two scholars, respectively from the perspective of different illustrate a simple
principle: covariant relation between language and society. The covariant relationship is very complicated, because language itself is both complex and social system. Each generation and development of a social phenomenon and destruction will be left his mark on history; at the same time social phenomena of the fault is in contact with each other, mutual restriction conditions coexist. The pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and so on the basic elements of a language in history, will leave traces of the development and change of, at the same time the language basic elements of fault is occurred in the form of aggregation or composition between contact and reflect the variation of language elements. Therefore, covariant relationship of language and society is sometime in the historical development as a whole and interweaved under fault conditions of complex network morphology.
3.2 Economic factors
Affect the social factors, the network buzzwords economic factor is an important reason. According to the point of view of cognitive linguistics, cognition is the foundation of language. Language is the window of the cognitive. Economic activity has always been the main part of all human cognitive activity; it determines the survival and evolution of human language communication is almost accompanied by human economic activities. Famous British language scholar David Crystal emphasizes the relationship between language and economy, he believes that a language to become an international language mainly depends on speaking language of the people's economic strength, especially want to rely on military force way, establish the status of the international language. A kind of language to maintain its international language status, consolidate and expand its influence requires the economic strength. As one of the ideology of superstructure of network buzzwords, its emergence and development degree is decided by economic foundation. Current users of network buzzwords are mainly young Internet users, they is the creator and disseminator of network buzzwords. But must meet a number of prerequisites, can they creating, using, and spread on the Internet network buzzwords. These prerequisites include eating satisfied wear warm, having a fixed residence, with a computer and having access to the network, but also must have certain levels of
knowledge and have some leisure time every day.
文献出处：Markus D. The research of network buzzwords spreading [J]. Control of Network Systems 2016, 3(1):21-30.
译文
网络流行语传播研究
Markus D
摘要
网络流行语来自于网络语言，即最初出现于网络并在网络上流行，由网民创造或者引用并被赋予特殊含义的词语和句子。这里的特殊含义有两层意思：第一层意思是指它表达的是网络上特有的在某个时期内流行的虚拟事物和虚拟行为以及与电脑网络技术相关的事物；第二层意思是指它表达的是与日常自然语言体系中截然不同的，独有的含义，这种含义是一定时期内社会政治、经济、文化及网民心理活动等因素的综合产物。
关键词：网络热词；流行语；传播
1 引言
20 世纪80 年代，美国的托夫勒认为人类文明如同海浪般推进，目前已经经历了两次引起整个文明和社会变革的巨大浪潮:第一次是农业浪潮，建立了农业社会;第二次是工业浪潮，建立了工业社会。现在“一个新的文明正在我们生活中出现。”“这个新文明的诞生，是我们生活中唯一最为爆炸性的事件。”“它的深刻意义，就像一百年前发明农业的第一次浪潮对人类解放的变革，或者如同工业革命引起的第二次浪潮所带来的震撼世界翻天覆地的变化。我们是下一次变革的缔造者。”就如同其所预言的一样，我们迎来了第三次浪潮，而这第三次浪潮就是以信息高速公路建设为标志的信息革命。这里的信息高速公路，指的就是互联网的出现。它的出现，引发了人类社会生活各个方面的革命性变革。这些变革的发生，也影响到了语言的发展变化。目前对于网络语言的研究已经取得了一定的成果。对于网络语言的定义和性质已有了基本一致的认识，并从词汇、语言符号、语言变异以及网络交际等多个角度对网络语言进行研究分析。
2 网络流行语的定义及特点
2.1 定义
网络流行语，即最初出现于网络并在网络上流行，由网民创造或引用并被赋予特殊含义的词语和句子。这里的特殊含义有两层意思：第一层意思是指它表达的是网络上特有的在某个时期内流行的虚拟事物和虚拟行为以及与电脑网络技术相关的事物；第二层意思是指它表达的是与日常自然语言体系中截然不同的、独有的含义，这种含义是一定时期内社会政治、经济、文化及网民心理活动等因素的综合产物。
第一层意思指的是在2004 年以前，又可以称为早期网络流行语；第二层意思指的是流行时间在2004 年以后，由网民分类收集并由网站每年排名的网络流行语，又可称为后期网络流行语。做这样切分的原因是，2004 年以前的早期网络流行语，其网络语言的特性表现更为突出；而2004 年以后的网络流行语，其流行语的特性慢慢凸现，开始趋向于日常通用语言。Martin分析了与之类似的问题，得出了相似的结论。而绪论中所提到的网络流行语定义是由Johan总结的，前者对网络流行语的定义，注重的是正在日益向自然语言渗透的网络流行语，即后期网络流行语；后者对于网络流行语的定义则强调其媒介性与社会性，对网络流行语本身并没有更多的说明。比较这两者，笔者对网络流行语的定义更为系统与全面。同时，该定义也为如何对网络流行语进行分类提供了帮助。早期网络流行语，主要以构成形式为标准进行分类，后期网络流行语则以词语来源和流行时间为标准进行分类。
2.2 特点
2.2.1 时代性
“鲜明的时代性是流行语最突出的特点，作为流行语，也就是…流行?的一种，和其他流行事物一样，有其流行的阶段。而不同的时间段内，所流行的事物是不同的，而用来反映这些流行事物的流行语的情况也是不一样的。”时代性即指流行语所反映的特定时代的社会风貌、语言时尚和民众心理。网络流行语的时代性表现为以下几个方面: 语言是一种社会现象，每当社会生活发生变化时，它都会随着社会现象和新事物的产生而产生，随着旧事物的消亡而消亡。词汇是语言中最活跃的要素，语言外部的因素的变迁，往往最先引发词汇的发展演变。
2.2.2动态性
网络流行语的另一个特点是它的动态性。（完整译文请到百度文库）从某种
网络营销参与与消费者行为外文翻译 本科毕业论文设计外文翻译原文 Internet Marketing Involvement and Consumer Behavior Introduction One of the most stunning aspects of the past few years has been the speed at which the Internet market has expanded and matured This rapid rate of Internet adoption has resulted in an extraordinary pace of change in the marketing landscape- and opened up a variety of opportunities for marketers All across Taiwan and around the world shopping centers are closing their doors as consumers turn to the Internet for all of their shopping needs The Internet as the primary on-line marketing channel is now overtaking the commercial on-line servicesIn fact all of the on-line service firms now offer Internet access as a primary service Users can send e-mails exchange views shop for products and access newsfood recipes art and business information As the Internet establishes its position as a mainstream marketing channel consumer criticism regarding Internet marketing strategies have increased as well Critics worry about information privacy including issues related to the acquisition and dissemination
心塞高冷这些网络热词如何英语翻译 心塞高冷：这些网络热词如何英语翻译？ 心塞、高冷、图样图破森等等想必都是大家耳熟能详的网络热词吧，那么它们的英语该怎么表达呢，一起来和小编学习一下吧~~ 心塞 含义：是心肌梗塞的简称。心肌梗塞是一种可怕的病症，但此处不是得了重病的意思，而是指心里堵得慌、难受，对周围发生的不顺心的事感到很不舒服，也可表示对某件事情很无语。 翻译： feel stifled，feel suffocated，have a tight feeling in the chest，或者feel very uncomfortable 例句：After hearing her telling the truth, I suddenly feelsuffocated. 听到她说了实话，我顿时感觉心塞。 图样图森破 含义：是英文 too young，too simple的谐音，是“太年轻、太天真”的意思，常用于鄙视对方水平太低。 例句：How can you believe in such gossip? You are really tooyoung, too simple. 这种谣言你都信，真是图样图森破。 高冷 含义：是高贵冷艳的缩写，形容心高气傲，很酷，自我感觉良好又对他人嗤之以鼻的姿态，通常用来形容女性。
翻译：cold and elegant，an icy beauty，a cold belle等。 例句：Escorted by a large crowd of people, the cold andelegant actress finally appeared. 在众人的簇拥下，表情高冷的女影星终于出现了。 脑残 含义：在网络用语中用于形容愚蠢，言语和行为举止逻辑不通而让人无法理解和不可接受，以及被认为大脑不正常的人。 翻译：brainless，brain-dead,brain-impaired，have a dysfunctional brain等。 例句：Do not talk with him again, he is virtually brainless! 别再跟他说了，他简直就是个脑残! 脑洞大开 含义：就是脑补的意思，指的是给大脑补充了新的知识，含有让人知识大涨、眼界大开等意思。 翻译：greatly enrich one's mind (brain)， greatly open up one's eyes，greatly widen one's horizon等。 例句：This article greatly enriched my mind. 这篇文章让我脑洞大开。 伐开心 含义：就是很生气、很不高兴的意思。 翻译：in a bad mood，very unhappy，angry，moody等。 背景介绍：最近，西安一企业的商业活动邀请了山寨版“高晓松”站台出席，高晓松本人在微博上对此作出回应。他在微博中调侃说道：“3?15刚过，贵企业冒我名公开大办宣传活动，一个山寨高晓松堂而皇之也就算了。可我已经瘦身了好吧!山寨麻烦能不能更敬业一些!并且，本人身高1.78米有体检报告为证。你们为啥找个矮胖子破坏我在广大路人中的形象!无法忍!已经通知律师就身高体重问题严正交涉!最后我补充道：眼镜和靴子麻烦买正牌货好伐!” 例句：Gao Xiaosong was very unhappy to learn that a fake GaoXiaosong appeared in Xi'an and took part in commercial activities there. 山寨“高晓松”西安参加商业活动，高晓松本人回应伐开心。 节操 含义：指原则、正义感的意思。 翻译：moral integrity，moral principle等。该词来源于日本漫画《二色碟》，其中一个角色视钱如命，不择手段，故角色名被中译为“无节操”。“无节操”代表一个人做事没原则，毫无道德可言，为了达到目标可以毫无下限。
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of Googel. shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot- bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
基本电路 包括电路模型的元素被称为理想的电路元件。一个理想的电路元件是一个实际的电气元件的数学模型，就像一个电池或一个灯泡。重要的是为理想电路元件在电路模型用来表示实际的电气元件的行为可接受程度的准确性。电路分析，本单位的重点，这些工具，然后应用电路。电路分析基础上的数学方法，是用来预测行为的电路模型和其理想的电路元件。一个所期望的行为之间的比较，从设计规范，和预测的行为，形成电路分析，可能会导致电路模型的改进和理想的电路元件。一旦期望和预测的行为是一致的，可以构建物理原型。 物理原型是一个实际的电气系统，修建从实际电器元件。测量技术是用来确定实际的物理系统，定量的行为。实际的行为相比，从设计规范的行为，从电路分析预测的行为。比较可能会导致在物理样机，电路模型，或两者的改进。最终，这个反复的过程，模型，组件和系统的不断完善，可能会产生较准确地符合设计规范的设计，从而满足需要。 从这样的描述，它是明确的，在设计过程中，电路分析中起着一个非常重要的作用。由于电路分析应用电路模型，执业的工程师尝试使用成熟的电路模型，使设计满足在第一次迭代的设计规范。在这个单元，我们使用20至100年已测试通过机型，你可以认为他们是成熟的。能力模型与实际电力系统理想的电路元件，使电路理论的工程师非常有用的。 说理想电路元件的互连可用于定量预测系统的行为，意味着我们可以用数学方程描述的互连。对于数学方程是有用的，我们必须写他们在衡量的数量方面。在电路的情况下，这些数量是电压和电流。电路分析的研究，包括了解其电压和电流和理解上的电压施加的限制，目前互连的理想元素的每一个理想的电路元件的行为电路分析基础上的电压和电流的变量。电压是每单位电荷，电荷分离所造成的断电和SI单位伏V = DW / DQ。电流是电荷的流动速度和具有的安培SI单位（I= DQ/ DT）。理想的基本电路元件是两个终端组成部分，不能细分，也可以在其终端电压和电流的数学描述。被动签署公约涉及元素，当电流通过元素的参考方向是整个元素的参考电压降的方向端子的电压和电流的表达式使用一个积极的迹象。 功率是单位时间内的能量和平等的端电压和电流的乘积;瓦SI单位。权力的代数符号解释如下： 如果P> 0，电源被传递到电路或电路元件。 如果p<0，权力正在从电路或电路元件中提取。 在这一章中介绍的电路元素是电压源，电流源和电阻器。理想电压源保持一个规定的电压，不论当前的设备。理想电流源保持规定的电流不管了整个设备的电压。电压和电流源是独立的，也就是说，不是任何其他电路的电流或电压的影响;或依赖，就是由一些电路中的电流或电压。一个电阻制约了它的电压和电流成正比彼此。有关的比例常数电压和一个电阻值称为其电阻和欧姆测量。 欧姆定律建立相称的电压和电流的电阻。具体来说，V = IR电阻的电流流动，如果在它两端的电压下降，或V=_IR方向，如果在该电阻的电流流是在它两端的电压上升方向。 通过结合对权力的方程，P = VI，欧姆定律，我们可以判断一个电阻吸收的功率：P = I2R= U2/ R 电路节点和封闭路径。节点是一个点，两个或两个以上的电路元件加入。当只有两个元素连接，形成一个节点，他们表示将在系列。一个闭合的路径是通过连接元件追溯到一个循环，起点和终点在同一节点，只有一次每遇到中间节点。 电路是说，要解决时，两端的电压，并在每个元素的电流已经确定。欧姆定律是一个重要的方程，得出这样的解决方案。 在简单的电路结构，欧姆定律是足以解决两端的电压，目前在每一个元素。然而，对于更复杂的互连，我们需要使用两个更为重要的代数关系，被称为基尔霍夫定律，来解决所有的电压和电流。 基尔霍夫电流定律是： 在电路中的任何一个节点电流的代数和等于零。 基尔霍夫电压定律是： 电路中的任何封闭路径上的电压的代数和等于零。 1.2电路分析技术 到目前为止，我们已经分析应用结合欧姆定律基尔霍夫定律电阻电路相对简单。所有的电路，我们可以使用这种方法，但因为他们而变得结构更为复杂，涉及到越来越多的元素，这种直接的方法很快成为累赘。在这一课中，我们介绍两个电路分析的强大的技术援助：在复杂的电路结构的分析节点电压的方法，并网电流的方
互联网网络营销外文文献翻译 (含：英文原文及中文译文) 文献出处：Peter Kenzelmann. Technical Consultancy in Internationalization[J]. International Marketing Review, 2006, 4(3):20-29. 英文原文 The technical basis of network marketing Peter Kenzelmann Network marketing is based on the technology infrastructure of computer network technology, as represented by information technology. Computer networks of modern communications technology and computer technology to the product of combining it in different geographic regions and specialized computer equipment for external interconnection lines of communication into a large, powerful networks, thus enabling a large number of computers can easily transmit information to each other, share hardware, software, data and other resources. And network marketing is closely related to the computer network there are three types: the Internet, Extranet and Intranet. The theoretical basis for the network marketing Theoretical foundation of network marketing is direct marketing network theory, network theory of relationship marketing, marketing theory and network software to integrate marketing theory. (A) Direct Response Network Marketing Theory
外文翻译 题目：电力电子技术二 A部分 晶闸管 在晶闸管的工作状态，电流从阳极流向阴极。在其关闭状态，晶闸管可以阻止正向 导电，使其不能运行。 可触发晶闸管能使导通状态的正向电流在短时间内使设备处于阻断状态。使正向电压下降到只有导通状态的几伏（通常为1至3伏电压依赖于阻断电压的速度）。 一旦设备开始进行，闸极电流将被隔离。晶闸管不可能被闸关闭，但是可以作为一个二极管。在电路的中，只有当电流处于消极状态，才能使晶闸管处于关闭状态，且电流降为零。在设备运行的时间内，允许闸在运行的控制状态直到器件在可控时间再次进入正向阻断状态。 在逆向偏置电压低于反向击穿电压时，晶闸管有微乎其微的漏电流。通常晶闸管的正向额定电压和反向阻断电压是相同的。晶闸管额定电流是在最大范围指定RMS和它是有能力进行平均电流。同样的对于二极管，晶闸管在分析变流器的结构中可以作为理想的设备。在一个阻性负载电路中的应用中，可以控制运行中的电流瞬间传至源电压的正半周期。当晶闸管尝试逆转源电压变为负值时，其理想化二极管电流立刻变成零。 然而，按照数据表中指定的晶闸管，其反向电流为零。在设备不运行的时间中，电流为零，重要的参数变也为零，这是转弯时间区间从零交叉电流电压的参
考。晶闸管必须保持在反向电压，只有在这个时间，设备才有能力阻止它不是处于正向电压导通状态。 如果一个正向电压应用于晶闸管的这段时间已过，设备可能因为过早地启动并有可能导致设备和电路损害。数据表指定晶闸管通过的反向电压在这段期间和超出这段时间外的一个指定的电压上升率。这段期间有时被称为晶闸管整流电路的周期。 根据使用要求，各种类型的晶闸管是可得到的。在除了电压和电流的额定率，转弯时间，和前方的电压降以及其他必须考虑的特性包括电流导通的上升率和在关闭状态的下降率。 1。控制晶闸管阶段。有时称为晶闸管转换器，这些都是用来要是整顿阶段，如为直流和交流电机驱动器和高压直流输电线路应用的电压和电流的驱动。主要设备要求是在大电压、电流导通状态或低通态压降中。这类型的晶闸管的生产晶圆直径到10厘米，其中平均电流目前大约是4000A，阻断电压为5之7KV。 2。逆变级的晶闸管。这些设计有小关断时间，除了低导通状态电压，虽然在设备导通状态电压值较小，可设定为2500V和1500A。他们的关断时间通常在几微秒范围到100μs之间，取决于其阻断电压的速率和通态压降。 3。光控晶闸管。这些会被一束脉冲光纤触发使其被引导到一个特殊的敏感的晶闸管地区。光化的晶闸管触发，是使用在适当波长的光的对硅产生多余的电子空穴。这些晶闸管的主要用途是应用在高电压，如高压直流系统，有许多晶闸管被应用在转换器阀门上。光控晶闸管已经发现的等级，有4kV的3kA，导通状态电压2V、光触发5毫瓦的功率要求。 还有其它一些晶闸管，如辅助型关断晶闸管（关贸总协定），这些晶闸管其他变化，不对称硅可控（ASCR）和反向进行，晶闸管（RCT）的。这些都是应用。 B部分 功率集成电路 功率集成电路的种类 现代半导体功率控制相当数量的电路驱动，除了电路功率器件本身。这些控制电路通常由微处理器控制，其中包括逻辑电路。这种在同一芯片上包含或作
文献出处：Guzzo T, D’Andrea A, Ferri F, et al. Evolution of Marketing Strategies: From Internet Marketing to M-Marketing[C]//On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2012 Workshops. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012: 627-636. 原文 Evolution of Marketing Strategies:From Internet Marketing to M-Marketing Tiziana Guzzo, Alessia D’Andrea, Fernando Ferri, and Patrizia Grifoni 1 Introduction Marketing is “the process which creates, communicates, delivers the value to the consumers, and maintains the relationship with consumers. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. It is “an integrated process through which companies build strong consumers relationships and create value for their consumers and for themselves” Marketing strategies have a long history and mainly interested economists and sociologists. The wide use of Internet, pervasiveness of social networks and the evolution of mobile devise are implying a wider involvement of interdisciplinary competences enlarging the interest toward ICT competences. This paper is to describe the evolution of marketing strategies from the advent of the Web (Internet Marketing) - through the advent of Social Networks (Marketing 2.0) - to the evolution of Mobile Social Networks (M-marketing). In particular, the paper analyses the use that Italian people make of mobile devices and the user perception and acceptance of M-marketing.
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文资料外文翻译 原文： As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of
the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system,
电力电子技术（二） A部分 晶闸管 在晶闸管的工作状态，电流从阳极流向阴极。在其关闭状态，晶闸管可以阻止正向 导电，使其不能运行。 可触发晶闸管能使导通状态的正向电流在短时间内使设备处于阻断状态。使正向电压下降到只有导通状态的几伏（通常为1至3伏电压依赖于阻断电压的速度）。 一旦设备开始进行，闸极电流将被隔离。晶闸管不可能被闸关闭，但是可以作为一个二极管。在电路的中，只有当电流处于消极状态，才能使晶闸管处于关闭状态，且电流降为零。在设备运行的时间内，允许闸在运行的控制状态直到器件在可控时间再次进入正向阻断状态。 在逆向偏置电压低于反向击穿电压时，晶闸管有微乎其微的漏电流。通常晶闸管的正向额定电压和反向阻断电压是相同的。晶闸管额定电流是在最大范围指定RMS和它是有能力进行平均电流。同样的对于二极管，晶闸管在分析变流器的结构中可以作为理想的设备。在一个阻性负载电路中的应用中，可以控制运行中的电流瞬间传至源电压的正半周期。当晶闸管尝试逆转源电压变为负值时，其理想化二极管电流立刻变成零。 然而，按照数据表中指定的晶闸管，其反向电流为零。在设备不运行的时间中，电流为零，重要的参数变也为零，这是转弯时间区间从零交叉电流电压的参考。晶闸管必须保持在反向电压，只有在这个时间，设备才有能力阻止它不是处于正向电压导通状态。 如果一个正向电压应用于晶闸管的这段时间已过，设备可能因为过早地启动并有可能导致设备和电路损害。数据表指定晶闸管通过的反向电压在这段期间和
超出这段时间外的一个指定的电压上升率。这段期间有时被称为晶闸管整流电路的周期。 根据使用要求，各种类型的晶闸管是可得到的。在除了电压和电流的额定率，转弯时间，和前方的电压降以及其他必须考虑的特性包括电流导通的上升率和在关闭状态的下降率。 1。控制晶闸管阶段。有时称为晶闸管转换器，这些都是用来要是整顿阶段，如为直流和交流电机驱动器和高压直流输电线路应用的电压和电流的驱动。主要设备要求是在大电压、电流导通状态或低通态压降中。这类型的晶闸管的生产晶圆直径到10厘米，其中平均电流目前大约是4000A，阻断电压为5之7KV。 2。逆变级的晶闸管。这些设计有小关断时间，除了低导通状态电压，虽然在设备导通状态电压值较小，可设定为2500V和1500A。他们的关断时间通常在几微秒范围到100μs之间，取决于其阻断电压的速率和通态压降。 3。光控晶闸管。这些会被一束脉冲光纤触发使其被引导到一个特殊的敏感的晶闸管地区。光化的晶闸管触发，是使用在适当波长的光的对硅产生多余的电子空穴。这些晶闸管的主要用途是应用在高电压，如高压直流系统，有许多晶闸管被应用在转换器阀门上。光控晶闸管已经发现的等级，有4kV的3kA，导通状态电压2V、光触发5毫瓦的功率要求。 还有其它一些晶闸管，如辅助型关断晶闸管（关贸总协定），这些晶闸管其他变化，不对称硅可控（ASCR）和反向进行，晶闸管（RCT）的。这些都是应用。 B部分 功率集成电路 功率集成电路的种类 现代半导体功率控制相当数量的电路驱动，除了电路功率器件本身。这些控制电路通常由微处理器控制，其中包括逻辑电路。这种在同一芯片上包含或作为功率器件来控制和驱动电路将大大简化了整个电路的设计和扩大潜在的应用范围。这样的整合将会产生一个更便宜和更可靠的电源控制系统。总的来说，将减少复杂性（较少独立电路和使用这类功率集成电路系统组件）。 这样的整合已经被证明有很多应用。这里有三个类功率积体电路包括所谓
网络热词和新词的翻译方法浅析 发表时间：2013-08-29T14:35:50.950Z 来源：《教育研究与实验》2013年第4期供稿作者：李自红[导读] 随着社会的快速发展和网络科技的深入渗透，语言作为一种社会发展的表现形态，也发生了很大的变化。 [摘要]随着社会的快速发展和网络科技的深入渗透，语言作为一种社会发展的表现形态，也发生了很大的变化。英语是世界上应用范围最广的语言，它在网络时代的发展环境下产生了大量的网络新词和热词，对这些新词和热词的翻译工作是语言学者目前急需解决和完成的主要任务。本文主要是从网络热词和新词的产生背景、原因及领域，网络热词和新词的构成和语义特征，以及深入分析网络热词和新词的翻译方法这三个方面入手，以便学习者掌握重要的翻译方法和策略，提高英语的翻译能力。[关键词]网络热词英语新词翻译方法翻译技巧 一、网络热词和新词的产生背景、原因及领域 （一）网络热词和新词的产生背景 20世纪中后期，人们开始逐渐进行网络时代，网络在人们日常的工作和生活中得到了大力推广和普及，改变了人们传统的工作方式和生活习惯。网络对于英语词汇具有相当大的冲击力，网络不仅是传播英语信息的媒体，还在一定程度上影响了英语词汇的构成，由此产生了大量的网络热词和新词。网络热词和新词一方面体现出语言自身较强的适应能力和顽强的生命力，同时也是社会生活和社会思想发生变化的一种表现形式。 （二）网络热词和新词产生的原因 网络热词和新词是一种语言的时尚先驱，引领语言的时尚潮流，它可能是由于一种观念或者生活态度的转变形成的。因此，粉衣网络热词和新词产生的原因，实质上就是分析一种社会流行态势的产生原因。下面，我们主要从以下两个方面进行分析：第一，网络的出现是网络热词和新词产生的重要前提。语言是人类社会进行交流沟通的重要工具，社会生活的发展变化一定程度上引起英语词汇的变化，互联网的大力推广和普及，进一步促使网络社会和网民的出现，在网络交流过程中网络词汇和新词的出现是社会文化和科学技术发展的产物。网络热词和新词也主要以网络作为交流的载体，形成一种新的语言词汇。总而言之，网络社会的形成是网络热词和新词产生的重要原因； 第二，便于人类网上交际是网络热词和新词产生的重要目的。网络热词和新词作为网民进行交流沟通的主要工具，产生于网民在网络环境中的日常交际生活，虽然继承了英语词汇的规范性，但是另一方面打破了英语交流的常规，使英语词汇的发展道路出现了畸形，出现了符号、数字等非汉语词汇，这给英语翻译工作者带来了严峻的挑战。在封闭的网络环境中，方便网民交流被放在第一位，符合语言常规处于次要地位，因此便于网络网上交流是网络热词和新词产生的重要目的。 （三）网络热词和新词的产生领域 网络热词和新词的产生涉及到很多方面，主要包括政治、经济、文化、科技、医疗等领域。下面我们进行详细介绍： 1、政治领域：第二次世界大战以后，世界的政治格局也发生了很大变化，英语新词和网络热词也产生了很多。如汉语中的冷战，在英语中用“cold war”表示； 2、经济领域：由于经济全球化的形成，也产生了很多英语新词。如汉语中的全球化经济，在英语中用“ Economic GIobalization”表示，汉语中的石油输出国组织，在英语中用“OPEC”表示，即“ Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries”； 3、科技领域：每一阶段科技的发展，都会产生很多的英语新词和热词，科技领域也是网络新词和热词产生的主要领域之一。如汉语中的宇宙飞船，在英语中用“spaceship”表示，汉语中的“克隆”，在英语中用“clone”表示； 4、文化领域：教育事业是促使社会不断进步的加速器，因此，也有很多网络热词和新词出现在文化领域。如汉语中的“远程教育”，在英语中用“distance education”表示，汉语中的“脱口秀”，在英语中“talk show”来表示； 5、医学领域：医疗水平的不断提高也给网络热词和新词做出了重大贡献。如汉语中的“整容”，在英语中用“perform face-lifting”表示，汉语中的“试管婴儿”，在英语中用“test-tube baby“表示。 二、网络热词和新词的构成类型和特点 （一）网络热词和新词的构成 随着网络科技的快速发展，越来越多的人开始利用网络进行交流，了解世界动态，随时进行网络购物（online shopping），进一步改变了人们的日常生活方式。网络热词和新词的构成方法主要有以下几种，下面我们进行详细介绍： 1、自创法，就是完全创造出一个崭新的英文词汇，这种方法所占的比例比较少。这类词汇比如easy meat（易辨的事），go for broke （尽最大的努力）等； 2、旧词新意法，就是对已有词汇增添新的解释意思，这类词汇大部分都来自于人们的日常生活，如LINK（链接），VISIT（访问网页）等； 3、结合法，就是在原有词汇的基础上加上与网络有关的前后缀或其他构词成分构成新词，或者两个旧词结合在一起组成新的词汇，这类词汇比较容易被人们理解和接受，所占的比例比较大。如E-LIFE（电子生活），E-BOOK（电子书），network（网络工作）； 4、缩略简化法。缩略与简化在网络语言中经常见到，比如MS(信息管理系统)，WTO（世界贸易组织）等； 5、引用法。引用法就是引用外来语言，英语词汇中有很多都来自外国语言，是构成英语词汇中不可缺少的部分。比如black humor （黑幽默）是由法语转化而来的。 （二）网络热词和新词的特点 由于网络热词和新词具有词义生动形象、简洁明了的特点，在网络交流中能更加形象的表达人们的思想或看法，比较容易被人们接受。下面我们进行具体分析： 第一，词义生动形象，更加生活化。网络热词和新词一般都来源于人们耳熟能详的词汇，它可以借助英语词汇来激发读者产生联想，通过赋予旧词新的意思，创造出词义生活形象、更加生活化的新词汇，如bug原来的词义是昆虫，现在用来指故障。在网络交流中人们主要依靠文字，不能依靠肢体语言来表达思想；
网络营销策略分析外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
Network marketing strategy analysis of VANCL Abstract:21 century is the information century, the development of science technology, economic and social is to meet the coming of age. The network marketing is also the Internet for media, to implement marketing campaigns in the new ways, method and idea, more effective individual and organization the realization of the trading activities. Enterprise how to develop the network marketing in such a huge market potential, occupation in emerging markets, to the enterprise both opportunities and challenges. The network marketing is also produced in the change of the values of consumers: meet the needs of the consumers, is the enterprise manages the core of the eternal. Using network of this high- technology to provide consumers with various types of service, is a important way of future competition advantage. V ANCL makes a huge success by the network marketing, and becomes a Chinese clothing network marketing market leader in the short term. Based on the network marketing way as the foundation, reading V ANCL marketing strategy. Key words:Network marketing Marketing strategy V ANCL The network marketing as a new marketing concept and marketing mode in a digital economy times, even if the enterprise opened up more broad market, and can lead and reforming the traditional marketing. The network marketing compared with the traditional marketing has the personality, interactive, economy, efficiency and obvious advantages, if V ANCL want to market in big foothold, it must learn to use the new marketing method, the most suitable for enterprise of the integration of traditional and modern marketing method. 1、The marketing situation of V ANCL With the development of the Internet, e-commerce enterprises emerging batches. The e-commerce market in other properties, once created "clothing direct sales model" the myth of a brief period of prosperity in PPG after into decline. And take the
B2B e-marketplace: an e-marketing framework for B2B commerce Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear understanding of the performance of business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplace in conducting e-marketing in the global business environment. The proposed framework is intended to be used as a guide for B2B firms especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) who wish to adopt a proactive approach in the use of information and communication technology for business efficiency and competitive advantage, and those who wish to explore the internet technologies for marketing activities. Design/methodology/approach– Literature from the B2B e-marketplaces and operations of e-marketing fields were analysed, and the findings were synthesised to develop a preliminary conceptual model of e-marketing. The conceptual model was tested empirically through an online survey from various industries in China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Findings– With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry, there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment. This new marketing paradigm is reported to reshape the business relationships between both consumer marketers and consumers, improving business processes and enhancing the business exposure in the new markets. Research limitations /implications– The major limitation of this paper is associated with the sample selection. Although the literature findings were international, the empirical study was restricted to China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Therefore, the generalizability of the results may not be applicable for other countries. Furthermore, the majority of the respondents participated were SMEs. Hence, the applicability of findings to large-scale organisations may be limited. Practical implications–The framework allows B2B firms to capitalise and understand the e-marketing opportunities provided by B2B e-marketplace. The framework also offers guidance to marketing managers a most appropriate approach to adopt B2B e-marketplace to perform their e-marketing activities. Originality/value– Based on the need for a framework for e-marketing, this study is significance to: SMEs, marketers, information technology practitioners, and all other stakeholders that adopted the internet and other electronic means for marketing purposes. Background The development of the internet and the world wide web (www) in the 1990s as a tool for the global sharing of information has opened up new opportunities in marketing practices. “The rapid growth of internet users has made the internet an increasingly important and attractive platform for business transactions” According to the Internet World Stats (2007), by March 2008, the internet user population reached 1.40 billions world wide, an increase of 290 percent in the period from 2000 to 2008 (Figure 1). Many academics and practitioners have emphasized that the internet is a major platform for e-marketing to deal with marketing mixes, which include global accessibility (Laudon, 2002), convenience in updating (Sandeep and Singh, 2005), real-time information services (Harridge-March, 2004), interactive communications features (Chaffey, 2004), and unique customisation and personalised capabilities (Teo and Tan, 2002). Additionally, e-marketing also refers to the use of electronic methods or media to build upon and maintain customer relationship through electronic platforms (e.g. business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplaces) that facilitates the exchange of ideas, products, and services to satisfy both buyers and sellers. Strauss and Frost (2001) support the above statement and suggested that, sales, public relations, direct marketing, and advertising are marketing communication that comprises the crucial components of e-marketing strategy. B2B e-marketplace, as one of the major trading platforms brought by the internet technology has made a significant contribution to the e-marketers. The larger organisations are taking advantages from the vast array of suppliers/buyers via the B2B e-marketplace (Stockdale and Standing, 2004). However, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are also eager to compete in the electronic environment remain concerns as how their