Part one: English Literature
Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴
1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the
measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature
and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best
representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.
莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四
行诗引进英国。
6.The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.
英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。
7.The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of
language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter,
rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the
emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。
8.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe,
William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。
9.Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是
英国历史上最重要的散文家。
(I)Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞
10.the theme of Redcrosse is not “Arms and the man,” but something more
romantic-“Fierce wars and faithful loves.”《仙后》的主题并非“男人与武器”，而是更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。
11.It is Spenser?s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make
him known as “the poets? poet.”正是斯宾塞的理想主义，对美的热爱以及精美
优雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人”。
(II)Christopher Marlowe克利斯朵夫.马洛
12.As the most gifted of the “University Wits,” Marlowe composed six plays within
his short lifetime. Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I & II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II.马洛是当时“大学才子”中最富才华的人，在他短暂的一生中，他完成了六部剧本的创作。其中最负盛名的是：《帖木尔》，《浮士德博士的悲剧》，《马耳他岛的犹太人》以及《爱德华二世》。
13.Marlowe?s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made
it the principal medium of English drama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗，并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。
14.Marlowe?s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English
drama.马洛的第二项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。
15.His brilliant achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence as the pioneer of
English drama.他对戏剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的，为此，它被后世尊为英国戏剧的先驱。
16.The passionate shepherd to his love激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘
This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English
literature.这首短诗是英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。
(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚
17.The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts
I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love?s Labour?s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。
18.In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV,
Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night?s Dream, The
Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。
19.Shakespeare?s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark
comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All?s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，
《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。
20.The last period of Shakespeare?s work includes his principle romantic
tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter?s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。
21.Shakespeare?s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet?s own feelings.这
些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。
22.Shakespeare?s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national
unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。
23.In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love
and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。24.The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the
faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。
25.Shakespeare?s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.
They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是：《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》
26.“The King?s government must be carried on”—but carried on for the good of the
nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的，而不是只为国王自己服务。
27.Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the only thing he
can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.正因如此，他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药，最后，他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实，从梦幻中找安慰。
28.He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and
should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合，应该反映天性与现实。
29.Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来，没
有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。
30.Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic
point of view, in literary form or in language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点，文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。
31.Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗
第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。
(IV)Francis Bacon弗兰西斯.培根
32.The most import works of his first group include The Advancement of Learning,
Written in English; Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The
Advancement of Learning.培根的作品可分为三类：第一类中最重要的作品有《学术的进展》（用英文著述）《新工具》（是《学术的进展》的拉丁文增补版）33.One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other is the
knowledge from the workings of human mind.他将知识分为两种：一种是通过神的启示获得的知识，另一种是通过人类用脑思考而获得的知识。
34.According to Bacon, man?s understanding consists of three parts: history to man?s
memory, poetry to man?s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man?s
reason.培根认为，人类的认识与学问分为三部分：基于人类回忆的历史学，基于人类想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理性的哲学。
35.Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth
about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticist.作为人文主义者的培根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实验主义态度，并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。
36.Bacon?s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness.培根
的散文以简洁，紧凑，有力度而著名。
37.The essays are well-arranged and enriched by biblical allusions, metaphors and
cadence.这些散文不仅结构巧妙还大量使用了《圣经》的典故，隐喻和基调。
38.Of Studies 论学习
Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智。
(V)John Donne约翰.邓恩
39.The imagery is drawn from the actual life.诗中的意象都是从现实生活中提取
的。
40.His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly
unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods.他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性，展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观念，以及漫无边际的情感与心境。
41.The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of
his early lyrics.《歌与短歌》是邓恩最有名的诗集，囊括了他早期大多数爱情诗作。
42.In his gloomy poem “Farewell to love,” we can see his disillusionment.在忧伤的
诗作《告别爱情》中，我们就可以感受到他对爱情幻想的破灭。
43.With the brief, simple language, the argument is continuous throughout the poem.
议论依附于一种简洁平白的语言，并贯穿于整首诗作。
(VI)John Milton约翰.弥尔顿
44.he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human freedom.他头脑
中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/556715572.html,ton?s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic
works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔顿的文学作品可分为三类：早期诗作，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/556715572.html,ton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained,
and Samson Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作：《失乐园》《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。
47.The theme of Paradise Lost is the “Fall of Man”. In the fall of man Adam
discovered his full humanity.失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。在沉沦之中，亚当发现了自己身上的人性。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/556715572.html,ton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil.他认为上帝
是按照他自己的样子造出的世界，其中也包括罪恶。
49.It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of
God in bringing good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开辟了道路，这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。
50.In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milton?s passionate
longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中，整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于尽。
51.In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great
prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。
52.Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强，意志薄弱，经不起考验，暗示英国自产主
义革命失败的原因。
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义
1.In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期
是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2.The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the
Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。
3.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern
philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4.Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of
any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5.As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became
a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教
与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
6.Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like
John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley
Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。
7.In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of
interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。
8.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and
accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.
他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。
9.Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅，充
满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。
10.Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.
在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。11.Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two
lines); the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed;
regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要遵循；写作的规矩必须要遵守，而作品中的人物要代表一类人，而不是个性化。
12.But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. (套话)但新古典
主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。
13.The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form,
unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质，如秩序，优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。14.The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary
form---the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.十八世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学形式----英国现代小说，这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。
15.Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding,
Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔.迪福，塞缪尔.理查德，亨利.费尔丁，劳伦斯.斯泰思，托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。
16.From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of
interest from the classic literary tradition to originality and imagination, from
society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic. 从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末，还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏悔，鼓励及预示的转移。
17.Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说----主要讲述恐
怖神秘的故事。
18.Jonathan Swift?s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of
satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.乔纳森.
斯威夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。
(I)John Bunyan约翰.班扬
19.As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly
believed in salvation through spiritual struggle.作为一个坚定的清教徒，他认真学习《圣经》，并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。
20.he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of
reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.他的语言具体生动，情节鲜明真实，连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。21.Bunyan?s other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life
and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim?s Progress, Part II.班扬其他的作品还有《罪人头目的赦免》，《拜得门先生生死录》，《圣战》以及《天路历程》第二部
22.The Vanity Fair.名利场（节选《天路历程》第一部）
The Pilgrim?s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils.《天路历程》是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。(II)Alexander Pope 亚历山大.蒲伯
23.Pope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the constant verbal
battles he developed a style of biting satire. 蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人，自然要用笔墨来反击，在此期间，他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。
24.For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order, political order, social order,
aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值-----宇宙秩序，政治秩序，社会秩序，美学
秩序。这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。
25.Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism
in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock
epic.1711年，他出版了散文《论批评》，从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。次年，他又出版了《夺发记》，一部极妙的讽刺史诗。
26.Pope was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism,
emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order,
reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. 蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗人，他大力提倡新古典主义，强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度，理性，逻辑，情感的克制，高雅的品位以及是否体面，正派来衡量。
27.He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth,
graceful and well-balanced style.他致力于诗歌创作，发展了讽刺，简练，通顺，优雅，平衡的风格。
(III)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福
28.His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought
him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。
29.Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is
universally considered his masterpiece.《鲁宾逊漂流记》是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说，是笛福的代表作。
30.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study middle class
and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。
31.Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。
32.His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and
rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.他的语句时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。
33.His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易
懂又口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。
34.There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its beat.他的语
言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。
35.Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts. 《鲁宾逊漂流记》：
整部小说分为三个部分
The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly
against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.
其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。在此，鲁宾逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。
(IV)Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特
36.In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning,
A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which established his name as a
satirist.1704年，他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品，一为《桶的故事》，一为《书籍的战斗》。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。
37.Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日，斯威夫
特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。
38.In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. To better
human life, enlightenment is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，人们需要启蒙。
39.In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve
human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中，他提倡的不是谴责，而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。
40.His “A Modest Proposal ” is generally taken as a perfect model.他的《一个温和的
建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。
41.Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文
作家。
42.He defined a good style as “proper words in proper places.” Clear, simple,
concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings---essays, poems and novels.他创立了一种良好的文风，即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”。无论是散文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。
43.Swift?s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The
Drapier?s Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias), Gulliver?s Travels and A Modest
Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》，《书籍的战斗》，《德拉皮尔的信》，《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。
44.Gulliver?s Travels: Jonathan?s best fictional work, the book contains four parts. Its
social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound. 《格列佛游记》：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说，全书分为四卷，它具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。
(V)Henry Fielding亨利.费尔丁
45.During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of
forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里，费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。
46.Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of
Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1736.他的作品中最
有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》，《悲剧中的悲剧》，《巴斯昆》，《1736历史年鉴》。
47.a “comic epic in prose,” whose subject is “the true ridiculous” in human nature.
“散文体喜剧史诗”，主题是人类本性中的荒唐，对人性进行了真实的讽刺。
48.The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely
entrances and exits, robustness of tone and hilarious, hearty humor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出场退场，笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。49.“The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gangster”----The
History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种意义上说，伟大的人物无异于“伟大”
的匪徒--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。
50.The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature. 费尔
丁的代表作《汤姆.琼斯：一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人性的讽刺。
51.the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct, the object of novel
was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of human manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners.，小说不仅供娱乐，而且更有教育意义，他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”，并将说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。
52.Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English novel,” for his
contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父”，因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。53.he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write specifically a
“comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”，并第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格。
54.He “thinks the thought” of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their
external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”，因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为，还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。
55.Fielding …s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and
vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his
structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语言自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长，小说结尾总是水到渠成，顺理成章。
56.Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the story, he
became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.《汤姆.琼斯》共18卷，汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄，他----诚实，善良，高尚，忠诚，勇敢，
同时也有着易冲动，鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。
57.Tom Jones brings its author the name of the “Prose Home.” The panoramic view it
provides of the 18th-century English country.《汤姆.琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的盛名，小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。
(VI)Samuel Johnson塞缪尔.约翰逊
58.The years between 1737 and 1755, he did translations, wrote poems, essays and so
on.1737年至1755年这段时间对他来说充满了艰辛:他做过翻译,写过诗,为书商编书,编辑杂志。
59.In his famous Literary Club, where he was surrounded with respect by the elite of
the literary circles.在他的文学社里，周围围满了敬仰他的文学精英。
60.Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different
branches of literary activities.约翰逊精力充沛，多才多艺，他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。
61.His chief works include pomes: “London”, and “The Vanity of Human Wishes”; a
romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia; a tragedy: Irene.他的主要作品有诗歌：《伦敦》，《人类欲望的虚幻》骑士浪漫诗：《拉塞拉斯的历史》，《阿比西尼亚王子》；一部悲剧：《艾琳》。
62.As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first
English dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.作为词典编撰者，约翰逊是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人，作品为《英文大词典》，这部巨著是塞缪尔.约翰逊花了七年时间独自完成的。
63.Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century.
He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.约翰逊是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家，他十分关心人类欲望的虚幻，几乎他所有的作品都含有这样的主题。
64.His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and
phrases.他使用的句子一般较长，但结构工整，包含有许多排比，对仗。65.Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very
learned man.读他的小说会给人一种感觉，他在与一位非常博学的人士对话。(VII)Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查.比.谢立丹
66.The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal,
which brought him quite a fortune.1777年，谢立丹的代表作《造谣学校》出版，使他大发其财。
67.His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally
regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.他的代表作《情敌》和《造
谣学校》被认为是上承莎士比亚，下接萧伯纳的纽带，是真正的英国古典派喜剧。
68.In his play, morality is the constant theme.他的作品永恒的主题是道德。
69.The School for Scandal is mainly a story about two brothers, the hypocritical
Joseph Surface and the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface. The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and double bliss for Charles. It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the
eighteenth-century England. No wonder, the play has been Regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare. 《造谣学校》主要讲述了两个兄弟的故事，一个是伪君子约瑟夫.萨尔菲斯，另一个是放荡不羁但心地善良的查尔斯.萨尔菲斯。
戏剧的结尾约瑟夫名声扫地，而查尔斯既获得了美人的芳心，又获得了丰厚的遗产，而梯泽尔夫人在丈夫的感化下与其重归于好。《造谣学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级的道德败坏，对无聊的富人恶意的制造谣言，对上层社会骄奢淫逸的生活以及对在高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。毫无疑问，它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。
(VII)Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷
70.he declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.1757年，他竟谢绝了授予他的诗人桂
冠奖。
71.In contrast to those professional writers, Gray?s literary output was small.与其余
专职作家不同，格雷作品极少。
72.His masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was published in 1751.
The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School”.1757年，他的代表作《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》出版这首诗奠定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创始人的地位，尤其是从此他便成为“墓地诗歌”流派的代表。
73.His other poems include “Ode on the Spring”, “Ode on the Death of a Favourite
cat” and so on. (Ode:….赞，颂)他的其他作品还有《春之颂》，《伊顿公学展望》，《爱猫之死》等等。
74.A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly and carefully,
painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.格雷创作态度认真，作品诞生速度慢，却精益求精。
75.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is regarded as Gray?s best and most
representative work. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poem abounds in images and arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader, The poem has been ranked among the best of the eighteenth century English poetry.《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》是雷格最优秀的代表作，创作历时八年，诗中内容与格雷的
知己理查.韦斯特的去世有关。其中，格雷揭示了生与死的愁苦与神秘，并略述了自己忧伤的心情。诗中富于比喻，并给读者带来深深的伤感。这首诗被列为英国十八世纪最优秀的诗歌之一。
Chapter3 The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义
1.This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution
of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力：一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命，一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。
2.In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into
power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。
3.The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a
more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动，无论是在英国，德国还是法国，都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。
4.The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of
thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性，新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物，而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。
5.Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from
attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此，我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。
6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。
7.They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.他们
（浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克，华兹华斯，科勒律治，拜伦，雪莱及济恩）认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药，可以净化人的灵魂。
8.Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men,” and poetry as “the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion
recollected in tranquillity.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人，而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露，发乎情，止乎静。
9.Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out
of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。
10.The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the
concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for
true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象，还强调灵感与创作的自发性，认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。
11.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民族精
神。
12.To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the
humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.浪漫主义诗人却打破这些格律，他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。
13.The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.
浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特.
14.Jane Austen?s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的
现实主义.
15.The major theme of Jane?s novels is love and marriage toward which she holds on
a practical idealism---love should be justified by reason and disciplined by
self-control. She chooses to stay within the tiny field that she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been admired for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and social relationships. 简.奥斯汀作品的主题为爱情与婚姻,对于这个主题,奥斯汀抱有一种较为实际的理想主义---爱情必须有理智及道德准则的约束,她的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟知的,她的智慧,常识及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者的喜爱.
16.Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their
influence on the individual. He is the first major historical novelist.司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。
17.Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth
century, its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一部分，它盛行于浪漫主义前期的18世纪末。这种小说的主要题材是暴力，恐怖及对超自然力（鬼神）的描写。
(I)William Blake威廉.布莱克
18.He was often misunderstood by other people, who would regard him as gifted but
mad. He was recognized only posthumously.他经常遭到旁人误解，认为他是个天才，又是个疯子，他去世后才被人发掘出来并一举成名。
19.Childhood is central to Blake?s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of
Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference.他的两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》中，童年是布莱克主要描述的中心，这个描述中心使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。
20.Blake?s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. It plays the
double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.布莱克的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志着他创作上的成熟，并担负了讽喻与革命预言的两重角色。
21.The “marriage,” to Black, means the reconciliation of then contraries, not the
subordination of the one to the other.婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和，而并非一方从属于另一方。
22.Blake felt bound to declare that “I know that This World is World of Imagination
& Vision” and that “The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.”布莱克热切得宣布：“我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。”
23.Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language.布莱克的语言直白朴素。
24.Symbolism in wide rang is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.大范围地使用
象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征。
(II)William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯
25.The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men
became known as the “Lake Poets”.诗人骚塞,科勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为”湖畔诗人”。
26.In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded
Southey as Poet Laureate.1842年政府为他发了津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为了“桂冠诗人”。
27.According to the subject, Wordsworth?s short poems can be classified into two
group: poems about nature and poems about human life.按照主题，华的短诗可分为两大类：关于自然的和关于人类生活的。
28.Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature.”华被称为”大自然的膜拜
者”。
29.Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The
joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.华认为普通人的普通生活应是文学的主题，她的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。
30.His works contain “The Solitary Reaper”, “To a Highland Girl”, ”The Old
Cumberland Beggar ” and “The Ruined Cottage”.他的作品包括《孤独的收割者》，《致高地姑娘》，《老坎伯兰的乞丐》和《被摧毁的茅屋》。
31.In its daring use of subject mater and sense of then authenticity of the experience
of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence” is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.通过大胆运用这样的主题，同时对贫苦人民生活经历的描写拥有极大的可信度，“革命与独立”则成为《抒情歌谣集》中成功的结论，这在英国诗歌历史上也是第一次。
32.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past .华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人。
33.Wordsworth?s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience
produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.
华兹华斯对简洁朴素的风格的追求，对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。
34.he maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of
ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.
他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握真实素材的来源，他的创作理论的核心便是普通人的生活经历，普通人的词汇语言都是诗人应该也能够汲取的素材。35.William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal
poetic voice of the period.华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的精英，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表。
36.The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the
modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a
return to nature.他对诗歌的巨大贡献在于开启了现代诗歌，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。
(III)Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞.泰.科勒律治
37.In 1798, the two men published a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ballads, which
became a landmark in English poetry. 1798年，他同华兹华斯合作出版《抒情歌谣集》，成为英诗发展的一座里程碑。
38.In addition to “The Ancient Mariner,” he wrote “Kubla Khan,” began writing
“Christabel” and composed “This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison,”“Frost at
Midnight,” and “The Nightingale,” which are considered to be his best
“conversational” poems.他创作了《古航海家之歌》，《忽必烈汗》，《子夜寒霜》，《夜莺》等名诗，这些都是他“对话诗”的代表。
39.Philosophically and critically, Coleridge opposed the limitedly rationalistic
trends of the the 18th-century thought.在哲学与文学评论方面，科勒律治反对18世纪那种局限的理性主义潮流。
40.he advocated a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life, based on what he
had learnt from Kant and Schelling.他倡导了以坎特与斯凯灵理论的对人类精神化与宗教化的诠释。
41.He believed that art is the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality.他认
为艺术是唯一一种能永远揭示现实的形式。
42.Coleridge?s actual achievement as poet can be divided into two remarkably
diverse groups: the demonic and the conversational.柯勒律治在诗歌方面的成就可分为不同的两大类，神祗诗与对话诗。
43.Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of
this group.这些诗歌的显著特点，便是神秘与想象。
44.“Christabel” uses a freer version of the ballad form to create an atmosphere of the
Gothic horror at once delicate and sinister.“克丽斯特贝尔”一诗采用了更为自由的抒情诗形式，创造出的是与一种微妙而又邪恶的哥特式恐怖氛围。
45.He sings highly Wordsworth?s “purity of language,”“deep and subtle thoughts,”
“Perfect truth to nature” and his “imaginative power.” But he denies Wordsworth?s claim that there is no essential difference between the language of poetry and the language spoken by common people.他高度赞赏华兹华斯那“纯净的语言”，“深邃的思想”，“对自然完美真实的描述”以及他“非凡的想象力”。但是他不赞成华兹华斯所说的“诗歌语言与普通百姓的生活语言没什么两样”。
46.Coleridge was esteemed by some of his contemporaries and is generally
recognized today as a lyrical poet and literary critic of the first rank.科勒律治被同时期的诗界所尊崇，直至今日也被奉为第一流的抒情诗人与文学评论家。
47.he was one of the most influential English literary critics and philosophers of the
19th century.他是19世纪浪漫主义文学与哲学的代表。
（IV）George Gordon Byron乔治.戈登.拜伦
48.The publication in 1812 of the first two cantos of Childe Harold?s Pilgrimage,
brought Byron fame.拜伦早期代表作是长篇叙事诗《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》第一，第二章（1812）。
49.In Geneva, he wrote the third canto of Childe Harold and the narrative poem The
Prisoner of Chillon.在日内瓦，拜伦写下了《哈罗德游记》第三章及叙事诗《齐伦的囚犯》。
50.he produced the verse drama Manfred, the first two cantos of Don Juan.他创作了
诗剧《曼弗雷德》，《唐璜》的前两章。
51.Don Juan is Byron?s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century.他的
代表作《唐璜》是19世纪初期的著名讽刺史诗。
52.Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness,
are virtues neglected by the modern society.拜伦在唐璜身上开发出勇敢,慷慨,诚恳直白等优点。
53.the poet?s true intention is, by making use of Juan?s adventures, to present a
panoramic view of different types of society.诗人的创作意旨在于通过唐璜的游历来体现不同的社会情形。
54.Byron?s satire on the English society in the later part of the poem can be compared
with Pope?s; and his satire is much less personal than that of Pope?s, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the whole hypocritical society.拜伦在诗的末尾对英国社会的讽刺与蒲柏相媲美，有过之而无不及，因为拜伦讽刺的不是个人恩怨，而是整个社会的虚伪。
55.As a leading Romanticist, Byron?s chief contribution is his creation of the
“Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Such a hero
appears first in Childe Harold?s Pilgrimage, and then further developed in later works such as the Oriented Tales, Manfred, and Dan Juan in different guises.作为浪漫主义的代表诗人，拜伦的主要贡献在于他创造了“拜伦式英雄”，高傲，神秘，反叛却带有贵族血统。这种拜伦式英雄出现在《哈罗德游记》，《东方
故事集》，《曼弗雷德》及《唐璜》等多部作品中。
56.Actually Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images,
artistic forms and innovations.拜伦以丰富的思想，想象力，艺术形式和创新欧洲的诗歌得到了发展
(V)Percy Bysshe Shelley柏.比.雪莱
57.He held a lifelong aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion and
the formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and
exploitation.他一生都在执著的反抗社会上的残忍与不公，强权与宗教，战争与剥削。
58.He realized that the evil was also in man?s mind.他认为罪恶还存在于人的思想。
59.One of Shelley?s greatest political lyrics is “Men of England. The poem was later
to become a rallying song of the British Communist Party.”雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是“致苏格兰人民”，这首诗在宪章运动时期成为广大工人的战歌。60.Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley?s “Ode to the West Wind”; here
Shelley?s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them.雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属“西风颂”，这首诗语气狂热，宜于诵读。61.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” The poem is written in the terza
rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante.“如果冬天已经来临，春天还会远吗？”诗人引用了文艺复兴时期意大利诗人但丁的三行诗节隔句押韵法。
62.Shelley?s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus
Unbound，The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind?s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products.”.雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》，它赞扬了人类自身的潜力，雪莱认识它是自己最出色的作品。
63.Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex,
full of classical and mythological allusions.像布莱克一样，由于不同于其他人，他是个备受推崇的诗人，他的作品博学，具有深厚文化底蕴，含有丰富的典故和神灵的暗示。
(VI)John Keats约翰.济慈
64.Endymion, published in 1818, was a poem based on the Greek myth of Endymion
and the moon goddess.1818年,济慈出版了长诗<安狄米恩>,该诗以希腊神话为素材,记述了牧人安狄米恩赫月光女神的故。
65.It was this yearning and suffering that quickened his maturity and added a new
dimension to his poetry.一连串挫折与内心压抑的情感促使他走向成熟，并使他未来的创作更加丰满。
66.At the heart of these pomes lies Keats? concern with how the ideal can be joined
with the real, the imagined with the actual, and man with woman.这些诗歌表达
了济慈对如何将理想与现实，想象与实际，男人与女人结合起来的思考。67.The volume also contain his four great odes: ”Ode on Melancholy,”“Ode on a
Grecian Urn,”“Ode to a Nightingale,”“Ode a Psyche;” his lyric masterpiece “To Autumn” and the unfinished poem “Hyperion.”这部诗集包括他著名的四首
“颂”：“忧郁颂”，“希腊古瓮颂”，“夜莺颂”，“普赛克颂”及他抒情诗的代表作“秋日颂”和未完成的诗作“希波里恩”。
68.The odes are generally regarded as Keats?s most important and mature works.颂
诗是济慈最重要也是最成熟的作品。
69.In the great of these works, he also suggests the undercurrent of disillusion that
accompanies such ecstasy, the human suffering which forever question the
visionary transcendence achieved by art.在这些作品中,他对资本主义社会现实又不满，他的诗歌却常常带有唯美主义色彩。
70.“Ode to a Nightingale” expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural
loveliness and human world of agony.”夜莺颂”展示了自然界之美与人世之痛苦强烈的反差。
71.“Ode on an Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between the permanence of art and
the transience of human passion.“希腊古瓮颂”展示了永恒的艺术与短暂的人类热情之间的对比。
72.Sight, sound, scent, taste and feeling are all taken in to give an entire
understanding of an experience.将视，听，嗅，味，触等感觉都转化成绝美的文字，带来一个通透的体验。
73.He draws diction, style and imagery from works of Shakespeare, Milton and
Dante.他在措词，风格和比喻上都参考了莎士比亚，弥尔顿和但丁的作品。
74.Keat s?s poetry characterized by exact and closely knit construction, sensual
descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the
physical beauty of the world. 济慈的诗以精确紧凑的造句，有感描写为特色，通过想象，营造了超出人类经验值的自然之美。
(VII)Jane Austen 简.奥斯汀
75.Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility, tells a story about two sisters and their love
affairs: Pride and Prejudice, the most popular of her novels, deals with five Bennet sisters and search for suitable husbands; and Northanger Abbey.她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品，讲述了贝内特一家五位姐妹寻找如意郎君的过程；《诺觉寺》讽刺了18世纪流行的哥特式骑士抒情诗。
76.Mansfield Park presents the antithesis of worldliness and unworldliness ; Emma
gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity; and Persuasion contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations.《曼斯菲尔德花园》表现了世俗与非世俗的并存；《爱玛》对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思；《劝告》将真挚爱情与精
打细算进行了对照。
77.She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles;
and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment
over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.她主张地主阶级应在政治及社会生活中占主导地位，而她的作品也表现了她强调的理智高于情感，责任心、礼节、公正高于浪漫与个人主义的观点。
78.And in style, she is neoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideas of
order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.在写作风格上，她提倡新古典主义，坚持理性，秩序，典雅的原则。
79.Austen?s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal
relationships.奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关。
80.It is her conviction that a man?s relationship to his wife and children is at least as
important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career.她确信一个人与自己妻子，儿女的关系最起码同他生命的另一半---事业，信仰---同样重要。
81.plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th-century England,
concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.奥斯汀的写作素材十分狭窄。主题，角色，社会背景及情节都离不开18世纪英国的乡村中产阶级生活，总是三，四口之家的日常生活。
82.Pride and Prejudice, originally drafted as “First Impressions” in 1796, is the most
delightful of Jane Austen?s works.《傲慢与偏见》原名《第一印象》是奥斯汀最出色的作品。
83.Our first impression, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong.奥斯汀认为人
的第一印象总是有失偏颇的。
84.The structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest
degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere.
这部小说结构精致灵巧，人物描写令人难忘，讽刺出其不意。
85.The works of Jane Austen, at once delightful and profound, are among the
supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observation and in meticulous detail, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the
upper-middle-class English.奥斯汀的著作令人愉悦并有深意，是英国文学史上巨大的成就。她通过犀利细致的观察，向我们展现了平和的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活全貌。
86.Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.
其典型的主旨是成熟，实在错误的幻想打破后获得的。
87.Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, Jane Austen
has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity, and she has been
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/556715572.html, 翻译研究途径的回顾与发展 作者：杨可伊 来源：《文教资料》2018年第01期 摘要：本文从翻译学研究途径回顾、翻译学当代研究的发展和翻译学有待拓展的领域三方面对近几十年来翻译学的学科发展做了梳理和总结，从语言的对比研究、功能主义学派、描写翻译学及翻译的文化转向方面做了总结和回顾，肯定了翻译学理论研究取得的卓越成果，指出了翻译学学科在纯理论研究、专项研究及构建我国翻译体系理论等方面相对滞后，以期翻译学学者和专家为丰富翻译学理论做出专门研究。 关键词：翻译研究途径翻译学理论 一、引言 研究途径是指研究者用作研究的理论与方法，翻译学处于跨学科的领域，需要借鉴其他学科的研究理论和方法丰富本学科内涵，正所谓翻译的研究途径。归纳起来，翻译研究的途径即从语言学角度研究翻译语言和对比文本阶段开始，经历了德国功能主义学派阶段、描写翻译研究阶段、文化转向研究阶段及当代社会学方向研究、实证性转向研究及全球化转向研究阶段。 二、翻译研究途径回顾 1. 50年代末至70年代注重语言的对比研究 相关理论霍姆斯、雅各布逊、卡特福德、奈达、纽马克、穆南及费道罗夫等。奈达提出了著名的动态对等翻译观，在第三阶段用功能对等取代了动态对等，指出翻译需要寻找以交际功能为目的的对等语，从而重新组织语言的结构和语义的形式，（Nida and Taber， 1969：12）奈达进一步指出翻译必须达意、传神、措辞通顺及考虑读者的接受。几乎和奈达同一时期，苏联著名翻译理论家费道罗夫（A.V. Fedorov）提出翻译学理论和语言学学科紧密相关，强调翻译要通过两种语言的对比才能体现出来，翻译要通过语言学学科才能表现出来。（蔡毅、段京华，2000：5-6）此外，哈蒂姆（Basil Hatim），纽马克（Peter Newmark），贝尔（Roger Bell）格特（Ernst-August Gutt）等将语用学、篇章语言学、认知语言学与翻译研究结合，丰富并促进了翻译语言的对比研究。 2. 70年代末至80年代德国功能主义学派研究 德国的翻译功能学派针对翻译语言学派重形式的不足，提出重文化和交际功能，将翻译研究置于目的语文化和语境中。赖斯通过文本类型理论（text typology）阐释不同文本类型的功能，指出文本的多义性和多功能性，他们运用语言功能和交际的特点分析和研究翻译。弗米尔提出目的论（Skopostheorie），认为翻译文本要以达到目的语语境为目的，并指出译文要根据目的语读者和译入语习惯达到文内连贯和互文连贯的原则。曼塔里阐发了翻译行为理论
科技英语翻译的理解与表达 随着世界科技发展的日新月异和我国对外科技交流的日益频繁，科技翻译的重要性越发凸显出来。科技翻译要求确切理解和掌握原文的内容，不能主观地发挥个人的想法和推测,做到科学性和艺术性的完美结合。其科学性和艺术性主要体现为“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。 下面就英语科技翻译的科学性和艺术性，以及翻译的三个标准，讨论科技英语翻译的理解与表达。 一、科技翻译的科学性 科技英语的翻译由于其文体的特殊性，首先就要求它的译文要求忠于原文，它的文字表达不需要过于华丽的辞藻，语句直截了当，词意简单明了。而做到这些就需要译者准确理解原文，包括掌握常用词汇的专业化和语句中词汇翻译的灵活性等。 例1：Applications and incomes become the carrier’s focus of attention. Personalized service has present itself as the high mode service. carrier：n.[化学]载体；运送者；带菌者；货架。这些是“carrier”的常用词意，但是在科技英语翻译中，它更常用其专业释义。 这句句子中的“carrier”如果用常用的几个词意带入，很快就会发现句
子是不通顺的，根据前后文则可以猜测它的词意应该与经济体有关。实际上，这里“carrier”是“运营商”的意思。 译文：运营商的关注焦点已从技术转向了应用、服务和收益。作为信息服务的高级形态，个性化服务开始逐步走上了前台。 例2：Ozone pollution is a concern during the summer months because strong sunlight and hot weather result in harmful ozone concentrations in the air we breathe. concern：vt.涉及，关系到；使担心。n.关系；关心；关心的事。这些是“carrier”的常用词意。 译文1：因为强烈的阳光和炎热的天气会导致有害臭氧集中在我们呼吸的空气中，所以在夏季，臭氧污染是一个关注点。 显然把“concern”翻译为“关注点”并不适合在这一句的翻译中，因此我们可以对词意进行灵活的变动。 译文2：受强光和炎热天气影响，有害臭氧在空气中大量聚集，因而在夏季，臭氧污染是一个尤为突出的问题。 二、科技翻译的艺术性 科技翻译的前提是忠实于原文，这不意味着呆板、毫不变通的文字的堆砌。科技翻译需要创造性的技巧运用，所以，可以说，翻译是一种再创造。 It is fortunate that men have worked out new plane shapes which enable
Translation Work 1 The evidence has gotten much stronger that a substance known as C-reactive protein may be every bit as important as cholesterol in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. Back in 2002, a thought-provoking study found that a blood test for C-reactive protein, called CRP, was actually better than the standard cholesterol test at predicting the risk of a heart attack or a stroke. Now two studies published in The New England Journal of Medicine have shown that drugs that reduce the levels of that protein in patients with severe heart disease can show the progression of atherosclerosis and prevent heart attacks and cardiac-related deaths. 更有力的证据证明一种被称作C反应蛋白的物质在诊断与治疗心脏疾病中有可能与胆固醇一样重要。早在2002年，人们在一个发人深省的研究中已发现血液C反应蛋白测试，即CRP，比胆固醇水平测试能更好地预测心脏病或中风的风险。现今，在《新英格兰医学期刊》中刊登的两则研究表明，用以减少患有严重心脏病的病人中的C反应蛋白水平的药物可以显示病者动脉粥样硬化的进展，并且该种药物还可以预防心脏病、降低因患与心脏相关疾病而死亡的风险。
…Back to Sleep?: Why Are 2,500 U.S. Babies Still Dying of SIDS Each Year? ‘用背部睡觉’：为什么美国每年都有2500个婴儿死于婴儿猝死综合症 Putting babies on their back to sleep has dramatically reduced the number of SIDS deaths, but thousands of babies still die each year. A look at the key risk factors. 让婴儿用背部睡觉戏剧性的减少了婴儿猝死综合症的死亡数量，但每年还是有上千数量的婴儿死亡。这有一种对于关键的风险因素的看法。 There?s no doubt that the Back to Sleep campaign launched in 1994 to get parents to stop putting babies to sleep on their tummies has been a success. In the 1970s and 1980s, the rate of infant deaths per 1,000 live births was 1.5; it?s now 0.5. 无需置疑的是，1994年发起的用背部睡觉的运动，旨在阻止父母让婴儿用肚子睡觉是成功的。在20世纪70到80年代，婴儿死亡率为每一千名安全出生婴儿中有1.5，现在是0.5。 Within a generation, most babies are now put to bed on their backs, and yet 2,500 U.S. infants still die each year in the U.S. Researchers trying to understand why have noticed a curious byproduct of the trend toward back-sleeping: as fewer babies were being put to sleep on their bellies, more babies were documented engaging in other pediatric no-nos — sleeping with their parents, for example — which is another risk factor for SIDS. 在一代人中，大部分婴儿现在都用背部放在床上，但美国每年依然有2500个婴儿死亡。研究员正试图弄明白为什么人们会注意到用背部睡觉这种趋势的奇怪的副产品：越来越少的婴儿用腹部睡觉，越来越多的婴儿被证明参与到了一些儿科禁止的事情中——例如，和父母一起睡——这是婴儿猝死综合症的另一个风险因素。 A study published Monday in the journal Pediatrics takes a look at how risk factors for SIDS have evolved over the years. In an analysis of the 954 babies who died suddenly and unexpectedly in San Diego County between 1991 and 2008 — 568 of these deaths were attributed to SIDS — researchers found that
西方翻译理论流派 西方的翻译活动#若从公元前(世纪%七十子希腊文本圣经&在埃及的亚历山大城问世算起#已有两千多年的历史$自古罗马的西赛罗!)*+,-."’贺拉斯!/.-01*23"以来#翻译学学派林立#学说纷繁$不同时代’不同学派的学者从不同的角度对翻译进行了各自的阐释$从某种意义上来说#一部西方翻译学史就是一部学派的传承与更替’聚合与交锋的历史$国内对于西方翻译理论的译介与评价也有三十年的历史了#由于不同学者对西方翻译流派划分时所依据的标准不同#一度出现了流派名称混乱的情况$有人把文化学派归于(翻译研究)学派的框架之下456(5%(7#也有人用(文化学派)来统称(翻译研究)学派!张南峰’陈德鸿##$$$"$同是女性主义翻译理论#有人把它归为(解构学派)或译者中心学派456(7%(8#也有人把它归为翻译研究学派4#6$本文通过对西方翻译理论流派研究的梳理与评价#一方面呼吁国内学者为当代西方翻译理论流派(正名)#以方便学术界的理论交流*另一方面希望从西方翻译理论研究中获得启示#以促进国内翻译理论流派的形成$ 一对翻译理论流派的概括和梳理是翻译研究不可缺少的组成部分#许多翻译理论家都进行过有益的探索$尤金+奈达!5&8!"根据各流派所关注的焦点将当代翻译理论分为四个基本流派,语文学派’语言学派’交际学派和社会符号学派!9*:0;5&’7"$埃德温+根茨勒!<:=0-:>,?1@A,-"在其专著%当代翻译理论& B5&&(C中#根据二战至九十年代初西方翻译理论研究的发展状态#依据各流派所采用的研
究方法和依据的理论来源将当代译论划分为(美国翻译培训派)’(翻译科学派)’(早期翻译研究派)’(多元体系派)和(解构主义派)五大流派$香港学者张南峰’陈德鸿!#$$$"在%西方翻译理论精选&中将西方翻译理论流派分为语文学派’诠释学派’语言学派’目的学派’文派!并且在大流派下分出小流派的划分方法比较合理"首先!他划分的目的明确#$$为了强调翻译学学科建设的重要性%其次!这种方法以时间为线!把各个流派的发展演变过程以及它们之间的姻亲关系表述得非常清楚!脉络分明"他的缺陷是在当代翻译理论的划分方法上显得有点混乱!而张南峰的划分更易于被学术界所接受"当然!要想得出公正合理的划分还是得考察一下当代西方翻译理论流派的渊源" 二从古代的西赛罗到!"#"年!可以叫做传统的翻译学阶段"这一阶段的特点是基本上没有什么学科意识!理论均零碎而不成系统!作者大多是翻译实践家!理论大多是经验性的"&潘文国!$%%$’%从!"&"年雅可布逊&’()*+,*-(./(+’发表他的著名论文(翻译的语言观)开始到0"1$年!可以叫做现代的翻译学阶段%这一阶段的特点是有朦胧的学科意识!认为需要加强翻译学的理论研究!使之成为一门*科学+"人们把这一阶段的翻译研究称之为*语言学派+&陈德鸿,张南峰!$%%%’或*科学学派+&23+45637!0""8’%从0"1$年霍姆斯发表里程碑性的论文(翻译研究的名与实)开始至今!可以叫做当代的翻译学阶段%这一阶段的特点是有强烈的学科意识%当代的翻译学阶段是翻译研究最为繁荣的阶段!也是最有争议的阶段%而最大的争端就是*翻译研究学派+之*名+与*实+的问题% 霍姆斯及赞同他主张的一批学者一度被称作*翻
43 广东外语外贸大学学报 ＪＯＵＲＮＡＬ ＯＦ ＧＵＡＮＧＤＯＮＧ ＵＮＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＹ ＯＦ ＦＯＲＥＩＧＮ ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳ ２０１０年５月Ｍａｙ． ２０１０ 第２１卷第３期ＶＯＬ．２１ ＮＯ．３ ２０世纪中国翻译研究： 特殊年代的文化怪胎“黄皮书” 内容提要：本文考察１９６０－１９７８年翻译文学史上一个奇特现象。这便是中国当代文化史上一度影响不小的“黄皮书”。本文检讨这套书的缘起、目的、选目方式、翻译和出版，最后分析了这套书的接受、影响和特别作用。 关键词：“黄皮书”；翻译选择；接受；特殊作用 中图分类号：Ｈ０５９ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１６７２－０９６２（２０１０）０３－００４３－０５ 王友贵 （广东外语外贸大学?广州?５１０４２０） 一、文化怪胎“黄皮书”：缘起与目的 “黄皮书”乃中国１９６０－１９７８年这段特定历史时期的翻译文学产品。因其封面十分简单，常用黄色胶版纸作封面封底，封面或封底印有“内部发行”字样，故俗称“黄皮书”。其中不乏后来发生深刻影响的当代外国文学作品。它的存在表明１９６０－７６年的中国一方面拒绝包括苏联在内的当代欧美日外国文学，否认其合法性，拒绝与之公开发生关系，别一方面又有压不住的强烈翻译需要。有趣的是，其中不少译著到８０年代摇身一变“扶正”了，从“内部”到“公开”；其中部分作品给特殊年代的读者，尤其是青年读者，留下终身难忘的印象。 “黄皮书”缘于中苏两党生重大分歧之初。其前身是分歧初起之１９５７年便开始选译的“内部参考”作品，如苏联的《不单单是面包》（１９５７）。与其前身相对应者，是１９５７年３月１日《参考消息》由刊物变为报纸，４开４版。“黄皮书”作为批量翻译的书籍，其正式启动略晚一点，在５９年１２月至６０年１月北京新侨饭店的一次会议上启动［１］，与此同时《世界文学》编辑部奉命编选《世界文学参考资料专辑》，陆续出版。“黄皮书”前后历时约１９年，正式启动前的１９５７－５９年可谓预备期，文革初期４年（１９６７－７０）停译，１９７７－７８年是其尾声。其正式批量翻译在６０年代初。最初推出的“黄皮书”并非黄皮裹身。据参与其事的秦顺新回忆，出 了十几本“内部发行”之后，主其事的林默涵找人文社总编韦君宜商量，建议统一采用不显眼的土黄色作封面，人文社照办。后来文化界、读书界袭用“黄皮书”专指６０－７０年代翻译的“内部发行”的外国文学书（不过７０年代始见白皮、灰麻麻的纸作封）。它前期由人民文学出版社负责，上海方面偶尔参与，具体由人文社的副牌“作家出版社”、“中国戏剧出版社”充任出版者；后期上海方面参与程度高，与人文社共同负责。“黄皮书”仅是皮书系列内的一大类，类似的还有“灰皮书”，译著更多。“灰皮书”指内部翻译的“修正主义”和欧美历史、传记、政治、理论等社科著作，由人民出版社负责，商务、中央编译局、世界知识出版社参与其事，当时人民社的副牌“三联”亦参与。 出版界资深文化人陈原先生这样描述非常时期的这两类书［２］： 六十年代初，反修的热浪席卷全国，出版了两套很别致的所谓修正主义的“反面教材”：一套用灰色纸作封面封底，习惯上称之为“灰皮书”，一套用黄色纸作封面封底，叫“黄皮书”。灰皮书收录社会科学论著，包括考茨基、托洛茨基、布哈林、赫鲁晓夫等人的著述或评传；黄皮书则收录所谓“修正主义”文学作品。 承担“灰皮书”部分任务的原商务负责人陈翰伯先生曾经在文革中一份交代材料里谈及这个任务的缘起：“１９６１年底或１９６２年初钓鱼台反修小组，康生同志通过包之静要几 收稿日期：２０１０－０１－１５ ＊基金项目：本文是广东省“２１１工程”三期建设项目《人文学中心建设—比较视野 的文学通化研究》子课题“２０世纪下半叶中国文学家翻译群体研究”（项目编号：ＧＤＵＦＳ２１１－２－００２）的研究成果。 作者简介：王友贵，男，四川成都人，博士，广东外语外贸大学英文学院教授，博士生导师；研究方向：英 国文学，中国２０世纪翻译文学史，翻译史，文学翻译。
全球智能纺织品发展综述 在过去的几年里，智能材料在我们的生活中起着十分巨大的作用。智能材料的潜力非常广泛，也已经走进了纺织品中，德国Niederrien 大学的U.R.B.Sastry总结了近一阶段以来智能纺织品的主要发展情况。 近几年来，智能材料以其自身独特的方式融入到纺织品中。智能材料的出现激起了材料科学、电学和计算机工程的研究者们的极大兴趣，同时感兴趣的还有产品设计者和纺织品生产者。智能材料从概念产生到产品开发的过程包括了从不同领域、不同背景来的人员，也包括了使用者他们自己。 最早的智能纺织品之一是被用于部队伪装的。在部队伪装这个应用中，纺织品大多用来伪装战场上的军车、军用设备和个人装备，避免被3种电磁辐射（可见光、红外线和雷达）的探测。另外，这种纺织品在设计中要求必须防火、耐穿着、高强度和容易生产。 雷达吸收结构通常是由带有氧化铁或碳涂层的伞面金字塔状的泡沫材料组成，通常它会与一定数量的银结合，可以调整雷达的目标有效截面。同时，针织物中的经编织物的红外特性通过使用带有可见的印花和图案的、低发射率涂层来控制，它被设计成迷彩效果。 1 21世纪的服装 进入21世纪以来，对于服装设计的要求不断向重量轻、容易携带的方向发展，什么是将智能材料融入到纺织品中的更好方法呢？比如说：总部设在布鲁塞尔的Starlab 发明了一种带有传感器的田径服用来监视穿着者的心脏变化情况，从运动员刚一出发开始，数据便通过电子信箱的方式，即服装所具备的移动电话功能进行信息传输。更进一步的例子，德国的Infineon Technologies 生产出了第一件可穿着的MP3音乐运动服装，这种音乐运动服的袖子里带有键盘。基于这些发明，真正的可穿着计算机服装似乎是可能实现的，但是，在这里我们不能忽视将会出现的问题。比如，服装的耐用性和洗涤效果——与日常服装相关的因素必须加以考虑，如果制造商想要使用可穿着这个术语作为智能材料纺织品的标注，就必须充分符合其真实
2012年1月4日星期三 雌激素是新的“利他林”吗？ ——性激素能让一部分女性思维敏捷，却也让一部分迟钝 大考即将来临？无法集中注意力？尝试一点雌激素吧。 加州大学伯克利分校的神经系统科学家在最近的一项研究中报道称，女性生理周期中的荷尔蒙波动可能会如咖啡因、甲基苯丙胺或最常见的兴奋剂利他林一样影响其大脑。 近年来的研究表明，工作记忆（短期信息处理能力）是依赖于化学物质多巴胺的。事实上，像利他林这样的药物可以模仿多巴胺帮助人们集中注意力。在老鼠身上的研究显示，雌激素似乎可以诱发多巴胺的释放。但是伯克利这次的新研究是首次把认识能力和人的雌激素水平联系起来，这也就解释了为什么有些女性会在她们生理周期的不同时间点有着或好或坏的认识能力。 这只研究团队对24名健康女性进行了检测。通过基因测试，她们中有些天然多巴胺水平高，而有些天然低。不出所料，多巴胺水平低的女性对于处理复杂的工作记忆问题有困难，比如将一串五个数字反着背出来。但当测试在排卵期中进行，雌激素水平最高时（一般是月经期的10~12天后）这些女性的表现显著改善，有大约10%的进步。令人惊讶的是，多巴胺水平天然高的女性处理复杂问题的能力，却在排卵期中雌激素水平最高的时候有很明显的下降。 根据组织此次研究的Ph.D Emily Jacobs说，脑中的多巴胺是“classic Goldilacks scenario”。对于多巴胺水平最低的25%女性来说，在月经期多巴胺水平的增加会增强她们的认识能力，而对于多巴胺水平最高的25%女性来说，月经期多巴胺水平的增加可能会使她们的多巴胺水平超过一个上限，从而减弱她们的认识能力。而剩下的50%女性都处在这两类女性水平之间，不在研究的范围内。 这项研究有着重大的意义。Jacob说，像咖啡因、利他林这种诱发多巴胺释放的药物对于特定时期的女性是无效，甚至是损害性的。而且，她还希望提醒科学家们注意，在研究脑部疾病时，男女大脑虽然天赋相同但是并不完全一样。 Jacob说，这之间有很大区别，只有我们能知道他们在正常状态下的区别，我们才能预测他们在疾病状态下的区别。 毁约——脑扫描揭示誓言什么时候会不被遵守 新郎说“我愿意”而又和别人有一腿的时候，他脑中发生了什么？朋友承诺还钱却一直不还，他的脑中又发生了什么？一项最新研究显示，毁约是一项很复杂的神经生物学事件。而且脑扫描可以在毁约发生前预测出谁将要毁约。 瑞士苏黎世大学的科学家运用核磁共振技术把大脑比喻成了一场投资游戏。投资者必须决定是否承诺与受托者分享利益。如果投资，会使得账户中的资金增加，但如果受托者选择不分享，结果也会是投资者受损失。几乎所有投资者都说会把钱给受托者，但最后并不会所有人都守约。 通过核磁共振的扫描，研究者可以在他们有机会毁约前预测出他们会不会毁约。毁约者脑部的一些区域的活动会更加活跃，包括分管在压抑诚实回应时自我控制的前额皮质层，和标志
1.Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。 2.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls （环礁）. 在那里，由于地心引力的剧烈干扰，一道道山脉，一座座火山升出水面。千百年来，微小的珊瑚虫在这里繁衍、死亡，形成了数不胜数的被称为环礁的环状岛屿。 3.Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we now have. 由于我们今天的信息太多，那些旧的通讯线路和方法已不能灵便有效地处理他们了。 4. Scarcely can any law be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority, it is useful. 法律难顾及所有人，于大多数人有利足矣。 5.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. 在肯尼亚和索马里的某些地方，河水漫出河床，宽达数英里。洪水切断了村与村之间的联系，迫使牧民们和家畜挤在一起，困缩在一块块狭小的陆地上动弹不得。 6. The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten; by the river and pond, on the hill and in the valley. 雪，在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树上，撒在田野里，撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底——没有一条岩缝墙隙里不飘满雪花。 7. When his door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.
英语翻译 Unit 1Book 3. 中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春 节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日， 象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、 中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风 俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝 聚力和生命力的体现 Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed to the Lunar calendar. January 1st on the lu Seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double- Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eight Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Ea Lunar calendar. They embody China's cohesion and vitality. Unit 3Book3. 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画” 的画特指国画。其绘画形式 是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹 青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人 物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔 墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中化民族的 审美意识和情趣。 The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And paint painting.” In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” ( hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink.” Chinese pai 5. 中国石窟 中国石窟组要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛 阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟 随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇尚美与世俗情融为一体，把天然 造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、 绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界瞩目，已成为重要的世界 文化遗产。 Chinese Grottoes Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China， there are four major art landscape of grottoes:the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui. Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist Grottoes are regarded
翻译学必读 1语文和诠释学派 二十世纪之前的翻译理论被纽马克（1981）称为翻译研究的‘前语言学时期’，人们围绕‘word-for-word’和‘sense-for-sense’展开激烈的讨论，核心是‘忠实’，‘神似’和‘真理’。典型的代表有John Dryden, Tytler等，而Barnard, Steiner等人则是在他们的基础上进一步发展。 2语言学派 Jacobson(1959)提出意义对等的问题，随后的二十多当年，学界围绕这个问题进行了研究。奈达（1969）采取了转换语法模式，运用“科学（奈达语）”的方法来分析他翻译《圣经》过程中的意义处理问题。奈达提出的形式对等说、动态对等说和等效原则都是将注意力集中在受众一方。纽马克信奉的是语义翻译和交际翻译，即重视翻译中的语义和交际方面。 3话语分析Discourse Analysis（critical discourse analysis批评话语分析functional discourse analysis功能语篇分析Discourse analysis theory话语分析理论 Discourse Analysis for Interpreters翻译专业演说分析 Pragmatics & Discourse Analysis语用学positive discourse analysis积极话语分析 rhetorical or discourse analysis语篇分析Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis语用学Mediated discourse analysis中介话语分析 二十世纪七十年代到九十年代，作为应用语言学领域的一个分支，话语分析经历了产生和发展壮大的过程，其理论背景来自M.K.Halliday（韩礼德）的系统功能语法。今天，话语分析的方法已经逐步运用到翻译研究中。House(1997)提出的翻译质量模型就是基于韩礼德的理论，他吸收了其中的语域分析方法；Baker(1992) 则为培养译员提供了话语分析和语用分析的范本；Hatim 和Mason(1997)将语域研究拓展到语用和符号学角度 4目的学派 目的学派于二十世纪七、八十年代在德国兴起，是从静态的语言学、语言类型学中剥离出来的。其中的代表人物有，Reiss，Vermmer，Nord 等。Reiss（1971，1988，2000）强调的是文本层面的对等，主张文本的类型和翻译策略结合起来；Holz-Manttari（1984）则认为在翻译过程是一个交际、互动的过程，涉及各种各样的角色。Vermmer（2000）继承并发展了Reiss的观点。 5文化学派the Culture School Even-Zohar 在二十世纪七十年代提出将文学翻译视为文化的，文学的和历史的过程或系统。翻译研究的“文化转向”指的是更加注重从文化研究的角度进行翻译研究。其中，Lefevere （1992）逐渐从系统理论转向文化学研究，将翻译看作‘重写’的过程，审视围绕着翻译文本的意识形态冲突等课题。Simon(1996) 和一些女权主义者则重点研究文化学研究中的女性意识。后殖民主义文化学方向的代表人物是Bassnett和Trivedi (1999)，他们认为，无论在殖民化的过程中还是在被殖民的社会，翻译都十分活跃。文化学派的研究有着各自的研究任务和各自的侧重点，丰富了翻译研究的内容。 6解构学派 本雅明本人不属于解构学派，但他的著作《译者的任务》通常被看作解构学派对翻译研究的缘起和根据。本雅明率先指出，翻译不可能与原作相等，因为翻译过程已经改变了原作，况且，没有蜕变，也就不会产生‘后起的生命’。本雅明认为，译者的任务不是在目标语中复制原文，而是颠覆原语的体系，把潜藏于原文的精神内容表达出来。德里达则更进一步，在他的著作《巴别通天塔》中，翻译被看作一个不断解构和建构的过程。学界认为德里达将翻
毕业设计（论文）英文翻译 课题名称 系 部 专 业 班 级 学 号 姓 名 指导教师 校内： 校外： 2012年4月5日
原文： CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER INTRUSION AND KINDS OF SECURITY BREACHES CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER INTRUSION AND KINDS OF SECURITY BREACHES 1．CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER INTRUSION The target of a crime involving computers may be any piece of the computing system．A computing system is a collection of hardware，software，storage media，data，and persons that an organization uses to do computing tasks．Whereas the obvious target of a bank robbery is cash，a list of names and addresses of depositors might be valuable to a competing bank．The list might be on paper，recorded on a magnetic medium，stored in internal computer memory，or transmitted electronically across a medium such as a telephone line．This multiplicity of targets makes computer security difficult．In any security system，the weakest point is the most serious vulnerability．A robber intent on stealing something from your house will not attempt to penetrate a two-inch thick metal door if a window gives easier access．A sophisticated perimeter physical security system does not compensate for unguarded access by means of a simple telephone line and a modem．The “weakest point” philosophy can be restated as the following principle．
圭亚那盆地地层时代中英文对照 Cainozoic 新生界 Tertiary 第三纪 Pleistocene 第三纪更新世 Miocene 第三纪中新世 Lower Miocene 第三纪下中新世 Oligocene 第三纪渐新世 Eocene 第三纪始新世 Middle Eocene第三纪中始新世 Lower Eocene第三纪下始新世 Paleocene 第三纪古新世、古近系 Cretaceous 白垩纪 Senonian 森诺阶 Campanian 坎帕阶 Santonian 桑托阶 Coniacian 科尼亚克阶（晚白垩纪第三期）Turonian 白垩纪土仑阶（晚白垩纪第二期）Cenomanian 森诺曼阶 Albian 阿尔比阶 Aptian 阿普第阶 Barremian 巴列姆阶 Precambrian 前寒武纪地层
Cainozoic 新生界 Quaternary 第四系Quaternary period 第四纪Paleocene 第三纪古新世、古近系 Mesozoic中生界 Cretaceous 白垩系 Jurassic 侏罗系 Triassic 三叠系 LateTriassicepoch 晚三叠世 Paleozoic 古生界 Permian 二叠系 LatePermianepoch Early Permian 早二叠世 Carboniferous 石炭系石炭纪 Late Carboniferous Devonian 泥盆系泥盆纪upperDevonionseries 上泥盆统 siluric 志留系Silurian 志留纪 Ordovician 奥陶系奥陶纪 Cambrian 寒武系寒武纪 Proterozoic era 元古代
MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE (Seal of Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People’s Republic of China) Supervised bytheMinistry of Civil Affairs of the People’s Republic of China Photograph of the holder and his/her spouse (embossing seal) Certificate Holder： 1 / 3
Marriage Certificate No.: Name： Sex：Female Birthday Date： ID No： Name： Sex：Male Birthday Date： ID No：Themarriage application conforms to the provisions of the Marriage Law of the People’s Republic of China. We hereby certify thatthe applicants are registered as married. Issuing Authority：(Special Seal for Marriage Registration, CivilAffairs Bureau of XX District, Shanghai) Date of Registration： 2 / 3
The Marriage Law prescribes that both the male and the female applicants shallgo to the marriage registration authority in person to get registered. If the application conforms to the provisions of the Marriage Law, the applicants shall be registered and issued the marriage certificate.Marriage relationship will be established once the marriage certificate is issued. Printed by the Department of Civil Affairs of Shanghai 3 / 3
第12页 0903060136 梁潇 0903060137 黄浩 0901014108 黄瑞尧 5.3性能分析 通信开销：在和平时期，验证和密钥协商协议的要求只有三路之间的网状路由器和网络用户和双向沟通网络用户之间。这是最低的通信回合要实现相互认证，因此，和平招致降低认证延迟。此外，通过设计，和平带来最低的额外因为它们可能对网络用户的通信开销如掌上电脑和智能手机进行的移动客户端比其他笔记本电脑访问无线网状网。这些移动客户端要少得多强大相比，网状路由器考虑到他们的沟通能力。在消息（M.1），（M.1），（M.2），网络用户只需要发送一组签名履行认证功能。作为我们立足本集团上签字的变化计划[8]中提出，签名的包括两个G的元素五个元素的Z带够。当使用[19]中描述的曲线，可以首要采取p到170位并使用G组1，其中每个元素是171位。因此，总群签名的长度为1192位或149字节。有了这些参数，安全性是大致相同作为一个标准的1024位RSA签名，这是128个字节[8]。也就是说，群签名的长度几乎是作为一个标准的RSA-1024的签名相同。 计算开销：在和平，最昂贵的计算操作的签名生成和验证。签名生成需要两个同构的应用中。同构计算，需要大约同时，作为一个在G1幂（使用快速计算的轨迹图）[8]。因此，签名生成需要约八幂（或multiexponentiations）和两个双线性映射计算。验证签名需要六个幂和3+2|网址|双线性映射计算。按照设计，和平采用会话认证的不对称对称的混合方法，降低计算成本。网络实体（Mesh 路由器和网络用户）执行昂贵的组签名操作相互验证，只有当建立一个新的会话，所有同一会话的后续数据交换是通过高效的基于MAC的方法进行验证。 更具体地说，和平需要进行相互认证，为建立一个新的会话时，执行一个签名生成和签名验证的网络用户。由此可以看出，签名验证的实际成本计算取决于一致资源定址器的大小，而签名的发电成本是固定的。和平可以主动控制的一致资源定址器的大小。此外，可以采取一种更为有效的吊销检查算法，其运行的时间是一致资源定址器的独立[8]中描述了对用户的隐私有点牺牲。这种技术可以进一步带来的总成本六幂和5个双线性映射计算的签名验证。另一方面，和平需要一个网状路由器进行相互认证其覆盖范围内的每个网络用户每每灯塔消息不同的会议和标志定期播出。 存储开销：在和平中，网络用户可以携带资源约束的普及设备，如掌上电脑和智能手机访问的无线网状网。因此，存储每个网络用户的开销应该是负担得起的现代普及设备。在我们的计划显示说明，在和平中的每个网络用户需要存储两个信息：他的小组的私钥及相关系统参数。该组的私钥为每个用户包含1组元素的G1和2个Z元素。如果我们首要选择p到170位，并使用G组1每个组171位的元素，每个组私钥用户只需消耗511位的内存，这是微不足道的现代普及设备。大多数的内存消耗部分是系统参数，其中可能包括代码来形容双线性组（G