第六讲副词
一、分类
在意义上, 副词可以分为时间副词( now, late ) , 地点副词( here, up) , 程度副词( very,so) , 频率副词(often , rarely) , 方式副词( fast , easily) , 态度副词(maybe, honestly)和逻辑连接副词(hence, however)等。在功能上, 副词可以分为一般副词( there) , 疑问副词(when) , 连接副词( how, where) ,关系副词( as , why)和解释性副词( namely, for example, i . e . 那就是, e . g . 例如, viz 即)等。关系副词引导定语从句, 连接副词引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或不定式等。
二、构成
1 . 大部分副词由相应的形容词加上后缀-ly 构成, 但注意有变化
1)一般情况
slow →slowly dear →dearly cool→coolly bad→badly
2) -y 结尾的词
happy→happily angry→angrily
但shy→shyly(或shily) , gay→gayly(或gaily) , dry→dryly(或drily)
3) -le 结尾的词, 省去-e 再加-y
subtle→subtly noble→nobly
4) -ue 结尾的词, 去掉-e, 再加-ly
t rue→truly due→duly
5) -e 结尾的词, 直接加-ly
complete→completely wise→wisely wide→widely lone→lonely
6) -ic 结尾的词, 加-ally
economic→economically historic→historically t ragic→t ragically
7) -ly 结尾的词, 去掉-y, 加-ily
melancholy→melancholily manly→manlily chilly→chillily
8) -ll 结尾的词, 只加-y
full→fully dull→dully
9)其他词类+ -ly 构成的副词
first (序数词)→firstly over(介词)→overly most (不定代词)→mostly
according(现在分词)→accordingly determined(过去分词)→determinedly
matter-of-fact(短语)→matter-of-factly kind-hearted(形容词)→kind-heartedly
2 . 有些副词是由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成的, 意为“向??”
forward( s) , backward( s) , downward ( s ) , northward ( s) , upward( s ) , homeward( s) , onward( s) , inward( s)
3 . 有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise 构成的, 表示位置、方向、状态、有关等意义
sidewise, clockwise, money-wise, saleswise, lengthwise, educationwise,weatherwise
①有少数副词加后缀-ways , -long, -ling( s)构成。
sideways, lengthways , headlong, sideling( s)
②有些副词是加a-, here-, there-, where-构成的。
away, ashore, aside，herein( in this) , hereby, hereafter，therein( in that) , thereby, thereafter，wherein( in which 或in what ) , whereby, whereon
4 . 某些以名词+ -ly 构成的词和其他结构的词, 既可作副词, 也可作形容词，下面名词+ -ly 构成的词既是副词又是形容词:
1) hourly
Their average hourly earnings are 20 yuan . 他们每小时的收入是20 元。(形容词)
The guards shifted hourly . 卫兵每小时换一次岗。(副词)
2)weekly
a weekly payment of 100 yuan每周100 元的报酬(形容词)
They met weekly . 他们每周碰一次面。(副词)
3)yearly
a yearly meeting 年会(形容词)
The interest is normally paid once yearly . 利息通常每年付一次。(副词)
4) leisurely
He often takes a leisurely walk in the garden in the evening . 晚间, 他常常在庭院里轻松地散散步。(形容词)
He walked leisurely along the road . 他在路边悠闲地走着。(副词)
daily paper 日报publish daily 每天出版
the nightly skies 夜空appear nightly 夜间出现
monthly salary 月薪come monthly 每月来一次
worldly knowledge 人情世故worldly wise 善于处世
jolly life 舒心愉快的生活jolly good 非常好
manly, costly 等名词+ -ly 构成的词只用作形容词, 参阅第五讲。另外, monthly( 月刊) , daily(日报) , weekly(周报) , quar terly(季刊) , bimonthly(双月刊)等还可作名词用, 如Beijing Weekly《北京周报》。
5 . alike 是形容词也是副词
英语中有些副词带有前缀a-, 这类词有些同时也是形容词。
alone, adrift , astray 迷路, aslant 倾斜, afoot 徒步, aboard 在船上, abroad, askew 歪斜, ahead 等。
They think alike . 他们有同样想法。
6 . 具有两种形式的同根副词
有些副词具有两种形式, 一种与形容词同形, 一种是形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。这两种形式的副词有时含义相同或略有不同, 有时则意义完全不同。比较下面几组词。
1) hard 和hardly
It is raining hard . (猛烈地) He works very hard . (努力地)
She listened hard . (仔细地) I can hardly understand you . (几乎不)
2) clean 和cleanly
I clean forgot about it . (完全地, 彻底地) The man got clean away . 那人逃得无影无踪。
He is clean out of food . 他完全没有东西吃了。
He pulled one cork cleanly, but the other crumbled . (利索地, 顺利地)
Note: cleanly 作“清楚地”解时, 读作〔klinli〕, 也可用作形容词, 作“爱清洁的”解, 读作〔klenli〕, 如a cleanly cat。
3) late 和lately
Very late at night , I got a phone call . (晚, 迟)
I have lately received a number of letters about this . (最近)
4)most 和mostly
The head is the most sensitive par t of the body . (最)
The snake hunts mostly at night . (主要地)
The guests are mostly friends of the bride . (大多数地)
5) close 和closely
He stood close to the wall . (靠近) He was following close behind . (近)
Watch what I do closely . (细心地) The prisons were closely guarded . (严密地)
6) dead 和deadly
dead sure (的确) dead tired (极其)
dead ahead (正好) dead drunk (完全地)
stop dead (突然地) He was deadly pale . (死一般地)
She is deadly sleepy . (非常)
7) sharp 和sharply
We arrived at the station at ten o clock sharp . (准时)
look sharp 注意
At the crossroads , we turned sharp ( sharply) to the left . (急剧地) (作“急剧地, 突然地”解时, 用sharp 和sharply 均可)
8) slow 和slowly
The workers decided to go slow . (怠工) ( slow 通常与go, drive,walk 等动词连用, 置于动词之后, 其他动词多同slowly 连用, slowly 在句中的位置较灵活)
Speak slowly, please . (慢)
9) right 和rightly
All went right . (好) He went right away . (立即)
Go right home at once ! (直接) I haven t read the book right through . (完全地)
The book is right in front of her . (恰好) I rightly guessed that he wasn t coming . (正确地)
(注意, rightly 通常放在动词前, 但也可以说: He guessed rightly(或right ) . )
10) firm 和firmly
Always hold f irm to your beliefs .
但: He f irmly believes that . (坚定地)
Fix the nail f irmly in the wall . (牢固地)
11) fair 和fairly
They ve dealt fair and square with him . (公平地)
但:
She told the facts fairly . (不感情用事或不带偏见地) He was f airly beside himself with joy . (相当地, 非常)
fairly well (非常好) fairly good
12) easy 和easily
Take it easy . (with sth . or on sb . 省着用, 慢慢来) Go easy . (别急)
Easy said, easy go . 轻诺者往往失信。get off easy 没受多大惩罚
13)wide 和widely
He stands with legs wide apart . (宽阔地, 张得很开)
Her mouth is wide open . (完全地)
The ball went wide ( far away) f rom the right point . (偏斜地)
Canning is the most widely used method of food preservation . (广泛地)
They differed widely in opinion . (很大地, 在很多地方)
He is widely known . (到处)
14) sure 和surely
“Can I sit here ?”“Sure . ”(当然可以) It sure was a mystery . (的确)
He will surely succeed . (一定) You don t want to hurt his feelings surely . (当然)
15) loud 和loudly
Don t speak so loud . ( loud 指音量的大小, 常同talk, speak, sing, laugh 等连用)
He is snoring loudly .
Tell the children not to speak so loudly . ( loudly 指发音时用力的强度, 具有“大叫,
呼号”等含义, 有时相当于noisily, 常指“令人不快的噪音”)
She is loudly dressed . (花哨地) Please read out loud ( aloud) . (“朗读”不可用loudly)
16) deep 和deeply
(1)表示静止状态的具体深度一般用deep , 修饰形容词或动词表示抽象深度则用deeply。
She stood there, her feet deep in the grass .
I enjoy it deeply . She was deeply grateful to you for your help .
17) near 和nearly
The holiday is drawing near . (接近, 指时间和空间)
He was nearly run over by a car . (几乎, 差不多)
18) round 和roundly
Turn your chair round and face me . (转过来)
He was roundly criticized by the teacher . (狠狠地)
①在句首或动词前面时, 应用带-ly 的副词。例如:
Slowly she walked towards the graveyard . (不用slow)
②与形容词同形的单个副词不可在强调句中作被强调部分。
It was clear that she spoke . (误)
It was clearly that she spoke . (正)
It was loud and clear that she spoke . (正)
③greatly 通常被用来修饰动词, 除有时修饰形容词比较级或类似的词如superior ,inferior 等外, 一般不修饰形容词。
The book is greatly interesting . (误)
The book is very( fairly) interesting . (正)
④有些这类副词, 修饰动词有时不需加-ly, 但在修饰形容词、介词、现在分词或过去分词时, 却要加-ly, 常见的有high( ly) , direct( ly) , wide( ly) , tight ( ly)。当然, 这些副词另外还各自有其特定的用法, 参阅本章其他部分。
He will communicate with you direct .
He was directly affected by the disaster . (不用direct )
19) f ree 和f reely
The dog ran f ree on the farm . (无约束地) The horse broke f ree . (松开着)
He admitted the mistake f reely . (直率地) They walked f reely in the park . (自由地)
The books are given away f ree . (免费) The books are given away f reely . (大量地、慷慨地)
20) large 和largely
write large (很大地) sail large (顺风地) It is stupid to talk large . (夸大地, 自夸地)
His success is largely due to luck . (主要地, 基本上) He drinks largely . (大量地)
21) clear 和clearly
He climbed clear to the top of the t ree . (一直地, 完全地)
Stand clear of the doors of the t rain . (避开, 不碰上)
The time is clearly ripe for it . (显然)
Note: clear 也可以表示“清楚地”, 但前有程度副词修饰时, 只能用clearly
Speak loud and clear . (正) He speaks very clear . (误) He speaks very clearly . (正)
22) short 和shor tly
You d better cut short your talk . It s late . (简短)
He said he would be back short . (不久)
23) flat 和flatly
knock sb . down flat (平直地)
They went f lat against orders . (断然地)
He s f lat broke . (完全地)
He finished writing the letter in twenty minutes f lat . (正好)
He kept singing f lat . (用降调)
She f latly refused his demand . (坚决地)
He told her f latly that he wouldn t pay the cost . (坦率地)
24) cheap 和cheaply
He bought it cheap and sold it dear . (便宜地)
I never thought he would act so cheap . (卑鄙地)
The bike was cheaply bought . (便宜地)
He escaped cheaply . ( easily)
Note: cheap 和cheaply 都可以表示“便宜地, 廉价地”, 但cheap 只能用于动词之后, 不可用
于动词前, 并常同sell, buy 连用, 而cheaply 则可用于动词前面或后面。比较:
The train takes you to the city cheaply . (正)
The train takes you to the city cheap . (误)
25) first 和firstly
You d better phone her f irst . (先) I f irst met her in a small village . (初次)
She said she would resign f irst . (宁可) the first three days (最初的, 开始的)
26) rough 和roughly
treat sb . rough(粗暴地) live rough (简陋地) sleep rough (露宿)
travel rough (因陋就简地旅行) They roughly treated the prisoners . (粗暴地)
Roughly speaking, he earned about 200 dollars last month . (大致地)
Note: rough 只能用在动词后面, roughly 则可以用在动词前面或后面。
27) pretty 和prettily
The wind blew pretty hard . (相当, 十分, 相当于rather ) She was prettily dressed . (漂亮地)
He was prettily punished . (合宜地) He answered the teacher prettily . (有礼貌地)
Note: 注意下面短语的含义: pretty much( well , nearly) 差不多(几乎) , sit pretty 处于极有利的地位。
It s pretty well impossible to climb the mountain in winter . 在冬天要爬那座山几乎是不可能的。
28) false 和falsely
He played her f alse . 他欺骗了她。(不忠实地, 背信弃义地)
judge sb . falsely (错误地) The man was f alsely accused . (冤枉地)
He treated me f alsely . (虚伪地)
29) new 和newly
new-fallen snow (新, 新近) It is a newly built factory . (新近地)
They are a newly mar ried couple . (最近) It is a newly-painted door . (重新, 再一次)
Note: new 作副词用时, 表示“新, 新近”, 常用于复合词中, 同过去分词构成复合形容词,中间一般有连字符, 再如: new-laid eggs 新下的蛋, new-found land 新发现的大陆,new-born baby 新生婴儿, new-planted crops 新种的庄稼, a new-found friend 新交的朋友。30) last 和lastly
last-born (最后) He came last . (最后地) When did you see her last ? (上一次, 最后一次)
Lastly, I want to thank the hostess for her consideration . (最后一点, 最后。常位于句首, 表示列举的最后一点)
31) even 和evenly
Even a child can say it . (甚至, 即使) It is an even worse mistake . (甚至更)
The goods are evenly distributed among them . (平均地)
He spread the butter on the bread evenly . (均匀地)
32) express 和expressly
You d better send the letter express . (用快件寄运)
He came here express to see her . (特意地)
I expressly told him what to do . (明确地, 清楚地)
33) bright 和brightly
The stars shine bright . (明亮地, 只能同shine 连用, 并放在shine 后面)
The lamps are shining brightly . (明亮地) The floor is brightly painted . (鲜艳地)
34) full 和fully
sit full in the sun(直接地) hit sb . full on the nose (正好) He is f ully aware of it . (完全地)
The children are f ully fed . (充分地) I can t fully describe her face . (确切地)
Note: 注意下面的习惯用法: full ripe 全熟了, full many 很多, full well 很好, turn full around直转过来, look full at sb . 直盯着某人, full in the cent re 正当中, know full well 非常了解。
35) just 和justly
He did it just for fun . (只是, 仅仅) They just caught the bus . (勉强地, 差一点就不)
The moon has just come out . (刚刚) He lived just in this room . (正好, 恰恰正是)
She was t reated justly . (公正地) He was justly punished for the crimes . (应得地)
36) dear 和dearly
He paid dear for the computer . (昂贵地) She sells her proper ty very dear . (高价地)
He loves her dearly . (深情地) Victory was dearly bought . (昂贵地)
He d dearly like to see you . (非常)
Note: ①dear 作“昂贵地”解时, 用其字母意义, 常同sell , buy, pay, cost 等连用, 只能放在动词后面。dearly 作“昂贵地”解时, 用其比喻意义。
②hold something dear ( cheap) 珍视(轻视)某物, 这里dear 和cheap 为形容词。
37) sound 和soundly
The boy is still sound asleep . (酣畅地)
Their football team was soundly beaten by ours . (痛打, 大败)
Note: 既可以说sleep sound, 也可以说sleep soundly。
38) direct 和directly
He flew direct to New York . (径直地, 表示路程或时间) They are not directly affected . (直接地)
He answered me very directly . (直截了当地) The bookstore is directly opposite the shop . (正好地)
He will come directly . (马上, 立刻)
39) inward 和inwardly
The door opened inward, not outward . (向内, 向中心, 只可放在动词后)
bleed inwardly 内出血(在内部) Inwardly, he doesn t like her . (在内心)
He spoke inwardly . (小声地, 暗自地)
40) fine 和finely
The coat suits me f ine . (很好) He cut up the vegetable very f ine . (细小地)
She is a f inely dressed woman . (雅致地) You did f inely . (极好地)
The prices have been f inely calculated . (仔细地)
41) foul 和foully
He played f oul . (违反规则地) He was f oully murdered . (卑鄙地)
7 . 可用作副词的名词
有些名词在一些固定词组中可用作副词, 作状语。
bottle feed 人工喂养day dream 做白日梦pitch black 漆黑的icecold 冰冷的dog tired 累极的
8 . 可用作副词的形容词
有些形容词有时可用作副词, 常见的有good , rare, pretty, right , plenty, damned , precious ,dead, right 等。例如:
dark red 深红的white hot 白热化的devilish cold 极冷tight-fitting紧身的nice and fast (very fast ) real good 真好的icy(bitter) cold 冰冷的mighty clever 非常聪明的pretty wise 十分聪明的precious good care 倍加小心right glad 非常高兴amazing fine girls 很漂亮的女孩
Slice the ham thin . 把火腿切得薄薄的。
Don t spread the butter too thick . 别把黄油抹得太厚。
9 . 与介词同形的副词
1)英语中大部分介词同时也可用作副词, 其区别是, 作介词时接宾语, 作副词时不接宾语
The bird hopped o f f the branch . 鸟从树枝上跳下。(介词)
The paint was peeling of f . 油漆在脱落。(副词)
2)这类副词可用作表语、定语、状语, 宾语补足语等
The birds flew of f . 鸟儿飞走了。
10 . 形、副同形的词
有些词既可作形容词, 又可作副词, 现例示如下:
1) clean
She is so clean and tidy . He is clean from misdeeds . 他没有劣迹。
2) late
late spring 暮春, a late mar riage 晚婚, late in life 晚年, in one s late thir ties 三十七八岁, the latest news 最新消息
He kept late hours . 他睡得很晚。
3)wide
wide shoulders 肩膀宽阔
a man of wide information 知识面广的人
widely 意为“在很大程度上, 范围广阔地”, 用法较灵活, 参阅上文。
He has travelled widely . 他见闻很广。(不可说travel wide, 但可以说travel far and wide。far and wide 为习惯用语)
4)well
She is very well . (为ill 的反义词, 意为“身体好”, 但不能说a well person , 要说a healthy person)
5) tight
My shoes are too tight . The joint is completely tight . (不漏水气)
6) slow
the slow movement , a slow book 一本索然无味的书, a slow poison 慢性毒药
She is slow o f comprehension . 她的理解力很迟钝。
7) sharp
the sharp teeth(锋利的) , sharp footprints (清晰的) , sharp eyes(锐利的) , a sharp nose(尖的) , a sharp pain( 剧烈的) , a sharp desire ( 强烈的) , a sharp appetite (迫切的)
She arrived at seven o clock sharp . (准, 正)
8)quick
be quick at work ( in movement) (快的) , a quick reply(即刻的) , a quick temper (急的) ,quick eyes 慧眼, quick ears 耳朵灵
He got rich quick . 他很快就发财了。
9) high
the high cliffs of the island (程度高的) , high social status(地位高的) , high-quality products(质量好的) , the high wind 劲风
high 和highly 均可作副词, high 表示具体的高度, 但与某些动词搭配也可表示抽象的高,如: aim high 目标远大, live high 过富裕生活, run high 激昂, play high 下高赌注, 常位于动词或宾语之后; 而highly 则只表示程度, 指抽象的高。
People s enthusiasm is running high . 人们的热情在高涨。
10) flat
the flat surface(平整的) , a flat basket (浅的) , a flat lie 弥天大谎, a flat tire 没气的车胎, a flat denial 断然否认, feel flat 感觉无聊, knock a man flat 把某人打倒在地
作副词用时, flat 意为“绝对地, 断然地, 降半音地, 平直地, 正好”。flatly 也是副词, 意为“断然地, 绝对地, 完全地”( positively) , 常同oppose, refuse 等连用。
He fell f lat on the floor . 他直挺挺地倒在地上。
11) fine
a fine musician(优秀的) , a fine view(美好的) , fine hair (细的) , fine details (精微的) ,fine features(娇美的) , not to put too fine a point on it 坦率地说
The coat fits me f ine . (很)
12) dead
dead water 死水, dead laws(已废除的) , dead letters(无法投递的) , be dead to all reason不可理喻, the dead phone(失去效能的) , a dead cigar (熄灭的) , the dead silence 万籁俱寂
dead 作副词用时, 意为exactly, completely(完全, 绝对)。
You are dead wrong . 你全错了。He is dead tired . (极为疲倦)
deadly 既是副词也是形容词, 作副词时, 意为“死一般地, 非常地, 严重地”; 作形容词用时, 意为“致命的( fatal)。
He went deadly pale at the news . (死一般地)
13) fast
fast communications(快速的) , fast colours (不褪色的) , a fast life (放荡的) , take a fast hold of 握紧
It is raining fast . 在下大雨。
14) hard
hard rocks 坚硬的岩石, hard questions 难题, a long and hard day 漫长而繁忙的一天,have a hard time 经历一段困难时期, hard attack 猛烈的攻击
15) low
have a low opinion of sb . 对??评价甚低(瞧不起某人)
She bent low in front of the photo . 她在那照片前默默地鞠躬。
16) st raight
a long and straight road 又长又直的路, a straight answer 直截了当的答复, a straight conduct 正直的行为, get the house straight 把房子收拾整齐, keep straight 洁身自好, go straight ahead 一直向前
17) sound
the sound wall 坚固的墙壁, be mentally sound 心理健康, the sound advice 中肯的劝告,a sound argument 理由充足的论据, a sound investment 稳妥的投资
18) short
a shor t speech 简洁的发言, a shor t temper 爱耍脾气, be shor t of sleep(men , money) 睡眠不足(缺少人手, 缺钱) , be a year shor t of fifty 差一年不到五十岁
He wanted to cut short the lecture . 他想缩短讲演的内容。
19) right
a right decision 正确的决定, the right person for the work 做这项工作的合适人选, the right side of the street 街道的右边
The hotel is right on the beach . 旅馆就坐落在海滨。
作“正确地”解时, right 和rightly 均可用, right 只能放在动词后, rightly 放在动词前后均可。
I rightly guessed his meaning . (不可用right) You guessed right . (可用rightly)
20) pretty
a pretty garden 漂亮的庭院, a pretty face 姣美的面容, pretty music 动听的音乐, a pretty boy 清秀而有气质的男孩, a pretty state of affairs( a pretty mess)一团糟
作副词用时, pretty 作quite, rather 解
I m pretty certain she enjoys it . 我确信她会喜欢它的。
21) loud
a loud voice 嗓音洪亮, loud music 吵人的音乐, a loud denial 断然的否认
She laughed out loud at the thought . 那个念头使她不禁大笑起来。
Note: 在同laugh , shout , speak, talk 连用时, 一般用loud, 较少用loudly。
22) just
a just price 公平的价格, a just man 公正(正直) 的人, a just reward 正当的报酬, just
claim 正当的要求
He just caught the train . 他正好赶上那班火车。( barely)
23) fair
fair dealings 公平的交易, fair play 公正的竞争(公平的手段) , make a fair copy 誊清
We can trust him to play fair . 我们可以相信, 他是不会失信的。
24) clear
a clear conscience 良心清白, a clear mind 清晰的头脑, clear morning air 清新的晨间空气, make clear sth . (make it clear) 阐明?? , make oneself clear 把??说清楚
What is important is not to keep clear of the difficulties, but to face them . 重要的不是逃避困难, 而是正视它们(隔开)。
25) easy
easy job 轻松的工作, easy life 舒适的生活, be easy on the ear 悦耳, an easy pace 从容的步态
在一些习语中, 常用easy 作副词代替easily。
Take it easy . You ll recover soon . 别急, 你不久就会康复的。(亦作take things easy)
26) early
She is an early riser . 她是个早起的人。
She always goes to bed early and gets up early . 她总是早起早睡。
27) ill
Ill news runs apace . 恶事传千里。
She never spoke ill of others behind their backs . 她从不在背后说人家的坏话。
28) little
He had little spare time . 他很少有空闲时间。
He rests too little . 他休息得很少。
29)much
She wasted much money that way . 她那样浪费了许多钱。
They did not talk much . 他们谈得不多。
30)only
He was the only man present . 他是唯一在场的人。
I can only stay a little while . 我只能待一会儿。
I haven t said hal f the things I wanted to say . 我的话还没说完一半。
The house is hal f empty . 这房屋一半空着。
11 . 同根形容词和副词
1) eager 表示“着急的”, eagerly 表示“急切地”
He looked eager . 他看上去很着急。
He looked eagerly out of the window . 他急切地向窗外看。
2)open 表示“开着(的)”, openly 表示“公开地, 公然地”
The thief forced the window open . 小偷把窗户撬开了。
The thief forced the window openly . 小偷竟公然撬窗户。
3) loose 表示“松(开)的”, loosely 表示“灵活地”
The chains worked loose . 链条松开了。The chains worked loosely . 链条转动很灵活。
12 . any 和some 等可以用作副词
有些不定代词和指示代词也可用作副词。any 用作副词时, 相当于at all , 常用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中; some 用作副词时, 相当于to some extent , 常用于肯定句。
That didn t help her any . 那对她没有任何帮助。
三、功能
1 . 作状语, 修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词(短语)、连词或整个句子
He runs fast . 他跑得快。
The book is very interesting . 这本书很有趣。
The bus came quite early . 公共汽车到得很早。
She left shortly after the meeting . 会议刚结束她就走了。(修饰介词)
He fell ill mainly because he ate too much . 他病了, 主要因为吃得太多。(修饰连词)
Frankly, I don t agree with you . 说实话, 我不同意你的意见。(修饰句子)
2 . 作表语
表示位置的副词作表语时说明主语的状态或特征( above, across , inside, upstairs) ; 表示动作方向的副词作表语时是有动作意义( up, down , on , in, off, out ) ;well off, up to 等副词短语亦可作表语。
Time is up . 时间到了。(指结束的时间) The book will be out soon . 这本书要出版了。
3 . 作定语, 修饰名词
副词修饰名词作定语时, 常放在名词后。
The buildings around are of modern style . 周围是一些具有现代风格的建筑。
副词作定语时, 有时出现在with 和另一名词之间。例如:
The whole summer went past with scarcely a drop of rain . 整个夏天过去了, 几乎没下一滴雨。
4 . 作介词宾语和宾语补足语
某些表示位置的副词可以在over, out , up, under, from, in, near , on, around, down ,along 等后作介词宾语( near, from, towards→home;
f rom, to→where) ; 某些时间副词可以在by, from, except , before, after, till , since 等后作介词宾语; 副词还可作及物动词的宾语补足语或介词with 和without 的宾语补足语。
You can leave the goods anywhere but here .
四、位置
1 . 程度副词一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词前面
如果实义动词前有情态动词或助动词, 程度副词要放在二者之间; 如果是be 动词, 程度副词要放于其后。常用的这类词有: just , too, fairly, nearly , awfully, frightfully ( =very) , utterly, enormously, slightly, exactly, absolutely, perfectly, thoroughly, scarcely,hardly, almost , quite, extremely, completely, deeply, greatly , hardly, definitely,par tly, ter ribly, considerably, comfortably, dreadfully, little, rather, so, very, much等。
I am very happy to be with you . 和你在一起我很愉快。(修饰形容词)
He speaks English pretty well . 他的英语说得相当好。(修饰副词)
He nearly got run over by a car . (行为动词前)
I can hardly believe what he said . (情态动词和实义动词之间)
He is terribly sor ry for his misdeeds . ( be 动词后)
副词及被修饰的副词不能同时都以-ly 结尾, 以避免语音上的不和谐。
不说: She walked terribly slowly .
要说: She walked terribly slow .
2 . 频率副词通常放在行为动词前
, sometimes , seldom, never , constantly , frequently, occasionally, always , usually 等。例
如:
I of ten see her walk in the park . 我常看见她在公园里散步。(行为动词前)
We must always remember this . 我们必须永远记往这一点。(情态动词后)
He has never been late . 他从不迟到。(助动词后)
She is seldom late . 她很少迟到。( be 动词后)
①still, almost , nearly, never , already, just , always 等程度副词或频率副词可以放在be, have, 助动词和情态动词之前, 表示强调, 要重读, 但被强调的不是still 等副词, 而是be, have, 助动词或情态动词。
He never can understand it .
②当程度副词和频率副词在句中同时出现时, 通常是程度副词修饰频率副词。
They nearly always spend their holidays in the mountains . 他们几乎总是在山里度
假。
3 . 方式副词———一般放在动词后
1)遇到动词+ 介词+ 宾语结构时, 方式副词既可置于介词前, 也可置于宾语后; 在动词+ 宾语结构中, 放在宾语后。常用的有: fast , quickly, quietly, slowly, carefully, angrily, well等
The girl danced beauti fully . 这姑娘的舞姿很美。
2)在动词+ 宾语结构中, 如果宾语较长, 常把副词置于动词之前, 以免造成歧义
They secretly decided to leave the town . 他们秘密决定离开小镇。(“决定”是秘密的)
They decided to leave the town secretly . 他们决定秘密地离开小镇。(“离开”这一行动是秘密的)
3)还有一些方式副词放在动词前和放在动词后具有不同的含义。比较:
He answered the question foolishly . 他的回答是愚蠢的。(不着边际)
He foolishly answered the question . 他愚蠢地回答了问题。(意即: 他不该回答这个问题)
He behaved foolishly at the par ty . 他在晚会上表现不佳。
4)人、动物或事物有各种各样的行为或变化, 这就需要用不同的方式副词来加以表述。
(1)方式副词→表示状况、状貌
She danced grace fully . 她的舞姿优美。
这类副词常用的还有: bravely, gently 文雅的, rudely, loudly, humbly, graciously 谦和地, cour teously 谦恭地, publicly, carefully, violently, formally, skillfully, casually漫不经心地, conscientiously, violently, thoroughly 彻底地, perfectly, badly, st rikingly令人注目地, quietly, surprisingly 令人惊讶地, quickly, fast , well 等。
(2)方式副词→表示情感、意愿。
He flung the book on the floor angrily . 他气愤地把书扔在地板上。
这类副词常用的还有:merrily, proudly, sadly , calmly, fervently 热烈地, resentfully忿恨地, willingly, unwillingly, deliberately 含蓄地, contentedly, cordially 真诚地,nervously 不安地, warmly, mildly, coldly, intentionally 有意地, unintentionally 无意地, willfully 故意地, gratefully, excitedly, bitterly 悲痛地, determinedly 决意地, delightedly高兴地, encouragingly 鼓励地, voluntarily 自愿地(自发地)等。
(3)方式副词→表示方法、手段。
He got the money illegally . 他以非法手段弄钱。
这类副词常用的还有: legally, medically 用医疗手段, microscopically 用显微镜, telescopically用望远镜, surgically 用外科手术, 等。
4 . 逻辑连接副词和评注性副词
这两类副词通常位于句首, 有时也位于句中或句尾。
1)逻辑连接副词
However, not everybody agreed .
2)评注性副词→表示推断
Rightly, he refused her offer .
这类副词既修饰全句, 也修饰主语, 常用的有: artfully , cleverly, cor rectly, justly, cunningly, incor rectly , reasonably, sensibly, unreasonably, shrewdly, unwisely , prudently,rightly, wisely 等。
3)评注性副词→表示怀疑或不怀疑、真实或非真实
Obviously, he tried to pervert the truth .
这类副词常用的有: likely, possibly , maybe, conceivably, reputedly, doubtless , seemingly,arguably, allegedly, supposedly, obviously, undoubtedly, plainly, clearly, manifestly,definitely, cer tainly, undeniably, decidedly, admittedly, actually, nominally, formally,officially, outwardly, superficially, ostensibly, fundamentally, essentially, basically,naturally 等。
4)评注性副词→表示情感或方式
Con f identially, he is not qualified for the job .
这类副词常用的有: briefly, seriously , honestly, frankly, flatly, candidly, truthfully,privately, bluntly, broadly, roughly, simply, confidentially, unfor tunately, funnily, remarkably,curiously, amazingly, inevitably, unexpectedly, incredibly, regrettably,
5)评注性副词→表示方面
Personally, I don t like the book .
这类副词常用的有: personally, generally, literally, figuratively, technically, theoretically,financially, metaphorically, generally speaking, st rictly speaking, broadly speaking等。
Note: ①有些评注性副词, 既可以修饰整个句子, 也可以修饰某一个具体的词, 应加以区别。例如:
Clearly she didn t understand what you mean . (修饰整个句子)
We could see the distant hills clearly . (修饰谓语动词)
②有些评注性副词位置不同, 则含义不同。
Actually, he did not know it . 事实上, 他不知道那件事。
He actually did not know it . 他确实不知道那件事。
形容词短语, 分词短语, 介词短语, 不定式短语和句子也可用作评注性状语。这时, 形容词短语, 分词短语和不定式短语通常放在句首, 用逗号隔开, 句子则可放在句首或句尾,用逗号隔开, 有时也可放在句中, 用逗号隔开。
To be sure, she is the best student in the class . 可以肯定地说, 她是班上最好的学生。(不定式短语)
Sure enough, it began to rain at noon . 果然, 中午开始下雨了。(形容词短语)
5 . 时间副词, 尤其是表示具体时间的副词, 一般位于句首或句尾
常用的有: finally, yet , still , now, soon, lately, shor tly, then, recently, presently, already,before, early, late, today 等。某些这类词有时可位于句中。
He will be back tomorrow .
6 . 地点副词通常位于句尾或句首
1)常用的有: away, abroad, downstairs, everywhere, outside, around , here, there, below,anywhere, somewhere, near , far, up, down 等
The children are playing upstairs .
2)由其他词或词组构成的地点状语亦可遵循上述原则
At the corner o f the garden there was a very tall tree . (正)
There was at the corner of the garden a very tall tree . (误)
3)几个地点状语连用时, 大地方放在最后
She was always sitting by the statue at the center o f the park in the city .
Note: 地点副词修饰动词时, 紧跟动词后, 位于句中, 这当然是正确的。
He has looked everywhere for the book .
7 . 副词的排列次序
1)地点副词→时间副词, 方式副词→时间副词, 方式副词→地点副词→时间副词(有时时间副词亦可放在句首)
2)具体的→笼统的, 小的→大的
3) run, go, drive + 地点副词→方式副词→时间副词
另外, 两个方式副词一起用时, 通常是短的在前, 长的在后
She spoke slowly and sensibly .
8 . enough 和only 在句中的位置
1) enough 修饰形容词、副词或动词时, 一般位于它们的后面
You will master the skill soon enough .
2)only 应紧靠它所修饰的词, 不同的位置往往具有不同的意义
Only he lent the book to her . 只有他把书借给了她。(意即: 别人没借给她)
H e only lent the book to her . 他只是把书借给了她。(意即: 不是把书送给她)
H e lent the book to her only . 他把书只借给了她。(意即: 没借给其他任何人)
9 . the way ahead 和the meal afterwards 中的副词位置问题
有些地点副词和时间副词可以后置修饰名词。参阅有关部分。
the way ahead the direction back
the hall do w nstairs the trip abroad
但do w nstairs 等若前置修饰名词, 就成了形容词。参阅有关部分。
the do w nstairs part of the house
副词修饰动词时, 有时放在否定词not 等之前, 也可放在其后, 但往往会引起全句句意的差异。另外, 某些副词位置不同则含义不同。参阅有关部分。
Clearly, he misunderstood m e . 很显然, 他误解我了。
H e didn t understand m y meaning clearly . 他对我的意思理解得很不透彻。
11 . he seldom is 还是he is seldo m
在以be, have, 助动词, 情态动词结尾的句子中, often , never, seldo m , certainly , just,already, alw ays, really , still, alm ost等副词要放在be, have, 助动词, 情态动词之前, 不可放于其后。
H e is seldo m late for class .
Yes, he seldom is .
五、一些副词或副词短语的用法与比较
1 . just和just now
1)just表示“恰好, 刚才, 只是”。不过, just 与现在完成时连用时才作“刚才”解。若与其他时态连用, 一般不作“刚才”解
It is just tw elve o clock . (恰好, 正好) H e is just a child . (只是)
W e have just tried an experiment . (刚才)
2)just now 用于过去时意为“刚才”
I sa w him just now . 我刚才见过他。
3)just now 与现在时连用时, 表示对“no w”的强调, 意为“现在, 此刻”
I a m busy just now . 我此刻正忙。(此句比I a m busy no w 的语气强)
2 . m uch(still, even) more 和much(still, even)less
m uch(still, even) m ore 用于表示肯定意味的句子后, m uch(still, even)less 用于表示否定意味的句子后。例如:
H e know s little E nglish, m uch less Spanish . 他不懂英语, 更不用说西班牙语了。
T he boy has to carry 50 jin, m uch more the adults . 连孩子都要背50 斤, 更不用说成人了。
3 . fairly, quite, rather 和pretty
1)rather 和fairly 都有“相当, 颇”的意思, 但fairly 主要用于修饰褒义的形容词或副词( good, well, fine, nice, bravely, etc . ) , 而rather 则主要用于修饰贬义的形容词或副词( bad , ugly, stupid, boring, etc . )
Jim is fairly clever, but Jack is rather stupid . 吉姆相当聪明, 而杰克却很笨。
2)从分量上讲, fairly 最轻, 说一部电影fairly good 可能意为“勉强还可以看”。quite 在分量上比fairly 稍强, 说一部电影quite good 则表示虽不是最佳影片但值得一看。rather 在分量上又重一些, 说一部电影rather good 则意为胜过多数影片。pretty 在分量上同rather差不多, 多用于非正式文体。有些形容词为中性词, 但用fairly 或rather 修饰便具有了褒贬色彩。另外, entirely 常表示肯定意义, utterly 常表示否定意义
T he milk is fairly hot . 这牛奶热乎乎的。
T he milk is rather hot . 这牛奶太烫了。
4 . yet, still和already
1)yet 和still在句子中的位置不同。yet 位于句尾, 常用于否定句和疑问句; still 位于be 动词后或其他动词、形容词或副词前
H e hasn t co me yet . 他还没有来。
It is still dark outside . 外面仍是黑的。( = up to no w )
2)already 常用于肯定句, 有时可用于疑问句(此时表示惊异)或if 条件句中
I have already finished the letter . 我已经写完了信。
If she hasn t seen it already, she can co m e again .
3)此外, 从意义上看, yet 表示“尚, 还”, 带有期望的含意。still 表示“仍然”, 强调持续性。already表示“已经”, 强调行为结果Is H enry here yet? 亨利来了吗? (期待他的到来, 但不知是否到了, 故询问)
4)在疑问句中, 用already 时希望得到肯定的回答, 而用yet 时则不指望得到明确的答复。
still和yet还可同be to + 动词连用, 强调将来意义, 常有否定意义
T he tim e is yetto co m e . 时机未到。
5 . hardly, barely, rarely 和scarcely
这四个词意义相近, 都是表示否定概念, 但也有一些差别。
1)rarely 意为“难得, 不常”( not often)
Rarely have I seen him smile . 我难得见到他笑。
2) hardly 往往强调能力上有困难, 意为“简直不, 很难”
H e can hardly ju m p over the fence . 他很难跳过那个栅栏。
H e has scarcely any m oney left . 他几乎没有钱了。
4) barely 与hardly 和scarcely 意思相近, 意为“几乎, 勉强, 仅能做到”
H e can barely support his wife and three children .
如果后面跟有ever, any, at all等词, 只能用hardly 或scarcely, 不能用barely。
T here s hardly any coal left . 几乎没有煤剩下了。
6 . high 和highly(参阅有关部分)
T he birds are flying high in the blue sky . 鸟在蓝天里高高飞翔。
T he old worker is highly respected by the young m en . (倍受崇敬)
high 作副词时, 意为“高高地, 在(向)高处”(to or at a high levelin position, m ovem ent, or sound)。
7 . direct 和directly(参阅有关部分)
H e will fly direct to New York . 他将直飞纽约。(不在其他地方停顿)
T he m anager criticised him directly . 经理直率地批评了他。
direct用作副词时意为“径直地, 直接地”(in a straight line)。directly 意为“直率地, 直截了当地”(in a direct m anner) , 还表示“正好地; 立即, 马上”(just; im m ediately; soon)等意思。directly 还可用作连词, 表示“一当, 一俟”( as soon as)。
H er views are directly opposed to mine . 她的意见正好跟我的相反。
8 . short和shortly(参阅有关部分)
T he car stopped short at the crossroad . 那辆车在十字路口突然停了下来。
H e will be back shortly . 他马上就会回来。
short 可以用作副词, 表示“突然地, 出其不意地”(suddenly, abruptly) ; shortly 意为“不久, 马上”(soon)。此外, shortly 还有“简要地、不耐烦地”等意。
She died in an accident shortly afterwards . 她在不久以后的一次事故中死了。
9 . rather, rather than 和rather . . .than
1)rather 可以放在名词前, 意为“相当, 有几分”。若名词前没有形容词, rather 通常置于不定冠词前, 若名词前有形容词, rather 可置于不定冠词的前面或后面, 即rather + a + 形容词+ 名词或者a + rather + 形容词+ 名词。另外, rather 可以修饰某些动词, 并可以用在比较级或too 前
T his tree is rather taller than that one . 这棵树比那棵树高一些。
T hose shoes are rather too big for m e . 那些鞋子我穿太大。
fairly 和very 均不能用于比较级前; quite 可用于better 之前, 但不用于其他比较级之前。
2)rather than 用作连词, 其后的成分表示否定概念, 意为“与其??不如, 宁可??而不, 不是??而是”, 后面可以接名词、名词短语、代词、形容词、副词、动词、不定式、动名词等
名词：H e is a writer rather than a teacher . 与其说他是教师, 不如说他是作家。
代词：W e are to bla me rather than they . 该受责备的是我们, 不是他们。
形容词：The colour seem s green rather than blue . 这颜色似乎是蓝的, 而不是绿的。
副词：T he ship sank quickly rather than slowly . 船沉得很快, 而非很慢。
动词：H e ran ratherthan walked . 他跑着, 不是走着。(注意时态一致)
不定式(不带to) Rather than cause trouble, he went aw ay . 他宁可走开而不愿惹麻烦。
介词短语：They relied m ainly on the mselves ratherthan on outside help . 他们主要依靠自己,而不是依靠外界的帮助。
分词：It is sno wing rather than raining outside . 外面在下雪, 不是在下雨。
动名词：Ratherthan regretting for the failure, why not try again ? 与其为失败而后悔, 为什么不再试一次呢?
句子：It is w hat he meant rather than what he said . 这是他的意思, 而话倒没这么讲。
①rather than 后接不带to 的不定式时, 通常表示主观上不愿干什么; 而后接限定的动词形式(过去式等)时, 则表示客观情况的否定。
H e left rather than live with her . 他离开了, 不愿同她住在一起。(主观愿望)
H e left rather than lived with her . 他离开了, 而不是同她住在一起。(客观事实)
②有时候, rather than 后接不带to 的不定式或动名词均可。
Y ou could go your ow n way, rather than follow(或following) their footsteps .
③rather . . .than . . .意为“宁愿??而不, 与其说??还不如说”, rather 后的成分表示肯定概念, than 后的成分表示否定概念。
I w ould rather you settle the problem in private than by law . 我宁愿你把这件事私下了结, 而不要去诉诸法律。
10 . very tired from long work 和m uch tired by long work
Jack was very tired fro m long w ork . 杰克因长时间工作而感到很累。
Jack was much tired by long work . 长时间的工作使杰克疲惫不堪。
upset, valued , worried, concerned, attached,learned 等。
上面两个例句中的tired 属于不同的词类。第一例中的tired 是普通形容词, 作表语, 故用very 修饰。第二例中的tired 是动词tire(使??疲劳)的过去分词, 句子为被动语态结构, 故用m uch 修饰, very 不能用来修饰动词(参阅有关章节)。
Note: 在现代英语中, 某些由过去分词转化来的形容词可同时用very, m uch 或very m uch修饰, 这类形容词有: annoyed 困扰的, excited 兴奋的, disappointed 失望的, satisfied满意的, celebrated 著名的, disgusted 讨厌的, delighted 高兴的, asha med 感到可耻的, frightened 惊吓的, interested 感兴趣的, dejected 垂头丧气的, surprised惊讶的, pleased 高兴的, contented 满足的, 等。例
11 . w hat a good chance, such a good chance 和so good a chance, how good a chance
1)such 是形容词, w hat是代词, 用来修饰名词
结构为:
such( w hat) + a(an) + 单数名词
such( w hat) + 复数可数名词(前无冠词)
such( w hat) + 不可数名词(前无冠词)
上述结构中的名词前面可用形容词作定语。
H e has such a good chance . (单数) W hat a good chance he has !
It is such sweet m usic . (不可数) W hat sweet m usic it is !
T hey are such good books . (复数) W hat good books they are !
2)so 和ho w 是副词, 其后不可接a 或an, 要先接形容词, 然后再接a 或an
结构为:so( how ) + 形容词+ a(an) + 单数名词(这种结构中只能用单数可数名词)
I ve never seen so beautiful a girl .
It is so sweet m usic . (误) ( so 不可修饰名词短语sweet m usic)
T he m usic is so sweet . (正) (so 修饰形容词sweet)
T hey are how good books . (误) ( ho w 不可修饰名词短语good books)
H ow good the books are . (正) ( ho w 修饰形容词good)
3)如果被修饰的是复数名词或不可数名词, 就要用such, 而不能用so
W e ve never met so gentle people . (误)
W e ve never met such gentle people . (正)
4)如果名词前有m any, m uch , fe w , little 等表示数量的词, 则要求用so, 不用such。但是such 可用于m any, m uch , a few , a little 等的后面
She has such m any friends . (误)
She has so m any friends . (正)
①副词as 和too 的这种用法与so 和how 相同, 后面须接形容词原级, 再接不定冠词a(an) , 再接单数可数名词。
H e is as good a teacher as any .
It is too cold a day for her to go out .
②如果有no, far, m uch , all the, none the 等修饰名词前的比较级形容词, 也常用这种结构。
H e was no less great a writer . 他是一个同样伟大的作家。
12 . m uch too cold 还是very too cold
一般说来, very m uch 修饰动词, quite, pretty , very, fairly 等修饰形容词或副词原级,m uch, far, rather, a lot, a little 等修饰形容词或副词比较级。但是, 副词too 同比较级一样, 要求用m uch, far, rather等修饰, 而不可用very, quite 等修饰。
13 . dead asleep , deadly serious 和deadly blow (参阅有关部分)
T he boy is dead asleep . 那孩子沉沉入睡了。
dead 既可以作形容词, 也可以作副词。作副词时, dead 意为“完全地, 绝对地”(thoroughly,co m pletely)。deadly 可以用作副词, 表示“非常, 极度地”(very, extrem ely) , 也可以用作形容词, 意为“致命的, 有毒性的, 极为有害的”(causing death, harmful) , 比如: deadlydisease(致命的疾病) , deadly poison(致命的毒药) , deadly habit(恶习)等。
14 . for merly 和form ally
Formerly this city was a sm all village . 这座城市从前是个小村庄。
T he conference w as form ally opened yesterday . 会议于昨天正式开始。
form erly 意为“从前, 以前”, form ally 意为“正式地”。
15 . especially 和specially
She is especially interested in reading detective novels . 她对侦探小说特别感兴趣。
A com mittee has been specially appointed to look into the matter . 专门成立一个委员会来调查那件事。
especially 意为“特别, 尤其”( to an exceptional degree) ; specially 意为“专门地”(for one purpose and no other)。
16 . every day 和everyday
Such things do not happen every day . 这种事不是每天都发生的。
T his is an everyday occurrence . 这是一件平常的事。
1)every day 是副词短语, 意为“每天”, 用作状语。everyday 是形容词, 意为“平常的, 日常的”, 用作定语。另外, 也可以把every day 看作every 修饰day, 意为“每一天”
Every day see m ed a year . 度日如年。
2)另外, every day 通常与一般现在时连用, 包括过去、现在或将来; 但也可同现在完成时连用, 指从过去某时到现在一段时间内的“每一天”
It has rained every day since last Sunday .
17 . so metime, so me time 和som etim es
Co m e over and see us so metime . 随便什么时候, 请来坐坐。
H e spent some time working in the garden every day . 他每天都花些时间在园子里干活。
I visit the history m useu m sometimes . 我有时去参观历史博物馆。
sometime 意为“(将来)什么时候, 某个时候, 某一天, (过去)某个时候”( at one tim e or another,at som e indefinite time) , 为副词。some time 是名词短语, 意为“一些时间, 一会儿”, so m e 修饰名词tim e。some time 有时也可用作副词, 意同sometime。so m etim es 意为“有时, 间或”( at times, no w and then) , 为副词。
18 . almost 和nearly
在表示程度或可以衡量的事物时, 两者差别不大, 只是alm ost 在程度上比nearly 更接近一些, 感情色彩更浓, nearly 则更加客观。比较:
T he road is nearly 80 feet wide . 这条路近80 英尺宽。
T he road is almost 80 feet wide . 这条路差一点就(几乎有)80 英尺宽。
但要注意的是, 若不是表示程度或可衡量的事, 就只能用alm ost, 不可用nearly。
T he ne w co m puter is almost hu m an . 这台新的计算机几乎和人一样灵。
另外, alm ost 可以同no one, nothing, no, none, nobody, never 搭配, 而nearly 则不可;但可以说not nearly , 不可说not alm ost。
19 . alternately 和alternatively
alternately 指两者交替或轮流, alternatively 指在两者或两者以上中选择其一。
T he m anager is alternately kind and severe . 经理时而和蔼, 时而严厉。
You m ay alternatively say lighted or lit or alight . 你可以说lighted 或者lit或者alight,三者任择其一。
20 . altogether 和all together
altogether 是副词, 意为“总之, 完全, 总共”; all together 是个副词性短语, 意为“每个人??都, 每一件东西??都, 无一遗漏”。在表示“总共”这层意义上, 用altogether 和all together 均可。
It s altogether out of the question . 那是完全不可能的。
I don t think we should leave all together . 我想我们不应该一起离开。
21 . too much 和m uch too
1)too m uch
(1)作形容词, 修饰不可数名词。H e drank too m uch wine yesterday .
(2)作副词短语, 修饰动词。H e was too m uch bothered by her words .
(3)作名词短语。You ve sent them too much of grain .
Note:too m uch 还可以放在句尾修饰动词,
①She talked too m uch .
②too m uch 不直接修饰形容词或副词。下面两句都是错的:
It is too m uch big . (误)
H e is running too m uch fast . (误)
③too m uch 有时也可作表语。例如:
T hat is too m uch; he w on t accept it . 那太过分了, 他不会接受的。
2) m uch too
(1) m uch too + 形容词或副词实际上是too + 形容词或副词的强调形式, 修饰形容词或副词原级, 以加强语气。
It is m uch too big .
(2)一般说来, m uch too 不能放在m any 或fe w 前, 下面一句是错的:
H e has got m uch too m any books .
应改为:H e has got far too many books .
22 . all but, all . . .but和for all
1)all but 意为“简直是, 几乎”
H e all but let the cat out of the bag . 他差一点儿泄露了秘密。
2)all . . .but意为“除了??都, 全??只”
T hey were all gone but Jim .
3)for all相当于in spite of和with all, 引导让步状语短语或从句
H e won t give up for all the repeated failures .
23 . if ever,if any, if at all, if anything 和ever
1)这几个词组都用作插入语, 常同seldo m , fe w , little 等连用, 具有否定意味
if ever 意为“几乎, 即使??也。”
H e seldo m , if ever, goes dow nto w n . 他几乎很少去商业区。
2)if any 为省略语, 意为“如果有的话, 即使有??也”
Correct the errors in your co m position, if(thereis) any . 如果文章里有什么错误的话,请改正。
3)if at all意为“即使??也”
H e know s very little about the subject, if at all . 他对这个专题即使了解也很少。
4)if anything 意为“如果说, 几乎不, 与其说??还不如, 至少, 正相反”等, 相当于perhaps even,at least, m ore likely , rather, on the contrary even 等。if anything 通常表示委婉客气或把握性不大, 在否定结构之后表示“相反”
If anything , you ought to apologize to him . 你倒是应该向他道歉。
5)ever
(1)用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中意为“曾经, 一旦有机会”, 相当于at any time。
If you ever see her, tell her to drop in .
(2)用于w hat 等后, 意为“究竟, 到底”。
W hat ever do you m ean ? 你究竟是什么意思? (不是w hatever)
(3)用于含有比较级和最高级的句子中, 意为“曾经, 以前”。
It is sno wing harder than ever . 雪比以前下得更大。
(4)用于强调, 常构成ever so, ever such 短语, 相当于very。例如:
H e is ever so noble a m an . ( = a very noble m an)
nothing if not 表示的是肯定概念, 相当于m uch , very, extre m ely, above all, 意为“极其, 尤其, 首先, 其主要特点”, 常用来强调作表语的形容词或名词。nothing if not 也可拆开用, 意思不变。
H e is nothing if not cunning . 他极为狡诈。
24 . anything but 和nothing but
anything but 意为“决不是”; nothing but 意为“不过是”。(参阅第二十四讲)
T hat s anything but true . 那决不是真的。
D on t w orry for m y illness; w hat I need is nothing but a fe w day s rest . 不要为我的痛担心, 我只要稍微休息几天就会好的。
25 . anyhow , anyway 和at any rate
这三个词均用于对前面所说的内容进行强调。anyho w 意为“但是”, anyw ay 意为“反正”, at any rate 意为“无论如何”
26 . anything like 和like anything
anything like 意为“有点儿像”, 与not 连用意为“完全不像”; like anything 意为“非常,特别, 拼命地”。
Is she anything like her m other ? (有点儿像)
T he thief ran like anything w hen he sa w the police . (拼命地)
Note: anything 构成的词组还有: not com e to anything 无效(无结果) , not care anything for 不喜欢(不在乎) , not think anything of 不在乎(认为没有什么了不起) , not amount to anything 算不了什么(没有什么了不起) , not have anything to do with 不来往(与??无关)等。
27 . let alone, to say the least, not to speak of, to say nothing of 和not to mention(say)
1)这几个短语均表示“更不用说”。let alone 后可接名词、动名词、谓语动词、过去分词或介词短语等, 但to say nothing of 和not to m ention(say)后只能接名词或动名词
She had scarcely ever talked to a police man , let alone gone out with one .
2) not to say 则与上面的几个短语有所不同, 其含义是“虽然不说, 姑且不说, 虽未达到那种程度”(if not, one might alm ost say)。not to say 连接的前后项一表示肯定, 一表示否定,形成对照
It is rather cool, not to say cold . 天气虽不能说冷, 但也相当凉爽了。
sort of 和kind of 不同于a sort of和a kind of, 前者意为“有点, 有几分”, 而后者意为“一种, 一类”; 前者作状语, 后者作定语。但有时候, a kind of 作定语时亦表示“有点, 有几分”。
I sort of ( kind of) thought you might forget . 我有点儿觉得你可能忘了。
of a kind 表示: ①“同类的”( of the sa me class or nature) ; ②“低劣的, 不怎么样的”(not very good, scarcely deserving the na me)。They are tw o of a kind . 他们俩人是一类货色。
29 . w hat with . . .and what with 和w hat by . . .and what by
前者意为“一半由于??一半由于”, 后者意为“一方面由于??一方面由于”。
W hat with hard w ork and what with taking too little care of herself, she fellill . 一半由于工作太累, 一半由于太不注意身体, 她病倒了。
W hat by taking bribes and what by extortions, he m ade a lot of m oney . 他又受贿又勒索, 发了大财。
30 . how 和what . . .like 的用法比较
1) ho w 用来询问别人的健康、事物的变化情况以及别人的意见、解释等
H ow is your father ? 你父亲好吗?
2) w hat用来询问人或事物的本质、性质、天气情况等
W hat s the weather like this m orning ? 今天早晨天气如何?
31 . such . . .as, such . . .that 和such as it is
1)such . . .as 中的as 引导定语从句, such . . .that 中的that引导结果状语从句
T hey talked in such sim ple language as children could understand . 他们是用连孩子们都能听懂的简单语言谈话的。
T hey talked in such sim ple language that children could understand it . 他们用简单的语言谈话, 连孩子们也能听懂。
2)such as 有时相当于those that, such 是先行词, as 是关系代词
Such as wish to leave may do so . 想离开的人可以离开。
3)such as it is 常用于“让步, 自谦”等场合, 意思是“没有什么价值, 数量较少, 质量不好”等
You m ay watch the film , such as it is . 你可以看看这部电影, 但不怎么样。
32 . for all I know , for all I care 和for all that
1)for+ 从句有for all one know s, for all one cares, for all one can tell, for aught one kno ws,for any-thing one can tell等形式; 这种结构有两种含义: ①相当于as far as one kno ws to one s knowledge(就??所知) ; ②表示否定含义, 意为“不在乎, 与??无关, 亦未可知”( used to sho w ignorance or indifference)
It is a true story for all I know . 就我所知, 这是一个真实的故事。( = as far as I kno w )
2)for all that 意为“尽管如此”
The man m ay be dead, but I hate him for all that . 那人可能已经死了, 但尽管如此, 我还是痛恨他。
3)for all+ 从句结构多用于肯定句, 若是否定句, 要用as far as one kno w
T he book is not written by him as far as I know . 就我所知, 这本书不是他写的。
Note:for that matter 短语亦可表示“就??而论, 至于??”(as far as that is concerned,as regards)。有时候, for that m atter 可表示强调, 意为“甚至, 说真的”( and indeed also)。
For that m atter, you should apologize to her . 就那件事而言, 你应该向她道歉。
33 . this day week( month, year)
在将来时中, 该短语意为“一个星期后(下月, 明年)的今天”; 在过去时中, 意为“一个星期前(上月, 去年)的今天”。
W e shall discuss it this day m onth . 我们将在下月的今天再次讨论这件事。
34 . in an hour
在现在时或过去时中意为“在一小时之内”, 相当于within an hour, 在将来时中意为“在一小时之后”, 并需参阅有关部分。
H e finished it in an hour . 他一小时之内就完成了。
35 . as yet
as yet在现在时中意为“到现在为止”, 在过去时中意为“到那时为止”。
As yet, we have not done half of our w ork . 到现在为止, 我们还没完成工作的一半。
36 . so far 和by far
1)so far 在现在时中意为“到现在为止”, 在过去时中意为“到当时为止”
So far, everything is going well . 到现在为止, 一切正常。
2) by far 意为“??得多, 尤其, 更, 非常, 远远地”, 用于修饰比较级或最高级, 表示数量、程度。by far 要放在带定冠词的最高
H e is by far the best student in the class . 他是班上最好的学生。
37 . no more 和no longer
1) no m ore( not . . .any m ore) 与no longer( not . . .any longer) 在许多场合都是通用的。no more 表示时间时通常指将来或过去的将来, 意为“将来不再, 永远不再”, 谓语动词常用将来时态。no longer 通常表示现在或过去, 一般不用于指将来
I shall do it no more . (表示将来)
I w on t go there any more . (表示将来)
She said she w ouldn t write him any more . (表示过去将来)
T his kind of shirt is no longer in fashion . (表示现在, 有同过去对比的含义)
H e kne w he w asn t rich any longer . (表示过去)
2) no m ore 还有“也不( nor, neither) , 死去( dead) , 再也没有, 不更多(表示数量)”等意义, 在这些意义上不可用no longer
I have no more to say . 我没有更多的话要说了。
38 . be much talked about 还是be very talked about(参阅上文)
1) m uch (very m uch)用来修饰动词, very 修饰形容词、副词
T he bird s song is very sweet . (sweet 为形容词, 不可用m uch)
H e went over the fence very cautiously . (cautiously 为副词, 不可用m uch)
T he book is much talked about a m ong the students . (talk 为动词, 不可用very)
2) m uch 修饰形容词或副词的比较级和最高级, very 修饰原级
T he m orning air is very cold . (cold 为原级, 不可用m uch)
T hat is much the best . ( best 是最高级, 不可用very)
39 . one day 和som e day
one day 可以指过去, 也可以指将来;so m e day 则只指将来。one day 和so me day 指将来的差异是: 用so m e day 指较容易做到的事, 用one day 指较难发生或偶然的事。
One day people found him dead in the hotel .
I hope to visit the tow n som e day .
40 . m ore seldo m 和seldom m ore
1)seldo m 意为“不常, 难得”, m ore seldo m 意为“更不常, 更难得”, m ore 修饰seldo m , 为seldom 的比较级结构
H e went dow nto w n more seldom than she . 他比她更少进城。
2)在seldom m ore 结构中, seldo m 修饰m ore, 一般用于seldo m m ore than 结构中, 意为“难得多于”
H e sleeps seldo m m ore than six hours a day . 他的睡眠时间每天难得超过6 个小时。
41 . cold for October 的含义
for 可用来表示“限制”( restriction) , 意为“鉴于, 就??来讲”(considering , as regards,in view of) , 后接名词。
H e is tall for his age . 就年龄来说, 他个头是高的。( = H e is tall considering his age . )
42 . for long 和for a long tim e
1)用于肯定句和疑问句中时, 只同延续性动词连用, 两者表达的意思相同
T he old m an has lived in the house for a long time(for long) .
W ill she be a way for long(for a long time) ?
2)但是, 在否定句中, for long 只能同延续性动词连用; for a long tim e 则可以同延续性或非延续性动词连用, 而且各自表达不同的意思
H e hasn t lived there for long . 他在那里住的时间不长。
H e hasn t lived there for a long time . 很长时间以来他就不在那里住了。(不住那里已经很久了)
43 . not m uch of a + 单数名词
1) m uch of是一个表示程度的短语, 常用于否定句, 构成“not m uch of a + 单数名词”结构,意为“不怎么样, 不是什么了不起的”It is not m uch of a hotel . 那个旅馆不怎么样。
2)有时候, m uch of也可用于肯定结构, 意为“相当了不起”等
H e is very much of a hero . 他很有英雄气概。
44 . with 等加某些名词相当于副词
这类词常见的有:
with kindness→kindly with patience→patiently
with ease→easily with diligence→diligently
with a smile→s milingly with care→carefully
45 . too, also 和either
1)too 和also 词义基本相同, 用于肯定句, 作“也, 并且”解, 但也有一些区别。too 比较口语化, 常位于句尾, 前面一般有逗号, 有时也可位于句中, 前后常用逗号隔开
T his kind of shirt is m ade in other cities, too .
T hey will, too, graduate fro m the university next year .
2)also 较正式, 一般位于be 动词、助动词和情态动词之后, 行为动词之前, 有时也位于句首或句尾
She will also join the tea m .
3)在否定句中用either, 位于句尾; 但否定句中也可用too, 位于be 动词、助动词和情态动词之前
H e didn t find an answ er to the proble m , and I too didn t find .
Note:too 有时相当于though。
I can t do the work well;I have tried m y best too . 虽然我尽了最大努力, 但这项工作我做不好。
46 . over night和overnight
1)over night 是介词短语, 意为“一夜, 整夜, 在前一夜”, 作时间状语
T hey stayed over night in the open . 他们在户外呆了一夜。
2)overnight 可作副词、动词或形容词。副词overnight 意为“在夜间, 在整个夜里, 在一夜之间, 突然”; 动词overnight意为“过夜”, 为不及物动词; 形容词overnight 意为“夜间的”
Preparations were m ade overnightfor an early start . 整夜都在为早点出发做准备。
47 . a side 和aside
1)a side 是副词短语, 作状语用, 意为“一方, 每一边”
T hey stood ten a side on the sports ground . 他们在操场上每一边站10 人。
2)aside 是副词, 意为“在旁边, 在一边, 到一边”
H e laid the book aside . 他把书放到一边。
48 . want sb . inside 中的inside 是介词还是副词
在I want her inside 一句中, inside 用作副词, 意为“我想让她进来”。“及物动词+ 宾语+副词”是一种很简洁的结构。
H e has gone to the station to see a friend of f . 他去了车站, 为一个朋友送行。
49 . little 作副词的用法
1)little 可以修饰动词
(1)little 可以动词。例如:
T hey m et very little . 他们很少见面。( = rarely)
(2)little 同动词dream , expect, guess, im agine, know , realize, suspect, think 等连用时,表示“毫不, 完全不”, 相当于not at all。
I little drea med that he w ould co me back alive . 我做梦也没想到他会活着回来。
(3)little 同so, as, too, how 连用时也可用作副词。
H e knows the world too little to be a general manager . 他对社会了解太少, 当不了总经理。
(4)little 还可修饰形容词或副词。
His success is little short of a miracle . 他的成功简直就是个奇迹。
50 . nothing 作副词的用法
nothing 可以用作副词, 表示“绝不, 一点也不”, 相当于not the least, never。
H e is nothing worried . 他一点也不担心。
大学英语语法系列讲座 情态动词 中国地质大学（武汉）外语系许峰 情态动词(Modal V erbs)又称为情态助动词(Modal Auxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have，do，be等；二是情态助动词，如may，must，need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气，可表达建议、要求、可能、意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语考试中，情态动词部分主要重点测试以下内容：情态动词+动词完成式。 情态动词must, should, may(might),ought to, can(could),need, would等都可以与动词完成式连用作谓语，其模式为“modal verb+ have+ v-ed”。这类结构表示对过去所发生动作的推测或判断。但是，不同的情态动词所表示的意思又有所不同。 1.must+have+v-ed和can't/couldn't +have+ v-ed “must+ have+ v-ed”表示对过去事情较有把握的、肯定性的推测，常译为“一定”，“准是”，“肯定”。当must用于推测意义时，其否定形式通常不是must not，而是can/could not。“can't/couldn't + have+ v-ed”表示对过去事情的否定性推测，常译为“决不可能”，“不太可能”。 例1：Since the ditch is full of water, it must have raine d last night.既然水沟里积满了水，可见昨天夜里一定是下过雨了。 例2：—You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don't you? —No, officer, I couldn't have been. This car can't do more than 80. ——“你刚开车的速度为每小时100英里，不知道吗?” ——“不，警官先生，我不可能开那么快，因为这辆车每小时的速度不可能超过80英里。” 经典考点1：Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class; She have studied very hard.(CET-4，1989年6月) A)may B)should C)must D)ought to 巧解 本题应选C。must have v-ed表示推测过去某事一定发生了；may/might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事也许发生了；should/ought to have v-ed表示“本应该…”，表达的是对过去所发生的事情的一种责备、埋怨、反悔的情绪。C项符合题意。本题句意是：玛丽的考试分数是班上最高的；她一定学习非常用功。 经典考点2：You her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.(CET-4，1996年1月) A)needn't have seen B)must have seen C)might have seen D)can't have seen 巧解 本题应选D。can't have v-ed表示对过去发生事情的否定推测；D项符题意。needn't+ have v-ed表示过去做了本不必做的事。本题句意是：上星期你不可能在她办公室见到她，她去外地已经两个星期了。 经典考点3：Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.(考研，1991年)
英文语法名称缩略1 语法成分：grammatical elements 1.1词素:morpheme 1.2.词:word 1.3.短语:phrase 1.4.分句:clause 1.5.句子:sentence 2.动词的种类：type of verb 2.1.动词的特征: 2.1.1时态的变化tense， 2.1.2.语态的变化voice，语态voice:分为主动语态action voice和被动语态passive voice 2.1.3语气的变化mood.大致分为三类： 2.1. 3.1.陈诉语气indicative mood 2.1. 3.2.祈使语气imperative mood 2.1. 3.3.虚拟语气subjunctive mood. 2.2动词的分类 2.2.1.限定动词finite verb和非限定动词non-finite verb 2.2.1. 1.限定动词有时态的变化，并且要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。
2.2.1.2.非限定动词指-ing分词（-ing participle，-ing分词分为动名词gerund 和现在分词present participle）、-ed分词(-ed participle)和动词不定式(infinitive)，它们不受时态、人称、数和语气的影响。 2.2.2.主动词main verb(也称实义动词lexical verb/notional verb）和助动词auxiliary verb（又可以分为基本助动词primary auxiliary；情态助动词modal auxiliary) （情态动词modal verb属于助动词。） 2.2. 3.连系动词linking verb和及物动词transitive verb和不及物动词intransitive verb 2.2.4.状态动词stative verb和动态动词dynamic verb 2.3.动词的基本句型(有五种) SVCs：主语+连系动词+主语补足语 SV：主语+不及物动词
小学五年级英语必须掌握的一些英语语法知识 一、时态 1、一般现在时： 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 时间状语：often （经常）,usually （通常）,always （总是）, sometimes （有时），every week （day, year, month ...）, on Sundays,… 基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词 否定形式：①am / is / are + not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为 动词，则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问， 如主语为第三人称单数，则用does,同时，还原行为动词。 2、现在进行时： 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 时间状语：now, look, listen, … 基本结构：am/is/are ＋doing 否定形式：am/is/are ＋not＋doing 一般疑问句：把be 动词放在句首
第三人称单数 一般现在时的肯定句中，主语为第三人称单数的动词变化主 要体现在词尾的变化上，其规律大体有三点： 1. 一般情况下，直接在动词词尾+s，例如：get —gets; take — takes 2. 以s, sh, ch, x, o结尾的动词，在词尾+ es,例如：teach —teaches; wash —washes; go —goes 3. 以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，变y为i，再+ es, 如: study —studies; try —tries 除上述规律外,还应注意下面三点： 1. 动词have，遇到主语是第三人称单数时，要用has;动 词be 的第三人称单数形式是is。 2. 含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子变否定句时,要用 doesn't + 动词原形,如： He goes to school at six in the morning. （变否定句）—He doesn't go to school at six in the morning. 3. 对含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子提问时, 要用助动词does,如： She goes home at five every day. （对划线部分提问）—When /
初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do?
大学英语第三册语法结构分析 (译部分) 1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the president would not 主谓语 Cancel (the trip) under any circumstances. 介状 2. 我们相信他所说的，因为他受过良好的教育，出身于受人尊敬的家庭，更重 要的是他为人可靠。 We believ e what he has said , because he is well-educated , comes 主谓主 from a respectable familly and what’s more , he is reliable. 3. 随后后发生的那些事件证明了我的猜疑是对的。 The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 谓 4. 在赛后举行的记者招待会上，这位足教练因该队表现不佳而向球迷们致歉。 At the press conference held after the game , the football coach apologized to the fans for his team’s poor performance. 5. 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是一个贪官。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty tur ned out to be a corrupt official. 谓语 6. 有少数人得到了提升，在这同时却有数万个人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted , but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7. 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家。 Given the chance , John might have become an outstanding painter.
《英语语法》教学大纲 课程编号：2152102 课程类别：专业课 学时：32 学分： 适用专业：英语专业一年级 先修课程：无 一、课程性质、目的和任务 > 《英语语法》为英语专业基础课，英语语法根据英语专业人才培养的要求，旨在对学生进行英语语法基本理论和基本技能的教育和培养。通过本课程的学习，学生应具有基本的理论知识和应用能力，了解英语语法的一些基本知识与概念，了解英语语言的原理、规则与特点，熟练掌握常用的语法知识，语法体系，具备进一步学习英语语言与英语高级语法的基础，并能够在英语口语、阅读、写作、翻译等实际应用中正确使用英语。 课程任务是帮助学生重点掌握英语语法的核心项目，提高学生在上下文中恰当运用英语语法的能力和运用英语的准确性，使学生对英语语法有一个比较系统的了解并借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。 二、课程教学内容、要求 1．课程教学内容 语法层次；句子结构；主谓一致；名词和名词词组及属格；限定词；代词；动词和动词词组；动词的时和体；将来时间表示法；被动态；虚拟式；助动词；不定式；分词；独立结构；比较等级和比较结构；并列结构；从属结构；关系分句；倒装；省略；替代；语篇衔接 2. 课程教学要求： 1).精讲多练，注重实践2)．以学生为中心组织教学3)．注意培养语篇水平上应用语法知识的能力。 导论：语法层次
第1讲：句子结构 第2、3讲：主谓一致 第4、5讲：名词、名词词组和名词属格 第8、9讲：代词
~ 第10讲：动词和动词词组 第11、12讲：动词的时和体 ￥ 第13讲：将来时间表示法 第14、15讲：被动态 ^ 第16讲：虚拟式
1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与Which...? 1. what 与which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
简单句 谓语动词的变化-时态 So Charles was ahead of the game there, too. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) The marketers are also seeing big opportunities. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。(CET 4, 2014.12,Translation) The bamboo-eating animals are facing a lot of threats. … the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come… (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) But the Internet ’ s tremendous impact has only ju st begun. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) The royal environmentalist has been promoting radical ideas for most of his adult life. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) 谓语动词的变化-情态- 3 - …we can reduce urbanization ’s impact on the environment. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 谓语动词的变化-语态 They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 谓语动词的变化-否定 Governments don ’ t need informers any more. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Sports cannot explain these similarities in performance. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section B) 谓语动词的变化-综合 The urbanization wave can ’ t be stopped … (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版牛津（Oxford）英语词典。(CET 6, 2014.06,Translation) The words tuhao and dama may be included in the new edition of Oxford English Dictionary. 主语宾语表语的变化 名词作主语 Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) That change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) doing作主语 Finding ways to improve the lives of the remaining 20 percent seems more realistic than trying to restore an imaginary golden age. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) to do作主语
三天搞定英语语法 英语语法分为两个部分。一个部分是词法，即词的构成和词的使用规律。另一个部分是句法，即句子的组成和句子的使用方法。 英语语法的特点可以用三句话来表示：1、每个词都有词性；2、每句话都有动词(实意动词或系动词)；3、每句话都必须符合五个基本句型。 三句话用一句话来说，就是，标出句中每一个单词的词性，找出句中所有动词，并标出其种类和相应的句子成分。理解，掌握，运用好这句话，按照一：词性；二：动词种类；三：动词相对应的句子成分；四：从句；五：非谓语动词方法就能透彻理解英语语法体系。 词的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功能，可以分成十个大类。 词类词义英语名称缩写形式例词中译 noun n. student 学生 1、名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名 称。 2、代词主要用来代替名词。pronoun pron. you 你 3、形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征。adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4、数词表示数目或事物的顺序。numeral num. three 三 5、动词表示动作或状态。verb v. cut 砍、割 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 6、副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时 间、地点、程度等。 7、冠词用在名词前,帮助说明名词。article art. a 一个 preposition prep. at 在... 8、介词表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句 子成分的关系。 9、连词用来连接词、短语或句子。conjunction conj. and 和 10、感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。interjection interj. Oh 哦 词性的分类: 修饰: 形容数冠代词名词 （red）（one）（a/the）（my）wood 1.名词 代替: 代词it 形容词the red 数词one
英语中常用前缀、后缀(1) I．常用前缀（Prefixes）(1) anti-: against, opposite 反（对）；抗；非 anti-Japanese, antiwar, antislavery; auto-: of or by oneself 自己（做）的；自己；本身automobile; autobiography; auto-land; auto-criticism be-: cause to be or have 使，使显得；视作befriend; belittle; befool (愚弄, 欺骗, 糟蹋) bi-: two, twice, double 二，双，两倍 bicycle; bimonthly; biweekly; bio-: life 生命，生物 biochemistry; biosphere; biology centi-: hundredth part of 百分之一 centimeter; centigrade (百分度的) co-: with, together（和…）一起；共同, 联合 co-operation; coexist; cohabit con-: with, together（和…）一起；共同, 联合conjoin（联合）; cencentric（同中心的） col-:（用在字母l的前面）共同, 联合collocation （并置） com-: （用在字母m, b, 和p之前）compassion （同情） cor-: （用在字母r之前） correlation（相互关系） contra-: opposite 反对，相反，相对contramissile (反弹道导弹)；contranatural （违反自然的） counter-:Contrary; opposite; opposing与…相反；相对；对立的： counterattack; counterrevolution; de-: showing an opposite, to remove, to reduce 非，相反，除去，减少 decode (解密); devalue; decompose dis-: not, the opposite of 否定，相反disadvantage; disbelief; disavowal (否定, 拒绝) en-:cause to become, put into the stated condition 使成为，使处于…状态 endanger; enlarge em-: (用在字母m, b, 和p之前) 使成为，使处于…状态 embody (体现); empower (授权) ex-: former 以前的，前任的 ex-minister; ex-husband extra-: outside, beyond 超出，在…之外extracurricular (课外的); extraordinary fore-: in advance, before, in or at the front 预先，前，在前面的 foreleg (前腿); forewarn in-: not 不，非，无 inability; indirect; incorrect 英语中的主谓一致问题 1. 如果主语和谓语之间插入一个短语，如as well as, together with, in the accompany of, accompanied by, besides, in additional to, including, except, but, like, unlike, rather than, no less than 等等，这时谓语动词的数要与短语所修饰的主语相一致，这些短语对主语的单复数不构成任何影响。 The manager, together with his wife and children, is going to visit Canada next month. My uncle, as well as his colleagues, is leaving for home on Sunday. 2. 当作主语的名词前有every, each, either, neither, much, little, a little, whole 等修饰时，谓语动词用其单数形式，当有many, several, a few, few, a number of 等修饰时，用复数形式。但many a 修饰的名词后接单数形式的谓语。 Every man and woman is asked to vote. The situation goes against him. Many a boy like football. 当名词前有 all of, some of, most of, half of, the rest of, a lot of, the last, the reminder等修饰时，谓语动词的数要根据该名词的数而定。名词是复数，谓语为复数，反之用单数。 Let’s share the last apple. Half of the apple is for you. There are twenty apples. Half of the apple are for you. All butter is made from milk. Some of the water is polluted. 作主语的名词受数词，百分比，分数的修饰时，谓语动词既可作单数，亦可作复数，要视情况而定。
中考英语语法填空知识点梳理及经典练习(超详细) 一、初三中考语法填空（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。Today almost everyone knows computers and the Internet. If I ask you" What is the most important in your life? ", maybe you will say" Computers and the Internet". The________（one）computer was made in 1946. It was very big but it worked________（slow）. Today computers are getting smaller and smaller. But________work faster and faster. What can computers do? A writer has said, "People can't live________computers today." The Internet came a little later than computers. It is about twenty-three years later than computers. But now it can________（find） almost everywhere. We can use it to read books, write letters, do________（shop）, play games or make friends. Many students like the Internet very much. They often surf the Internet as soon as they are free. They make friends on the Internet and maybe they have never seen these friends. They don't know their real________（name）, ages, and even sex（性别）. They are so________（interest） in making the "unreal friends" that they can't put their hearts into study. Many of them can't catch up with others on many subjects________of that. We can use computers and the Internet to learn more about the world. But at________same time, we should remember that not all the things can be done by computers and the Internet.【答案】first；slowly；they；without；be found；shopping；names；interested；because；the 【解析】【分析】文章大意：文章介绍了电脑的发明时间，以及电脑的用途。还有电脑对我们生活的影响。 （1）句意：第一台电脑是在1946年制造的。根据定冠词the，可知应使用序数词first，故答案是first。 （2）句意：它很大，但是工作得很慢。slow修饰动词worked，应使用副词slowly，故答案是slowly。 （3）句意：但是他们工作的越来越快了。空缺处指代前文的computers，因此使用they，故答案是they。 （4）句意：现在没有了电脑人们不能生活。因为电脑在我们日常生活中越来越重要。所以没有电脑就不能生活，没有without，故答案是without。 （5）句意：但是现在到处都可以发它。主语it 和find是被动关系，应使用被动语态，含有情态动词的被动语态是：情态动词+be+过去分词，故答案是be found。 （6）句意：我们可以用电脑读书、写信和购物，购物do shopping，固定搭配，故答案是shopping。 （7）句意：他们不知道他们真正的名字。name名字，可数名词，根据their可知应使用复数形式，故答案是names。 （8）句意：他们对于结交不真实的朋友那么感兴趣，以致于不能把心思用在学习上。be interested in，对……感兴趣，故答案是interested。 （9）句意：因为这个原因，他们中的许多人在许多课程山上跟不上其他学生。because of
《英语语法》教学大纲 一、课程性质、地位与任务： 语法是语言的组织规则和结构形式，是结合语音文字系统和语义系统的枢纽。它是社会实际语言现象的科学概括。本专业的语法课程要帮助学生系统了解实用英语的语法规则和结构形式，以便能准确掌握英语语言，并用以指导英语语言实践，提高对语言的分析理解能力，有效提高英语实际应用能力。 二、课程的基本要求： 语法课程要传授知识,同时也要服务于培养语言素质和应用能力这个总目标。学习研究语法要着眼语言的社会实践运用，理论联系实际；了解当前语法也要适当了解语言的发展变化；精讲配合多练，从而让学生打好语言基础，提高语言素质。 三、本课程与其他课程的联系： 它是基础阅读课（精读、泛读）的基础，使学生通过大量的联系掌握语法基础，为听说读写提供基本的保障。该课程可使学生更加轻松的学习英语专业的学生在一、二年级精读、泛读课中所学过的语言材料。提升学生的学习兴趣。打下牢固的语言基础。 四、教学内容、基本要求及学时安排： 教学内容：本课程计划学时数为32学时，以赵萍主编的《新编高职高专英语语法教程》为教材。在语法内容结构上，循序渐进，从词素到单词，从单词到句子，从句子到语篇再到语段，环环相扣，从而使学生能够一面把握细节，一面掌握整个的英语语法体系。 课程内容和学时安排 授课次序授课内容学时数1导论、各个词类（名词、冠词、代词、数词、 8 动词、助动词、动名词、形容词、副词、连词 及其介词） 2 动词时态 2 3 被动语态 2
4 虚拟语气 2 5 非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 2 6 句子类型和直接、间接引语 2 7 名词性从句和定语从句 4 8 状语从句和it的用法 2 9 主谓一致 2 10 替代、省略、前置与倒装 2 11 复习及练习 4 教学要求： 第一讲导论、各个词类 1．教学目标：导论：让学生了解语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 掌握名词、限定词、代词、助动词的定义及它们在句子中的功能和用法。形 容词的分类及用法、副词的分类及用法、介词的分类及用法 2．教学内容：导论：语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 名词的类别、限定词的搭配、代词与其先行项的一致、情态助动词的意义。 形容词、副词、介词的类型，形容词作修饰语和补语，副词做修饰语和状语， 介词与其他词类的搭配 第二讲动词时态 1．教学目标：掌握英语中各个时态的用法和部分时态的异同 2．教学内容：动词的分类、一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行体、完成体、完成进行体 和将来时间表示法 第三讲被动语态 1．教学目标：掌握被动态的结构模式、被动态的英汉互译及其使用场合 2．教学内容：几种不同类型动词的被动模式，英汉被动意义表示法和使用被动态的制约因 素 第四讲虚拟语气 1．教学目标：掌握虚拟语气的用法 2．教学内容：虚拟语气的结构模式和在不同场合下的使用 第五讲非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 1．教学目标：掌握不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词的用法 2．教学内容：不定式的结构形式、不定式搭配和ING分词的搭配、ED分词作修饰语 第六讲句子类型和直接、间接引语 1．教学目标：掌握句子的类型，直接引语和间接引语的互换 2．教学内容：句子的的基本形式及其变体，各类句子的间接引语
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？) 3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法： (1)派生名词：①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如： inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge (2)派生形容词：①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥ Chinese; Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如：snowy, sunny,
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句 结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句) ----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。 例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。 例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。 例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。 例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语
reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from