Unit 4 Everyday Use for Your Grandmama
Everyday Use for Your Grandmama 教学目的及重点难点
Objectives of Teaching
To com prehend the whole story
To lean and m aster the vocabulary and expressions
To learn to paraphrase the difficult sentences
To understand the structure of the text
To appreciate the style and rhetoric of the passage.
Important and Difficult points
The comprehension of the whole story
The understanding of certain expressions
The appreciation of the writing technique
Colloquial, slangy or black English
Cultural difference between nationalities in the US
IV. Character Analysis
Dee:
She has held life always in the palm of one hand.
"No" is a word the world never learned to say to her.
She would always look anyone in the eye. Hesitation was no part of her nature.
She was determined to share down any disaster in her efforts.
I. Rhetorical devices:
Parallelism:
chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle
Metaphor:
She washed us in a river of...burned us... Pressed us ...to shove us away stare down any disaster in her efforts...
Everyday Use for your grandmama -- by Alice Walker
Everyday Use for your grandmama
Alice Walker
I will wait for her in the yard that Maggie and I m ade so clean and wavy yester day afternoon. A yard like this is m ore com fortable than most people know. It is not just a yard. It is like an extended living room. When the hard clay is swept clean as a floor and the fine sand around the edges lined with tiny, irregular grooves, anyone can com e and sit and look up into the elm tree and wait for the breezes that never
com e inside the house.
Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, hom ely and asham ed of the burn sc ars down her arm s and legs, eying her sister with a m ixture of envy and awe. She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that "no" is a word the world never learned to say to her.
You've no doubt seen those TV shows where the child who has "made it" is confronted, as a surprise, by her own mother and father, tottering in weakly from backstage. (A Pleasant surprise, of course: What would they do if parent and child cam e on the show only to curse out and insult each other?) On TV mot her and child em brace and smile into each other's face. Som etimes the m other and father weep, the child wraps them in her arms and leans across the table to tell how she would not have m ade it without their help. I have seen these programs.
Sometimes I dream a dream in which Dee and I are suddenly brought together on a TV program of this sort. Out of a cark and soft-seated lim ousine I am ushered into a bright room filled with m any people. There I meet a smiling, gray, sporty m an like Johnny Carson who shakes my hand and tells m e what a fine girl I have. Then we are on the stage and Dee is em bracing m e with tear s in her eyes. She pins on m y dress a large orchid, even though she has told m e once that she thinks or chides are tacky flowers.
In real life I am a large, big-boned woman with rough, m an-working hands. In the winter I wear flannel nightgowns to bed and overalls during the day. I can kill and clean a hog as m ercilessly as a m an. My fat keeps m e hot in zero weather. I can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing; I can eat pork liver cooked over the open tire m inutes after it com es steaming from the hog. One winter I knocked a bull calf straight in the brain between the eyes with a sledge hammer and had the m eat hung up to chill be-fore nightfall. But of course all this does not show on television. I am the way m y daughter would want m e to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barley pan-cake. My hair glistens in the hot bright lights. Johnny Car – son has much to do to keep up with m y quick and witty tongue.
But that is a mistake. I know even before I wake up. Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? Who can even im agine m e looking a strange white m an in the eye? It seem s to m e I have talked to them always with one toot raised in flight, with my head turned in whichever way is farthest from them. Dee, though. She would always look anyone in the eye. Hesitation was no part of her nature.
"How do I look, Mam a?" Maggie says, showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse for m e to know she's there, almost hidden by the door.
"Come out into the yard," I say.
Have you ever seen a lame animal, perhaps a dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car, sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind of him? That is the way m y Maggie walks. She has been like this, chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle, ever since the fire that burned the other house to the
ground.
Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicer hair and a fuller figure. She's a wom an now, though sometimes I forget. How long ago was it that the other house burned? Ten, twelve years? Som etimes I can still hear the flam es and feel Maggie's arms sticking to m e, her hair smoking and her dress falling off her in little black papery flakes. Her eyes seem ed stretched open, blazed open by the flam es reflect-ed in them. And Dee. I see her standing off under the sweet gum tree she used to dig gum out of; a look at concentration on her face as she watched the last dingy gray board of the house tall in toward the red-hot brick chimney. Why don't you do a dance around the ashes? I'd wanted to ask her. She had hated the house that much.
I used to think she hated Maggie, too. But that was before we raised the m oney, the church and m e, to send her to Augusta to school. She used to read to us without pity, forcing words, lies, other folks' habits, whole lives upon us two, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice. She washed us in a river of make-believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn't necessarily need to know. Pressed us to her with the serious way she read, to shove us away at just the mom ent, like dimwits, we seem ed about to understand.
Dee wanted nice things. A yellow organdy dress to wear to her graduation from high school; black pumps to m atch a green suit she'd made from an old suit
som ebody gave m e. She was determined to stare down any disaster in her efforts. Her eyelids would not flicker for minutes at a tim e. Often I fought off the tem ptation to shake her. At sixteen she had a style of her own' and knew what style was.
I never had an education m yself. After second grade the school was closed down. Don't ask me why. in 1927 colored asked fewer questions than they do now.
Som etimes Maggie reads to m e. She stumbles along good-naturedly but can't see well. She knows she is not bright. Like good looks and money, quickness passed her by. She will marry John Thom as (who has mossy teeth in an earnest face) and then I'll be free to sit here and I guess just sing church songs to m yself. Although I never was a good singer. Never could carry a tune. I was always better at a m an's job. 1 used to love to milk till I was hooked in the side in '49. Cows are soothing and slow and don't bother you, unless you try to milk them the wrong way.
I have deliberately turned m y back on the house. It is three rooms, just like the one that burned, except the roof is tin: they don't m ake shingle roofs any more. There are no real windows, just som e holes cut in the sides, like the portholes in a ship, but not round and not square, with rawhide holding the shutter s up on the outside. This house is in a pasture, too, like the other one. No doubt when Dee sees it she will want to tear it down. She wrote m e once that no m atter where we "choose" to live, she will m anage to com e see us. But she will never bring her friends. Maggie and I thought about this and Maggie asked me, Mama, when did Dee ever have any friends?"
She had a few. Furtive boys in pink shirts hanging about on washday after school. Nervous girls who never laughed. Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in
lye. She read to them.
When she was courting Jimmy T she didn't have m uch tim e to pay to us, but turned all her faultfinding power on him. He flew to m arry a cheap city girl from a fam ily of ignorant flashy people. She hardly had time to recompose herself.
When she com es I will meet -- but there they are!
Maggie attempts to m ake a dash for the house, in her shuffling way, but I stay her with m y hand. "Come back here," I say. And she stops and tries to dig a well in the sand with her toe.
It is hard to see them clearly through the strong sun. But even the first glimpse of leg out of the car tells m e it is Dee. Her feet were always neat-looking, as it God himself had shaped them with a certain style. From the other side of the car com es a short, stocky m an. Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. I hear Maggie suck in her breath. "Uhnnnh," is what it sounds like. Like when you see the wriggling end of a snake just in front of your toot on the road. "Uhnnnh."
Dee next. A dress down to the ground, in this hot weather. A dress so loud it hurts m y eyes. There are yel-lows and oranges enough to throw back the light of the sun. I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out. Earrings gold, too, and hanging down to her shoulders. Bracelets dangling and making noises when she m oves her arm up to shake the folds of the dress out of her arm pits. The dress is loose and flows, and as she walks closer, I like it. I hear Maggie go "Uhnnnh" again. It is her sister's hair. It stands straight up like the wool on a sheep. It is black as night and around the edges are two long pigtails that rope about like small lizards disappearing behind her ears.
"Wa-su-zo-Tean-o!" she says, coming on in that gliding way the dress m akes her move. The short stocky fellow with the hair to his navel is all grinning and he follows up with "Asalamalakim, m y mother and sister!" He moves to hug Maggie but she falls back, right up against the back of m y chair. I feel her trembling there and when I look up I see the perspiration falling off her chin.
"Don't get up," says Dee. Since I am stout it takes som ething of a push. You can see m e trying to m ove a second or two before I m ake it. She turns, showing white heels through her sandals, and goes back to the car. Out she peeks next with a Polaroid. She stoops down quickly and lines up picture after picture of m e sitting there in front of the house with Maggie cowering behind me. She never takes a shot without m aking sure the house is included. When a cow com es nibbling around the edge of the yard she snaps it and m e and Maggie and the house. Then she puts the Polaroid in the back seat of the car, and com es up and kisses me on the forehead.
Meanwhile Asalamalakim is going through motions with Maggie's hand. Maggie's hand is as limp as a fish, and probably as cold, despite the sweat, and she keeps trying to pull it back. It looks like Asalamalakim wants to shake hands but wants to do it fancy. Or m aybe he don't know how people shake hands. Anyhow, he soon gives up on Maggie.
"Well," I say. "Dee."
"No, Mama," she says. "Not 'Dee', Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo!"
"What happened to 'Dee'?" I wanted to know.
"She's dead," Wangero said. "I couldn't bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress m e."
"You know as well as m e you was nam ed after your aunt Dicle," I said. Dicie is my sister. She named Dee. We called her "Big Dee" after Dee was born.
"But who was she nam ed after?" asked Wangero.
"I guess after Grandma Dee," I said.
"And who was she nam ed after?" asked Wangero.
"Her mother," I said, and saw Wangero was getting tired. "That's about as far back as I can trace it," I said.
Though, in fact, I probably could have carried it back beyond the Civil War through the branches.
"Well," said Asalamalakim, "there you are."
"Uhnnnh," I heard Maggie say.
"There I was not," I said, before 'Dicie' cropped up in our family, so why should I try to trace it that far back?"
He just stood there grinning, looking down on me like som ebody inspecting a Model A car. Every once in a while he and Wangero sent eye signals over m y head.
"How do you pronounce this nam e?" I asked.
"You don't have to call m e by it if you don't want to," said Wangero.
"Why shouldn't I?" I asked. "If that's what you want us to call you, we'll call you. "
"I know it m ight sound awkward at first," said Wangero.
"I'll get used to it," I said. "Ream it out again."
Well, soon we got the name out of the way. Asalam alakim had a name twice as long and three times as hard. After I tripped over it two or three tim es he told me to just call him Hakim-a-barber. I wanted to ask him was he a barber, but I didn't really think he was, so I don't ask.
"You must belong to those beet-cattle peoples down the road," I said. They said "Asalamalakirn" when they m et you too, but they didn't Shake hands. Always too busy feeding the cattle, fixing the fences, putting up salt-lick shelters, throwing down hay. When the white folks poisoned some of the herd the m en stayed up all night with rifles in their hands. I walked a mile and a half just to see the sight.
Hakim-a-barber said, "I accept som e of their doctrines, but farming and raising cattle is not m y style." (They didn't tell m e, and I didn't ask, whether Wangero (Dee) had really gone and married him.)
We sat down to eat and right away he said he didn't eat collards and pork was unclean. Wangero, though, went on through the chitlins and corn bread, the greens and every-thing else. She talked a blue streak over the sweet potatoes. Everything delighted her. Even the fact that we still used the benches her daddy made for the table when we couldn't afford to buy chairs.
"Oh, Mama!" she cried. Then turned to Hakim-a-barber. "I never knew how lovely these benches are. You can feel the rump prints," she said, running her hands
underneath her and along the bench. Then she gave a sigh and her hand closed over Grandma Dee's butter dish. "That's it!" she said. "I knew there was som ething I wanted to ask you if I could have." She jumped up from the table and went over in the corner where the churn stood, the milk in it clabber by now. She looked at the churn and looked at it.
"This churn top is what I need," she said. "Didn't Uncle Buddy whittle it out of a tree you all used to have?"
"Yes," I said.
"Uh huh, " she said happily. "And I want the dasher,too."
"Uncle Buddy whittle that, too?" asked the barber.
Dee (Wangero) looked up at m e.
"Aunt Dee's first husband whittled the dash," said Maggie so low you almost couldn't hear her. "His name was Henry, but they called him Stash."
"Maggie's brain is like an elephants," Wanglero said, laughing. "I can use the churn top as a center piece for the alcove table,‖she said, sliding a plate over the churn, "and I'll think of som ething artistic to do with the dasher."
When she finished wrapping the dasher the handle stuck out. I took it for a moment in my hands. You didn't even have to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up and down to make butter had left a kind of sink in the wood. In fact, there were a lot of sm all sinks; you could see where thumbs and fingers had sunk into the wood. It was beautiful light yellow wood, from a tree that grew in the yard where Big Dee and Stash had lived.
After dinner Dee (Wangero) went to the trunk at the foot of m y bed and started rifling through it. Maggie hung back in the kitchen over the dishpan. Out cam e Wangero with two quilts. They had been pieced by Grandma Dee and then Big Dee and m e had hung them on the quilt fram es on the front porch and quilted them. One was in the Lone Star pattern. The other was Walk Around the Mountain. In both of them were scraps of dresses Grandma Dee had worn fifty and more years ago. Bit sand pieces of Grandpa Jarrell's Paisley shirts. And one teeny faded blue piece, about the size of a penny m atchbox, that was from Great Grandpa Ezra's uniform that he wore in the Civil War.
"Mama," Wangero said sweet as a bird. "Can I have these old quilts?"
I heard something fall in the kitchen, and a minute later the kitchen door slammed.
"Why don't you take one or two of the others?‖ 1 asked. "These old things was just done by m e and Big Dee from some tops your grandma pieced before she died."
"No," said Wangero. "I don't want those. They are stitched around the borders by m achine."
"That'll m ake them last better," I said.
"That's not the point," said Wanglero. "These are all pieces of dresses Grandma used to wear. She did all this stitching by hand. Imagine!" She held the quilts securely in her arms, stroking them.
"Some of the pieces, like those lavender ones, com e from old clothes her mother handed down to her,‖ I said, m ovi ng up to touch the quilts. Dee (Wangero)
moved back just enough so that I couldn't reach the quilts. They already belonged to her. "Imagine!" she breathed again, clutching them closely to her bosom.
"The truth is," I said, "I promised to give them quilts to Maggie, for when she marries John Thom as."
She gasped like a bee had stung her.
"Maggie can't appreciate these quilts!" she said. "She'd probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use."
"I reckon she would," I said. "God knows I been sav age ‘em for long enough with nobody using 'em. I hope she will! ‖ I didn't want to bring up how I had offered Dee (Wangero) a quilt when she went away to college. Then she had told me they were old-fashioned, out of style.
"But they're priceless!" she was saying now, furiously, for she has a tem per. "Maggie would put them on the bed and in five years they'd be in rags. Less than that!" "She can always m ake some more,‖ I said. "Maggie knows how to quilt. "
Dee (Wangero) looked at m e with hatred. "You just will not understand. The point is these quilts, these quilts!"
"Well," I said,, stum ped. "What would you do with them?"
"Hang them," she said. As it that was the only thing you could do with quilts.
Maggie by now was standing in the door. I could almost hear the sound her feet made as they scraped over each other.
"She can have them, Mam a,‖ she said like somebody used to never winning anything, or having anything reserved for her. "I can 'm ember Grandma Dee without the quilts."
I looked at her hard. She had filled her bottom lip with checkerberry snuff and it gave her face a kind of dopey, hangdog look. It was Grandma Dee and Big Dee who taught her how to quilt herself. She stood there with her scarred hands hidden in the folds of her skirt. She looked at her sister with som ething like fear but she wasn't m ad at her. This was Maggie's portion. This was the way she knew God to work.
When I looked at her like that som ething hit m e in the top of m y head and ran down to the soles of m y feet. Just like when I'm in church and the spirit of God touches m e and I get happy and shout. I did som ething I never had done before: hugged Maggie to m e, then dragged her on into the room, snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangero's hands and dumped them into Maggie's lap. Maggie just sat there on my bed with her mouth open.
"Take one or two of the others," I said to Dee.
But she turned without a word and went out to Hakim-a-barber.
"You just don't understand," she said, as Maggie and I cam e out to the car.
"What don't I under stand?" I wanted to know.
"Your heritage," she said. And then she turned to Maggie, kissed her, and said, "You ought to try to m ake some-thing of yourself, too, Maggie. It's really a new day for us. But from the way you and Mam a still live you'd never know it."
She put on som e sunglasses that hid everything above the tip of her nose and her chin.
Maggie smiled; maybe at the sunglasses. But a real mile, not scared. After we watched the car dust settle I asked Maggie to bring me a dip of snuff. And then the two of us sat there just enjoying, until it was tim e to go in the house and go to bed.
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NOTES
1) Alice Walker: born 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia, America and graduated from Sarah Lawrence College. Her books include The Third Life of Grange Copeland ( 1970 ), Meridian ( 1976 ), The Color Purple(1982), etc.
2)"made it": to become a success, to succeed, either in specific endeavor or in general
3) Johnny Carson: a man who runs a late night talk show
4)hooked: injured by the horn of the cow being milked
5) Jimmy T: 'T' is the initial of the surname of the boy Dee was courting.
6)"Wa-su-zo-Tean-o!": phonetic rendering of an African dialect salutation
7) "Asalamalakim": phonetic rendering of a Muslim greeting
8) Polaroid: a camera that produces instant pictures
9) the Civil War: the war between the North and the South in the U. S.(1861-1865)
10) branches: branches or divisions of a family descending from a common ancestor
11) Ream it out again: "Ream" is perhaps an African dialect word meaning: "unfold, display". Hence the phrase may mean "repeat" or "say it once again"
12) pork was unclean: Muslims are forbidden by their religion to eat pork because it is considered to be unclean.
13) Chitlins: also chitlings or chitterlings, the small intestines of pigs, used for food,
a common dish in Afro-American households
14) rump prints: depressions in the benches made by constant si tting
15) sink: depressions in the wood of the handle left by the thumbs and fingers
Background information
The author wrote quite a number of novels, among them were The Color Purple which won the Pulitzer Prize of Fiction （普利策小说奖）and The Am erican Book Award （美国图书奖）. In 1985, the Color Purple was m ade into a m ovie which won great fam e .
Everyday Use for your grandmama 课文讲解/Detailed Study
Everyday Use for Your Grandmama
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Detailed Study of the Text
1. wavy: having regular curves
A wavy line has a series of regular curves along it.
The wavy lines are m eant to represent water.
Here in the text the word describes the m arks in wavy patterns on t he clay ground left by the broom.
*im age - 1* (此处加一细曲线图)
2. groove: a long narrow path or track made in a surface, esp. to guide the movement of sth.
A groove is a wide, deep line cut into a surface.
The cupboard door slides open along the groove it fits into.
3. homely: simple, not grand, (of people, faces, etc.,) not good-looking, ugly If som eone is homely, they are not very attractive to look at; uased in Am.E.
4. awe: Awe is the feeling of respect and am azement that you have when you are faced with sth. wonderful, frightening or com pletely unknown., wonder
The child stared at him in silent awe.
5. confront: to face boldly or threateningly, encounter
If a problem, task, or difficulty confronts you, or you are confronted with it, it iss sth. that you cannot avoid and m ust deal with
I was confronted with the task of designing and building the new system.
6. totter: to m ove in an unsteady way from side to side as if about to fall, to walk with weak unsteady steps
The old lady tottered down the stairs.
7. limousine: A limousine is a large and very com fortable car, esp. one with a glass screen between the front and back seats. Limousines are usually driven by a chauffeur [ou]
cf:
sedan / saloon is a car with seats for four or m ore people, a fixed roof, and a boot (the space at the back of the car, covered by a lid, in which you carry things such luggage, shopping or tools) that is separate from the seating part of the car convertible: a car with a soft roof that can be folded down or removed
sports car: a low usu. open car with room for only 2 people for traveling with high power and speed
coupe [?ku:pei] a car with a fixed roof, a sloping back, two doors and seats for four people
station wagon (Am E) / estate car (Br.E) a car which has a long body with a door at the back end and space behind the back seats
8. gray / grey: used to describe the colour of people‘s hair when it changes from its original colour, usu. as they get old and before it becom es white
9. tacky: (Am.E, slang) shabby
10. overalls: are a single piece of clothing that combines trousers and a jacket. Your wear overalls over your clothes in order to protect them from dirt, paint, etc. while you are working
The breast pocket of his overalls was filled with tools. (工装裤)
11. hog:
a. a pig, esp. a fat one for eating
b. a m ale pig that has been castrated
c. a dirty person
swine: (old & tech) pig
boar [o:]: male pig on a farm that is kept for breeding
sow [au]: fully grown female pig
12. sledge hammer: large, heavy hammer for swinging with both hands, a large heavy hammer with a long handle, used for sm ashing concrete
13. barley: 大麦
14. pancake: a thin, flat circle of cooked batter (糊状物) made of milk, flour and eggs. usu. rolled up or folded and eaten hot with a sweet or savory f illing inside
15. sidle: walk as if ready to turn or go the other way
If you sidle som ewhere, you walk there uncertainly or cautiously, as if you do not want anyone to notice you
A m an sidled up to m e and asked if I wanted a ti cket for the m atch..
16. shuffle: slow dragging walk
If you shuffle, you walk without lifting your feet properly off the ground
He slipped on his shoes and shuffled out of the room.
If you shuffle, you move your feet about while standing or move your bottom about while sitting, often because you feel uncom fortable or embarrassed.
I was shuffling in my seat.
cf:
totter (n.6), sidle(n. 15), shuffle
17. blaze: to burn with a bright flam e
A wood fire was blazing, but there was no other light in the room.
n. the sudden sharp shooting up of a flam e, a very bright fire
The fire burned slowly at first, but soon burst into a blaze.
18. sweet gum tree: a large North American tree of the witch hazel (榛子) fam ily, with alternate m aplelike leaves, spiny (多刺的) fruit balls, and flagrant juice
美洲金缕梅, 落叶灌木或小乔木. 原产于北美和亚洲. 其分叉小枝从前用为魔杖, 这寻找地下水, 故俗称魔杖.
19. dingy: dirty and faded
A building or place that is dingy is rather dark and depressing and does not seem to have been well looked after,.
This is the dingiest street of the town.
Clothes, curtains, etc. that are dingy are dirty or faded.
20. raise: to collect together
raise an army / raise enough m oney for a holiday
His wife raised the m oney by selling her jewellery.
We‘re trying to raise funds to establish a scholarship.
21. underneath: (so as to go) under (sth..)
The letter was pushed underneath the door.
Did you find very much growing underneath the snow?
(Here it suggests a repressive and imposing quality in her voice.)
22. m ake-believe: a state of pretending or the things which are pretended
She lives in a m ake-believe world / a world of m ake-believe.
Don‘t be afraid of m onster - the story‘s only make-believe.
The little girl m ade believe she was a princess.
23. shove: to push, esp. in a rough or careless way
There was a lot of pushing and shoving to get on the bus.
Help me to shove this furniture aside.
If you shove sb. or sth., you push them with a qu ick, rather, violent m ovement. He dragged her out to the door and shoved her into the street.
24. dimwit: (infml) an ignorant and stupid person
dim: faint, not bright
wit: intelligence, wisdom
at one‘s wit‘s end: at the end of one‘s tether
25. organdy: (Br. E organdie) very fine transparent muslin (麦斯林纱, 平纹细布) with a stiff finish (最后一层涂饰), very fine rather stiff cotton m aterial used esp. for wom en‘s dresses
(蝉翼纱, 玻璃纱)
26. pump: low shoe that grips the foot chiefly at the toe and the heel
27. stare down any disaster in her efforts: face up and defeat any disaster with her efforts
stare down: two people looking at each other persistently until one shifts his eye
28. flicker: to move backwards and forwards unsteadily
shadows flickered on the wall
flickering eyelids
29. stum ble: to stop and /or m ake mistakes in speaking or reading aloud
to catch the foot on the ground while m oving along and start to fall
She stum ble at/over the long word
He stumbled and stopped reading.
cf:
stammer: to speak or say with pauses and repeated sounds, either habitually or because of excitem ent, fear, etc.
stammerer
stutter: to speak or say with difficulty in producing sounds, esp. habitually holding back the first consonant.
stutterer
30. good-naturedly: naturally kind, ready to help, to forgive, not to be angry
A person or animal that is good-natured is naturally friendly and does not easily get angry.
a good-natured policem an
31. m ossy:
moss: any of several types of a sm all flat green or yellow flowerless plant that grows in a thick furry m ass on wet soil, or on a wet surface
32. hook: to catch with or as if with a hook
to hook a fish / a rich husband
hooknose
Here: to attack with the horn of the cow
33. soothe: to m ake less angry, excited or anxious, com fort or calm, to m ake less painful
soothing words
soothe one‘s feelings
34. shingle: a sm all thin piece of building m aterial (such as wood) often with one end thicker than the other for laying in overlapping rows as a covering for the roof or sides of building
cf: tile; a flat or curved piece of fired clay, stone, or concrete used esp. for roofs, floors, or walls and often for ornamental work
35. porthole: also port, a sm all usu. circular window or opening in a ship for light or air
36. shutter: a. one that shuts
b. m ovable cover (wooden panel or iron plate, hinged, or separate and detachable) for a window or door, to keep out light or burglars.
cf: Venetian blinds
The shop front is fitted with rolling shutters.
c. device that opens to admit light through the lens of a cam era
37. pasture: land where grass is grown and where cattle feed on it
38. furtive: stealthy, If sb. is furtive, he / she behaves as if he / she wants to keep sth. secret or hidden
They suddenly looked furtive when I got into the room.
I watched him furtively pencil a note and slip it between the pages.
A wom an with furtive look sidled up to m e and asked furtively whether I had / wanted receipts.
39. hang about: to wait or stay near a place without purpose or activity
40. washday: also washing day, the day when clothes are washed
41. impressed with her: impressed by her m anner,
42. well-turned: (of a phrase) carefully formed and pleasantly expressed
a well-turned phrase: 恰当的词语
43. cute: delightfully pretty and often sm all
If you describe sb. as cute you m ean that you find them attractive, often in a sexual way
44. scald: to burn with hot liquid
He scalded his tongue on / with the hot coffee
scalding: boiling or as hot as boiling
court: If a m an courts a wom an, he pays a lot of attention to her bec ause he wants to m arry her.
45. flashy: over-ornamented, unpleasantly big, bright, etc. and perhaps not of good quality Som ething that is flashy is so sm art, bright and expensive that you find it unpleasant and perhaps vulgar
a flashy sports car / cheap flashy clothes
46. recom pose:
com pose: to m ake (esp. oneself) calm, quiet, etc.
Jean was nervous at first but soon com posed herself.
47. kinky: (esp. of hair) having kinks
kink: a backward turn or twist in hair, a rope, chain, pipe, etc.
48. wriggle: to twist from side to side
49. loud: attracting attention by being unpleasantly colourful
50. rope: (of 2 or more mountain climbers) to be fastened together with the sam e rope
(I think the word here m eans the plaits or the pigtails are fastened together
51. gliding: to m ove noiselessly in a sm ooth, continuous m anner, which seem s easy and without effort
glider: a plane without an engine
52. som ething of a(n)... : (infml) rather a(n), a fairly good
You use the expression som ething of in the follow ing ways. If you say that a person or thing has something of a particular quality, feeling, etc., you m ean that they have it to som e extent.
If you say that a person is som ething of an actor, som ething of a poet, etc., you mean that the person can act, write poetry, etc. to som e extent
Dr. Mitra, a scholar and something of a philosopher
If you say that a situation is som ething of a m ystery / a surprise, etc., you m ean that it is slightly m ysterious, slightly surprising
He is something of a book collector / a liar / a musician.
I am something of a carpenter m yself, you know.
make sth. of oneself: be successful
He is a clever boy--- I hope he'll m ake sth. of himself.
53. peek: (infml) to look at sth. quickly, esp. when one should not
They caught him peeking through the hole at what was going on in the room peep: to look at sth. quickly and secretly
It‘s rude to peep at other people‘s work.
He took a peep at the back of the book to find out the answers to the questions.
Peek & Peep are not clearly distinguisha ble when denoting to see what is concealed, or hidden.
peer: to look very carefully or hard, esp. as if not able to see well
She peered through the m ist, trying to find the right path.
He peered at m e over the top of his glasses.
54. stoop: to bend the head and shoulders forwards and down
55. cower: to bend low and draw back as from fear, pain, shame, cold etc.
56. go through motions with Maggie‘s hand:
Here ―m otions‖ refer to trying to shake hands with Maggie.
If you go through the m otions, you say or do sth. that is expected of you without being very sincere or serious about it. Or you pretend to do sth. by m aking the movements associated with a particular action.
The doctor was sure that the m an wasn‘t ill, but he went thr ough the m otions of examining him.
I can go through the m otions of putting imaginary food into m y m outh.
57. limp: lacking strength or stiffness
n. a way of walking with one foot dragging unevenly
v. to walk with an uneven step, one foot or leg m oving less well than the other
58. There you are: I told you so.
There you are. I knew I was right. That‘s what I expected. I knew you couldn‘t trace it further back.
There I was not: You are not right.
crop up: arise, happen or appear, unexpectedly
Som e difficulties have cropped up at work so I‘ll be late coming hom e tonight.
Literally the sentence in the text could possibly understood as follows:
I was not there before the nam e ―Dicie‖ appeared in our family, so why...
But ―There I was not‖ is obviously a quick, short cut answer to ―there you are‖.
59. Model A car: in 1909 Henry Ford m ass-produced 15 million Model T cars and thus m ade autom obiles popular in the States. In 1928 the Model T was discontinued and replaced by a new design - the Model A - to m eet the needs for growing
com petition in car m anufacturing.
Here he thinks she is quaint, attractive because it is strange and som ething rather old fashioned
60. ream: sl. say it, spit it
61. out of the way: not blocking space for the forward m ovement of
(Here there must be one m isunderstanding either by me or by the editor who explains that as:
We overcam e the difficulty and managed to pronounce it at last)
I will move the chair out of your way.
He ran through the crowd, pushing people out of his way.
Her social life got in the way of her studies.
We got the nam e out of the way: we finished talking about it, we set the problem aside.
When we got topic A out of the way, we discuss topic B.
62. trip: If you trip over something, you knock your foot against som ething when you are walking and lose your balance so that you fall or nearly fall.
I tripped and fell...
She tripped over a stone...
He put each foot down carefully to avoid tripping up.
Here: to m ake a mistake as in a statem ent or behaviour
This lawyer always tries to trip witness up by asking confusing questions.
63. salt-lick shelters: shelters where blocks of rock salt were kept for cattle to lick
64. style: The style of a parti c ular person or group is all the general attitudes, likes, dislikes, and ways of behaving that are characteristic of them.
Purple is not m y style.
Raising cattle is not m y style: I am not interested in raising cattle.
65. gone and married: colloq.
66. collard: 宽叶羽衣甘蓝
67. go on through the chitlins etc.
chitlins: also chitlings, chitterlings: the intestines of hogs esp. when -prepared as food
68. greens: green vegetables
69. talk a blue streak: speak very fast and very m uch
blue streak: sth. that m oves very fast, a constant stream of works
streak: thin line or band, different from what surrounds it
70. rump: the part of an anim al at the back just above the legs. When we eat this part of a cow it is called a rump steak (后腿部的牛排)
(humour) of a human being the part of the body one sits on, bottom
71. her hand closed over the butter dish: A butter dish is a sm all rectangular container which you can sim ply put your hand close over
72. if I could have: here if m eans whether
73. churn: a container in which m ilk is moved about violently until it becom es butter , Am.E a large m etal container in which milk is stored or carried from the farm (搅乳器, 盛奶罐)
74. clabber: (not found in Longman or Collins) curdle --- to form into curds, cause to thicken
75. whittle: to cut (wood) to a sm aller size by taking off sm all thing pieces
76. dasher: a devise having blades for agitating a liquid or semisolid
77. centerpiece: The centerpiece of a set of things that is greatly admired is sth. that you show as the best exam ple of the set
The centerpiece of the m odern navy is the nuclear submarine.
78. alcove: an alcove is a sm all area in a room which is formed by one part of a wall being built further back than the rest of the wall. a partially enclosed extension of a room, often occupied by a bed or by seats, 凹室(see. Oxford)
79. to do with the dasher: use the dasher to m ake sth. artistic
I‘ll do sth. artistic with the dasher
I don‘t know what to do with those books, what to use them for, where to put them Som eone who is artistic is able to create or appreciate good painting, sculpture. Som ething that is artistic relates to art or to artists. A design, arrangement, pattern, etc. that is artistic is beautiful or attractive
80. sink: a depression (part of a surface lower than the other parts) in the land surface
(The rain collected in several depressions on the ground.)
81. rifle: to search through and steal everything valuable out of a place
The thieves rifled his pockets of all their contents.
The burglar rifled the safe.
The bad boy rifled the apple tree.
Here in the text, the word ―rifle‖ means to look thorough to see what to take, and indicates that Dee was trying to find sth. she did not deserve.
82. hung back: be unwilling to act or m ove
The bridge looked so unsafe that we all hung back in fear.
83. piece: to m ake by joining pieces together
84. quilt: to sew, stitch in layers with padding in between
85. Lone Star and Walk Around the Mountain pattern
86. scrap: sm all piece, bit
a scrap of paper
Scrap of bread were thrown to the birds.
There was not a scrap of food left, we‘ve eaten it all.
87. teeny: teeny weeny: also teensy weensy (used esp. to children) very sm all
88. top: the m ost important or worthiest part of anything
89. priceless: of great value
cf: invaluable, priceless, expensive, costly, dear, precious, sumptuous, luxurious valueless: worthless, useless
90. temper: particular state or condition of the mind with regard to anger, an angry, impatient or bad state of mind John is in a temper today.
91. stum p: n. the part of a plant, (esp. a tree) rem aining attached to the root after the trunk is cut
v. put an unanswerable question to, puzzle, perplex
If som ething stumps you, you cannot think of any solution or answer for it
The question has stum ped philosophers since the beginning of tim e.
It‘s unusual for Jeremy to be stum ped for an answer.
You‘ve go m e stumped there.
92. snuff: tobacco m ade into powered for breathing into the nose, esp. used in form er times
93. dopey: [?doupi] showing dullness of the mind or feelings caused or as if caused by alcohol or a drug, sleepy and unable to think clearly, stupid
94. hangdog: (of an expression on the face) asham ed, guilty, cowed
95. portion: an individual’s lot, fate, or fortune, destiny, one’s share of good and evil Utter disaster was my portion.
What would be my portion on the day the enemy invaded?
96. heritage: property that descends to an heir, sth. transmitted by or acquired from Everyday Use for your grandmama 词汇(Vocabulary)
词汇(Vocabulary)
wavy ( adj. ) :like，characteristic of，or suggestive of waves波状的；有起伏的
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groove ( n.) :a long，narrow furrow or hollow cut in a surface with a tool纹(道)；纹槽
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elm ( adj.) : designating a fam ily(Ulmaceae)of trees growing largely in the N．Temperate Zone[植]榆科的
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totter ( v.) :be unsteady on one's feet；stagger蹒跚而行
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------limousine ( n.) :any large luxurious sedan，esp. one driven by a chauffeur(配有司机的)高级轿车
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sporty ( adj.) :characteristic of a sport or sporting m an运动员似的
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tacky ( adj.) : untidy；neglected；unrefined；vulgar劣等的；破旧的；粗俗的
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flannel ( n.) :a soft，lightweight，loosely woven woolen cloth with a slightly napped surface法兰绒
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barley ( n.) :a cereal grass(Hordeum vulgare and related species)with dense，bearded spikes of flowers，each m ade up of three single—seeded spikelets大麦
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lame (adj. ) :crippled；disabled；esp. having an injured leg or foot that m akes one limp瘸的；残废的
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sidle ( v．) :m ove sideways，esp. in a shy or stealthy m anner(羞怯或偷偷地)侧身行走
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shuffle ( n.) :a slow dragging walk拖着脚走
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papery ( adj.) :thin，light，etc．1ike paper(在厚薄、质地等方面)像纸的
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dingy (adj.) :dirty—colored；not bright or clean；grimy昏暗的，不明亮的；不干净的；无光泽的；弄脏了的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------make—believe ( n.) :①n. pretense；feigning假装；虚假②adj. pretended；feigned；sham假装的；虚假的
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dimwit ( n.) :[slang]a stupid person；simpleton[俚]蠢人，笨蛋，傻子
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------organdy ( n.) : very sheer，crisp cotton fabric used for dresses，curtains，etc．蝉翼纱；玻璃纱(一种细薄的透明布)
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pump ( n.) :．a low—cut shoe without straps or ties一种浅口无带皮鞋
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flicker ( v．) :move with a quick，light，wavering motion摇曳，摇动；晃动
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mossy ( adj.) : full of or covered with m oss or a mosslike growth生了苔的；多苔的；苔状的
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hook ( v．) :attack with the horns，as a bull；gore(牛等以角)抵破，抵伤
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shingle ( n.) :a thin，wedgeshaped piece of wood，slate, etc．1aid with others in a series of overlapping rows as a covering for roofs and the sides of the houses屋顶板；木瓦
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------porthole ( n.) :an opening in a ship's side，as for admitting light and air(船侧采光、通气的)舷窗；舱口
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rawhide ( adj. ) :done or acting in a stealthy m anner，as if to hinder observation；surreptitious；stealthy；sneaky；secret鬼鬼祟祟的，偷偷摸摸的；秘密的
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cute ( adj.) :[Am．colloq．]pretty or attractive，esp. in a delicate or dainty way[美口]漂亮的，俏的，迷人的；逗人喜爱的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------scalding ( adj.) :fierce in attacking in words措辞尖锐的
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lye ( n.) :any strongly alkaline substance，usually sodium or potassium hydroxide，used in cleaning，making soap，etc．碱液
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recom pose ( v. ) : restore to com posure使恢复镇静
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stocky ( adj.) :heavily built；sturdy；short and thickset矮胖的；结实的
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Historical Development of Matertials and Technology The common engineering materials include metals, cementing materials, concrete building stones, clay products, insulating materials, timber. Some of them are described here from the stand-point of occurrence, manufacture, properties, methods of testing, and use. The development of materials with improved properties is a vital phase of engineering. Progress in engineering construction has been dependent on the availability of materials of suitable physical properties in large quantities; for example, the development of the modern automobile was critically dependent on availability of high quality alloy steels, and the all-metal airplane was made possible by the development of light weight high-strength alloys. ◆Phase: 相；阶段。 ◆a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part of something's development Example： phase two of the development is in progress. ◆第二阶段开发正在进行中。 ◆Vital: 必要的，必不可少的。 ◆it is vital that the system is regularly maintained.这个系统有必要 经常维修。
1 While some studies have suggested that frequent use of cell phones causes increased risk of brain and mouth cancers, others have found no such links. But since cell phones are relatively new and brain cancers grow slowly, many experts are now recommending taking steps to reduce exposure. by bruce stutz 一些研究显示，经常使用手机会增加得脑部和口腔癌症的几率。有的研究却没发现两者之间有什么联系。但是，手机算是个新兴事物，而脑癌发展也缓慢，许多专家还是建议减少使用手机。 2 Does your cell phone increase your risk of brain cancer? Does it affect your skin or your sperm viability? Is it safe for pregnant women or children? Should you keep it in your bag, on your belt, in your pants or shirt pocket? Should you use a hands-free headset? Are present cell phone safety standards strict enough? 手机会增加得脑癌的几率吗？会不会影响皮肤或者精子活性？使用手机对孕妇或孩子安全吗？应该把手机放在哪，包里、衣服口袋，还是挂在腰带上？打电话的时候要用耳机吗？现在的手机安全标准够不够严？ 3 You don’t know? You’re not alone. 你不知道？这很正常。 4 With some 4 to 5 billion cell phones now in use worldwide and hundreds of studies seeking evidence of their health effects published in peer-reviewed journals over the last 10 years, there’s precious little scientific certainty over whether cell phones pose any danger to those using them. For nearly every study that reports an effect, another, just as carefully conducted, finds none. All of which leaves journalists, consumer advocates, regulatory agencies, politicians, industry spokespersons, and cell phone users able to choose and interpret the results they prefer, or ignore the ones they don’t. 如今，全世界共有40-50亿手机正在使用。过去十年里，成百上千的研究也在致力于寻找手机影响健康的证据，并在相关刊物上发表论文。但还没有确凿的证据能证明，使用手机损害健康。几乎没有研究发现手机对健康有不良影响。但这还是没影响到政治家、新闻记者、管理机构、产业发言人、消费者保护团体，还有消费者自己，选择他们喜好的结果去理解，忽略不喜欢的那些。 5 Do you, for instance, cite the studies that report adverse effects on sperm viability and motility, due to exposure to cell phone radiation or the studies that showed no —or mixed —results? 6 Do you cite the 2001 study that found increased incidence of uveal melanoma (a cancer of the eye) among frequent cell phone users, or the 2009 study by the same authors that, in reassessing their data, found no increase? 2001年的研究显示，常用手机的人患葡萄膜黑色素瘤（一种眼内癌症）几率会增大。2009年这些研究员又发表报告称，他们再分析当年的数据时，又不能确
Part I Reading comprehension (40%) 共四篇，其中一篇来自教材，占10%； Passage 6 1. 1) Yes, it is. 2) Once the technology had evolved, it became possible. It is just a matter of time. 3) The faster you go, the slower time seems to move for you with respect to everyone else. This concept is known as “time dilation.” 4) travel at the speed of light; 5) If your speed finally reaches the speed of light then time actually stands still, exceed the speed of light and its thought that time will start to flow backward. 6) An effect of Relativity is that the faster you go, the heavier you become and as you reach the speed of light, you become infinitely heavy. 7) The technique is called “quantum tunneling”. It is used by electrons orbiting around atoms to instantly move from point A to point B without passing through the space between. 8)It is actually only technology stopping us from doing it. 2. 1) 即使如我面前的杯子这么普通的东西也可以说某种程度上掌握了时间旅行。它在桌子上放着，看似无所事事，然而实际上正在穿越时空，无情地，它的速度是每天走一天。 2）如果我跑到这咖啡店的速度接近光速，当我坐下来时，我的年龄小于我周围的人。实际上，我已经走到他们的未来。 3) 剩下的就是当宇宙倒退时，以这个速度飞行，在适当的时候减速，然后在1973年7月突然出现，那是有史以来最伟大的时刻——我出生啦。 Passage 7 1. 1)By altering the function of one gene, the life span of a species of roundworm could be
浅谈商务英语的特点及英译汉翻译技巧 目录 中文摘要 (1) 英文摘要 (2) 提纲 (3) 正文 (4) 参考文献 (8)
浅谈商务英语的特点及英译汉翻译技巧 摘要：随着世界经济一体化的不断深化和扩展，国际商务活动日益频繁，商务英语的作用也变得日益显著，本文以商务英语作为实用英语语言工具的角度，对其显著的特点以及对应的英译汉翻译技巧进行简要分析，这有助于人们更好地学习商务英语，更好地进行商务沟通，取得国际经济贸易的成功。 关键词:商务英语；特点；英译汉；翻译技巧
On the Study of the Characteristic of Business English and Its E-C Translation Skills Abstract:As the world continues to deepen economic integration and expansion of international business having become increasingly frequent, the role of Business English is becoming increasingly significant, the paper business English as a practical tool for English language point of view.Its significant features, as well as the English translation of the corresponding Chinese translation skills to carry out a brief analysis, which helps business people to learn better English, better for business communication, international economic and trade success. Key words: business English; features; English-Chinese translation; translation skills
my friend and I are taking a , we are seeing a boy sit on the chair,he is crying,we go and ask him.“what’s the matter with you” he tell us“I can’t find my dog can you help me”.“yes,I can”.And we help him find his dong .oh it stay under the big tree! 今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上，他哭的很伤心。我们走过去问他：“你怎么了”。他告诉我们：“我的狗不见了，你们能帮我找到它吗”。“是的，我们能帮你找到你的狗”然后我们帮助他找到了他的狗，原来是它呆在一棵大树下。 day an old man siselling a big young man comes to the elephant and begins to look at it old man goes up to him and says inhis ear,“Don't sa y anything about the elephant before I sell it,then i'll give you some money.”“All right,”says the young the old man slles the elephant,he gives the young man some money and says,“Now,can you tell me how you find the bad ears of theelephant?”“I don't find the bad ears,”says the young man.“Then why do you look at the elephant slowly?”asks the old young man answers,“Because I never see an elephant before,and I want to know what it looks like.” 一天，一个老的男人正在卖一头大象。一个年轻的男人走向大象然后开始慢慢看着它（大象），这个老的男人走向他对着他的耳朵说，“不要在我卖出它（大象）之前说关于它（大象）的事，然后我会给你一些钱。”“好的”，这个年轻的男人说。在这个老的男人卖出大象后，他给了年轻的男人一些钱并且说，“现在，你可以告诉我你是怎样知道大象的坏的耳朵了吧？”“我不知道坏的耳朵”，这个年轻的男人说。“然后为什么你慢慢的看着大象？”这个老的男人问。这个年轻的男人回答，“因为我在这之前从来没有见过大象，还有我想知道它（大象）是什么样子的。” 3.An old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. One day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. But she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it.? Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat said, "Do not hit your old servant. I have worked for you for many years, and I would work for you still, but I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young."? 一位老妇有只猫，这只猫很老，它跑不快了，也咬不了东西，因为它年纪太大了。一天，老猫发现一只老鼠，它跳过去抓这只老鼠，然而，它咬不住这只老鼠。因此，老鼠从它的嘴边溜掉了，因为老猫咬不了它。? 于是，老妇很生气，因为老猫没有把老鼠咬死。她开始打这只猫，猫说：“不要打你的老仆人，我已经为你服务了很多年，而且还愿意为你效劳，但是，我实在太老了，对年纪大的不
United 1 材料科学与工程 材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。如交通、房子、衣物，通讯、娱乐和食物的生产，实际上，我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。实际上，早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名，如石器时代，铜器时代。早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料，如石头、木材、粘土等。渐渐地，他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料，这些新材料包括陶器和金属。进一步地，人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。在这点上，材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。也就是说，在一系列非常有限的材料中，根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。这个大约是过去的 60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。因此，成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。比如，没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。在现代，复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件. 材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。严格地说，材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料，而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系，和/或发展材料加工新技术。多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。简单地说，材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。在原子水平上，结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。在更大的结构领域上，其包括大的原子团，这些原子团通常聚集在一起，称为“微观”结构，意思是可以使用某种显微镜直接观察得到的结构。最后，结构单元可以通过肉眼看到的称为宏观结构。 “Property”一词的概念值得详细阐述。在使用中，所有材料对外部的刺激都表现出某种反应。比如，材料受到力作用会引起形变，或者抛光金属表面会反射光。材料的特征取决于其对外部刺激的反应程度。通常，材料的性质与其形状及大小无关。实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。对于每一种性质，其都有一种对特定刺激引起反应的能 力。如机械性能与施加压力引起的形变有关，包括弹性和强度。对于电性能，如电导性和介电系数，特定的刺激物是电场。固体的热学行为则可用热容和热导率来表示。磁学性质
Why We're Fat 1 So why is obesity happening? The obvious, clichéd-but-true answer is that we eat too much high-calorie food and don't burn it off with enough exercise. If only we had more willpower, the problem would go away. But it isn't that easy. 为什么会有肥胖症？一个明显、老生常谈但又真实的答案就是我们吃太多高热量食物并且没有进行足够的运动消耗它。要是我们的意志力更强大，这个问题便迎刃而解了。但是，问题并不是那么简单。 2 When warned about the dangers of overeating, we get briefly spooked and try to do better. Then we're offered a plateful of pancakes smothered in maple syrup, our appetite overpowers our reason, and before we know it, we're at it again. Just why is appetite such a powerful driver of behavior, and, more important, how can we tame it? 当我们被警告说吃得太多的时候，一时总会被吓倒并努力做好一些。然后一碟涂满槭糖浆的煎饼摆在面前，我们的食欲战胜了我们的理智，等到我们意识到它的时候，我们又重蹈覆辙了。到底为什么食欲具有如此强大的推动力？更重要的是，我们怎么才能够控制它？ 3 Within the past few years, science has linked our ravenous appetites to genes and hormones. Among the hormones that fuel these urges are ghrelin and leptin, known as the "hunger hormones." Ghrelin is produced mostly by cells in the stomach lining. Its job is to make you feel hungry by affecting the hypothalamus, which governs metabolism. Ghrelin levels rise in dieters who lose weight and then try to keep it off. It's almost as if their bodies are trying to regain the lost fat. This is one reason why it's hard to lose weight and maintain the loss. 近几年来，科学将我们迫不及待要吃的食欲跟基因和激素联系起来。激起这些强烈的欲望的激素有胃促生长素和消瘦素，也被称作“饥饿激素”。胃促生长素主要由胃保护层的细胞产生。它的职责是影响控制新陈代谢的下丘脑，让你感到饥饿。当节食者减肥并且努力维持减肥效果，他的胃促生长素水平就会升高。就像他们的身体要试图恢复失去的脂肪。这是为什么很难减肥并维持减肥效果的原因之一。 4 Leptin turns your appetite off and is made by fat cells. Low leptin levels increase your appetite and signal your body to store more fat. High leptin levels relay the opposite signal. Many obese people have developed a resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin and never feel satisfied, no matter how much they eat. Basically, your body uses these hormones to help you stay at your weight and keep you from losing fat —which is another reason why dieting can be so difficult. 消瘦素消除你的食欲，它来自脂肪细胞。低消瘦素水平增加你的食欲并通知你的身体储存更多的脂肪。高消瘦素水平传递相反的信号。很多肥胖的人已经形成了一种对消瘦素抑制食欲效应的抵抗，不管他们吃多少也从不感到满足。从根本上说，你的身体利用这些激素帮助你保持现在的体重，不让你的脂肪流走——这是节食如此之难的另外一个原因。
第一单元环境 大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。 由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统已经遭到破坏，其中包括干净的水源、纯净的空气，以及稳定的气候。 以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。据报告分析，随着人类对食物、淡水、木材、纤维以及燃料等资源的需求日趋激增，环境发生了极大的变化，引发了诸如滥伐森林、化学污染等问题。因此，该报告的作者警告说，照此下去，本已岌岌可危的生态环境将会在21世纪的上半叶急剧恶化。 这项历史性的研究由来自世界95个国家的政府部门以及民间组织的1,300多位科学家共同完成。四年来，他们考察了地球上许多生物的生长环境、物种以及将他们联系起来的生态体系。联合国环境规划署对该报告进行了编辑整理并于昨天在中国北京公布了研究结果。 在公布该报告的新闻发布会上，联合国秘书长科菲·安南指出：“只有了解环境及其运作过程，我们才能制定出必要的决策加以保护。”他还说，“只有珍惜所有宝贵的自然资源和人类资源，我们才有希望去建设一个可持续发展的未来。” 对社会经济的影响 该报告对自然界的大部分生物多样性持悲观态度，地球上可能有10%—30%的哺乳动物，鸟类以及两栖动物濒临灭绝。 这次大规模生态调查是根据安南的《千年发展目标》展开的，该发展目标是由联合国发起的，旨在2015年之前大幅度缓解饥饿与极度贫困等社会经济问题。 总部位于内罗毕的联合国环境规划署执行主席克劳斯·托普弗说：“从某些方面来说，《千年生态系统评估综合报告》让我们首次认识到生态系统服务功能的经济价值，并使我们对尊重和保护地球生命维护系统有了新的见解。” 目前由于人类社会对地球环境的开发利用，食物供应不断增加，然而增长的速度仍然太慢，难以完成联合国制定的在2015年前消除全球一半饥饿的目标。 报告还说，过度使用生态系统的负面影响还包括渔业的衰退，含有大量沉积物的河口周围近海“死亡区”的出现，水质的变化以及不可预测的区域性气候等。 此外，森林的滥伐和其他生态系统的巨大改变也加剧了诸如疟疾、霍乱等疾病的传播，并使已有传染病分化出新的类别。 根据该报告，水资源体系的变化会增加毁灭性洪灾的爆发频率和程度。在20世纪90年代，洪灾造成的死亡人数超过10万，损失约2,430亿美元。
医学论文英语摘要的写作及难句翻译 [摘要] 2.1 文章标题文章标题具备信息功能（提供文章的主要内容）、祈使功能（吸引读者阅读和购买）、美感功能（简单明了、新颖、醒目）和检索功能（方便读者和科技工作者检索、查阅及引用）。 2.2 语态在英语中却常常采用第三人称的被动语态。 2.3 时态：一般现在时和一般过去时，偶尔也会出现完成时。 结论”中的一句，是论文作者对研究工作进行的总结，并指出其对当前实际工作的指导意义，因此使用的是一般现在时。当然，使用何种时态不能一概而论。在翻译时，要根据原文中所要表达的意思来最后确定。 3 长、难句的翻译 不管是英语还是汉语医学文章，都有一个共同的特点，即它们的句子通常较长，结构较复杂，有时，长长的一段文字仅由一句话组成。在医学论文摘要中更是如此，要做好它们的互译还真不容易。这是因为汉语句子建构在意念主轴(thought?pivot)上'英语句子建构在形式（或主谓）主轴(form?pivot or subject? predict?pivot)上。也就是说，虽然句子是表达完整意义的语言单位，汉语强调的是意义，不太强调句子结构，许多句子没有主语，还有的句子主语不明显，但意义是明确的；而英语句子特别强调句子结构，绝大多数句子需要主语和谓语。这就要求在汉译英过程中注意句意的转换，学会抓找中心词和使用英语中的各个关联词。请看下列例子 例1：“以BPDE诱导恶性转化的人支气管上皮细胞株16HBE为模型，采用cDNA代表性差异分析方法，比较转化细胞及正常对照细胞间基因表达的差异，分离恶变细胞中差异表达的cDNA片段。”翻译：The malignant transformation of human bronchial cell line 16HBE induced by BPDE was used as a m odel for comparing gene expression between the transformed cells and controls. cDNA representational difference analysis was performed to isolate differentially expressed cDNA fragment in transformed cell s.分析：在中文原句中，出现了“以……”、“采用……”以及“比较……”、“分离……”这两个看似并列的机构'如果按照原文翻译'就会不知所云。因此，根据句意和英语的句子结构，将原文分成两层意思，按照两个句子去翻译。在第一层意思中，“上皮细胞株”在句中是中心词，但在实际翻译中，应通过所有格形式将“恶性转化”处理为中心词。翻译时，将它们的位置颠倒过来，并且为了保持和中文“以…”结构相一致，使用了被动语态。第二层意思中，“c DNA代表性差异分析方法”是中心词。其他结构按照英文习惯出现，层次分明，出落自然，毫无累赘之感。 例2：“这些感受器是神经末梢，它们嵌入血管壁，根据该血管扩张的程度发出冲动。”翻译：These r eceptors are nerve endings that discharge impulses according to the extent of stretch in the wall of the vessels in which they are imbedded.分析：原文虽然不是太长'但如果按照中文结构去译'就显得很幼稚。因此'就应使用英语中的各个关联词及关联结构。本句中采用的是定语分译法'即用一个主句带上一个定语从句'该定语从句又带上它自己的定语从句'这不仅符合英文习惯'而且逻辑性很强。整个译文层次明晰、流畅自然。以上是笔者在工作中的一些探索'希望能对进行医学论文英语摘要写作的医务工作者有所启发。 翻译的等效性和灵活性 1. 正确理解“等效翻译”
Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every human being's heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what's next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young. 无论是60岁还是16岁，你需要保持永不衰竭的好奇心、永不熄灭的孩提般求知的渴望和的欢乐与热情。在你我的心底，有一座无线电台，它能在多长里接收到人间万物传递来的、、欢乐、鼓舞和力量的信息，你就会年轻多长时间。 An individual human existence should be like a river—small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. 应当像河流，开始是涓涓细流，受两岸的限制而十分狭窄，尔后奔腾咆哮，翻过危岩，飞越瀑布，河面渐渐开阔，河岸也随之向两边隐去，最后水流平缓，森森无际，汇入大海之中，个人就这样地消失了。 Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity,of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease.This often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy of twenty.Nobody grows old merely by a number of years.We grow old by deserting our ideals. 意味着战胜懦弱的那股大丈夫气概和摈弃安逸的那种冒险精神。往往一个60岁的老者比一个20岁的青年更多一点这种劲头。人老不仅仅是岁月流逝所致，更主要的是不思进取的结果。 Years may wrinkle the skin,but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust. 光阴可以在颜面上留下印记，而热情之火的熄灭则在上刻下皱纹。烦恼、恐惧、会扭曲人的灵魂，并将青春化为灰烬。 爱情的世界很大也很小 The love world is big, which can hold hundreds of disappointments; the love world is small which is crowded even with three people inside. 原来的世界很大，大到可以装下上百种委屈； 原来爱情的世界很小，小到三个人就挤到窒息。 To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world. 对于世界而言，你是一个人；但是对于某个人，你是他的整个世界。 Don’t waste your time on a man/woman, who isn’t willing to waste their time on you. 不要为那些不愿在你身上花费的人而浪费你的时间。
1.2 总线互连 总线是连接两个或多个设备的通信通路。总线的关键特征是，它是一条共享传输介质。多个设备连接到总线上，任一个设备发出的信号可以为其他所有连接到总线上的设备所接收。如果两个设备同时传送，它们的信号将会重叠，引起混淆。因此，一次只能有一个设备成功地（利用总线）发送数据。 典型的情况是，总线由多条通信通路或线路组成，每条线(路)能够传送代表二进制1和0的信号。一段时间里，一条线能传送一串二进制数字。总线的几条线放在一起能同时并行传送二进制数字。例如, 一个8位的数据能在8条总线线上传送。 计算机系统包含有多种不同的总线，它们在计算机系统层次结构的各个层次提供部件之间的通路。连接主要计算机部件(处理机, 存储器, I/O)的总线称为系统总线。系统总线通常由50~100条分立的(导)线组成。每条线被赋予一个特定的含义或功能。虽然有许多不同的总线设计，但任何总线上的线都可以分成三个功能组：数据线、地址线和控制线。此外可能还有为连接的模块提供电源的电源线。 数据线提供系统模块间传送数据的路径，这些线组合在一起称为数据总线。典型的数据总线包含8、16或32根线，线的数量称为数据总线的宽度。因为每条线每次传送1位，所以线的数目决定了每次能同时传送多少位。数据总线的宽度是决定系统总体性能的关键因素。 地址线用于指定数据总线上数据的来源和去向。例如，如果处理机希望从存储器中读一个字的数据，它将所需要字的地址放在地址线上。显然，地址总线的宽度决定了系统最大可能的存储器容量。 控制线用来控制对数据线和地址线的访问和使用。由于数据线和地址线被所有部件共享，因此必须用一种方法来控制它们的使用。控制信号在系统模块之间传送命令和定时信息。定时信息指定了数据和地址信息的有效性，命令信号指定了要执行的操作。 大多数计算机系统使用多总线，这些总线通常设计成层次结构。图1.3显示了一个典型的高性能体系结构。一条局部总线把处理机连接到高速缓存控制器，而高速缓存控制器又连接到支持主存储器的系统总线上。高速缓存控制器集成到连接高速总线的桥中。这一总线支持连接到：高速LAN、视频和图形工作站控制器，以及包括SCSI 和FireWire的局部外设总线的接口控制器。低速设备仍然由分开的扩充总线支持，用一个接口来缓冲该扩充总线和高速总线之间的通信流量。 PCI 外部设备互连是流行的高带宽的、独立于处理机的总线，它能够作为中间层或外围设备总线。当前的标准允许在66MHz频率下使用多达64根数据线，其原始传输速率为528MB/s, 或4.224Gbps。PCI被设计成支持各种各样基于微处理机的配置，包括单处理机和多处理机的系统。因此，它提供了一组通用的功能。PCI使用同步时序以及集中式仲裁方案。 在多处理机系统中，一个或多个PCI配置可通过桥接器连接到处理机的系统总线上。系统总线只支持处理机/高速缓存单元、主存储器以及PCI桥接器。使用桥接器使得PCI独立于处理机速度，又提供快速接收和传送数据的能力。 2.1 光存储介质：高密度存储器 2.1.1 光盘 光盘技术最终可能使磁盘和磁带存储淘汰。用这种技术，磁存储器所用的读/写头被两束激光代替。一束激光通过在光盘上刻制微小的凹点，对记录表面进行写；而另一束激光用来从光敏感的记录表面读取数据。由于光束容易被偏转到光盘上所需要的位置，所以不需要存取臂。 对用户而言，光盘正成为最有吸引力的选择。它们(光盘)对环境变化不太敏感，并且它们以每兆字节比磁盘低得多的存储器价格提供更多的直接存取存储器。光盘技术仍在出现，并且还需要稳定；然而，目前有三种主要类型的光盘。它们是CD-ROM、WORM盘和磁光盘。 CD-ROM 1980年引入的，非常成功的CD，或紧密盘是设计来提高音乐的录音重放质量的光盘。为了制作一张CD，把音乐的模拟声音转换成等价的数字声音，并且存储在一张4.72英寸的光盘上。在每张光盘上可以用数字格式（用20亿数字位）记录74分钟的音乐。因为它的巨大存储容量，计算机工业的企业家们立刻认
核电与核辐射 1986 年4 月26 日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400 颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响 几乎一无所知。这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100 平方英里的区域。 1994 年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。我们对此非 常着迷。”贝克回忆说。当Baker 和Chesser 对田鼠的DNA 进行测序时，他们没有发现 异常的突变率。他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里 是原子野生动物保护区。2003 年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20 周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极 影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。 五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。Mousseau 到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆 勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。他们发现该地区家燕的数 量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。在过去13 年发表的60 多篇论文中，Mousseau 和Moller 指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生 了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。 包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。贝克在2006 年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。 我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。辐射暴露的安全标准基于LSS。然而，LSS 留下了关于低剂量辐射影响的大问题没有得到解答。大多数科学家都同意，没有所谓 的“安全”辐射剂量，无论剂量有多小。小剂量是我们最不了解的。LSS 并没有告诉我们多 少低于100 毫西弗(mSv)的剂量。例如，引起基因突变需要多少辐射，这些突变是可遗传 的吗?辐射诱发的疾病(如癌症)的机制和遗传生物标记物是什么? 三重危机2011年 3月福岛第一核电站创建另一个生活摩梭实验室和穆勒可以研究低 剂量的辐射,复制他们的切尔诺贝利核事故研究和允许他们“更高的信心,影响我们看到有关辐射,而不是其他因素,“摩梭说。福岛310平方英里的隔离区比切尔诺贝利小，但在其他方面 是一样的。这两个区域都包括被遗弃的农田、森林和城市地区，在这些地区，辐射水平在 短距离内变化数量级。而且几乎可以肯定，他们进入福岛的速度比科学家进入苏联控制的 切尔诺贝利的速度还要快。简而言之，福岛事件提供了一个解决争议的机会。 福岛核事故发生后的几个月里，穆萨乌和莫勒就开始在这座正在冒烟的核电站以西受污染的山林里清点鸟类数量，但他们无法进入这个区域，亲眼看看家燕的情况。最后，在2013 年6 月，穆萨乌是首批获准完全进入福岛禁区的科学家之一。 对辐射的敏感度在生物和同一物种的个体之间有很大的差异，这是重要的原因之一，不要从蝴蝶推断到家燕或从田鼠推断到人类。蝴蝶对辐射特别敏感，Mousseau 说。2012年8 月，在线期刊《科学报告》(Scientific Report)发表了一篇论文，研究福岛核泄漏对淡草蓝 蝶的影响。冲绳县琉球大学的生物学教授大木若二(Joji Otaki)透露，在这种不雅行为发生两个月后，在福岛附近采集的蝴蝶出现了翅膀、腿和眼睛畸形的情况。Mousseau 和Moller 对切尔诺贝利和福岛昆虫的调查显示，蝴蝶作为一个群体数量急剧下降。但御宅族