Chapter III The Romantic Period
一、本章的学习目的和要求
通过本章的学习，了解浪漫主义文学的产生的历史，文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征，基本主张，及其对时代及后世英国文学用至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
二、本章考核知识点及考核要求
（一）考核知识点
1.浪漫主义时期概述
1）浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治，经济，文化背景
2）浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张
3）英国浪漫主义文学的特色
4）浪漫主义文学对同时代及后世英国文学的影响
2.浪漫主义时期主要作家的文学创作思想及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，艺术手法及社会意义等。
威廉。布莱克；威廉。华兹华斯；塞。特。科勒律治；乔治。戈登。拜伦；珀。比。雪莱；约翰。济兹；简。奥斯汀
（二）考核要求
1.浪漫主义时期概述
1）识记：a.浪漫主义时期的界定
b.历史文化背景
2）领会：a.浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响。
b.浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张及对后世文学的影响。、
3）应用：a.名词解释：浪漫主义
b.浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析
2.该时期的重要作家
1）识记：浪漫主义时期的重要作家，代表作品及其主要内容。
2）领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。
3）应用：a.浪漫派诗歌（所选作品）的主题，意象分析
b.小说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要人物的性格分析。
一、概述
1. 一般识记
English Romanticism---157
English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have beg an in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge''s Lyrical Ballads & to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott''s death & the passage of the first Reform Bill in th
e Parliament.
2. 识记Historical & Cultural background---159
During this period, England had experienced profound economic & social change. The biggest social change in English history was the transfer of large masses of the population from the countryside to the towns. As a result of the Enclosures & the agricultural mecha nization, the peasants were driven of their land；some emigrated to the colonies；some sank to the level of farm laborers & many others drifted to the industrial towns where th ere was a growing demand for labor. But the new industrial towns were no better than ju ngles, where the law was "the survival of the fittest."The cruel economic exploitation cau sed large-scale workers'' disturbances in England.来源:考试大-自考站
3. 领会
（1）Influences of the Romantic Movement---161
Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of so cial civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary
& philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life & all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most val uable as an expression of this or her unique feelings & particular attitudes & valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual''s experiences.
（2）The Romantic views about literature（总结）
a. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, S helley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclas sical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.---161
b. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen & Walter Scott.---163
c. Besides poetry & prose, there are quite a number of writers who have fried their hand at poetic dramas in this perio
d.---166
4.应用
（1）Literary Terms
a. The Romantic Movement：①it expressed a more or less negative attitude towards the existing social & political conditions that came with industrialization & the growing impor tance of the bourgeoisie.②The Romantics felt that the existing society denied people thei r essential human needs, so they demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant mod es of thinking of the 18th-century writers & philosophers.Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state & emphasized the special qualities of each individual''s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer.④it places the individual as the very center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and valuing its accuracy in portraying the individu al’s experiences.---161
b. The Gothic novel---166
It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one pha se of the Romantic movement, its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatur al, which strongly appeal to the reader''s emotion. With its descriptions of the dark, irratio nal side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer o f the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho （1794）by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein （1818）by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.
（2）Characteristics of Romantic literature in English history.---161
The Romantic period is an age of poetry Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shell ey & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassica l literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth & Coleridge w ere the major representatives of this movement. They explored new theories & innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy：they believed th at poetry could purify both individual souls & the society. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity & inspiration, regardi ng them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also p rovides the dominant subject matter. Wordsworth is the closest to nature.
To escape from a world that had became excessively rational, as well as excessively materialistic & ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times & places, where the qualitie s they valued could be convincingly depicted. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defe nding the great poets & dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules who tended to glorify Rome & rational Italian & French neoclassical art a s superior to the native traditions. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people & their everyday life for subjects, Romantic write rs are always seeking for the Absolute, the Ideal through the transcendence of the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poetic language, versification & design, & const ructed a variety of forms on original principles of structure & style.
二该时期的重要作家
I. William Blake
1.一般识记：His life
English poet，artist，& philosopher，born in London England，Nov 28，1757，and died in London，Aug 12，1827. Blake made distinguished contributions to both Lit erature & art. He ranks with great poets in the English language & may be considered th e earliest of the major English Romantic poets. His poems range from lyrics of childlike simplicity to mystical or prophetic works of great complexity. As an artist he is best kno wn for his engravings，which are among the masterpieces of graphic art.
2. 识记His political，religious & literary views---167
Blake never tried to fit into the world；he was a rebel innocently & completely all his life. He was politically of the permanent left & mixed a good deal with the radicals l ike Thomas Paine& William Godwin. Like Shelley，Blake strongly criticized the capitalist s' cruel exploitation，saying that the "dark satanic mills left men unemployed，killed chi ldren & forced prostitution." Meanwhile he cherished great expectations & enthusiasm for the French Revolution，& regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium pre dicted by the biblical prophets. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet，sh owing contempt for the rule of reason，opposing the classical tradition of the 18th centur y & treasuring the individual's imagination.
3. 领会His poems
（1）Early works---168
The Songs of Innocence （1809）is a lovely volume of poems，presenting a happ y & innocent world，though not without its evils & sufferings. For instance，" Holy T hursday"with its vision of charity children lit " with a radiance all their own" reminds us terribly of a world of loss & institutional cruelty. The wretched child described in
" The Chimney Sweeper，" orphaned，exploited，yet touched by visionary rapture，evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. His Songs of Experience （1794）paints a different world， a world of mi sery，poverty，disease，war & repression with a melancholy tone. The benighted Engla nd becomes the world of the dark wood & of the weeping prophet. The orphans of
" Holy Thursday"are now "fed with cold & usurious hand."The little chimneysweeper sings "notes of woe" while his parents go to church & praise "God & his Priest & King"——the very instruments of their repression. In "London"，the city is no longer a paradi se，but becomes the seat of poverty & despair，of man alienated from his true self. Bl ake's Marriage of Heaven & Hell （1790）marks his entry into maturity. The poem was composed during the climax of the French Revolution & it plays the double role
both as a satire & a revolutionary prophecy. In this poem，Blake explores the relationship of the contraries. Attraction & repulsion，reason & energy，love & hate，are necessary to human existence. Life is a continual conflict of give & take，a pairing of opposites，of good & evil，of innocence & experience，of body & soul. "Without contraries，" Blake states，"there is no progression." The "marriage，" to Blake，means the reconcili ation of the contraries，not the subordination of the one to the other.
（2）Later works
In his later period，Blake wrote quite a few prophetic books，which reveal him as the prophet of universal political & spiritual freedom and show the poet himself as the sp okesman of revolt. The major ones are：The Book of Urizen（1794），The Book of Los（1795）。The Four Zoas （1796-1807）& Milton （1804-1920）。
4.领会Characteristics of Blake's poems---170
Blake who lived in the blaze of revelation，felt bound to declare that " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision，" & that "The Nature of my work i s visionary or imaginative."
From childhood，Blake had a strongly visual mind；whatever he imagined，he als o saw. As an imaginative poet，he presents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms.
Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language. His poems often carry the lyric b eauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness & tends to em
body his views with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.
5. 应用Select Readings：
1）The Chimney Sweeper （from Songs of Innocence）
Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems，presenting a happy & innocent w orld，though not without its evils & sufferings. In this volume，Blake，with his eager quest for new poetics forms & techniques，broke completely with the traditions of the 18 th century. He experimented in meter & rhymes & introduced bold metrical innovations w hich could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries.
In the 18th century，small boys sometimes no more than 4 or 5 years old，were e mployed to climb up the narrow chimney flues & clean them，collecting the soot in bag s. Such boys，sometimes sold to the master sweepers by their parents were miserably tre ated by their master & often suffered disease & physical deformity.
This poem，in fact，is a protest against the harm that society does to its children by exploiting them for labor of this kind，The poem was written in the child's-eye point of view，& the dramatic irony （what the speaker says in the poem is different from wh at the poet means）arises from the poet's knowing more or seeing more than the child d oes.
2）The Chimney Sweeper （from songs of Experience）
Songs of Experience paints a different world，a world of misery，poverty，disease，war & repression with a melancholy tone，The benighted England becomes the world of dark wood & of the weeping prophet. The poem selected here reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children. The poem also reveals the relation between are economic circumstance，i.e. the exploitation of child labor & an ideological circumstance，i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.
3）The Tyger
The Tyger，included in Songs of Experience，is one of Blake's best-known poems. It seemingly praises the great power of tiger，but what the tiger symbolizes remains disp utable：the power of man？Or the revolutionary force？Or the evil？Or as it is usual ly interpreted，the Almighty Maker who created both the meek & gentle lamb & the terr ible & awesome tiger？The poem is highly symbolic with a touch of mysticism & it is open to various interpretations. The poem contains six quatrains in rhyming couplets & its language is terse & forceful with an anvil rhythm.
II. William Wordsworth
1.一般识记：His life & career
William Wordsworth （1770-1850）was born at Cockermouth，Cambarland，
in the family of an attorney. He received education at St. John's College，Cambridge. He developed a keen love of nature as a youth. Another important influence on his life was t he French Revolution. In 1798 Wordsworth & Coleridge collaborated on a book of poems entitled Lyrical Ballads Robert Southey，Samuel Taylor Colerdge & William Wordswort h are known as the "Lake Poets." In 1842，Wordsworth received a government pension & in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate. Wordsworth died at Ryd al Mount，April 23，1850.
As a great Romantic poet，Wordsworth had a long poetic career. His Lyrical Ballad s，written together with Coleridge，is generally regarded as the symbol of the beginning of the Romantic period in England. The Prelude is ranked by many critics as his greates t work. In 1807 Poems in Two Volumes was published. The Excursion was published in 1814.
2. 识记：His poetic outlook---176-178
1)Wordsworth is regarded as a "worshipper of nature." He can penetrate to the heart of things & give the reader the very life of nature. "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" is per haps the most anthologized poem in English literature，& one that takes us to the core o
f Wordsworth's poetic beliefs. To Wordsworth，nature embodies，human beings in their diverse circumstances. It is nature that gives him "strength & knowledge full of peace." 2)Common life is Wordsworth's only subject of literary interest. The joys & sorrows of t he common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the sufferin
g poor.
3)Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past.To him，life is a cyclical journey. Its b eginning finally turns out to be its end. Wordsworth's deliberate simplicity & refusal to de corate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure & profound poetry which no other poets has ever equaled. Poetry，he believes originates from "emotion recollected in tranq uility." Rejecting the contemporary emphasis on form & intellectual approach that drained poetic writing of strong emotion，he maintains that the scenes & events of everyday life & the speech of ordinary people are the raw material of which poetry can & should be made.
3. 领会His poetical works
1）Lyrics
Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry，notably the uncompr omising simplicity of much of the language，the strong sympathy not merely with the po or in general but with particular，dramatized examples of them，& the fusion of natural description with expressions of inward states of mind. The poems Wordsworth added to t he 1800 edition of the Lyrical Ballads are among the best of his achievements.---176 "Tintern Abbey" remains a profoundly original & imaginative achievement；the vall ey of the Wye itself，the quiet center of the returning wanderer's thoughts is described w ith a detail that conveys a sense of natural order at once vivid & eternal. Beyond the ple asures of the picturesque with their emphasis on the eye & the external aspects of nature，however，lies a deeper moral awareness，a sense of completeness in multiplicity. But t he poem progresses beyond such moral reflections. As he is aware of his own sublime co mmunion with all things，nature becomes an inspiring force of rapture，a power that re veals the workings of the soul. To Wordsworth，nature acts as a substitute for imaginativ e & intellectual engagement with the development of embodied human beings in their div erse circumstances. It's nature that gives him "strength & knowledge full of peace."---177 2）The Prelude---178
Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past.To him，life is a cyclical journey. Its beginn ing finally turns out to be its end. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude. It opens with a literal journey whose goal is to return to the vale of Grasm ere. The journey goes through the poet's personal history，carrying the metaphorical mean ing of his interior journey & questing for his lost early self & the proper spiritual home. The poem charts this growth from infancy to manhood. We are shown the development o f human consciousness under the sway of an imagination united to the grandeur go nature. Later books of The Prelude describe Wordsworth's experiences in France，his republicani sm，his affair with Annette Vallon，his "substantial dread" during the Terror & his cont inuing support of the ideals underlying the Revolution. The concluding description of the ascent of Snowdon becomes a symbol of the poet's climb to the height of his inspired po wers & to that state of vision in which，dedicating himself to humanity，he becomes o ne of the " Prophets of Nature."
4.领会Characteristics of Wordsworth Poems & His Achievements.---179 William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry，the focal poetic voice of the period. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity & one that ins pires his audience to see the world freshly，sympathetically & naturally. The most import ant contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry，the poet ry of the growing inner self，but also changed the course of English poetry by using ord inary speech of the language & by advocating a return to nature.
5. 应用：Selected Readings
1）I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud （1）
Wordsworth is regarded as a "worshipper of nature." He can penetrate to the hea rt of things & give the reader the very life of nature. "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature，& one that takes us to the co re of Wordsworth's poetic beliefs. Wordsworth wrote this beautiful poem of nature after h e came across a long belt of gold daffodils tossing & reeling & dancing along the waters ide. There is a vivid picture of the daffodils here，mixed with the poet's philosophical & somewhat mystical thoughts.
The poem consists of four 6-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter with a rhyme sch eme of ababcc in each stanza. The last stanza describes the poet's recollection in tranquilit y from which this poem arose. The poet thinks that it is a bliss to recollect the beauty o f nature in his mind while he is in solitude
2）Composed upon Westminster Bridge，September 3，1802 （1）
This sonnet，written on the roof of a coach as Wordsworth was on his way to France，was published in Poems in Two Volumes，1807. The poem presents the speake r's view of London in the early morning. The speaker is not only profoundly touched by its beauty & tranquility of the morning，but even surprised to realize that London is part of Nature just as much as is his own beloved Lake Country.
Wordsworth is regarded as a " worshipper of nature." Even in this poem，thoug h he is looking at London，he is thinking of home where the sun steeps in his first sple ndor，valley，rock，or hill."
The poem is written after the pattern of the Italian sonnet. The octave recreates the experience of London at morning，and the sestet enlarges on his reaction to the scen e. The rhyme scheme of the poem is abbaabba，cdcdcd.
3）She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways （1）
This is one of the "Lucy poems，" written in 1799. The "Lucy Poems"describe with rare elusive beauty of simple lyricism & haunting rhythm a young country girl living a simple life in a remote village far from the civilized world. They are verses of love & loss which hold within their delicate simplicity a meditation on time & death which ris es to universal stature.
4）The Solitary Reaper （1）
Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys & sorrows of the common people are his themes.
"The Solitary Reaper" is an example of his literary views. It describes vividly a young peasant girl working alone in the fields & singing as she works. The plot of the li ttle incident is told straightforwardly in stanzas 1，3，& 4. Stanza 2，with its compari son of the girl's song to the cuckoo & the nightingale cannot be dismissed as vaguely or namental comparisons. They are much more than that，& the impression of the girl's sin ging on the traveler is heightened through these comparisons.
This poem is an iambic verse. Most of the lines in the poem are octosyllabics. The rhyme-scheme for each stanza is ababccdd.
III Samuel Taylor Coleridge
1.一般识记His Life & Literary Career
Samuel Taylor Coleridge （1772-1834）, poet & critic, was born in Ottery St. Mary, Devonshire, the son of a clergy man. He received education at Cambridge but left without a degree. Inspired by the radical thinkers with their idealism, Coleridge joined Robert So uthey in a utopian plan of establishing an ideal democratic community in America, named "Pantisocracy." In the spring of 1797, Coleridge met & began his long friendship with William Wordsworth. The following year, they published a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ballads, which become a landmark in English poetry. Coleridge's poem, " The Rime of t he Ancient Mariner，" was included in the volume. The years 1797 &1798 were among t he most fruitful of Coleridge's life. In addition to "The Ancient Mariner，" he wrote " K ubla Khan，" began writing " Christabel，" & composed "This Lime-Tree Bower My Pris
on，" "Frost at Midnight，" & " The Nightingale", which are considered to be his best "c onversational" poems.
In 1798, he traveled with the Wordsworths to Germany. In 1810, Coleridge quarreled seriously with Wordsworth. Although they reconciled with each other later on, their frien dship had never reached its former intimacy. In 1813, his tragic drama Remorse received popular welcome. In 1816, he wrote his major prose work, Biographia Literaria （1817）, a series of autobiographical notes & dissertations on many subjects, including some brillia ntly perceptive literary criticism.
2.识记 His Literary Outlook & Philosophy---186
Philosophically & critically, Coleridge opposed the limitedly rationalistic trends of the 18th-century thought. He courageously stemmed the tide of the prevailing doctrines derive d from Hume & Hartley, advocating a more spiritual & religious interpretation of life, bas ed on what he had learnt from Kant & Schelling. He believed that art is the only perman ent revelation of the nature of reality. A poet should realize the vague intimations derived from his unconsciousness without sacrificing the vitality of the inspiration.
3.识记 His Major Works
（1）"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner，" told an adventurous story of a sailor. By neglecting the law of hospitality, the mariner cruelly shot an albatross which flew to the s hip through thick fog. Then disaster fell onto the ship. The breeze died down；the ship s topped；the hot tropical sun shone all day long. The other sailors died of thirst one after another, while the mariner alone was alive, being tortured all the time with thirst & the horror of death. Only when the mariner finally repented & blessed for the water snake di d the spell break & the ship was then able to go back home. The story moves on throug h a world of wonder, from mysterious preface to inevitable close. Each incident stands ou t clear & vivid；each corresponding change in the soul of the mariner is registered. The whole experience is an ordeal of oppressive weariness.---186
（2）"Kubla Khan" was composed in a dream after Coleridge took the opium. The poet was reading about Kubla Khan when he fell asleep. The images of the river, of the magnificent palace & other marvelous scenes deposited in his unconsciousness were expres sed into about two or three hundred lines. But when he was writing them down, a strang er interrupted him & the vision was never recaptured. Only 54 lines survived.---188 （3）"Christabel" uses a freer version of the ballad form to create an atmosphere of the Gothic horror at once delicate & sinister. The tale is an old one of a serpent disguise d as a beautiful lady to victimize an innocent maiden. The standard trappings of Gothic h orror——the remote castle & the wood, the virgin Christabel in peril & the subtly wicked Geraldine ——dramatize a confrontation with evil through disturbing suggestions of the sexual, supernatural & fantastic elements of dream. The moaning of the owl& the crowin g of the cock, together with the response of the dog to the regular strokes of the clock, produced the effect of mystery & horror in the dead night. Opposed to the nightmarish ar e images of religious grace & the spring of love that had gushed from the poet's heart. It has been said that the thing attempted in "Christabel" is the most difficult in the whole field of romance, & nothing could come nearer the mark. The miraculous element, which lies on the face of "The Ancient Marines，" is here driven beneath the surface.---187 （4）Biographia Literaria, his major prose work is a series of autobiographical notes & dissertations on many subjects, including some brilliantly perceptive literary criticism. T he sections in which he expresses his views on the nature of poetry & discusses the work s of Wordsworth are especially notable.--
4.领会 Characteristics of His Poems---189
Coleridge was esteemed by some of his contemporaries & is generally recognized today a s a lyrical poet & literary critic of the first rank. His poetic themes range from the super natural to the domestic. His treatises, lectures, & compelling conversational powers made him one of the most influential English literary critics & philosophers of the 19th century.
5.领会：His Achievements---186
His actual achievement as a poet can be divided into two remarkably diverse groups：the demonic & the conversational. The demonic group includes his three masterpieces："
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner，" "Christabel" & "Kubla Khan." Mysticism & demonis m with strong imagination are the distinctive features of this group. Generally, the convers ational group speaks more directly of an allied theme：the desire to go home, not to the past, but to " an improved infancy." Each of these poems bears a kind of purgatorial aton ement, in which Coleridge must fail or suffer so that someone he loves may succeed or e xperience joy.
Coleridge is one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language, mainta ining that the aim of poetry is to give pleasure "through the medium of beauty." In analy zing Shakespeare, Coleridge emphasizes the philosophic implication, reading more into the subject than the text & going deeper into the inner reality than only caring for the outer form.---189
6. 应用Selected Reading
Kubla Khan （1）
"Kubla Khan" is one of the best-known poems written by Coloridge. It is a vision, a frag ment painting, a gorgeous Oriental picture. When the poem was published in 1816, Coleri dge prefaced it explaining that the poem came to him in 1797, as he lay asleep at the m oment when he was reading a story from Maco polo in an old travel book named Purcha' s Pilgrimage. Though the poet calls this poem a fragment, there is a wholeness in the po em & it is highly symbolic. The places symbolize conflicting forces ——Xanadu, which r epresents a beautifully cultivated & ordered product of the rational will, is opposed to Alp h's wild & savage chasm which represents an irrationally mysterious creative energy or in spiration. The speaker realizes that the opposites can be reconciled through the creative im agination. "Ancestral voices prophesying war" confirms that the conflict is always present；the "pleasure-dome，" the product of human imaginative vision is the device （poetry）which will reconcile the opposites；& "a damsel with a dulcimer" is anything which rele ases the poetic vision.
Either ways, however, the description of Xanadu, the pleasure dome, the chasm the sacred river Alph bursts out of, along with the speaker's reaction to this revision of them is ex otic & vivid. This poem can be a source of pleasure of verbal music or of freely associat ed & impressive images. Notice how the meter of the poem supports its shifting ideas：lines 1 through 11 are orderly Iambic tetrameter broken only in line 5；lines 12 through 30 are iambic pentameter which is poly-rhythmic in its diversity；lines 31 through 34 are in a lilting iambic tetrameter shifting to a couplet of iambic pentameter in lines 35 & 36. The poem ends with tetrameter iambic occasionally interrupted by trochaic. The rhymes are also arranged haphazardly to accommodate the idea.
IV George Gordon Byron
1. 一般识记 His Life
English poet, born George Gordon Byron, in London, England, Jan. 22, 1788, and di ed in Missolonghi, Greece, April 19, 1824.
Lord Byron was perhaps the most fascinating & influential literary personality of the Romantic age. An eloquent poet, handsome nobleman, & political rebel, he was one of th e most popular & notorious figures of the 19th century.
He was educated first at Harrow & then Cambridge. In 1807, a volume of Byron's p oems, Hours of Idleness, was published. A very harsh review of this work in the Edinbur gh Review prompted a satirical reply from Byron in heroic couplets, entitled English Bard s & Scotch Reviewers （1809）, in which Byron lashed not only his reviewers, but also t he conservative schools of contemporary poetry, showing his lasting contempt for what he considered the commonplace & vulgarity of the "Lake Poets."
In 1811, Byron took his seat in the House of Lords, & made vehement speeches, att acking the reactionary policy of the English government, & showing his great sympathy f or the oppressed poor. At the news of the Greek revolt against the Turks, Byron not only gave the insurgent Greeks financial help but plunged himself into the struggle for the nat ional independence of that country. In July 1823, Byron joined the Greek insurgents at Mi ssolonghi. The Greeks made him commander in chief of their forces in January 1824. Bec
ause of several months' hard work under bad weather, Byron fell ill & died. The whole Greek nation mourned over his death.
2. 识记 His Literary Career
In 1807, a volume of Byron's poems, Hours of idleness, was published. In 1809, he wrote a satirical reply to a harsh review in the Edinburgh Review in heroic couplets, entit led English Bards & Scotch Reviewers. The publication in 1812 of the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, a poem narrating his travels between 1809 & 1811 in Europe, brought Byron fame. In the following two years. He had written a number of long verse -tales, generally known as the Oriented Tales, with similar kind of heroes. In 1816, he wr ote the third canto of Childe Harold & the narrative poem The Prisoner of Chillon. From 1816 to 1819, he produced, among other works, the verse drama Manfred （1817）, the first two cantos of Don Juan （1818-1819）, & the fourth & final canto of Childe Harold （1818）。In 1821, Byron wrote the verse drama Cain & the narrative poem The Islan d. He published, in 1822, one of the greatest political satires, The Vision of Judgment, wi th its main attack on Southey, the Tory Poet Laureate. Don Juan, a mock epic in 16 cant os, was finished in 1823.
3. 识记His Major works
（1）Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
The poem is about a gloomy, passionate young wanderer who escaped from the socie ty he disliked & traveled around the continent, questing for freedom. It teems with all kin ds of recognizable features of Romantic poetry ——the medieval, the outcast figure, love of nature, hatred of tyranny, preoccupation with the remote & savage, & so on. It also c ontains many vivid & exotic descriptive passages on mountains, rivers & seas. With his st rong passion for liberty & his intense hatred for all tyrants, Byron shows his sympathy fo r the oppressed Portuguese under French occupation；he gives his strong support to the S panish people fighting for their national independences；he laments over the fallen Greece, expressing his ardent wish that the suppressed Greek people should win their freedom；he glorifies the French Revolution & condemns the despotic Napoleon period；& he appe als for the liberty of the oppressed nations while exalting the great fighters for freedom in history.
2）Don Juan
Don Juan is Byron's masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century. It is a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover & seducer of women. In t he conventional sense, Juan is immoral, yet Byron takes this poem as the most moral. He invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity & frankness, which, accordin g to Byron are virtues neglected by the modern society. In addition, though Don Juan is t he central figure & all the threads of the story are woven around him, he & his adventur es only provide the framework：the poet's true intention is, by making use of Juan's adve ntures, to present a panoramic view of different types of society.
4. 领会Characteristics of Byron's Poems
Byron's poetry, though much criticized by some critics on moral grounds, was immen sely popular at home, & also abroad, where it exerted great influence on the Romantic M ovement. This popularity it owed to the author's persistent attacks on "cant political, religi ous, & moral，" to the novelty of his oriental scenery, to the romantic character of the B yronic hero, & to the easy, fluent, & natural beauty of his verse. Byron's diction, though unequal & frequently faulty, has on the whole a freedom, copiousness & vigor. His descri ptions are simple & fresh, & often bring vivid objects before the reader. Byron's poetry is like the oratory which hurries the hearers without applause. The glowing imagination of t he poet rises & sinks with the tones of his enthusiasm, roughing into argument, or softeni ng into the melody feeling & sentiments. Byron employed the Ottva Rima （Octave Stanz a）from Italians mock-heroic poetry. It was perfected in Don Juan in which the conventi on flows with ease & naturalness, as Colonel Stanhope described "a stream sometimes sm ooth, sometimes rapid & sometimes rushing down in cataracts-a mixture of philosophy & slang-of everything."
5. 领会 Byronic Hero
As a leading Romanticist, Byron's chief contribution is his creation of the " Byronic hero，" a proud & mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in hi s passions & powers, the Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of rightin g all the wrongs in an evil society, & would fight single-handedly against any kind of tyr annical rules either in government, in religion or in moral principles with unconquerable wills & inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems & convention. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold's Pilgri mage, & then further developed in later works such as Oriented Tales, Manfred, & Don J uan in different guises. The figure is, to some extent, modeled on the life & personality of Byron himself, & makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.
6. 领会 His influence
For a long time, there existed two controversial opinions on Byron. He was regarded in England as the perverted man, the satanic poet；while on the Continent, he was hail ed as the champion of liberty, poet of the people. Byron's poetry has great influence on t he literature of the whole world. Across Europe, patriots & painters & musicians are all i nspired by him. Poets & novelists are profoundly influenced by his works. Actually Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms & innov ations. He stands with Shakespeare & Scott among the British writers who exert the great est influence over the mainland of Europe.
7. 应用 Selected Readings
1）Song for the Luddites（1）
Luddites named after Ned Ludd, a late 18th-century workers' leader, were craftsmen who deliberately smashed machinery in the industrial centers of the East-Midlands, Lancas hire & Yorkshire, because they believed that machinery was a cause of their unemployme nt. On February 27, 1812, Byron in the House of Lords made his famous parliamentary s peech, showing his sympathy for the Luddites & indignation at the Frame-breakers Bill （《破坏织机者法案》）which would induce capital punishment to the destroyers of mac hines.
The poem selected here was written in March 1817. It shows his sympathy & suppor t for the workers in their struggle against the capitalist oppression & exploitation. It is co mposed of three 5-lined stanzas, each with a rhyme scheme of abaab, all of which are str ong & vigorous masculine rhymes. The general metrical movement is anapestic trimeter & dimeter with line 3 in iambic dimeter……
2）The Isles of Greece （from Don Juan, III）
Don Juan, the masterpiece of Byron, is a long satirical poem. Its hero Juan is an ari stocratic libertine, amiable & charming to ladies. Byron puts into Don Juan his rich knowl edge of his world & his wisdom. It presents brilliant pictures of life in its various stages of love, joy, suffering, hatred & fear. The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ir onic theme of appearance & reality, i.e. what things seem to be & what they actually are. The selected section, "The Isles of Greece，" is taken from Canto III, which is sung by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan & Haidee, the pure & beautiful daughter of a pirate. In the early 19th century, Greece was under the rule of Turk. By contrasting the freedom of ancient Greece & the present enslavement, the poet appealed to people to str uggle for liberty.
V. Percy Bysshe Shelley
1. 一般识记 His Life
Shelley （1792-1822）was born into a wealthy family at Sussex. Though gentle by n ature，his rebellious qualities were cultivated in his early years. At 18，Shelley entered Oxford University，where he had written & circulated a pamphlet，The Necessity of At heism （1811），repudiating the existence of God. This event resulted in his expulsion f rom the university & being disinherited by his headstrong father. Early in 1818，Shelley & his wife Mary left England for Italy. During the Remaining four years of his life，Sh
elley traveled & lived in various Italian cities. Shelley was drowned in 1822 in storm nea r La Spezia，at the age of 30.
2. 识记 His Literary Outlook
Shelley grew up with violent revolutionary ideas under the influence of the free think ers like Hume & Godwin，so he held a life-long aversion to cruelty，injustice，authori ty，institutional religion & the formal shams of respectable society，condemning war，t yranny & exploitation，However，under the influence of Christian humanism，Shelley t ook interest in social reforms. He realized that the evil was also in man's mind. So he pr edicted that only trough gradual & suitable reforms of the existing institutions could benev olence be universally established & none of the evils would survive in this "genuine socie ty"，where people could live together happily，freely & peacefully.
3. 识记 His major works
1）Lyrics："To a Skylark" & "Ode to the West Wind"
In "To a Skylark，" the bird，suspended between reality & poetic image，pours for th an exultant song which suggests to the poet both celestial rapture & human limitation. Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind " （1819）；here Shelley's rhapsodic & declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them. The autumn wind，burying the dead year，preparing for a new Spring，becomes an i mage of Shelley himself，as he would want to be，in its freedom，its destructive-cons tructive potential，its universality. "I fall upon the thorns of Life！I bleed！" calls the S helley that could not bear being fettered to the humdrum realities of everyday！The whol e poem has a logic of feeling，a not easily analyzable progression that leads to the trium phant，hopeful & convincing conclusion："If winter comes，can Spring before behind？" The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante. The nervous thrill of Shelley's response to nature however is here transformed through the power of art & imagination into a longing to be united with a force at once physical & prophetic. Here is no conservative reassurance，no comfortable mysticism，but the prim al amorality of nature itself，with its mad fury & its pagan ruthlessness. Shelley's ode is an invocation to a primitive deity， a plea to exalt him in its fury & to trumpet the radi cal prophecy of hope & rebirth.
2）Poetic drama：Prometheus Unbound （1820）
Shelley's greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama，Prometheus Unbound. Ac cording to the Greek mythology，Prometheus，the champion of humanity，who has sto len the fire from Heaven，is punished by Zeus to be chained on Mount Caucasus & suff ers the vulture's feeding on his liver. Shelley based his drama on Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus，in which Prometheus reconciles with the tyrant Zeus. Radical & revolutionary as Shelley，he wrote in the preface："In truth，I was averse from a catastrophe so fee ble as that reconciling the Champion with the oppressor of Mankind." So he gave a totall y different interpretation，transforming the compromise into a liberation. With the strong support of Earth，his mother；Asia，his bride & the help from Demogorgon & Hercul es，Zeus is driven from the throne；Prometheus is unbound. The play is an exultant wo rk in praise of humankind's potential，& Shelley himself recognized it as " the most perf ect of my products."
3）Prose：Defence of Poetry
4. 领会 Characteristics of Shelley's Poetry
Shelley is one of the lending Romantic poets，an intense & original lyrical poet in t he English language. Like Blake，he has a reputation as a difficult poet：erudite，ima gistically complex，full of classical & mythological allusions. His style abounds in person ification & metaphor & other figures of speech which describe vividly what we see & fee l，or express what passionately moves us.
5. 应用 Selected Readings
1） A Song：Men of England （1）
This poem was written in 1819，the year of the Peterloo Massacre. It is unquestiona bly one of Shelley's greatest political lyrics. It is not only a war cry calling upon all wor king people of England to rise up against their political oppressors，but also an address t o point out to them the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. In the poem Shelley pictured the capitalist society as divided into two hostile classes：the parasitic class （"d rones"）& the working class （"bees"）。
The song contains eight quatrains；generally each line contains 4 accented syllables. The rhyme scheme for each stanza is uniformly aabb. The last two stanzas of the poem a re ironically addressed to those workers who submit passively to capitalist exploitation. Th ey serve as a warning to the working people，that if the latter should give up their strug gle they would be digging graves for themselves with their own hands compared to the p receding stanzas，these lines appear weak & ineffectual.
2）Ode to the West Wind
The poem Ode to the West Wind was the best known of Shelley's shorter poems. In the poem the poet describes vividly the activities of the West Wind on the earth，in th e sky & on the sea，& then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the West Wind & his wish to be free like the wind & scatter his words among mankind. He gathe red in this poem a wealth of symbolism，employed a structural art & his powers of met rical orchestration at their mightiest. The autumn wind，burying the dead year，preparin g for a new Spring，becomes an image of Shelley himself，as he would want to be，in its freedom，its destructive-constructive power，its universality，"I fall upon the thor ns of life！I bleed！" calls the Shelley that could not bear being fettered to the humdru m realities of everyday！The whole poem has a logic of feeling， a progression that lea ds to the triumphant，hopeful & convincing conclusion："If Winter comes，can Spring be far behind？" Here is no reassurance，no mysticism，but the primal amorality of nat ure itself，with its mad fury & its pagan ruthlessness. Shelley's ode is an invocation to a primitive deity，a plea to exalt him in its fury & to trumpet the radical prophecy of ho pe & rebirth.
VI. John Keats
1. 一般识记 His Life & Literary Career
John Keats （1795-1821）was born in London & educated at the Clarke's School. At 15，he left school & was apprenticed to a surgeon，Thomas Hammond. Subsequently f rom 1815 to 1816，Keats studied medicine at Guy's Hospital in London. But he left this profession very soon. He read much of Spenser，Milton & Homer. It was Spenser who a wakened in Keats his dormant poetic gift，& the first verses which he wrote were in imi tation of the Elizabethan Poetry. Besides the classical elements，Hunt，the radical journa list & minor poet，was a vital influence on the early Keats，cultivating him with a tast e for liberal politics as well as for the fine arts.
Keats's first important poem "On first Looking into Chapman's Homer" was published in 1816 in the paper，Examiner，run by Hunt. In 1817，he published his first volume of poems. In 1818，a poem based on the Greek myth of Endymion & the moon godde ss，Endymion，was published. From 1818 to 1820，Keats reached the summit of his p oetic creation. In July 1820，the third & best of his volumes of poetry，Lamia，Isabel la，The Eve of St. Agnes，& Other Poems，was published. Keats died in Rome on F ebruary 23，1821.
2. 识记 His Major Poetic Works
The odes are generally regarded as Keats's most important & mature works. Their su bject matter，however，is the poet's abiding preoccupation with the imagination as it rea ches out to union with the beautiful. In the greatest of these works，he also suggests the undercurrent of disillusion that accompanies such ecstasy，the human suffering which for ever questions the visionary transcendence achieved by art.
1）"Ode to a Nightingale"
It expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness & human wor ld of agony. Here the aching ecstasy roused by the bird's song is felt like a form of spiri tual homesickness，a longing to be at one with beauty. The poem first introduces joy & sorrow，song & music. Death & rapture which free him into the world of dream. By co mbining a tingling anticipation with a lapsing towards dissolution，Keats manages to keep a precarious balance between mirth & despair，rapture & grief. Inspired by the nighting ale's song，his thoughts now ascend from the transfigured physical world，through the i magined ecstasy of death，to the timeless present of the nightingale's song. The ultimate imaginative view of "faery lands forlorn" evaporates in its extremity as the full association s of the word "toll" the poet back from his near-loss of self-hood to the real & human w orld of sorrow & death.
2）"Ode on an Grecian Urn"
It shows the contrast between the permanence of art & the transience of human passi on. The poet has absorbed himself into the timeless beautiful scenery on the antique Greci an Urn：the lovers，musicians & worshippers on the Urn exist simultaneously & for ev er in their intensity of joy. They are unaffected by time，stilled in expectation. This is at once the glory & the limitation of the world conjured up by an object of art. The urn c elebrates but simplifies intuitions of ecstasy by seeming to deny our painful knowledge of transience & suffering.
3）Endymion
Endymion was a poem based on the Greek myth of Endymion & the moon goddess. In this poem，Keats described his imagination in an enchanted atmosphere-a lovely moo n-lit world where human love & ideal beauty were merged into one. Endymion marked a transitional phase in Keats's poetry，though he himself was not satisfied with it.
4）Isabella
In July 1820，the third & best of his volumes of poetry，Lamia，Isabella，The Eve of St. Ages，&Other Poems，was published，The three title poems all deal with mythical & legendary themes of ancient，medieval，& Renaissance times. At the heart o f these poems lies Keats's concern with how the ideal can be joined with the real，the i magined with the actual & man with woman.
3.领会Characteristics of Keats's Poetry
Keats's poetry is always sensuous，colorful & rich in imagery，which expresses the acuteness of his senses. Sight，sound，scent，taste & feeling are all used to give an e ntire understanding of an experience. He has the power of entering the feelings of others-either human or animal. With vivid & rich images，he paints poetic pictures full of won derful color. Keats's poetry，characterized by exact & closely-knit construction，sensual descriptions，& by force in imagination，gives transcendental values to the physical bea uty of the world.
4.应用 Selected Reading：
"Ode on a Grecian Urn"
The Grecian Urn that the poem depicts is a piece of ancient Greek pottery with a pa storal scene overwrought upon it. The urn represents a piece of artifact，& it has endure d a long history，yet remains untarnished，& the pastoral scene on it can still be seen clearly.
On the surface，this ode is about the Grecian Urn，but we can fairly say it is a c ommentary on nature & art，for art has the power to preserve intense human experience s，so that they may go on being enjoyed by men from generation to generation. Pleasure in life cannot be protected from change，while artifact can remain intact.
The Ode consists of 5 stanzas，the first four stanzas describing a pastoral scene on t he urn，& the last epitomizing the relation of the timeless ideal world in art to the woef ul actual world.
VII Jane Austen
1. 一般识记Her life & Literary Career
Jane Austen （1775-1817）was born in a country clergyman's family on 16 Decembe r 1775，in the parish of Steventon. She was educated at home with her sister. Through a wide reading of books available in her father's library，Jane acquired a thorough knowle dge of 18th -century of Dr. Johnson，the poetry of W. Cowper，as well as the novels by Richardson & Fielding. She lived a quiet，retired &，in public terms，uneventful li fe，though she did move to several places like Bath，Southampton & Chawton. And he r closest companion was her elder sister Cassandra，who like her，never married. Auste n began as a child to write novels for her family entertainment. Her works were later pu blished anonymously due to the prejudice against women writers then. She died in Winch ester.
In her lifelong career，Jane Austen wrote altogether six complete novels，which ca n be divided into two distinct periods. Her first novel，Sense & Sensibility （1811），t ells a story about two sisters & their love affairs；Pride & Prejudice （1813），the mo st popular of he novels，deals with the five Bennet sisters & their search for suitable hu sbands；& Northanger Abbey （1818）satirizes those popular Gothic romances of the lat e 18th century，Mansfield Park （1814）presents the antithesis of worldliness & unworl dliness；Emma （1815）gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity；& Persuasion （1 818）contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations. Several incomplete works we re published long after Austen's death. These include The Watsons （1923），Fragment o
f a Novel （1925），& Plan of a Novel （1926）。
2.识记 Her Major Works
Pride & Prejudice，originally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796，is the most de lightful of Jane Austen's works. The title tells of a major concern of the novel pride & p rejudice. If to form good relationships is our main task in life，we must first have good judgment. Our first impressions，according to Jane Austen，are usually wrong，as is s hown here by those of Elizabeth. In the process of judging others，Elizabeth finds out so mething about herself：her blindness，partiality，prejudice & absurdity. In time she dis covered her own shortcomings. On the other hand，Darcy too learns about other people & himself. In the end false pride is humbled & prejudice dissolved.
3. 领会 Her Literary creation & literary achievements
In her lifelong career，Jane Austen wrote altogether 6 complete novels. They are Se nse & Sensibility；Pride & Prejudice；Northanger Abbey；Mansfield Park；Emma & Persuasion. Austen's main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relation ships. Because of this，her novels have a universal significance. She is particularly preoc cupied with the relationship between men & women in love. Stories of love & marriage provide the major themes in all her novels.
The works of Jane Austen，delightful &profound are part of the supreme achievemen ts of English literature. With trenchant observation & in meticulous detail，she presents t he quiet，day-to-day life of the upper-middle-class English. Her characteristic theme is tha t maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions. Faults of character displayed by the p eople of her novels are corrected when，through tribulation，lessons are learned. Even t he most minor characters are vividly particularized in Austen's lucid style. All these show a mind of the shrewdest intelligence adapting the available traditions & deepening the res ources of art with consummate craftsmanship. Because of her sensitivity to universal patter ns of human behavior，Jane Austen has brought the English novels，as an art form，t o its maturity，& she has been regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all no velists.
4. 应用Selected Reading
An Excerpt From Chapter I of Pride & Prejudice
1）Structure，characterization & language style
The structure of the novel is exquisitely deft，the characterization in the highest degr ee memorable，while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. At the he art of the novelist's exploration of the marriage，property & intrigue lies the exhilarating suspense of the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy，& Jane Austen's delicate probing of the values of the gentry. The moments of high comedy in the novel are alwa ys related to deeper issues. Elizabeth's rejection of the odious Mr. Collins suggests her in dependence & self-esteem，but when Collins is accepted by her friend Charlotte Lucas，we see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to a void the wretchedn ess of aging spinsterhood. Conversely，in the elopement of Lydia & Wickham，we are shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. The comic characters i n Pride & Prejudice are：Mr. & Mrs. Bennet，Mr. Collins & that monstrous snob Lady Catherine de Burgh，who make us laugh even as they parody erroneous views of marri age & class.
5. 应用 Characteristics of Jane Austen's novels
1）Austen's novels describe a narrow range of society & events： a quiet，prosper ous，middle class circle in provincial surroundings，which she knew well from her own experience
2）Her subject matter is also limited，for most of her novels deal with the subject of getting married，which was in fact the central problem for the young leisure-class lad y of that age，who had no other choice in her life but to find a good husband.
3）Austen's interest was in human nature；in her depiction of human nature，inste ad of being fascinated by great waves of elevated emotion，by passion or heroic experien ce，she focused on the trivial & petty details of everyday living，which became very i nteresting through her truthful & lively description.
4）Austen's novels are brightened by their witty conversation & omnipresent humor. Her language shines with an exquisite touch of lively gracefulness，elegant & refined，b ut never showy.
英美文学主要作家作品 《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁?撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里?乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。 威廉?莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇，杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事，揭露了封建制度的残酷无情，同时，歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈（Keats, 1795一1821）是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦，作过医生的学徒，后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满，希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称，在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。 雪莱（Shelley ，1792一 1822）是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
美国军队军衔 军衔 分6等25级： 将官5级(五星上将、上将、中将、少将、准将) 校官3级(上校、中校、少校) 尉官3级(上尉、中尉、少尉) 军士6级(一级军士长、二级军士长、三级军士长、上士、中士、下士)， 准尉5级(一、二、三、四、五级准尉) 士兵3级(一等兵、二等兵、三等兵) 美国军衔列表 军衔是军队中区分军阶高低的标志。军衔在军服着装中有着不可替代的作用，美军军衔设计精美，制作精良，堪称军队军衔中的精品。美军军衔分为3类11 级。军官军衔有上将、中将、少将、准将；上校、中校、少校；上尉、中尉、少尉、准尉。美军上将军衔一般授予军兵种最高军事长官。因为美国国防部长由文职官员担任，所以国防部长是不授衔的。美军中等级森严，下级必须服从上级，以此保证军队管理和作战的需求。 美国的军官职务编制军衔规定 参谋长联席会议主席、军种参谋长、战区司令官为上将；军种副参谋长、军长、舰队司令为中将；师长、航空母舰特混部队司令为少将；副师长、独立旅旅长为准将；团长、空军联队长、舰长为上校；营长、舰艇中队长为中校；副营长、舰艇分队长为少校；连长为上尉；副连长为中尉；排长为少尉。 Major general ------少将 美国陆军、空军或海军中在准将之上中将之下的军衔 Brigadier General -----准将 美国陆军、空军或海军陆战队军衔，级别高于上校，低于少将 Captain ------------上校; 上尉 上尉美军陆军、空军、或海军陆战队的经过委任授予的军衔，位居中尉之上少校之下 美军海军或海岸警备队的经过委任授予的军衔，位居海军中校之上海军少将之下 Lieutenant---------------海军上尉 a first lieutenant-------------[美]陆军[空军, 海军陆战队]中尉 a second lieutenant----------[美]陆军[空军、海军陆战队]少尉; a lieutenant (of) junior grade-----------[美]海军中尉 lieutenant colonel------------陆军中校 lieutenant commander--------海军少校 lieutenant general----------------陆军中将, 海军陆战队中将
精心整理美国警察的警衔 美国因为是联邦制国家，各州法律不同，所以警察没有全国统一的警衔，各州各行其是，大都把职务和警衔等融为一体。纽约市的警察有十个等级，包括：总局长、分局长、助理分局长、副分局长、督察、助理督察、警长、副警长、警官、巡警。洛杉矶市的警衔有九级：局长、副局长、分局长、上尉、组长、巡官、刑警、巡佐、警员。 纽约警察局(NYPD)警衔： Officer=警员 Detective=警探 Sergeant=警司 Lieutenant=警督 Captain=警监 DeputyInspector=副高级警监 Inspector=高级警监 DeputyChief=副总警监 AssistantChief=助理总警监 BureauChief=处总警监 ChiefofDepartment=局总警监 NYPD的中低各衔别还分具体档次,这点与LAPD警衔是一样的.但与LAPD不同的是,NYPD最高首长并非局总警监,而是PoliceCommissioner=警察专员.警察专员之下还有若干DeputyPolicerCommissioner=副警察专员(包括一名FirstDeputyPoliceCommissioner=第一副警察专员).警察专员与副警专员均为文职,所以并不算警衔.而作为NYPD警衔最高的局总警监,行政地位要低于警察专员和副警察专员. 洛杉机警察局(LAPD)警衔 PoliceOfficer=警员 PoliceDetective=警探 PoliceSergeant=警司 PoliceLieutenant=警督 PoliceCaptain=警监 PoliceCommander=警长 PoliceDeputyChief=副总警监 ChiefofPolice=总警监 说明:从警官到警监,各级内还有不同档次.比如,警官分为1/2/3级,刚服役新警衔别为1级警官,依此类推.总警监只有一名,既LAPD局长,是LAPD最高首长. 佛蒙特州警(VTSP)警衔 Trooper=警员 Corporal=警士 Sergeant=警司 Lieutenant=警督 Captain=警监 Major=警长 LieutenantColonel=副总警监
英美文学作品选读试题 5 I. Find the items in the right column which fit the left column the best and write your letters in the blank.( 20 points in all, 2 for each) 1.Chaucer A. Mary Ann Evans 2.Hamlet B. The father of English poetry 3.Coleridge C. Jane Austen 4.The Waste Land D. T. S. Eliot 5.Theodore Dreiser E. John Milton 6.Carl Jung F. Collective Unconscious 7.self-reliance G. An American Tragedy 8.Greorge Eliot H. blood and thunder thrille 9.Pride and Prejudice I. Ralph Waldo Emerson 10.Paradise Lost J Lake Poet 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ 5. ________ 6. ________ 7. ________ 8. ________ 9. _______ 10.________ II. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase. (20 points in all, 2 for each) 1. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as____________________________. 2. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as “____________________________.” 3. Wordsworth is regarded as a “_____________________.”He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. 4._____________________ is the most distinguishing feature of Charles Dickens’ works. 5. In his long dramatic career, Shaw wrote more than _____________________ plays.
必读英美文学经典作品20本 American Literature 1、The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Howthorne《红字》霍桑著 小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活
动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作 是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。 2、The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain 《哈克贝利.芬历险记》 简称《赫克》是美国文学中的珍品,也是美国文化中的珍品。十六年前【1984】 ,美国文坛为《赫克》出版一百周年举行了广泛的庆祝活动和学术讨论,也出版了一些研究马克吐温,特别是他的《赫克》的专著。专门为一位大作家的一本名著而举行如此广泛的纪念和专门的研究,这在世界文坛上也是少有的盛事。这是因为《赫克》的意义不一般. 美国著名作家海明威说, "一切现代美国文学来自一本书, 即马克吐温的《赫克尔贝里芬历险记》……这是我们所有书中最好的。一切美国文学都来自这本书,在它之前,或在它之后,都不曾有
过能与之媲美的作品。 3、The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James 《贵妇画像》 亨利.詹姆斯著】 美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的《贵妇画像》自问世以来一直受到文学评论界的关注，专家学者已从各个不同角度对女主人伊莎贝尔·阿切尔作了深入细致的研究。本文试图从一个全新的视角，即跨文化交际角度，剖析伊莎贝尔在婚姻方面所作的选择。文章指出她是该小说中跨文化交际的最大失败者，并对其失败原因作了分析。希望在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天我们都能从伊莎贝尔的生活经历中得到某种启发。
陆军Army/land force 五星上将General of the Army（美军有此等级，中国无）上将General 中将Lieutenant General 少将Major General 准将Brigadier General （美军有此等级，中国无） 上校Colonel 中校Lieutenant Colonel 少校Major 中尉First Lieutenant 少尉Second Lieutenant 陆军高级军士长(Sergeant Major of the Army) 军士指挥官(Command Sergeant Major) 军士长(Sergeant Major) 二级军士长(Master Sergeant) 上士(Staff Sergeant)
二等兵(Private) 海军Navy 海军上将Senior colonel of Admiral 海军中将Vice Admiral Rear Admiral 海军少将Rear Admiral 海军准将Lower Grade navy（美军有此等级，中国无） 国无） 海军上校Captain 海军中校Commander 海军少校Lieutenant Commander 海军上尉Lieutenant 海军中尉Lieutenant Junior Grade 海军少尉Ensign 空军Air force 空军上将General 空军中将Lieutenant General 空军少将Major General 空军准将Brigadier General（美军有此等级，中国无）
美国无） 空军上校Colonel 空军中校Lieutenant Colonel 空军上尉Captain 空军中尉First Lieutenant 空军少尉Second Lieutenant
PART ONE: ENGLISH LITERATURE 英国文学 An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期 I. Edmund Spenser 埃蒙德.斯宾塞 牧人日记《The ShepheardesCalender》 仙后《The Faerie Queene》 婚曲《Epithalamion》 II. Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托夫.马洛 帖木儿-----Tamburlaine 浮士德博士的悲剧----Dr. Faustus 爱德华二世----Edward II 激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘---- The Passionate Shepherd to His Love III. William Shakespeare 威廉.莎士比亚 哈姆莱特---Hamlet 奥塞罗---Othello 李尔王—King Lear 麦克白--Macbeth 终成眷属---All’s Well That Ends Well 仲夏夜之梦—A Midsummer Night’s Dream 威尼斯商人---The Merchant of Venice 无事生非---Much Ado about Nothing 皆大欢喜---As You Like It 罗密欧和朱丽叶---Romeo and Juliet IV. Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯.培根 培根散文集---Essays 学术的进展---The Advancement of Learning 新工具----NovumOrganum 法律原理---Maxims of Law
杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer，1340年—1400年），英国中世纪著名作家，出生于一个酒商家庭。1359年随爱德华三世的部队远征法国，被法军俘虏，不久以黄金赎回。乔叟当过国王侍从，出使许多欧洲国家，两度访问意大利，发现了但丁、薄伽丘和彼特拉克的作品，对他的文学创作起了极大的作用。代表作：《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）其他作品《公爵夫人之书》(Book of the Duchess)、《声誉之宫》(The House of Fame)、《百鸟会议》(The Parliament of Fowles)、《贤妇传说》(The Legend of Good Women)以及《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》(Troilus and Criseyde)。乔叟于1400年10月25日在伦敦逝世，葬于威斯敏斯特教堂里的“诗人之角”。乔叟的死因不明，可能是被谋杀，英国的中世纪研究专家特里·琼斯曾出了一本书《谁谋杀了乔叟？》。 乔叟率先采用伦敦方言写作，并创作“英雄双行体”，对英国民族语言和文学的发展影响极大，故被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。 艾德蒙·斯宾塞（1552-1599）毕业于剑桥大学，著名英国诗人，尤以十四行诗著称。在不少英国批评家眼中，斯宾塞是英国历史上最伟大的诗人之一，与其齐名的，仅莎士比亚、弥尔顿、华兹华斯等二三人而已。从一个外国读者的眼中来看，他的诗无疑是优美可诵的，例如他写的十四行诗，就不比莎士比亚逊色。可以爱情小唱（1595）第75首为例：有一天我把她的名字写在沙滩上，大浪冲来就把它洗掉。我把她的名字再一次写上，潮水又使我的辛苦成为徒劳。“妄想者，”她说，“何必空把心操，想叫一个必朽的人成为不朽！我知道我将腐烂如秋草，我的名字也将化为乌有。” “不会，”我说，“让卑劣者费尽计谋而仍归一死，你却会声名长存，因为我的诗笔会使你的品德永留，还会在天上书写你的荣名。[b]死亡虽能把全世界征服我们的爱却使生命不枯。”[/b] 其诗主要以优美清新而著称，如那句一再咏唱的sweet thames! run softly till i end my song!(甜美的河，轻轻流到歌罢)，除此之外，斯宾塞还有长篇名著，如《仙后》《牧童的日历》等 马洛(1564～1593) Marlowe，Christopher 英国诗人，剧作家。1564年3月6日生于坎特伯雷一富有鞋匠之家，1593年5月30日卒于伦敦附近的德特福德。1587年在剑桥大学获硕士学位。在伦敦期间曾与探险家、政治活动家罗利，剧作家查普曼，数学家哈里奥特等怀疑宗教者结成团体，人称黑夜派和无神论者。曾一度入狱。后被人刺死。马洛共写了7 部剧本，均属悲剧或带有悲剧意味的历史剧：《帖木儿》、《浮士德博士的悲剧》、《马耳他的犹太人》、《爱德华二世》、《迦太基女王狄多》和《巴黎的大屠杀》。后两剧可能是与剧作家纳什合作，时间不能确定。马洛革新了中世纪的戏剧，在舞台上创造了反映时代精神的巨人性格和``雄伟的诗行''，为莎士比亚的创作铺平了道路。 弗兰西斯培根（1561——1626）是一位英国文艺复兴的代表人物，他是杰出的哲学家，科学家及散文家。他通过持之以恒地用科学方法思考及依靠观察而非权威学说获取知识的态度成为现代科学的奠基人。他的《培根散文集》是英国文学中这一流派的典范，并被誉为英语散文发展的重要里程碑。他所运用的一些新鲜词汇还进入了英国文学传统。 "Of Studies"主要内容： 《论读书》<
威廉-莎士比亚 威廉-莎士比亚（1564-1616）是世界有史以来最著名的作剧家和诗人之一。凭着38部作品，154首十四行诗和2首长诗，他建立了他在世界文学史中的赫赫威名。他也被全世界各式各样的学者和评论家给予了最高的赞誉。在过去4百年间，关于莎士比亚的书籍和文章还不断大量出版。 莎士比亚可能出生于1564年4月23日埃文河畔斯特拉特福城的一户商人家庭。他的父亲的职业被传为是卖手套的、羊毛商人、农夫或者是屠夫，是一个镇上有点地位的人，并多次当选为镇委员会的成员。莎士比亚在哪个美丽的贸易小镇度过了他的童年并上了斯特拉特福语文小学。他真正的老师是大自然和周围的百姓。1587年，莎士比亚娶了大他几岁的安妮-哈撒韦为妻。妻子为他生了3个孩子，苏珊娜和双胞胎朱迪斯和哈姆尼特。也许由于要养活不断壮大的家庭，莎士比亚在1586或1587年离开斯特拉特福去了伦敦。 莎士比亚去了伦敦一处为戏剧发展提供了优越环境的地方。他既当演员又做作剧家，为张伯伦家族做事，张伯伦家族后来又成为了王族。莎士比亚的事业发展得如此的好以致被誉为‘大学才子’之一的罗伯特-格林气极败坏地地称呼他是只‘向上扑腾的乌鸦’。 大约从1591到1611年间，莎士比亚到达了他戏剧生涯的顶峰，他的作品一部又一部地不断问世。莎士比亚没有把他的天赋局限于戏院里，在1593和1954年，他发表了2篇叙事诗，《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，都是写给南安普顿伯爵的。1609年他也写了短诗并出版了。到1597年时莎士比亚已经很有钱了，他在斯特拉特福买套大宅子作为新居。大约于1610年莎士比亚从伦敦退隐回了斯特拉特福，即便如此他还是坚持写作了一段时间。他卒于1616年4月23日。 由于对莎士比亚的许多作品的创作准确时间仍然存有争议，评论家们对把莎士比亚戏生涯的戏剧作品划分阶段方面存有不同的观点。但总体来说他的戏剧生涯可以分为4个时期。 莎士比亚戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段是创作早期。他写了5部历史剧：《亨利六世》的第一、二、三部，和《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》；4部戏剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维罗纳的2位绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 第二个阶段，莎士比亚的创作风格和方式变得极具个性。在不同的人物之间、现象和现实之间，莎士比亚构造了复杂的典范，他对人类各种缺点进行了精妙的诠释。在这个时期他写了5部历史剧：《理查二世》，《约翰国王》，《亨利四世》第一、二部和《亨利五世》;6部戏剧：《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯的商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第12夜》和《温莎的风流妇人》；2部悲剧：《罗密欧和朱丽叶》和《裘里斯凯撒》 莎士比亚的第三时期作品包括他最杰出的悲剧和所谓的黑色喜剧。这个时期的悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》，《麦克白》，《安东尼与克利奥帕特拉》，《特洛伊罗斯与克雷西达》和《科里奥兰纳斯》。2部喜剧是：《终成眷属》和《争锋相对》。 莎士比亚最后时期的作品包括他主要的烂漫悲喜剧：《伯利克里》，《辛白林》，《冬天的故事》和《暴风雨》；和他最后两部作品：《亨利八世》和《两个贵亲戚》。 莎士比亚真正的跟戏剧五官的是个主要是两首叙述长诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，和他的154首系列短诗。莎士比亚的十四行诗都单是
各国军衔等级一览（中国美国俄罗斯英国） 中国军衔：上将、中将、少将、大校、中校、少校、上尉、中尉、少尉、一级军士长、二级军士长、三级军士长、四级军士长、上士、中士、下士、上等兵、列兵。中国预备役军官军衔为3等8级：预备役少将；预备役大校、上校、中校、少校；预备役上尉、中尉、少尉。美国军衔设6等25级：五星上将（战时或战后对有特殊贡献的军官才授予）、上将、中将、少将、准将；上校、中校、少校；上尉、中尉、少尉；一级准尉、二级准尉、三级准尉、四级准尉、五级准尉；一级军士长、二级军士长、三级军士长、上士、中士、下士；一等兵、二等兵、三等兵。俄罗斯军衔设7等20级：俄罗斯联邦元帅；大将、上将、中将、少将；上校、中校、少校；大尉、上尉、中尉、少尉；高级准尉、准尉；大士、上士、中士、下士；上等兵、列兵。朝鲜军衔设5等21级：大元帅、元帅、次帅；大将、上将、中将、少将；大校、上校、中校、少校；大尉、上尉、中尉、少尉；特务上士、上士、中士、下士；上等兵、下等兵。越南军衔设5等17级：大将、上将、中将、少将；大校、上校、中校、少校；大尉、上尉、中尉、少尉；上士、中士、下士；上等兵、列兵。古巴军衔设6等16级：总司令（相当于元帅）；大将、上将、中将、少将；上校、中校、少校；大尉、上尉、中尉、少尉；
军士长、军士；上等兵、列兵。印度军衔设7等20级：元帅（只在战时授予有特殊功勋的军种参谋长）；上将、中将、少将、准将；上校、中校、少校；上尉、中尉、少尉；一级准尉、二级准尉、三级准尉；上士、中士、下士；一等兵、二等兵、新兵。韩国军衔设5等15级：上将、中将、少将、准将；上校、中校、少校；上尉、中尉、少尉、准尉；上士、中士、下士；兵。日本自卫队军衔设6等18级：上将、中将、少将；上校、中校、少校；上尉、中尉、少尉；准尉；军士长、上士、中士、下士；上等兵、一等兵、二等兵、三等兵。阿尔及利亚军衔设6等17级：少将、准将；上校、中校、少校；上尉、中尉、少尉；一级准尉、二级准尉；军士长、军士；上士、中士、下士、上等兵、列兵。英国军衔设8等19级：元帅；上将、中将、少将；准将；上校、中校、少校；上尉、中尉、少尉；一级准尉、二级准尉；上士、中士、下士；一等兵、二等兵、新兵。法国军衔设5等20级：上将、中将、少将、准将；上校、中校、少校；上尉、中尉、少尉、准尉；总军士长、军士长、准军士长、上士、中士、下士；上等兵、下等兵、列兵。加拿大军衔设6等17级：上将、中将、少将、准将；上校、中校、少校；上尉、中尉、少尉；一级准尉、二级准尉、准尉；上士、中士、下士；列兵。附：中国士官军衔调整为7衔级士官将有住房公积金2010年7月，国务院和中央军委公布了
英国文学作家作品British Writers and Works I. The Late Medieval Ages Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1340(?)~1400 ① The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ② The House of Fame声誉之宫 The Books of the Duchess悼公爵夫人 II The Renaissance 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯宾塞1552~1599 ①The Faerie Queene仙后 The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历 ② Amoretti爱情小唱 Epithalamion婚后曲 Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林?克劳特回来了 Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌 2. Thomas More托马斯?莫尔1478~1535 Utopia乌托邦 3. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯?培根1561~1626 Advancement of Learning学术的推进 Novum Organum新工具 Essays随笔 4. ben jonson Volpone, or the fox 5.Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗?马洛1564~1595 The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧 Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝 The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人 6. William Shakespeare威廉?莎士比亚1564~1616 ⑴ the first period Henry IV Richard III The Comedy Of Errors Titus Andronicus The Taming Of The Shrew The Two Gentlemen Of The Verona Love’S Labour’S Lost Romeo And Juliet罗密欧与朱利叶 ⑵ the second period Richard II A Midsummer Night’S Dream King John Merchant Of Venice威尼斯商人 Henry IV亨利四世 Much Ado About Nothing Julius Caesar尤利乌斯?凯撒 As You Like It皆大欢喜 Twelfth Night ⑶ The Third Period Hamlet哈姆莱特 Othello奥赛罗 King Lear李尔王 Macbeth麦克白 Antony And Cleopatra安东尼与克里奥佩特拉 Troilus And Cressida Timon Of Athens ⑷ The Fourth Period Pericles Cymbeline
Because I could not stop for Death, He kindly stopped for me; The carriage held but just ourselves And Immortality. We slowly drove, he knew no haste, And I had put away My labor, and my leisure too, For his civility. We passed the school, where children strove At recess, in the ring; We passed the fields of gazing grain, We passed the setting sun. Or rather, he passed us; The dews grew quivering and chill, For only gossamer my gown, My tippet only tulle. We paused before a house that seemed A swelling of the ground; The roof was scarcely visible, The cornice but a mound. Since then 'tis centuries, and yet each Feels shorter than the day I first surmised the horses' heads Were toward eternity. 我无暇去会死亡 爱米莉·伊丽莎白·狄更生 我无暇去会死亡， 死神便和善地接我前往，我只好放下劳作与闲暇，无法拒绝他的殷勤礼让。 我们一起坐上马车， 还有永生陪伴身旁， 我们驱车缓缓前行， 他悠然自得不慌不忙。 我们经过校园， 娱乐的孩子挤满操场， 我们经过田野，麦穗张望，我们经过西沉的太阳。 或许该是夕阳经过我们吧，露珠抖动，略显苍凉， 只为我的面纱、斗篷， 还有我薄丝织就的衣裳。 我们经过一个隆起的土堆，那似乎是一座住房， 屋顶几乎无法看见， 屋架也在地下埋藏。 感觉比一天还要短暂， 虽然自此千万年岁月漫长，我初次产生这种猜测： 永恒正是马头所向。
English Literature Geoffrey Chaucer: the Father of English Poetry the Founder of English Realism the Master of modern English language The pioneer of the English Renaissance Beowulf: National epic of the Anglo-Saxons The story of Beowulf is a folk legend which reflects the feature of the tribal world.
美国和英国警察的警衔 中英文对照 集团公司文件内部编码：（TTT-UUTT-MMYB-URTTY-ITTLTY-
美国警察的警衔 美国因为是联邦制国家，各州法律不同，所以警察没有全国统一的警衔，各州各行其是，大都把职务和警衔等融为一体。纽约市的警察有十个等级，包括：总局长、分局长、助理分局长、副分局长、督察、助理督察、警长、副警长、警官、巡警。洛杉矶市的警衔有九级：局长、副局长、分局长、上尉、组长、巡官、刑警、巡佐、警员。 纽约警察局(NYPD)警衔： Officer=警员 Detective=警探 Sergeant=警司 Lieutenant=警督 Captain=警监 DeputyInspector=副高级警监 Inspector=高级警监 DeputyChief=副总警监 AssistantChief=助理总警监 BureauChief=处总警监 ChiefofDepartment=局总警监 NYPD的中低各衔别还分具体档次,这点与LAPD警衔是一样的.但与LAPD不同的是,NYPD最高首长并非局总警监,而是PoliceCommissioner=警察专员.警察专员之下还有若干DeputyPolicerCommissioner=副警察专员(包括一名FirstDeputyPoliceCommissioner=第一副警察专员).警察专员与副警专员均为文职,所以并不算警衔.而作为NYPD警衔最高的局总警监,行政地位要低于警察专员和副警察专员.
洛杉机警察局(LAPD)警衔 PoliceOfficer=警员 PoliceDetective=警探 PoliceSergeant=警司 PoliceLieutenant=警督 PoliceCaptain=警监 PoliceCommander=警长 PoliceDeputyChief=副总警监 ChiefofPolice=总警监 说明:从警官到警监,各级内还有不同档次.比如,警官分为1/2/3级,刚服役新警衔别为1级警官,依此类推.总警监只有一名,既LAPD局长,是LAPD最高首长. 佛蒙特州警(VTSP)警衔 Trooper=警员 Corporal=警士 Sergeant=警司 Lieutenant=警督 Captain=警监 Major=警长 LieutenantColonel=副总警监 Colonel=总警监
5分钟内记住英美文学教材上的所有主要作家 顺口溜里面包含了教材上所有提到的主要英美作家(附有作品节选的). 通过顺口溜, 不但可以很容易的记下这些作家, 而且其最大的优点是, 你还可以通过顺口溜的语句顺序, 确认他们属于哪个时期. 而这一点是相当重要的. 用它除了可以直接对付选择题外, 还可以对付后面的简答题及论述题. 因为, 在同一个时期内的作家, 虽然各有特色, 但有共性. 当考到要分析某位作家的创作风格或某件作品时, 尽管你可能对他没什么印象, 但你可将一些该作家所属的时期的特点糊弄一点上去, 再做些引申, 多少还是可以拿些分的. 当然, 前提是你必需对每个时期的风格特征熟悉. 事实上, 要通过英美文学, 记忆8个时期的文学特征最最基本的了. 再重申一下: 下面的顺口溜只是用来方便记忆, 帮助你较容易记住提纲挈领的一些内容, 由骨及肉, 因此而记住更多的内容, (我之前曾看过一位网友介绍他通过英美文学的经验, 主题大致就是要记住树干, 到树枝, 再到树叶. 他的话很有道理, 我基本上也是按他的原理做的. ), 除此再无他用. 因为是顺口溜, 顺口是第一位, 因此, 其中有些字看上去有些古怪, 有些牵强, 请不要太在意. 能记住就可以了. 上面五句为英国部分, 下面三句为美国部分. 邓恩撕马赔沙弥 蒲伯吹笛,约翰逊感谢一班来自非州的斯文格格 布来克华华叫, 科学家济兹跟澳雪说拜拜. 狄更斯爱喝不安宁的布丁. 萧高叶踢死老乔 华盛顿爱上惠霍的梅姑娘. 骑马在德来塞大战狄金森 罗伯特李只好以福克纳飞欧申奥. 要使用好上面的顺口溜, 前提是你对他们应该有一个大致的了解, 否则你会很难知道who is who了. 哈哈... 下面我将顺口溜中的字对应的人名加上, 供大家参考. 注意: 有些对应的是first name, 有些是last name, 有些则完全是为了顺口的需要而增加的, 无人名可对. 邓恩John Donne撕Edmund Spenser 马Christopher Marlowe 赔Francis Bacon 沙William Shakespeare 弥John Milton 蒲伯Alexander Pope 吹笛Daniel Defoe ,约翰逊Samuel Johnson 感谢Richard Binsley Sheridan 一班John Bunyan 来自非Henny Fielding 州的斯文Jonathan Swift 格格Thomas Gray 布来克William Blake 华华William Wordworth 叫, 科Samuel Tayler Coleridge 学家济兹John Keats 跟澳Jane Austen 雪Percy Bysshe Shelley 说拜拜George Gordon Byron. 狄更斯Charles Dickens 爱George Eliot 喝Thomas Hardy 不安宁Robert Browning 的布Bronte Sisters 丁Alfred Tennyson. 萧George Bernard Shaw 高John Galsworthy 叶William Butler Yeats 踢T.S. Eliot 死老D.H. Lawrence 乔James Joyce. 华盛顿Washington Irving 爱Ralph Waldo Emerson 上惠Walt Whitman 霍Nathaniel Hawthorne 的梅Herman Melville 姑娘. 骑马Mark Twain 在德来塞Theodore Dreiser 大战Henry James 狄金森Emily Dickinson. 罗伯特李Robert Lee Frost 只好以Ezra Pound 福克纳William Faulkner 飞F. Scott Fitzgerald 欧Ernest Hemingway 申奥Eugene O'Neill.