NR 中Transport block size 的确定
在LTE 中，根据DCI 的CRC 加扰模式（P-RNTI, RA-RNTI, or SI-RNTI ）不同，使用的DCI 格式就会不同，再依据和在一张大表中进行对应，就知道TBS 大小。说白了就是LTE 中的TBS 是预先设定好了。
在NR 中确定TBS （Transport block size 传输块大小）比LTE 中的更复杂，TBS 的确定过程被描述为一系列的算法。
在PDSCH-Config 配置中，有一个maxNrofCodeWordsScheduledByDCI 参数，取值可以为n1、n2。
①如果该参数取值为n2，那么就是指示两个码字（CodeWord ）可用；
②如果I MCS = 26 并且rv id = 1，那么两个码字中的一个被DCI Format1_1禁用。
③如果两个传输块都被启用，传输块1和2分别映射到码字0和1。如果只启用了一个传输块，则启用的传输块始终映射到第一个码字。
通过携带DCI format 1_0, format 1_1 或 format 1_2的PDCCH 分配的PDSCH ，
270≤≤MCS I 那就是用
38.214 Table 5.1.3.1-2（具有256QAM ），如果280≤≤MCS I ，
那就是使用另外两张表。（这三张表在我其他的文章中有介绍）。现在的问题是，
知道需要使用的MCS 、Q m 和code Rate R ，怎样才能知道分配的TBS 呢？
第一步是确定分配PDSCH 的时隙中，RE 的个数，计算公式如下：
你以为通过上面这个公式计算出的RE 数，就是共享信道的RE 数？错了，还需要通过下面这个公式：
(
)'
min
156,RE PRB RE
N N n
=?
n PRB 是分配给该UE 的PRB 数。 第二步：计算中间信息位N info
TBS I MCS I
υ
···inf m RE o Q R N N =
R 是编码速率；Q m 是Modulation Order ，也就是2/4/6/8bit ，均是通过查表可以获得（也就是开头说的三张表），v 是传输层数。
第三步：当3824inf ≤o N ，中间信息位bit 数通过公式计算：
???
? ????????=n o n o
N N 2·2,24max inf 'inf ，
()??()6log ,3max inf 2-=o N n
好，到了这一步，就可以通过查表找出不小于'inf o N .最近的TBS
Table 5.1.3.2-1: TBS for 3824inf ≤o N
第四步：当3824inf >o
N ，TBS
计算公式如下：
'inf inf 24max 3840,22n
o o
n
N N
round -=????? ? ????
? ()??524log inf 2--=o N n
if
4/1≤R
24 ·824 · ·8'inf -?
?
????+=C N C TBS o , where ??????+=381624'inf o N C else
if 8424'
inf >o N
24 ·824 · ·8'inf -?
?????+=C N C TBS o , where ?????
?+=842424'inf o N C else
24824 ·8'inf -??
????+=o N TBS 用一张大图来展示如何计算N info
为了方便查找，我把I mcs 相关的三张表贴到这里。具体用哪一张是通过下面参数决定。
英语口语热门50话题 1. Please talk about the importance of time. What’s your view on it? 2. Green food is now becoming more and more popular. Do you know why? And can you say something about the changes in people’s diet nowadays? 3. Your best friend’s sister is g oing to marry an American, and you two talk about the marriage across nations. 4. Finding a job, further study or going abroad, which will you choose and how do you prepare to achieve the goal? 6. “The thinner, the better?” You are free to exchange your vi ews on beauty. 7. How would you like to get rid of your stress in daily life? Please share your experiences with your partner. 8. Live to work or live to enjoy? You are required to present your opinions to your partner. 9. How do you understand “Green Olympics”, what do you think is our duty to achieve this goal? 10. Campus marriage: good or bad? 11. Do you think surfing on the Internet can help you? And how? 12. Do you believe in love at first sight? What’s your definition of “true love”? 13. What can you do to resist temptation(诱惑) when shopping? (Your partner is crazy about each hot item on sale, while you are rather sensible and are ready to give some advice.) 14. Do you have a mobile phone? If you do, do you think it’s good or bad? If you don’t, would y ou like to buy one? Why? 15. Do you like developing friendship or love with a key pal(网友)? Why or why not?
English Speaking Topics for Final Exam（Preliminary） 第一部分生活life 1.This is my house 2.I want to buy a cell phone 3.House work 4.Today is holiday 5.What do you do in your daily life 6.My hobby 7.Do you like flowers 8.Music can make me feel happy 9.Do exercises 10.Today is my birthday 第二部分工作学习work and study 1.I like reading https://www.doczj.com/doc/5510280651.html,ing computer to study 3.My school 4.This is my teacher 5.Let’s go shopping 6.Movie is wonderful 7.I am a good student 8.Do you know how to drive
9.Time is important 10.Bad habit 第三部分人际interpersonal relationship 1.Bad temper 2.Don’t bother me 3.Someone I hate 4.I will have a party this Sunday 5.Which season do you like 6.How should I arrange my money 7.Long time no see 8.Breakfast is important 9.Saying goodbye 10.Let me introduce my friend to you 第四部分社会society 1.Heavy rain 2.Rent a house 3.Eating out 4.Read news paper 5.Traffic jams 6.Ask for direction 7.The working day
英汉翻译中的显化和隐化 [摘要]:正确认识和了解翻译中显化与隐化的因素,有助于译文的正确表达。本文通过实例分析英汉互译中显化和隐化现象,认为它由语言、译者、社会文化等多种因素造成的,并提出了应用策略。 [关键词]:显化隐化语言特性 显化(explicitness / explicitation),又译外显化、明晰化,指的是“目标文本以更明显的形式表述源文本的信息,是译者在翻译过程中增添解释性短语或添加连接词等来增强译本的逻辑性和易解性,从而使原文艰涩晦暗之处在译语中变得清晰、明白、浅显”。 而隐化(implicitness)现象是指目标文本通过概括信息或删除连接词等有意忽略或省译源语文本中的某些部分。由于汉语在指称形式、连接词、造句结构等方面都不同于英语,两种语言互译过程中的确存在隐化现象的发生。 贺显斌曾选取欧•亨利的短篇小说The Last Leaf及其汉译本进行显化现象的比较。他的结果是:英文小说全篇134句,译成汉语后明晰化程度提高的有79句,占58.96%,也就是说,在英译汉过程中确有显化现象发生。 一、影响显化、隐化的因素 导致翻译中的显化和隐化的因素主要可归纳为三方面:一是语言特性因素。语言本身的特性,包括结构特性和习惯用法,决定了语言表达中显、隐化程度的区别。分析发现,汉译英时会较多地运用形式上的显化,而英译汉时意义上的隐化是普遍存在的。二是语用因素。基于翻译的目的在于使读者理解原文的观点,翻译者有责任将不同文化的承载内涵和文化缺失部分通过加词、阐释等方法显化表达。三是译者因素。过多仿译会造成过多“显化”。 1.英汉语言特性因素 从语言学角度来说,汉、英语言之间最重要的区别特征莫过于形合与意合的区分,邵志洪对汉语和英语的语义对比表明,汉语属语义形语言,而印欧语言属语法形语言;前者力主考究“字”与语义及其相互关系,后者则重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类。贾玉新将英汉语言在句法上的差异精炼的概括如下:“英语高度形式化、逻辑化,句法结构严谨完备,并以动词为核心,重分析轻意合;而汉语则不重形式,
【最新2019】英语口语主题：交际英语热门话题47个（3--邀请）-优秀word范文 本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 英语口语主题：交际英语热门话题47个（3--邀请） 英语聊天话题：交际口语热门话题47 第一部分人际交流之（3）邀请 Invitation "> Invitation Invitation Conversation 1 W : Hello , this is Helen speaking . M : Hello , Helen . This is John . How are you ? W : Fine , thank you . And you ? M : Fine , thanks . I & rsquo ; ll have a party next Sunday at home . I & rsquo ; m calling to ask whether you can come or not . W : Oh , wonderful . I & rsquo ; ll be glad to . M : Okay , now you are a famous star . W : Hum , don & rsquo ; t say that . Maybe you can do something useful for me . M : What & rsquo ; s wrong with you ? W : I & rsquo ; ll tell you at the party . M : Okay . Conversation 2 W : Hello , is Jack there ? M : Speaking .
翻译中的显化与隐化现象——以云南历史与少数民族文化外 译为例 摘要：显化与隐化是翻译中常见的现象，也是译者常用的翻译策略。本文以云 南历史与少数民族文化外译为例，分析了显化和隐化策略在翻译实践中的运用， 讨论了两种策略运用的效果，从而了解译者的策略选择对翻译效果的影响。 关键词：显化；隐化；少数民族文化；翻译策略 引言 文本代表着作者的世界观，是作者价值取向的一种表达方式，而当译者介入 这一行为后，原作者的观念基础就可能发生改变。如何尽可能地保留原文的所呈 现出的价值观，这就成为了译者面临的一大难题。正确认识显隐化策略在翻译中 的应用有助于译者对原文的准确理解和表达。本文以云南历史与少数民族文化文 本为例，试图分析翻译实践中的显化和隐化现象。 1.显化与隐化策略 1.1 显化与隐化策略 显化策略(explicitation) 指译者从上下文或相关语境中推断出源语中的隐含信息，并在目标语中加以说明(Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995)。在翻译实践过程中，译者 会将连接词或解释性短语等进行适当添加，从而促进译本易解性和逻辑性的强化，确保译语的浅显化和清晰化。显化在文本层面上表现为两种形式：一是增加，即 添加一些新的成分；二是具体化，即提供更多细节信息(Perego, 2003)。 Klaudy(2001a)将显化细分为四类：(1)强制性显化(Obligatory Explicitation), 指两种 语言在语义、形态和句法方面存在差异时，译者不得不将某些信息具体化；(2) 选择性显化(Optional Explicitaion), 指两种语言在文本构成策略和文本特征方面存在 差异时，译者需要增加连接成分、关系从句、强化词等；(3)语用学显化(Pragmatic Explicitation)，指目标语读者无法理解源语文化中的一些普遍性知识时，译者需要添加解释；(4)翻译本身固有显化(Translation-inherent Explicition)，指由 于翻译过程本身的性质，译者在加工源语思想时会影响译文的长度。 与之相对应的隐化策略(Implicitation)，指译者依据上下文或语境的要求，隐 藏了部分源语中的显在信息(Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995)。它与译文读者的阅读期待 密切相关，是指专业译者出于语言、文化、意识形态等方面的考虑，删除了一些 源语中的单词、短语、句子甚至段落(Dimitriu, 2004)。 1.2 显化与隐化相关研究 Blum-Kulka(2001)提出的显化假说认为，译者对原作的阐释很可能会造成译 文在篇幅上比原文要长。在翻译中一味采用显化策略效果并不一定就好，因为过 多的信息显化会造成译文冗长，也剥夺了读者的理解和阐释权(Gutt, 1991)。相比 之下，隐化则常常被认为破坏了原作的完整性，有悖于翻译的忠实原则。柯飞(2005)指出，显化将原文中隐含或文化上不言自明的信息显示出来，使译作更清 晰易懂，而一定的隐化则会让译文更加简洁地道。任何翻译中都包含着译者的妥协，英汉两种语言无论是在语法句法结构还是在文化背景上都有非常大的差异， 因此在双语转换过程中译者要能灵活运用显化策略补出文化背景等，同时运用隐 化策略平衡译文，尽可能地忠实于原文，传达出原文的价值观。 2.隐化和显化产生的因素
英语口语中常用的100个话题（英语狂人小四出品） 1、talking about myself 2、my family 3、my father 4、My mother 5、My grandfather 6、My grandmother 7、My uncle 8、My aunt 9、my teacher 10、my English teacher 11、my foreign teacher 12、my best friend 13、my foreign friend 14、my favorite star
15、my school 16、my hometown 17、my summer and winter holiday 18、my motherland 19、the spring festival 20、on middle autumn day 21、Christmas day 22、Teachers’ day 23、Chinese festival and western festival 24、how to lose weight 25、compute in our life 26、on the internet 27、my favorite sports 28、my favorite sports star 29、smoking and health
30、how to keep healthy 31、women in china 32、pollution 33、my favorite country 34、my favorite Chinese city 35、my favorite foreign city 36、my favorite pet 37、my favorite leader in china 38、my favorite leader in the world 39、my favorite book 40、my favorite writer 41、my favorite movie 42、my favorite movie star 43、my favorite movie director 44、my favorite Chinese song
动力英语空中电话英语口语锻炼课堂 第一部分生活 1.Smoking is bad for your health 2.You should learn from the Internet 3.Being the only child in my family 4.What should we do when we get lost 5.You are so heavy, you should be on a diet 6.Learn from the old people 7.During the wedding 8.Many people want to keep a pet 9.The price of house is too high 10.Sports and fitness exercise 第二部分工作学习 1.What is your opinion about advertisement 2.The temptation in our life 3.Borrow books or buy books 4.Make a full use of our leisure time 5.Deal with some emergencies 6.What is the ideal job in your eyes https://www.doczj.com/doc/5510280651.html,cation life long 8. A person influenced you most in your school life 9.How do you arrange your money 10.How to make a perfect job interview 第三部分人际 1.The importance of honesty 2.IQ and EQ 3.What quality do you look for in a friend 4.Home, sweet home 5.How to remedy our mistakes 6.What’s the generation gap 7.I will never satisfied with my present situation 8.Be praised or blamed 9.What is your opinion on brand 10.What does marriage mean to you 第四部分社会 1.We shouldn’t waste food 2.Oh I hate fake commodities
英语口语主题：交际英语热门话题47个20 At Times of Loss and Grieving Conversation 1 A ： Are you ready to pay your last respects to the deceased? B ： Yes, Is the service being held at the church? A ： I'm just not sure. I'll have to confirm the location with the funeral director. B ： There would be of odd if the service is held anywhere else. Conversation 2 A ： What is an appropriate gift to give the bereaved family? B ： It really depends upon personal taste. I usually give money at most funerals. A ： Perhaps I should bring a book in case the service does not start on time . B ： That might seem insensitive to the other mourners. Conversation 3 A ： Who may stop by a funeral home to pay his respects ? Who attends a funeral? B ： Anyone who wishes to express his sympathy to the family of the deceased may stop by a funeral home and pay his
英语口语主题：交际英语热门话题47个（一） Greetings Conversation 1 W： Morning, Tom. M： Hi, Mary. W： You seem to be in a hurry. M：Yes. I’ve got a meeting in a minute. W：Okay. I won’t hold you up then. M：Right. I’ll see you later. W： See you later. Conversation 2 W：Nice and warm again, isn’t it? M：Oh, it’s lovely. Think of the nasty weather we had last week. W： How are you these days? M： Fine, thank you. And you? W： Fine today, though a bit under the weather last week. Conversation 3 M：Hi, Mary, it’s been a long time W： Hello, my old friend. Long time no see. How are you doing?
M：Well, I’m doing okay. And how about yourself? W： Not so well. To be honest with you, I broke up with Tom. M：Oh. I’m sorry to hear that. What happ ened? Conversation 4 M： Good morning, Miss Li. W： Morning, Mike. M：I’m sorry that I was absent yesterday. W：I’ve already got your certificate for sick-leave. How do you feel today? M： I feel much better now. W： Have you received the reading material handed out yesterday? M：I’ve already got it. Thanks. W： I will explain it in detail in the next class. Could you preview it? M： I will. Conversation 5 M：Hi, Lilly, it’s so nice to see you again. W： Hum, me too. This winter holiday was especially long. What have you done? M： Nothing special. I had a get-together with some schoolmates at the high school, visited the Internet and read
英语口语的十二个基本话题 话题一个人情况(Personal information) 能够向他人介绍个人的基本情况(姓名、年龄、出生日期、家庭成员、电话号码、爱好、邮箱地址、外貌特征和自己的生活情况等），并能够写出自己简单的基本情况。 能够听懂他人的有关个人信息，并且记录简单信息。 话题二家庭(Family and home) 能够介绍家庭成员（姓名、年龄、职业、外貌特征、爱好等）的基本信息。 能够利用所学的语言，互相询问有关对方家庭的基本情况。 能够简单地写出家庭成员的基本信息。 能够介绍家庭住房的各种房间的名称，并能简单描述部分室内的物品。 能够简单介绍家庭成员平时经常在这些房间做的事情。 尝试着设计自己梦想中的卧室，调查同学家里房间的拥有情况。 话题三学校(School life) 能够介绍自己的学校生活（学校名称、任课教师、专业教室的名称等）。 能够介绍自己的学习科目，喜欢和不喜欢的科目，并能简单单说明理由。 能够向他人介绍自己的课程表，并设计自己喜欢的课程表。
英语微信群是目前学习英语最有效的方法，群里都是说英语，没有半个中文，而且规则非常严格，是一个超级不错的英语学习环境，群里有好多英语超好的超牛逼的人，还有鬼佬和外国美眉。其实坦白说，如果自己一个人学习英语太孤独，太寂寞，没有办法坚持，好几次都会半途而废。只要你加入到那个群里以后，自己就会每天都能在群里坚持学，坚持不停地说和练，由于是付费群，群里的成员学习氛围非常强，每天的训练度都非常猛，本来很懒惰的你一下子就被感染了，不由自主地被带动起来参与操练，不好意思偷懒，别人的刻苦学习精神会不知不觉影响你，EYC英语微信群（群主v芯601332975）可以彻底治好你的拖延症，里面学员都非常友好，总是给你不断的帮助和鼓励，让你学英语的路上重新燃起了斗志，因为每天都在运用，你的英语口语就能得到了迅猛的提升，现在可以随便给一个话题，都能用英文滔滔不绝的发表5分钟以上对这个话题的看法和观点，想提高英语口语的可以加入进来，It really works very well.
Unit 1 Topic: studying abroad Advantages: 1. A student can have access to advanced science and technology as well as desirable working conditions which might not be available at home. 2. Students abroad are always of high qualities, so studying abroad can not only increase our knowledge but also learn to well conduct ourselves. 3. He can be exposed to entirely new ideas and trends. 4. by living and studying in a foreign country, one can improve his foreign language much faster than at home, and a profitable experience is available, too. 5. They can be in touch with the western culture and broaden their horizons. As far as I'm concerned, it is not only a good chance but also one vital experience. Disadvantages: Quite a number of overseas students stay abro ad disappointed as they can’t obtain what they hope for, let alone success. When they are abroad, they are helpless and have to be independent, which is quite contrary to what it is at home. For one thing, learning a foreign language is far from an easy thing at the beginning for most people. For another, a completely new environment with different customs and habits may also be a barrier to overseas students, especially to the young. An added difficulty lies with finance: it can cost a lot to study abroad. Collocations: motivated by the good humanistic environment and the thick study atmosphere. To study abroad is of some advantages indeed. studying abroad is advisable to certain degree take more factors into careful consideration. the advantages of studying abroad outweigh its disadvantages Unit 3 Topic: campus life& extracurricular activities Advantages: 1.It gives us a rich and vibrant life for its student activities. 2.We are free to choose the fields we like. 3.It’s a good chance for us to devote our leisure to cultivate a love. 4.We have to be more independent so that we can make important decisions by ourselves and at the same time, learn to manage our daily life. 5.Through these activities, students cultivate their interpersonal friendship, creativity and leadership. 6.The university encouraging students to follow current trends or explore new activities.
英语口语主题：交际英语热门话题47个（15--面试）Interview Conversation 1 A ： How about your study at college? B ： I was doing quite well at college. I completed my MBA degree in international trade with first-class honors. A ： Why did you select your college? B ： I selected my college because it had an excellent academic reputation. A ： What do you like doing in your spare time? B ： My favorite recreation is cooking. I learned to cook Chinese dishes and western style dishes as well. It keeps me busy and makes me happy. Conversation 2 A ： What sort of experience do you have ? B ： I used to work as a mechanic and I was responsible for the maintenance of all the company vehicles. A ： Where was your last job? B ： I worked in Hanson Paper Company. A ： Why did you quit your last job? B ： Because the company is far away from home, and I have to study after work so I can't afford to waste time on the road everyday.
英语口语话题 1.Do you think a girl should share the expenses or let the boy pay the bill? 2.If you were given a billion dollars, what would you do with it? 3.What do you think is the most important factor that leads you to buy something: price, quality or brand name? 4.If a student is afraid of speaking English in front of other people, what suggestions can you give? 5.Do you think the bicycle is an old or new form of transport? 6.Is there a friend who is very special to you? Explain why your friendship is special. 7.How should we learn from our mistakes? 8.What is the role of money in your life? 9.What do you think are the qualities of good parents? 10.When you need search for new information, which will you resort to, Internet or books? 11.What is the role of mobile phone in your life? How can college students use money properly? 12.If you don’t have enough money, will you borrow a lot of money from bank to buy a house? https://www.doczj.com/doc/5510280651.html,pared with traditional Chinese culture, do young people show more interests on foreign cultures? Why? 14.What is your favorite English movie? Why? 15.Do you think it is good for parents to send their children to study abroad when they are still young? 16.Since there is only one child in the family, many parents spoil their children. Do you think this behavior is a kind of love? 17.Should college students be encouraged to take up part-time jobs? 18.If you could choose, would you prefer to be famous or ordinary? 19.Many people believe that “a woman’s place is in the home”. Do you agree or disagree with this idea? 20.What does the sentence “A friend in need is a friend indeed” mean to you? 21.What does the sentence “Where there is a will，there is a way” mean to you? 22.What does the sentence “Time and tide wait for no man” mean to you? 23.What does the sentence “No pains，no gains” mean to you? 24.What does the sentence “It's never too late to learn.” mean to you? 25.What does the sentence “Knowledge is power” mean to you? 26.What does the sentence “Practice makes perfect” mean to you? 27.Should different cultures integrate or keep their own characteristics? 28.What is the relationship between one’s attitude to life and one’s fate? Does the former determine the latter or is it the other way round? 29.After finishing undergraduate studies, would you like to find a job or pursue a postgraduate degree? Why? 30.In what ways can people become confident? 31.What is your opinion on plastic surgery? 32.What is your opinion on GM(genetically modifies) foods? 33.What is your opinion on mercy killing? 34.Do you think it is necessary for Chinese students to spend so much time on English? 35.Is university education necessary for most senior middle school graduates? 36.How do you see the importance of communication in modern society? 37.Can you tell your own experience the shortcomings of the traditional ways of foreign language teaching and learning in China? 38.What would you suggest to improve our language learning?
英语口语热门50话 题
英语口语热门50话题 1. Please talk about the importance of time.What’s your view on it? 2. Green food is now becoming more and more popular. Do you know why? And can you say something about the changes in people’s diet nowadays? 3. Your best frien d’s sister is going to marry an American, and you two talk about the marriage across nations. 4. Finding a job, further study or going abroad, which will you choose and how do you prepare to achieve the goal? 5. You find your best friend is smoking, and you want to stop him /her, so you talk with him /her about the harm of smoking and try to persuade him /her to quit smoking. 6. “The thinner, the better?” You are free to exchange your views on beauty. 7. How would you like to get rid of your stress in daily life? Please share your experiences with your partner. 8. Live to work or live to enjoy? You are required to present your opinions to your partner. 9. How do you understand “Green Olympics”, what do you think is our duty to achieve this goal? 10. Campus marriage: good or bad? 11. Do you think surfing on the Internet can help you? And how? 12. Do you believe in love at first sight? What’s your definition of “true love”? 13. What can you do to resist temptation(诱惑) when shopping? (Your partner is crazy about each hot item on sale, while you are rather sensible and are ready to give some advice.) 14. Do you have a mobile phone? If you do, do you think it’s good or bad? If you don’t, would you like to buy one? Why?