2. Thinking mode
When it comes to thinking mode, something abstract, obscure occurred to our mind. It is hard to boundary what it exactly means because of its abstract traits. However, it is highly correlated to our daily life. Thinking mode affect the perspective, the reaction and the decision. It is diverse against different backdrop of society, culture and region.
2.1 Definition
In terms of thinking mode, philosophically speaking, it is a process of our human minds to reflect the objective reality. Specifically speaking, it is a process of our minds to do analysis, synthesis, judgment, inference, and other cognitive activities on the basis of presentation and concept. According to Rong Kaiming (1989, p30), thinking modes refers to “a established syste m of thinking patterns, thinking methods and thinking procedures of the subject in their reflection of the objective world.” Thought is a intrinsic process of human brains in understanding and memorizing the physical as well as non-physical world that we live in, and is a special organic function of the brain. From the general meaning, thinking mode is a pathway people perceive the world. As the subject of thinking, human beings' thinking mode are mainly shaped by the environment., culture, philosophical thought and living habits.
Since everyone is independent, the thinking mode must be different from each other more or less. However, because of living in the same society, the same cultural environment, the thinking mode may have something in common. People have different thinking mode due to different nation, different society, different culture and different history.
2.2 Causes of different thinking mode
Different culture is one of the main reason leads to different thinking mode. The thinking modes are one of the most important cues in culture. It is closely related to cultures and embodies the characteristics of cultural psychology. In Chinese history, the theory of pre- Qin philosophers is an essential part of the ancient Chinese philosophy. People believe that man proposes and god disposes, pursuing the coordination of favorable time, location and human relationships, chasing the harmony between human and nature. Gradually, "unity of man and nature" is the world view of Chinese in ancient Chinese philosophy. And then Confucianism are emerging, which have great influence on following ideas. Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius was the most influential thought in the Period of Autumn and Spring and War States. It achieved the peak in Han dynasty. The principle Ren sums up the core of Confucianism, which advocate warm feelings between people.
As a result, it contributed a great deal to the shaping of Chinese synthetic thinking mode. On the contrary, English thinking mode are focus on rationality, nature and object. It can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosophy, for the Greek philosophy influenced all the West. The core of ancient Greek philosophy was naturalism, for it put emphasis on the exploration of the secret and the origin of the nature in order to achieve the ideal life. It tried to explain the various natural facts through objective analysis. It was rational and logical. English philosophy are based on demonstration, analysis and experiment. So the thinking mode of English stress analysis.
Different economic systems have subtle influences on thinking modes. The economic system of China is typical self-sufficient nature economy, which lead people lack of connection with outside world, becoming short-sighted and thinking blocked. Since China developed agriculture, people gradually realized that living is the gift of nature, people can not live without favorable nature. furthermore encouraged the thought "everything as one". They began to live together in larger and larger groups. They had to depend on and co-operate with each other, otherwise, they wold perish. The individual would choose to join the group. They shrank from the new, became conservative, lacked innovation and personal courage and
conformed to their group. Therefore, Chinese thinking mode stress the experience, unity but oppose competition and adventure. Turning to English, we can see that they give priority of the development of manufacture, commerce and seafaring. Commerce focusing on profits led to individualism. Meanwhile, English philosophers were interested in the field of astronomy, meteorology, geometry, physics and math. Gradually, they tend to use the science knowledge, such as experiment, analysis and logic, to explore the mistery of nature. Since then, English break out the industrial revolution, which implant the idea of independence, fairness, competition and self-realization. Consequently, English thinking mode take priority of individualism, of logic and of knowledge through analysis.
Different geographical conditions affect thinking modes as well. Located in the east of Asia, China is a continental country with lands bordering on the Pacific Ocean in the east and south. The vast inland provided enough area for Chinese people to live peacefully in ancient China. High mountains and inconvenient transportation blocked communications with the outside. The abundant source made people self-contained, which discourage to explore the outside world. All these factors made people conform to the nature and sought harmony with nature. In a sense, it make
the synthetic thinking mode come into being. As for English, it is a kind of ocean type environment. It is surrounded by ocean. Since it often suffered natural disaster, like tsunami, English developed the power of conquering the nature. People living in the coastal areas usually communicated and competed with the outside. They preferred exploring the outside world and updating knowledge and skills. English are more adventurous, strong-willed and objective. Hence, the different thinking modes are formed.
3. The influence of different thinking modes between Chinese and English on translation
English-Chinese modes of thought have their own characteristics in thinking core, thinking pattern, cognition habits and thinking principles. As a tool for communication the basic attribute of English and Chinese are the same. But because of the influence of their own cultures, economic systems and geography, there are many differences between the two languages. The different thinking mode has greatly influenced translation. Actually, the issue can be approached and considered from various viewpoints.
3.1 Thinking mode and translation
Translation is a kind of language activity,. The relationship between language and thinking modes has effect on translation. According to Jia Dejiang, “thinking modes, thought characteristics
and thinking styles are the philosophical mechanism of language production. Language actually attaches closely to the thought that is the profound mechanism.”(Jia DeJ iang 166) Thinking modes are the deep-rooted mechanism in the formulation and development of language, which in turn promotes the specialties in certain conceptual patterns. Language is the carrier of reflection and abstraction of reality, and mode of thought is the conscious activity when people reflect and recognize the objective reality. （汪德华 36）The differences between thinking modes are the main reasons that result in the differences of language forms. Language is an instrument used in the communication of thought, and translation is product of the communication of the different culture. However, translation is a procedure of converting different languages. Since thinking modes affect language, it affect translation as well.
3.2 The difference of thinking modes between Chinese and English
Different nation has different cultures and different thinking styles, patterns and thinking traits. These together form the thinking modes. Thinking modes not only influence the living styles of human beings but also the ways to do or think and express things. Different thinking modes between Chinese and English are classified into four pairs: "Concreteness" vs. "Abstractness", "The linear
structure" vs. “T he cyclical structure”, “Synthetic”vs. “Analytic” and "Ontological " vs. "Objective".
3.2.1 Concrete thinking mode vs. Abstract thinking mode
Concrete thinking mode can also be called image thinking mode. It refers that people use image to cognitively analyze and generalize outside things, thereby, to delineate the essence of the world. Meanwhile, abstract thinking mode means people use concept, reasoning and inherence to generalize objective reality indirectly. In Chinese culture, people are particular about images and form the thinking mode of this kind. They are used to using the image to express the abstract concept, in that way the abstract concept can be more vivid and easy to understand. Chinese people respect the unity of heaven and human, they put the abstract things on a concrete basis. So it becomes a tradition for Chinese people to express abstract things through concrete images. However, English thinking method are deeply influenced by the western philosophy and religion, which put emphasis on abstract thinking method to observe and perceive the world. People pay attention to the abstract thinking mode to show respect to their culture tradition. They prefer using the abstract concept to express the concrete objects, which means to get the inner rule of the objects.
Chinese are pictographs which express things by external shape.
For example, the word“人” looks like a person standing with legs wide apart: the word “口” seems like an opening mouth. But in English, "man" and ''mouth" don't have pictographic meaning. It can't be understanded by its shape, but by inner thinking. Chinese characters are the mimicry of natural phenomenon and are called imagery language. There are many examples: original Chinese is “胸有成竹”，and English version is "to have an ace card in sleeves"; original Chinese is “水深火热的生活”，and English version is "to lead a life for extreme hardship"; original Chinese is “我军势如破竹，打得敌人落花流水”，and English version is "our army won a smooth and overwhelming victory"; original Chinese is “聪明人防患于未然，愚蠢者临渴掘井”，and English version is "wisdom prepares for the worst, but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes". These examples are enough to prove that Chinese stress the concrete thinking method, otherwise, English emphasize the abstract method. Chinese tends to be concrete, expressing abstract content by using concrete images. Whereas, English is characterized by its direct and abstract words.
3.2.2 Curvilinear Thinking Mode vs. Linear Thinking Mode
The thinking track of Chinese and English are entirely different. Chinese is used to the curvilinear thinking mode, which inclined to implicit expression. It is the Chinese tradition to pursue the
unity and harmony of the world, therefore, the thinking mode of Chinese is characterized by intuition, concreteness and curve. There is an old saying in Chinese, 文如看山喜不平. That is to say, When Chinese people speak or write, they would like to diverge their thoughts and then bring them back to the original starting point. They are accustomed to beating about the bush when they talk, hiding the key point until the last moment, which can be called a pattern of climaxing. This is a typical structure mirroring curvilinear thinking mode. It is ingrained in people's mind., while linear thinking mode is preferred in English. English-speaking people are used to presenting the topic at a foremost place so as to arouse the attention of the listeners or readers, which is followed by the specification of facts, and a conclusion in the end. This is a typical structure mirroring linear thinking mode.
As to the Chinese people, they prefer to explain or describe an idea from the peripheries and the outside atmosphere to support the main idea or topic shown up at the end of the expression. For example, the original English is that "it is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in procession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife" (J. Austen, Pride and Prejudice), and the Chinese version is “凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶个太太，这是一个举世公认的道理”. It revealed that topic sentence always generalize
the central idea in English. There is another example, the original English is that "the two sides found is beneficial to have this opportunity to present one another their views on a variety of issues", and the Chinese version is "现在有机会互相介绍彼此对各种问题的观点，对此，双方认为是有利的”. Chinese stress curvilinear thinking mode that the most important message put in the last. Reversely, English emphasize linear thinking mode that the most crucial message lay in the first.
3.2.3 Synthetic thinking mode vs. Analytic thinking mode
As we all know, both synthetic thought and analytic thought are basic forms of human thought. Synthetic thought inclines to combine separate parts of an object or idea into a unity, and integrate its qualities, relations. And analytic thought inclines to disintegrate a unity into small parts, or separate its qualities, relations. Different culture background between Chinese and English result in different thinking mode they preferred.. In philosophy, Chinese people emphasize the ideas of "unity of heaven and man", "the blending of objects and man", "harmony" and "the power of understanding". Chinese people don't stress the analysis, but pay attention to "the individual comprehension", "understand tacitly" and "the mentality space and time order". (GaoChunjuan.2019). However, in English thinking mode, individualism is highlighted.
The English people link their own emotion to planetary influence and the natural elements, so they prefer logically analytic thinking. It clarifies the differences of subject and object, men and nature, spirit and materials, imagination and existence, etc. For example, the word "说" in Chinese can be expressed by "say", "speak" and "tell" in English. The English expression of speaking can be specified in different situations, which makes language terse, precise, diverse and vivid. But in Chinese expression, the meaning of speaking is general and some modifiers are used to enrich the meaning. As another example, Chinese version is "春花含苞待放，绿叶缓缓舒展，溪水潺潺流淌，欢乐的春天涌动着无数的追求和希望，这一切难以用言语倾诉表达". English version is "Spring has more much than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweet restless seeking" (John Galesworthy, The Apple Tree). The example reflects that Chinese emphasize synthetic thought. "flowers", "leaves" and "streams" are described in detail at first and then conclude that everything is beautiful and promising. Oppositely, English stress analytic thought. General conclusion come first, and then described in detail. From the previous analysis, we can see that Chinese pay attention to synthesis, conclusion, hint and reservation, while English focus on analysis, the pursuit of details, and the all-aspects description
英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]：本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比，并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求，从而得知，词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文：英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时，即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法，还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈，这个障碍往往是由词汇，甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如：“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同，同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”，译文显得晦涩难懂；当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义，并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思，那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”，“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美，同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩；所以，我们将其转化，将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组，意为“对……完全陌生”，这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”，这样的搭配显得协调，不但译出了源语言想表达的意思，“疏离”这一
语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律，即词性转换。世界上的语言，不管其各有多少词类，名词和动词都占最大的比例；不管有多少句型，都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说，汉语呈动态特征，英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上，汉语的动态表现为：汉语的动词丰富，使用频率高；而英语中，名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培（2003:390）统计显示截选如下：（1）“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% （2）“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明，若要在英汉互译中，若要翻译出地道的T arget Text，就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时，根据需要将英文中的名词，介词等
最新200份英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 形合与意合对比研究及翻译策略 2 汉英植物隐喻对比研究 3 哥特电影的黑暗之美-市场与文化的交接 4 论中国特色文化政治经济词汇和缩略语的英译策略 5 腐朽世界中的纯洁品质——解读《雾都孤儿》中费金的善与恶 6 从译者主体性视角探析《红楼梦》中概念隐喻的翻译策略 7 词汇和背景知识对英语阅读理解的重要影响及应对策略 8 国际贸易中的支付方式及其风险回避 9 论哥特式手法在《呼啸山庄》中的应用 10 西方骑士精神与中国侠义精神的比较研究—以《亚瑟王之死》和《水浒传》为例 11 Cultural Differences and Translation Strategies 12 从商业性角度论电影名称的翻译 13 The Comparison between“the Mean”of Confucius and“the Mean”of Aristotle 14 On the Conflicts Reflected in the Character of Rebecca Sharp in Vanity Fair 15 春节与圣诞节的对比研究 16 从《厄舍古屋的倒塌》看爱伦坡写作的哥特式风格 17 《魔戒》中的现实主义初探 18 奥巴马演讲词的人际意义研究 19 中外服装品牌英文标签语言的跨文化研究 20 标记信息结构在字幕翻译中的应用 21 从关联理论角度看《围城》的幽默翻译 22 中美文化差异对其商务谈判的影响 23 旅游英语翻译的研究 24 从常见的中英文名字比较中英两国命名文化差异 25 试论爱伦?坡的作品在当时遭受非议的必然性 26 英汉音节结构对比 27 英汉习语的概念隐喻对比研究 28 中英文幽默映射的语言与文化差异 29 透析《洛丽塔》中的性 30 论《厄舍古屋的倒塌》的哥特式写作风格 31 涉外商务用餐中的非言语交际 32 中西节日的对比研究 33 A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Politeness between Chinese and English 34 工业化进程中的人性异化——解读https://www.doczj.com/doc/5917168463.html,wrence《儿子与情人》 35 An Analysis of Life and Death in Mrs. Dalloway 36 小学英语语法任务式教学 37 论《双城记》中的现实主义风格 38 从文化角度浅析新闻英语的翻译 39 认知角度下的隐喻翻译 40 《追风筝的人》翻译中的美学体现 41 浅析《还乡》中游苔莎的悲剧根源 42 苔丝悲剧原因探究
第二章英汉句式结构对比与翻译 一. 英文句式结构 基本上为主谓结构,可以扩展为5种: 主+谓、主+谓+宾、主+谓+宾+宾补、主+谓+宾+间宾+直宾、主+系+表。汉语中有部分句子与上述英文句子是对应的。 二. 中文句式结构 （一）主谓结构。（可分为主动和被动） （二）主题—评述句 1. 很多汉语句子是“话题性”很强的句子，即句子的前面是一个话题，后面是对话题的评述或陈述、描述。 如：他处境很危险；楼上住着个女工。 2. 其中话题跟后面的动词只是对这个话题所作的说明,不一定表示主语所指称的实体的行动或性质,或者后面根本就没有动词。 3. 结论：将此类句子翻译成英文时，需进行句式结构的调整，在整个句中找到可以在英文中作主语的词，然后再根据主语选择合适的动词，如果找不到主语，就需要添加主语，或将句子中动作的承受着作主语，变为英文的被动语态。 4. 主题—评述句可归纳为如下几种： ⑴动作承受者作话题。如：那件事我已经办好了。 ⑵双话题。如：我头疼。 ⑶动词或动词短语作话题。如：加入世贸组织利大于弊。 ⑷从句作话题。如：张三明天去美国，我觉得很奇怪。 ⑸地点作话题。如：桌上搁着一碗饭。 ⑹时间作话题。如：今天风和日暖。 （三）无主句 1.即“非主语句”，一种是没有主语的，叫无主句，还有一种是由一个词构成的，叫独词句，如：火！注意！这种句 子可以直译。 2.一般来说，无主句主要用于以下几种情况： ⑴表达客观、科学、公正的语气。汉语的一些科技材料或法律条文中往往使用无主句，目的是使表达的内容更科学、公正。这种情况下，无主句要以为英文的主谓结构时，一般都转化为被动语态，也就是使用原文的宾语做主语，因为被动语态不强调动作的发出者，可以比较准确地表达原文的语用效果。 如：要制造飞机，就要考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance has to be taken into consideration when an airplane is to be made. ⑵表达不满又不失礼貌地语气。汉语中无主句多用来表达一种微妙的情感，在不强调施事者的情况下，表达自己的观点，不满等。在英语中，遇到同样的情况，一般较为广泛地使用被动语态。这样说话人可以避免对自己所说的话负责，听话人也不会感到说话人在把自己的主观意志强加给自己。所以，此类无主句可以译为英语的被动句。有时也可以用形式主语it，避开主观语气。 如：为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？Why are these troubles always left to me? 有时也可以用形式主语it，避开主观语气。 如：学这一套，不如去学照相。It is better to learn photographing than to learn this stuff. ⑶省略第一人称主语“我”或“我们”。有时候为了直接表达自己的观点，说话人刻意省去了“我”或“我们”。这些无主句往往出现在较为正式的场合或正式的书面报告中，翻译成英文时可根据集体情况添加主语“我”或“我们”，最好不要将其转译为英语的被动语态。 如：希望一切问题都会迎刃而解。I hope that all the problems will be readily solved.
英汉文化差异与翻译 摘要：语言与文化密不可分,任何语言的生存发展都离不开其赖以生存的社会文化环境,社会文化又在一定程度上制约着语言使用者的思维方式和表达能力。本文围绕英汉文化差异在各自语言中的体现, 来说明文化差异、背景知识对翻译的影响。由此说明文化差异因素对翻译的影响不容低估。本文对中英的文化、社会风俗与礼仪差异进行了初步的探索，提出了一些在翻译中弥补这一差异的例子，以及在翻译英语里面的习惯词汇时应该注意的几个方面。 [关键字] 文化差异一般风俗翻译、影响 文化是一种上层建筑.它是建立在一定的经济基础之上的，而且与一个国家、民族的传统文化密不可分。由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质、社会及宗教等环境不同, 因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的语言习惯、社会文化、风土人情等等语境因素。不同文化背景造成人们说话方式或习惯不尽相同。因此, 在交流中, 人们总喜欢用自己的说话方式来解释对方的话语,这就可能对对方的话语做出不准确的推论, 从而产生冲突和故障。了解这些文化差异，对我们平时能更好的使用英语有很大的帮助。丰富的文化背景和相关专业知识会有助于翻译的准确性，所以，我们要在平时的学习中不断积累相关的专业知识，加强训练，才能在翻译中做到游刃有余。 翻译作为语际交际, 不仅仅是语言的转换过程, 而且也是文化移植的过程。在很大程度, 它与文化因素、背景知识有很大的关系。王佐良曾说:“翻译的最大困难是两种文化的不同。”吕淑湘也说, 翻译家必须是一个杂家。“杂”就是指知识要广博。可见,解决好翻译中的文化差异问题,了解背景知识是保证译作成功的关键。 英汉文化差异对翻译的影响主要表现在以下几个方面: 一、观察与思维上的差异对翻译的影响 英汉两个民族在观察与思维上是存在着差异的: 面对同一物体, 用以概括的概念也有出入, 因而语言表达方式也不同。如对颜色的观察和使用,就有不同的概念。英语“black tea”在汉语中不叫“黑茶”, 而叫“红茶”;“brownbread”是“黑面包”, 而不是“棕 色面包”。汉语的“青衣”,“青天”同是一个“青”字, 翻译成英文就只能分别译作“black dress”和“blue sky”。汉语“黑眼睛”, 英语为“drakeyes”; 英语的“black eyes”, 汉语为“挨打后出现的黑眼圈”; 汉语“黄色影片”, 汉语的“红眼病”,英语为“green - eyed”。此外,英汉两个民族在逻辑思维上也存在着差异。例如: 英文句子You can not be too careful in the exam. 若直译为“考试时你不要太细心”。那就大错特错了。因为从句法上看,它是一个双重否定结构, 从思维方式上看, 它是一种逆向思维。其正确译文是: 考试时你要特别细心。再如, The plastic container isfive times lighter thanthat glass one. 其正确译法为: 这个塑料容器比那个玻璃容器轻五分之四。如果直译,这个塑料容器的重量比那个玻璃容器要轻四倍, 在汉语中是说不通的。英语习惯上说“减少n 倍”, 即是汉语说的减少了n - 1/ n ,如英语说减少3 倍,即是汉语说的减少2/ 3。这种情况显 然是由于英汉思维方式不同而造成的。因此,对于这一类因思维差异而引起的表达不同的概念, 译者同样要越过表达形式的局限进行意义上的对等翻译。 二、时间观念的差异对翻译的影响 由于英汉文化的差异, 两个民族在时间观念上也存在着一定的差异。如,英语中的“the
思维：指理性认识，即思想；或指理性思考的过程，即思考。是人脑对客观事物间接和概括的反应。包括逻辑思维和形象思维，通常指逻辑思维。它是在社会实践的基础上进行的。思维的工具是语言。人借助于语言把丰富的感性材料加以分析和综合，由此及彼，由表及里，去粗取精，去伪存真，从而揭露不能直接感知到的事物的本质和规律。思维是反应客观现实的能动过程。它能动地反映客观世界，又能动地反作用于客观世界。(《辞海》1979 年版本，第1676 页)语言和思维密切相关，相互作用。“倘若没有语言，思维则无以定其形，无以约其式，无以正其实。反之，若没有思维，语言也就不具备其多功能性和丰富性”张海涛(1999：21)。语言是思维的载体，通过一个民族的语言，我们可以观察这个民族的思维方式和特点。在漫长的历史过程中，英汉两个民族因其所处的地理环境不同，生活条件、风俗习惯各异，形成了不同的思维方式。在翻译实践中，因为没有认清英汉思维之间的差异，学生很容易犯错误，出现“汉语欧化，英语汉化”的现象。英汉思维差异的比较研究受到很多学者的关注，并取得了一定的成果，如刘宓庆(1993)，张海涛(1999)，连淑能(2002)等，但较少涉及到翻译教学。目前，对句子翻译，很多学者，如张培基(1980)，陈宏微(1998)，冯庆华(2002)，陈定安(1998)等在专著中辟专章讲解，但涉及更多的是对翻译技巧的介绍和解释，对深层次原因的探讨并不多见。本文试图从英汉思维差异的角度出发，通过学生译文分析，指出在翻译教学中，有意识地训练学生树立英汉思维差异意识的必要性，以提高译文质量，促进翻译教学。 一、英汉思维差异及其在语言上的表现 1.思维方式不同——抽象思维与形象 思维语言表达各异——抽象与具体 西方人较注重抽象思维，从古希腊亚里士多德开始，一直注重哲学思辨。而汉民族却偏向形象思维，运用形象的表达手法描绘抽象的概念。体现在语言层面，英语多用抽象表达法，汉语多用形象表达法。英语大量使用抽象名词，同时，英语是构形语言，有丰富的词义虚化手段，如词缀；英语中介词的使用频率远远超过汉语。而在汉语中，常用具体表抽象。“如果说中国有抽象名词的话，就只有这极少数的几个了”(王力，1984：21-22)。同时，汉语也不具有构形形态。 2.思维风格不同——焦点思维与散点思维 语言表达各异——聚集与流散 英民族在表达思想时，逻辑严密，先陈述主要思想，再延伸出去。英语句子先说出主要信息，然后介绍其它辅助信息，如时间、地点、原因等。英语有严谨的主谓结构，主谓结构统领全局，提纲挈领。英语句子就如一棵树，由树干延伸出去，形成无数的分叉。因此，英语句式呈“聚集型”。而汉民族是散点思维，思维按逻辑事理，时间顺序，因果关系排列，如行云流水，洋洋洒洒，但形散而神聚，“它没有西方句子的中心动词，而是随着事理的进程，句法中的视点也随之流动开去”(申小龙，2003：336)。 3.思维指向不同——客体思维与主体思维 语言表达各异——物称与人称 英民族严格区分主体与客体，强调用客观、理性、冷静的态度对待客观世界，寻求自然规律，探索科学真理。连淑能(2002：43)指出“理性主义将主体作为旁观者，对客体尤其是本质世界进行探究”。而汉民族的传统思维注重主体意识，常常以“我”为视角，以“我”的情感、态度、观念为依据做出价值判断，以“我”为认识的出发点和归结点。这种思维差异在语言上体现为英语重物称，汉语重人称。英语中有很多句子，不以人做主语，而以抽象名词或事物名称做主语，而汉语经常用表“人”的词、词组、短语作主语。 4.思维侧重不同——形式逻辑与辩证逻辑 语言风格各异——形合与意合 英民族注重形式逻辑，而汉民族重辩证思维。表现在语言上，英语用各种形式连接手段，而中国文化历来注重意合，“刘勰(465-532)所谓…意授于思，言授于意?(《文心雕龙?神思》)就是说意思
浅谈英汉数字的文化差异与翻译 内容摘要 世界上任何一种语言都是植根于特定的文化背景之中，反映着特定的文化内容。语言中数字是反映客观物质世界的规模、大小的数和量，而由于各自语言中所包涵的文化传统、思维观念、以及对数字的感知取向不同，故而赋予数字的社会文化涵义也不尽相同。本文主要针对中西方对数字不同的传统观念、英汉语言中数字包含的内涵意义以及在英汉文学及生活中碰到的有关数字的翻译等，来探讨英汉数字文化的差异，为跨文化交际提供便利。 关键词：英汉数字；内涵意义；翻译；实指义；虚指义；词汇空缺 Abstract Every language in the world takes root in a special cultural background, and the language reflects the contents of the culture. Figure is the count and quantity which reflects the scope and size of the objective world. The social meanings of figure are different because there are some differences in cultural tradition, the concept of thinking and the understanding and using of the figure among all kinds of languages. This paper is to discuss the differences between English and Chinese figure from the traditional conception, the meanings of the figure and the translation with figure between the two languages. The aim from which is expected to make an advantage in cross-cultural communication. Key words: figure in English and Chinese; implied meaning; translation; grammatical meaning; false meaning; vocabulary vacancy “语言与文化有着密切的关系。语言的使用离不开人，而人又离不开某个特定的社会文化。” [1]（p477）“在跨文化交际活动中，参与的各方不仅要熟悉本民族的语言和文化，而且要充分了解对方的语言和文化，特别是本民族文化与他民族文化的差异，只有这样才能使交际顺利进行下去。”[2]（p480）数字是随着人类文明的产生和发展而产生和发展的。数字作为一种特殊的语言符号，在英汉两种语言中都被赋予了丰富的文化内涵。本文主要从中西方对数字不同的传统观念,英汉两种语言中数字蕴涵的不同意义及英汉文学中和生活中碰到的有关数字的翻译等来探讨英汉数字文化的差异，以便消除英汉交际中的理解障碍。 一、英汉数字的文化内涵差异 在古老的传统中，数字具有神圣的意义，还具有主吉凶的宗教迷信色彩。不同的民族对数字的选择性和不同的偏爱，都有着深刻的民族文化的烙印。下面就几组具有代表性的数字进行对比分析。 （一）、“三”与“九” 1、“三” 汉语中带“三”的习语有很多，如“三思而后行”、“垂涎三尺”、“三人行，必有我师焉”、“三句话不离本行”、“一日不见，如隔三秋”、“余音绕梁，三日不绝”、“三头六臂”、“三教九流”、“三令五申”等。中国人对“三”的垂青是有因可循的。《说文解字》云：“三，天地人之道也”，可见“三”的本义就是代表天、地、人，即上为天，下为地，中为人。在历史进程中，人们还逐渐认识到：时间有昔、今、未之分，空间有上、中、下之分，方位有左、中、右和前、中、后之分，似乎有三就能代表全部，“三”因此隐含完全、完美之意在内，并且积淀在中国人的潜意识中，从而人们在生活中不自觉地运用“三”来归纳事物，指导行动。在古代，“三”的运用更是奥妙无穷，甚至带有某些神秘意味。在政制结构上，有“三公”（西周时指：太师、太傅、太保；西汉时指丞相、太尉、御史大夫；东汉时指太尉、司徒、司空）；军事编制上，有“三军”（海军、陆军、空军）；教育上有“三学”（述学、评学、考学）；科举有“三试”（乡试、会试、殿试）；录取有“三甲”（状元、榜眼、探花）；祭祀要供“三牲”（牛牲、羊牲、猪牲）；敬酒要“三献”（初献、亚献、终献）；行礼要“三跪”
华 中 师 范 大 学 本 科 生 课 程 论 文 论文题目 English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 完成时间 2013.05.31 课程名称 英汉对比与翻译 专 业 辅修第二学位英语专业 年 级 2010英语第二学位辅修本科生 注：本科生须在规定期限内完成课程论文，并用A4页面打印，加此封面装订成册后，送交评审教师。教师应及时评定成绩，并至迟在下学期开学后两周内将此课程论文及成绩报告单一并交本单位本科生教学秘书存档。 姓 名 郭培斌 学 号 2010210596 成 绩 评卷人
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation I. Introduction I have learned the “Comparison of English and Translation:An Introduction ” for a semester and I would like to talk about some of my own understanding of this course here . II. Native Language Transfer in first language learning : Interference or Facilitation ? Some people may ask what is language transfer . Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . (Od-lin , 1989 : 27 ) We could divided translate into two part : Negative Transfer and Positive Transfer . By awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate first language learning . 2.1 Negative Transfer To sum up , there are probably three causes would form negative transfer . Firstly , analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of the mother tongue makes us study Chinese-style English easier . Secondly , Confusion comes from scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages . Thirdly , we always unconscious falling back on the mother tongue since customary . For a few example : 2.1.1 The writer likes writing at light (night) . The sound /n/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ serves as a substitute . 2.1.2 He only eat two meal a day . Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese . 2.1.3 Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population . The noun renkou , the Chinese equivalent of “population ”can have a numerical pre-modifier . 2.1 4 He suggested me to accept this offer . The verb jianyi , the Chinese equivalent of “suggest ” can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese . 2.1.5 --Your English is wonderful . --No , no . My English is still poor . The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous . We could turn negative transfer into positive by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner’s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy . III. Contrast and Translation : Enlightenment on translation from the contrast
英汉思维差异与翻译 思维：指理性认识，即思想；或指理性思考的过程，即思考。是人脑对客观事物间接和概括的反应。包括逻辑思维和形象思维，通常指逻辑思维。它是在社会实践的基础上进行的。思维的工具是语言。人借助于语言把丰富的感性材料加以分析和综合，由此及彼，由表及里，去粗取精，去伪存真，从而揭露不能直接感知到的事物的本质和规律。思维是反应客观现实的能动过程。它能动地反映客观世界，又能动地反作用于客观世界。(《辞海》1979 年版本，第1676 页)语言和思维密切相关，相互作用。“倘若没有语言，思维则无以定其形，无以约其式，无以正其实。反之，若没有思维，语言也就不具备其多功能性和丰富性”张海涛(1999：21)。语言是思维的载体，通过一个民族的语言，我们可以观察这个民族的思维方式和特点。在漫长的历史过程中，英汉两个民族因其所处的地理环境不同，生活条件、风俗习惯各异，形成了不同的思维方式。在翻译实践中，因为没有认清英汉思维之间的差异，学生很容易犯错误，出现“汉语欧化，英语汉化”的现象。英汉思维差异的比较研究受到很多学者的关注，并取得了一定的成果，如刘宓庆(1993)，张海涛(1999)，连淑能(2002)等，但较少涉及到翻译教学。目前，对句子翻译，很多学者，如张培基(1980)，陈宏微(1998)，冯庆华(2002)，陈定安(1998)等在专著中辟专章讲解，但涉及更多的是对翻译技巧的介绍和解释，对深层次原因的探讨并不多见。本文试图从英汉思维差异的角度出发，通过学生译文分析，指出在翻译教学中，有意识地训练学生树立英汉思维差异意识的必要性，以提高译文质量，促进翻译教学。 一、英汉思维差异及其在语言上的表现 1.思维方式不同——抽象思维与形象 思维语言表达各异——抽象与具体 西方人较注重抽象思维，从古希腊亚里士多德开始，一直注重哲学思辨。而汉民族却偏向形象思维，运用形象的表达手法描绘抽象的概念。体现在语言层面，英语多用抽象表达法，汉语多用形象表达法。英语大量使用抽象名词，同时，英语是构形语言，有丰富的词义虚化手段，如词缀；英语中介词的使用频率远远超过汉语。而在汉语中，常用具体表抽象。“如果说中国有抽象名词的话，就只有这极少数的几个了”(王力，1984：21-22)。同时，汉语也不具有构形形态。 2.思维风格不同——焦点思维与散点思维 语言表达各异——聚集与流散 英民族在表达思想时，逻辑严密，先陈述主要思想，再延伸出去。英语句子先说出主要信息，然后介绍其它辅助信息，如时间、地点、原因等。英语有严谨的主谓结构，主谓结构统领全局，提纲挈领。英语句子就如一棵树，由树干延伸出去，形成无数的分叉。因此，英语句式呈“聚集型”。而汉民族是散点思维，思维按逻辑事理，时间顺序，因果关系排列，如行云流水，洋洋洒洒，但形散而神聚，“它没有西方句子的中心动词，而是随着事理的进程，句法中的视点也随之流动开去”(申小龙，2003：336)。 3.思维指向不同——客体思维与主体思维 语言表达各异——物称与人称 英民族严格区分主体与客体，强调用客观、理性、冷静的态度对待客观世界，寻求自然规律，探索科学真理。连淑能(2002：43)指出“理性主义将主体作为旁观者，对客体尤其是本质世界进行探究”。而汉民族的传统思维注重主体意识，常常以“我”为视角，以“我”的情感、态度、观念为依据做出价值判断，以“我”为认识的出发点和归结点。这种思维差异在语言上体现为英语重物称，汉语重人称。英语中有很多句子，不以人做主语，而以抽象名词或事物名称做主语，而汉语经常用表“人”的词、词组、短语作主语。
浅谈中英文在文化上的差异中国与英语国家在文化上的差异体现在社会生活的诸多方面，也体现在地域文化的差异，习俗文化的差异，姓名与称呼用语的差异，交际用语的差异，数字内涵，委婉语和对应词及其内涵方面。我从中选取几个方面来，通过对这些方面的讨论来探讨中英文在文化上的差异性。 首先要讨论两国语言在文化上的差异就应该了解什么叫文化，以及文化与语言的关系。 所谓文化就是一个群体的人们在其发展过程中引导其生活、保障其生存的全部内容的总和。我们每一个人，无论生长何地，都是各自特定文化与表达文化的语言的产物。鲁斯·本尼迪克特在《文化类型》中说道：“一个人从他呱呱坠地的那一刻起，他周围的环境与风俗习惯就影响着他的经历和行为。等到他咿呀学语的时候，他已成为此文化熏陶的一个小生灵了。待到他长大成人，能够参与社会活动时，这一特定的文化习惯便成了他的习惯，其特有的观念也变成了他的观念，其禁忌也就变成了他的禁忌。”这高度概括了文化对我们每个人的影响。 同时，语言与文化相依为命，不可能脱离另一方面而独立存在，语言反映文化特征并预示文化发展的方向，两者的关系可简单地比作内容与形式相互依赖、相互作用的关系。 中英文在文化上的差异具体体现在以下几个方面：
一．地域文化的差异 地域文化主要指地理环境、自然环境方面的文化。受自然环境的影响，不同民族在对同一事物的认识上存在差异。有些事物在一种语言中为美，而在另一种语言中为丑；有些事物在一种语言中有丰富的内涵，而在另一种语言中毫无意义。地域文化上的差异又体现在： 1.中英文动物词文化的差异 在中国，龙被视为神物，集力量、智慧、运气、喜庆、威严、威武、权力于一身。封建时代的皇帝常把自己比做“龙”，中华民族也称自己为“龙的传人”，“龙的子孙”。而在英语中，dragon被看作“邪恶”、“恐怖”，甚至“战争”的代名词。《圣经》里多次提到的魔鬼撒旦就是一个与上帝作对的诱惑者和叛逆者的形象，它被称作the old Dragon。英国着名作家狄更斯在《艰难时世》中也以“Dragon”这个词来描述斯巴塞太太：……镇上的人们走来走去看见她坐在那儿，却把她看作这个银行的“毒龙”(Bank dragon)。 2.中英文植物词文化的差异 竹子这种植物与中国文化有着深厚的关系，历代文人墨客赏竹、画竹、咏竹。郑板桥的竹画享誉世界，邵谒的名句“竹死不变节，花落有余香”深入人心，竹子逐渐成了中国人坚强不屈、高风亮节的性格的象征。但bamboo一词在英语里只不过是一种很普通的植物，没有任何外延意义。 二．习俗文化的差异
[摘要]文化对语言的形成、发展和变化产生着深刻的影响。语言与文化有着紧密的关系。中西文化的差异可以在各自的语言上从不同的方面反映出来,并且对英汉翻译过程中的语义理解和传达产生一定的干扰和影响。本文主要从地理环境、历史背景差异,社会风俗习惯差异和宗教文化差异这三个主要方面,分别论述了中西文化差异对英汉翻译造成的影响,提示大家要充分了解中西文化背景,在真正理解原文内涵的基础上,精确译出原文。 [关键词]文化差异英汉翻译 文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和,如文学、艺术、教育、科学等等。而语言是人类思维的外在形式,人们通过语言来表达内心的丰富思想,进行相互间的思想感情交流。文化对语言的形成、发展和变化产生着深刻的影响。事实上语言并不是一种隔离的现象孤立地存在,语言是文化的一个整体的部分。文化是语言的内容,语言是文化的载体,语言与文化是密不可分的。中西文化之间存在着差异,可以体现在地理环境、社会习俗、宗教信仰、历史典故等多方面。这些差异可以在各自的语言上从不同的方面反映出来,并且对英汉翻译过程中的语义理解和传达产生一定的干扰和影响。所以在英汉翻译活动中,必须要考虑到中西文化差异的问题,从各自文化的角度充分理解原文的涵义,并采取适当的语义表达方式,精确地译出原文。在本文中,将从以下几个主要方面分别探讨文化差异对英汉翻译的影响。 一、地理环境、历史背景差异对英汉翻译的影响 由于所处的地域不同,相应地就有不同的自然条件和地理环境。地理环境的不同会引起文化上的个性和差异,形成一些独特的文化概念。这些文化差异都会体现在语言中,对英汉翻译产生一定的影响。例如,中国东临大海,西部为高山,所以在中国,“东风”是“春天的风”,“西风”却是凛冽的。而英国的地理环境与中国相反,英国西临大西洋,报告春天消息的却是西风。西风在英国人心中是温暖宜人的。英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》就是对温暖西风的讴歌:“It’s a warm wind, the west wind, full of bird’s cries”(那是温暖的风,温暖的西风,伴随着百鸟欢唱)。在英汉翻译中要充分理解这些差异,才能更好地理解原文。再如,英国的天气变化无常,所以人们见面爱谈论天气。“Lovely day, isn’t it? ”(天气多好啊)。而中国人见面打招呼则会说,“去哪儿啊?”,“吃饭了吗?”。 与地理环境一样,中西文化的历史背景也会反映在语言中。在英语中,与Dutch有关的词语往往带有贬义。如Dutch act(自杀),Dutch courage(酒后之勇),I got mad and I talk like a Dutch uncle.(我勃然大怒,于是就严厉地训人),If it is the fact, I’m a Dutchman(如果这是事实,我就不是人)。因为在17世纪初,英国和荷兰曾经激烈交战二十多年,使英国大伤元气,所以英国普通民众对荷兰人恨之入骨。这一历史背景,使英语带有了民族性,理解了这一点,我们就不难理解这些英文的真正含义了。 二、社会风俗习惯对英汉翻译的影响 在社会风俗习惯方面,欧美人和中国人也存在很多差异,这对翻译也造成了一定的影响。同一件事物,不同的文化背景,看法大相径庭。比如,龙是古代汉族人崇拜的图腾形象,象征着吉祥、尊贵、权势和奋发向上。我们自称是龙的传人,意思是一个伟大而杰出的民族。龙是比喻皇帝,凤是比喻皇后。在汉语中,有关龙和凤的词语大都是褒义的,如藏龙卧虎、龙飞凤舞、生龙活虎、龙凤呈祥等。但是在英语中,dragon却含有不好的意思。这是因为在《圣经》中
2. Thinking mode When it comes to thinking mode, something abstract, obscure occurred to our mind. It is hard to boundary what it exactly means because of its abstract traits. However, it is highly correlated to our daily life. Thinking mode affect the perspective, the reaction and the decision. It is diverse against different backdrop of society, culture and region. 2.1 Definition In terms of thinking mode, philosophically speaking, it is a process of our human minds to reflect the objective reality. Specifically speaking, it is a process of our minds to do analysis, synthesis, judgment, inference, and other cognitive activities on the basis of presentation and concept. According to Rong Kaiming (1989, p30), thinking modes refers to “a established syste m of thinking patterns, thinking methods and thinking procedures of the subject in their reflection of the objective world.” Thought is a intrinsic process of human brains in understanding and memorizing the physical as well as non-physical world that we live in, and is a special organic function of the brain. From the general meaning, thinking mode is a pathway people perceive the world. As the subject of thinking, human beings' thinking mode are mainly shaped by the environment., culture, philosophical thought and living habits.
题目：论中英文化差异在商务英语翻译中的体现Title: Reflection of Cultural Differences between China and England in Business English T ranslation Abstract.................................................................................................................................. II Introduction (1) 1. Cutural Differences in Business Translation (3) 1.1 Culture Differences (3) 1.1.1 Definition of Culture (3) 1.1.2 Understanding of Cultural Difference ............................... 错误！未定义书签。 1.2 Cultural Differences Representation in Business Translation ..... 错误！未定义书签。 1.2.1 Different Understanding of the Same Animal ................... 错误！未定义书签。 1.2.2 Different Understanding of the Same Color ...................... 错误！未定义书签。 1.2.3 Different Understanding of the Same Number .................. 错误！未定义书签。 2. Causes of Cultural Differences between English and Chinese错误！未定义书签。 2.1 Different Religious Beliefs Between English and Chinese ......... 错误！未定义书签。 2.1.1 Culture Influenced by Confucianism in Chinese (3) 2.1.2 Culture Influenced by Christianity in English ................... 错误！未定义书签。 2.2 Different Modes of Thingking between English and Chinese..... 错误！未定义书签。 2.3 Different Geographical Location between English and Chinese .错误！未定义书签。 2.4 Different Values between English and Chinese ........................... 错误！未定义书签。 3. Influences of Cultural Differences on Business Translation错误！未定义书签。 3.1 Representation of Influences of Cultural Differences in Business Translation错误！未定义书签。 3.1.1 Representation in the Trademark Translation .................... 错误！未定义书签。 3.1.2 Representation in the Denomination Translation .............. 错误！未定义书签。 3.1.3 Representation in the Advertising Design Translation ...... 错误！未定义书签。 3.2 Strengthening Cultural Sense in Business Traslation .................. 错误！未定义书签。