passage 6
Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion， it sorted out people and land uses， and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion， the omnibuses， horse railways，commuter trains， and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850， for example， the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work，shopping， and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920， for example， some 250，000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago， most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period， another 550，000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting， real estate developers added 800，000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.
Of course， many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided， but vacant， land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation： urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes，particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated， did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.
1. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
[A] Types of mass transportation.
[B] Instability of urban life.
[C] How supply and demand determine land use.
[D] The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.
2. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?
[A] To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.
[B] To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.
[C] To show mass transportation changed many cities.
[D] To contrast their rate of growth.
3. According to the passage， what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?
[A] It was expensive.
[B] It happened too slowly.
[C] It was unplanned.
[D] It created a demand for public transportation.
4. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city，
[A] that is large.
[B] that is used as a model for land development.
[C] where the development of land exceeded population growth.
[D] with an excellent mass transportation system.
写作方法与文章大意
文章论述了“公共交通从三方面改变了城市的社会和经济结构。”采用分类写法。文章一开始就提出三方面：第一，促进城市实质性的扩展;第二，把人和土地分民别类加以利用;第三，加速了城市生活的不稳定性。然后就是三方面的具体内容。
答案详解
1.D 公共交通运输对城市扩展的影响。文章开门见山提出这一点“公共交通运输从三个根本方面改变了美国城市的社会和经济结构。”后面文章内容就是三方面的具体化。
A. 公共交通运输类型。
B. 城市生活的不稳定性。
C. 供需如何决定土地利用。这三项文中作为具体问题提到，并不是文章涉及的主要题目。
2.C 说明公共交通改变了许多城市。答案箭第一段第四句“举例说，1850年，波士顿市界离老的商业地区几乎不到2英里，到了这世纪末，其半径扩至10英里。现在供得起的人们可以住得很远，远离老的城市中心，仍然来回去那里上班、购物和娱乐”。第七句，“举例说，在1890至1920年期间，据记载，芝加哥市界内有约250，000个新的住宅楼区大多数设在郊区。经过同样这段时期，市区外，但仍在芝加哥大都市地区内，又计划建造了550，000个住宅楼区。”
A. 表示成长的正反两方面效果。
B. 举有无公共交通运输的城市为例。 D. 对比两者成长率;都不是本文中举两城市例子的目的。
3.C 没有计划。见第二段第三句起“城市扩展蔓延根本无计划，好几千个小的投资商进行扩展，毫不考虑相互协调配合利用土地，也不考虑未来土地利用。”
A. 太贵和
B.太慢，两个选项，文内没有提。D. 它创造了对公共交通运输的需求。这不是住宅扩展的一个缺点，而是三个根本改变城市的一个方面。见第一段第三句：“通过大量开发未占土地扩建住宅，公共汽车、马车、铁路、来回火车，有轨电车把已有人定居的居住区向外扩展了三四倍，比他们先现代时期的市中心更远。”
4.C(第二段中以芝加哥城市例子说明)土地开发超过人口增长速度。答案详见第二段“这些购买和置备土地建设住宅，特别是购置临近城市或就在市界外的土地，抢在交通线路和中产阶层的居民进去之前。他们这样做的目的是创造一种需求，也是响应这种需求。芝加哥就是这种过程的典型例子。那里的房地产小块土地比人口增长快得很多很多。”
A. 城市大。
B. 用作土地开发的样板。 D. 具有优越的公共的交通系统。
passage 5 Antarctica and Environment
Antarctica has actually become a kind of space station - a unique observation post for detecting important changes in the world’s environment. Remote from major sources of pollution and the complex geological and ecological systems that prevail elsewhere， Antarctica makes possible scientific measurements that are often sharper and easier to interpret than those made in other parts of the world.
Growing numbers of scientists therefore see Antarctica as a distant-early-warning sensor， where potentially dangerous global trends may be spotted before they show up to the north. One promising field of investigation is glaciology. Scholars from the United States， Switzerland， and France are pursuing seven separate but related projects that reflect their concern for the health of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet - a concern they believe the world at large should share.
The Transantarctic Mountain， some of them more than 14，000 feet high， divide the continent into two very different regions. The part of the continent to the “east” of the mountains is a high plateau covered by an ice sheet nearly two miles thick. “West” of the mountain， the half of the continent south of the Americas is also covered by an ice sheet， but there the ice rests on rock that is mostly well below sea level. If the West Antarctic Ice Sheet disappeared， the western part of the continent would be reduced to a sparse cluster of island.
While ice and snow are obviously central to many environmental experiments，others focus on the mysterious “dry valley” of Antarctica， valleys that contain little ice or snow even in the depths of winter. Slashed through the mountains of southern Victoria Land， these valleys once held enormous glaciers that descended 9，000 feet from the polar plateau to the Ross Sea. Now the glaciers are gone， perhaps a casualty of the global warming trend during the 10，000 years since the ice age. Even the snow that falls in the dry valleys is blasted out by vicious winds that roars down from the polar plateau to the sea. Left bare are spectacular gorges， rippled fields of sand dunes，
clusters of boulders sculptured into fantastic shapes by 100-mile-an-hour winds， and an aura of extraterrestrial desolation.
Despite the unearthly aspect of the dry valleys， some scientists believe they may carry a message of hope of the verdant parts of the earth. Some scientists believe that in some cases the dry valleys may soak up pollutants faster than pollutants enter them.
1. What is the best title for this passage?
[A] Antarctica and environmental Problems.
[B] Antarctica：Earth’s Early-Warning station.
[C] Antarctica： a Unique Observation Post.
[D] Antarctica： a Mysterious Place.
2. What would the result be if the West Antarctic Ice Sheet disappeared?
[A] The western part of the continent would be disappeared.
[B] The western part of the continent would be reduced.
[C] The western part of the continent would become scattered Islands.
[D] The western part of the continent would be reduced to a cluster of Islands.
3. Why are the Dry Valleys left bare?
[A] Vicious wind blasts the snow away.
[B] It rarely snows.
[C] Because of the global warming trend and fierce wind.
[D] Sand dunes.
4. Which of the following is true?
[A] The “Dry Valleys” have nothing left inside.
[B] The “Dry Valleys” never held glaciers.
[C] The “Dry Valleys” may carry a message of hope for the verdant.
[D] The “Dry Valleys” are useless to scientists.
5.the meaning of an aura of extraterrestrial desolation 我记得有一个选项中含有bleak这个单词，答案应该是这个
应译为：与地球格格不入的一种荒凉隔绝的气氛或与世隔绝的一种荒凉气氛。
【小题1】A
【小题2】D
【小题3】C
【小题4】C
【小题5】含有bleak的选项
解析:
这是一篇有关南极洲科研考察的重要性的科普文章。采用因果，点面结合写法。首先提出：由于南极洲远离污染，又不同于其它任何地方，普遍存在着复杂的地质和生态环境，所以这块地方就可能得到更敏锐又易解释的科学测量结果。它成了监察世界环境变化的观察哨和空间站，后面几段就写了进行考察的方面和结果。
【小题1】南极洲和环境问题。
B. 南极洲：地球最早的报警战。
C.南极洲：独一无二的观察哨。
D. 南极洲：神秘的地方。三项都是总内容众的组成部分。
【小题2】大陆西部成为一群岛屿。第三段“横断南极的山脉，有的高达一万四千多英尺，把这大陆分成情况各异的两个地区。山脉以东的大陆部分是由差不多两英里厚的冰层
覆盖的高原；山脉以西，即美洲以南的半个大陆也为冰层所覆盖。可是，这里冰层覆盖在大大低于海平面的岩石。如果西南极洲冰层消失，那这大陆西部将成为稀疏的岛群。”
A. 大陆西部将小时。
B. 大陆西部缩小。 D. 大陆西部将成为分散的岛屿。
【小题3】因为地球变暖和狂风劲吹。在第四段：“……这些干谷甚至在寒冬季节也很少有冰雪。它们插在南维多利亚陆地的山脉中，一度曾有从极地高原到罗斯海的深度为9000英尺的冰河。现在冰河已不存在，很可能是冰期之后一万年间地球变暖的结果。即使落入干谷的雪也被从极地高原咆哮入海的邪恶狂风吹散了。留下来的是裸露的壮观的峡谷，沙丘起伏的原野，被时速一百英里的大风雕刻成奇形怪状的大砾石，形成与世隔绝的荒凉景象。”
A. 邪恶的狂风吹走了雪。
B. 它很少下雪。D.沙丘。这三项只是干谷现象的一部分。
【小题4】他们可能为地球上绿色地区带来了希望的信息。答案是第五段第一句“尽管干谷具有神秘的一面，科学家却相信他们可能为地球上葱绿的地方带来了希望的信息。”
A.干谷内什么都没有留下。
B. 干谷内从没有冰河。D. 按照科学家的看法，干谷毫无用处。
passage 4
Nothing succeeds in business books like the study of success. The current business-book boom was launched in 1982 by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman with “In Search of Excellence”. It has been kept going ever since by a succession of gurus and would-be gurus who promise to distil the essence of excellence into three (or five or seven) simple rules.
“The Three Rules” is a self-conscious contribution to this type; it even includes a bibliography of “success studies”. Messrs Raynor and Mumtaz Ahmed work for a consultancy, Deloitte, that is determined to turn itself into more of a thought-leader and less a corporate repairman. They employ all the tricks of the success genre. They insist that their conclusions are “measurable and actionable”-guide to behavior rather than analysis for its own sake. Success authors usually serve up vivid stories about how exceptional business-people stamped their personalities on a company or rescued it
from a life-threatening crisis. Messrs Raynor and Ahmed are happier chewing the numbers: they provide detailed appendices on “calculating the elements of advantage” and “detailed analysis”.
The authors spent five years studying the behaviour of their 344 “exceptional companies”, only to come up at first with nothing. Every hunch(直觉) led to a blind alley and every hypothesis to a dead end. It was only when they shifted their attention from how companies behave to how they think that they began to make sense of their voluminous material.
Management is all about making difficult tradeoffs in conditions that are always uncertain and ever-changing. But exceptional companies approach these trade-offs with two simple rules in mind, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously. First: better before cheaper. Companies are more likely to succeed in the long run if they compete on quality or performance than on price. Second: revenue before cost. Companies have more to gain in the long run from driving up revenue than by driving down costs.
Most success studies suffer from two faults. There is “the halo (光环) effect”, whereby good performance leads commentators to attribute all manner of virtues to anything and everything the company does. These virtues then suddenly become vices when the company fails. Messrs Raynor and Ahmed work hard to avoid these mistakes by studying large bodies of data over several decades. But they end up embracing a different error: stating the obvious. Most businesspeople will not be surprised to learn that it is better to find a profitable niche (缝隙市场) and focus on boosting your revenues than to compete on price and cut your way to success. The difficult question is how to find that profitable niche and protect it. There, The Three Rules is less useful.
1.What kind of business books are most likely to sell well?
A)Books on excellence.C) Books on business rules.
B)Guides to management. D) Analyses of market trends.
2.What does the author imply about books on success so far?
A They help businessmen on way or another.
B They are written by well-recognised experts.
C They more or less fall into the same stereotype.
D They are based on analyses of corporate leaders.
3.How does The Three Rules different from other success books according to the passage?
AIt focuses on the behavior of exceptional businessmen.
B It bases its detailed analysis on large amount of data.这一题我看答案不统一，我自己选了这个答案
C It offers practicable advice to businessmen.
D It draws conclusion from vivid examples.
4.What does the passage say contributes to the success of exceptional companies?
A Focus on quality and revenue.
B Management and sales promotion.
C Lower production costs and competitive prices.
D Emphasis on after-sale service and maintenance.
5. What is the author’s comment on The Three Rules?
A It can help to locate profitable niches.
B) It has little to offer to businesspeople. 这一题答案也不统一，有的答案是D
C) It is noted for its detailed data analysis.
D) It fails to identify the keys to success.
【答案】
56. A 57. C 58. D 59. A 60. B
以下是另外一家的答案
56题。题干问题为“以下哪种商业书籍最可能大卖?”。根据关键词business books 定位到第一段。Nothing succeeds in business books like the study of success. 商业书籍中最成功的就是对成功的研究。The current business-book boom was launched in 1982 by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman with “In Search of Excellence”. 最近的商业书籍的繁荣始于1982年的一本名为“找寻杰出”的书。The trend has continued with a succession of experts who promise to distil the essence of excellence into three (or five or seven) simple rules.这个趋势伴随着一系列专家而持续，他们承诺提取出杰出的本质并把它简化成3或5或7个简单规则。由此可以得出，A.研究杰出的书为正确答案。
57题。：……They employ all the tricks of the success books. 他们使用了成功学书籍的所有诡计。They insist that their conclusions are “measurable and actionable”—guides to behaviour rather than analysis for its own sake.他们坚持说他们的结论是可测量的和可执行的——引导行为而不是分析。Success authors usually serve up vivid stories about how exceptional business- people stamped their personalities on a company or rescued it from a life-threatening crisis. 成功学作者们经常准备好了一些生动的关于杰出的商人是怎样把自己的个性刻划于自己的公司之中，或怎样把公司从致命危机中拯救的故事。一个usually暗示成功学作者们经常这样做，可得出C.他们或多或少陷入了同样的思维定势为正确答案。
58题。题干问题为“作者认为三大规则这本书与其他成功学书籍有何不同?”。根据关键词大写的Three Rules 定位，发现剩下的文章几乎都是在说这本书。于是动用顺序原则优先看第三段：The authors spent five years studying the behaviour of their 344 “exceptional companies”, only to come up at first with nothing. Every hunch led to a blind alley and every hypothesis to a dead end. It was only when they shifted their attention from how companies behave to how they think that they began to make sense of their voluminous material. 大意就是：
他们前五年对344个优秀公司的研究毫无成果。直到他们把注意力从杰出公司做了什么转移到总结杰出公司的思考方式，他们浩瀚的研究素材才有成果。由此得出他们的重点是在站在杰出公司角度思考动因以分析成功，所以 C.此书详细的分析是基于海量的数据为正确答案。
59题。题干问题为“文章认为杰出公司的成功是依靠以下哪个选项?”。根据关键词exceptional companies 定位到第四段第二句：…But exceptional companies approach these trade-offs with two simple rules in mind, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously. First: better before cheaper. Companies are more likely to succeed in the long run if they compete on quality or performance than on price. Second: revenue before cost. Companies have more to gain in the long run from driving up revenue (for example by charging higher prices or appealing to more customers) than by driving down costs. 大意就是：杰出公司有两大原则：第一，打质量仗而不是价格仗;第二，开源而不是节流。可得出A.专注于质量和收入为正确答案。
60题。题干问题为“作者对三大规则这本书有何评价?”。根据关键词书名comment 和顺序原则来到最后一段最后两句：…But they end up embracing a different error: stating the obvious. Most businesspeople will not be surprised to learn that it is better to find a profitable niche and focus on boosting your revenues than to compete on price and cut your way to success. The difficult question is how to find that profitable niche and protect it. There, “The Three Rules” is less useful.大意是：此书翻了另一个错误，就是忽视了商人们的难题是达到盈利位置并保持领先。在这个方面，此书没那么有用。由此得出作者对此书并不是完全认可，所以D.它失败于确认成功的关键为正确答案。
All planets with an atmosphere exhibitweather patterns. But what about weather in space? Are we shielded from its effects, and if so, should we care? We should if we go outside
our protective atmosphere. Solar flares release streams of energetic particles that disturb radio communications. But even more serious is the fact that prolonged human exposure to intense solar radiation can lead to serious health problems—thee quivalent of getting too many X_rays in a year. The best defense against a solar storm is a thick lead wall. However, this is hardly practicable. Ordinarily, we do not think of the sun ashaving an atmosphere, so how can it harbor weather? In fact, it does have anatmosphere and so do other stars. Not a breathable atmosphere like Earth's, butone mostly made of layers of hydrogen. On the sun there is fusion at the coreand convection further out. On the surface, it makes a photosphere that emits the yellow light that gives the sun its bright glow. The sun is also surrounded by a corona, a crown visible during solar eclipses. The flares can lead to the release of a large hot gas cloud from the corona. Coronal mass ejections, as these clouds are called, affect Earth in much the same way as flares.
Every so often solar activity increases and the sun covers itself with dark spots. These sunspots were found to develop and wane in eleven-year cycles. The spots are caused by regions of densely packed magnetic fields which magnetically “freeze" matter. This causes it tocool, making it
less luminous and creating a dark spot. Solar flares occur nearsunspots because magnetic field lines there, twist and meet sporadically,releasing energy. On Earth, aside from the radio disturbances, the flaresproduce beautiful auroras that are visible at high altitudes. So, Earth is not surrounded by empty, inert space, but by debris from comets and asteroids, andby particles emitted from the sun. The interaction of these differentcomponents makes up what is called space weather.
The giant spot on Jupiter's surface is apermanent storm system larger than Earth. If the Earth is juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter lessthan half that of the Great Red Spo t. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted redas a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in acounterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to completethe circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative ofvastness of the Great Red Spot.
2015年四川大学考博《英语》真题 (总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟) 一、ⅠReadingComprehension 二、Passage1 Speechissofamiliarafeatureofdailylifethatwerarelypausetodefineit.Itseemsasnatural tomanaswalkingandonlylesssothanbreathing.Yetitneedsbutamoment'sreflectiontoconvinceus thatthisnaturalnessofspeechisbutanillusoryfeeling.Theprocessofacquiringspeechis,insob erfact,anutterlydifferentsortofthingfromtheprocessoflearningtowalk.Inthecaseofthelatt erfunction,culture,inotherwords,thetraditionalbodyofsocialusage,isnotseriouslybrought intoplay.Thechildisindividuallyequipped,bythecomplexsetoffactorsthatwetermbiologicalh eredity,tomakealltheneededmuscularandnervousadjustmentsthatresultinwalking.Indeed,the veryconformationofthesemusclesandoftheappropriatepartsofthenervoussystemmaybesaidtobe primarilyadaptedtothemovementsmadeinwalkingandinsimilaractivities.Inaveryrealsense,th enormalhumanbeingispredestinedtowalk,notbecausehiselderswillassisthimtolearnthear t,butbecausehisorganismispreparedfrombirth,orevenfromthemomentofconception,totake onallthoseexpendituresofnervousenergyandallthosemuscularadaptationsthatresultinwalkin g.Toputitconcisely,walkingisaninherent,biologicalfunctionofman. Notsolanguage.Itisofcoursetruethatinacertainsensetheindividualispredestinedtotalk ,butthatisdueentirelytothecircumstancethatheisbornnotmerelyinnature,butinthelapofasoc ietythatiscertain,reasonablycertain,toleadhimtoitstraditions.Eliminatesocietyandthere iseveryreasontobelievethathewilllearntowalk,if,indeed,hesurvivesatall.Butitisjustasce rtainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionalsys temofaparticularsociety.Or,again,removethenew-bornindividualfromthesocialenvironmenti ntowhichhehascomeandtransplanthimtoanutterlyalienone.Hewilldeveloptheartofwalkinginhi snewenvironmentverymuchashewouldhavedevelopeditintheold.Buthisspeechwillbecompletelya tvariancewiththespeechofhisnativeenvironment.Walkingthenisageneralhumanactivitythatva riesonlywithinarestrictedlimitaswepassfromindividualtoindividual.Itsvariabil ityispurposeless.Speechisahumanactivitythatvarieswithoutassignablelimitaswepassfr omsocialgrouptosocialgroup,becauseitisapurelyhistoricalheritage,theproductoflong-cont inuedsocialusage.Itvariesasallcreativeeffortvaries-notasconsciously,perhaps,butnoneth elessastrulyasdothereligions,thebeliefs,thecustoms,andtheartsofdifferentpeoples.Walki ngisanorganic,instinctivefunction,speechisanon-instinctive,acquired,"cultural"functio n. (1).ThefirstsentenceofParagraphTwo,"Notsolanguage"istheclosestinmeaningto______. " A.thisisnotthecasewithlanguage " B.soislanguageandnotanythingelse " C.nosuchathingexistsinlanguage " D.notsomuchwithlanguage A.√ B. C. D. 解析：细节推理题。Notsolanguage承接首段的最后一句话，将language与walking进行对比，上文提及"行走是人类与生俱来的一种生物功能"，而语言则不是。选项A与文中的意思最接近。故答案为A。
复旦大学中国古代文学研究中心考博参考书目 050104 中国古典文献学 1《文献学讲义》王欣夫上海世纪出版集团 2《余嘉锡说文献学》余嘉锡上海古籍出版社 3《文献学概要》杜泽逊上海书店出版社 4《古籍整理概论》黄永年上海书店出版社 5《校勘学释例》陈垣上海书店出版社 6《古籍印本鉴定概说》陈正宏等上海辞书出版社 050105 中国古代文学 1《中国文学史新著》章培恒等复旦大学出版社 2《中国文学批评史新编》王运熙等复旦大学出版社 3《中国历代文学作品选》朱东润上海古籍出版社 4《中国文学批评史大纲》朱东润上海古籍出版社 5《文学理论》［美］韦勒克等北京三联书店 6《西方美学通史》蒋孔阳、朱立元上海文艺出版社 050125 中国文学古今演变 1《中国文学史新著》章培恒等复旦大学出版社 2《中国文学批评史新编》王运熙等复旦大学出版社 3《中国文学批评史大纲》朱东润上海古籍出版社 4《中国历代文学作品选》朱东润上海古籍出版社 5《文学理论》［美］韦勒克等北京三联书店 6《西方美学通史》蒋孔阳、朱立元上海文艺出版社 7《中国现代文学三十年》钱理群等北京大学出版社 8《中国当代文学史教程》陈思和复旦大学出版社 或《中国当代文学史》洪子诚北京大学出版社 复旦大学中文系2014年考博真题（中国语言文学基础知识）
名词解释 1、唯美主义 2、复调 3、《大唐三藏取经诗话》 4、冯至《十四行集》 5、一代有一代之文学 简答题 1、简述亚里士多德在《诗学》中的模仿理论 2、谈谈英国诗人艾略特对当代欧美文学的影响 3，叶燮《原诗》言：此中也者，乃古今百代之中，而非有唐之所独，后此千百年，无不从是以为断。你同意此观点吗？ 4、鲁迅在《破恶声论》中主要论述了什么，与中国近代西方思潮共同构成了什么关系。 5、谈谈路翎、穆旦、莫言的主要代表作，并围绕作品谈谈他们各自创作的特性。回憶版 1、结合作品试论述“魔幻现实主义”中“魔幻”与“现实”的关系。 2、宋代目录学的影响 3、《文选》的影响及意义 4、论“文革文学”向“新时期文学”的转变。 2014復旦中國古代文學口頭報告題目（面試）： 1.在古典詩歌闡釋史上，“詩史互證”是源遠流長的一種方法，你認為這種方法的價值如何？ 2.請綜合論述唐代文學批評的特點和地位。 3.古人認為，六經“窮高以樹表，極遠以啟疆”，乃“文章之淵府”，雖“百家騰越，終入環內者也”，故可謂之“六經皆文”。請闡釋“六經皆文”的內涵，並以具體作家作品為例，對經學與文學的關係進行論述。 4.《五柳先生傳》在中國自傳書寫史上有怎樣的典範意義。 5.桐城派的形成以及在當代的命運。 6.在進入二十一世紀的十多年間，包括小說、戲曲、說唱文學在內的中國古代通俗文學研究取得了那些成就，有哪些學術熱點，還存在哪些不足，未來發展趨勢如何，請結合具體實例，談談你的看法？ 7.談談孔子“志於道”的思想對中國古代文學的影響。 中國古典文獻學 1，談談《四庫全書總目》對古代文學研究的意義。 2，談談《天祿琳瑯書目》與《四庫全書總目》的異同及其影響。 《天祿琳琅書目》，中國清代官府藏書目錄，清乾隆九年（1744）開始在乾清宮昭仁殿收藏內府藏書，題室名為“天祿琳琅”。《天祿琳琅書目》系中國第一部官修善本目錄，在編纂體例方面多有創見，於清代藏書家講究版本鑒定、注重善本著錄之風氣影響深遠，直接開放近世版本目錄學之興盛。
复旦大学2003年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题（秋季） PartⅠListening Comprehension (15%) 略 PartⅡV ocabulary and Structure (10%) Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in the part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 21. She her vacation so much that she didn?t want it to end. A. missed B. budgeted C. loathed D. relished 22. They tried to keep it quiet but eventually everyone learned about the meeting. A. intangible B. sedate C. impudent D. clandestine 23. Many citizens appealed to the city government for enacting laws to protect the consumers. A. rigorous B. equivocal C. stringent D. furtive 24. People who like to were red clothes are more likely to be talkative and . A. lucrative B. introverted C. vivacious D. perilous 25. This is but a of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored. A. faction B. friction C. fraction D. fracture 26. They were tired, but not less enthusiastic that account. A. on B. by C. for D. with 27. I think it is high time we the fact that environment pollution in this area is getting more serious than before. A. woke up to B. must wake up to C. wake up to D. are waking up to 28. So was the mood of the meeting that an agreement was soon reached. A. resentful
考博详解与指导 一、谈谈建安文学的新面貌。 二、苏轼说陶渊明的诗是“质而实绮，癯而实腴”。请结合作品谈谈你对此的看法。 三、名词解释：萧规曹随平仄填空：《书目答问》的作者 四、选择 五、论述题。根据自己的兴趣选题。 在中国文学史上，对同一部作品，不同的人会有不同的看法。请用文学理论分析之，并举例。 第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions） 1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？） 这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。这是一个必问的问题。考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史，他是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索，来判断你是否适合读研或者MBA。下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子：“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。大学期间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。销售固然重要，但对我来说，更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。我很有竞争意识，力求完美对我很重要。” In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in.As a college student,I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily.The sale was important,but for me,it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied.It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them.I’m very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best. 2、What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?（在毕业以后5年内你想做些什么？）你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。你可以事先和其他的MBA交流一番。问问他们在毕业后在公司的头5年都做了些什么。可以这样回答：“我希望能在我的职位上尽力做好工作，由于在同一领域工作的许多人都被提为区域负责人，所以我亦有此打算。” I hope to do my best I can be at my job and because many in this line of work are promoted to area manager,I am planning on that also. 3.What is your greatest strength?（你最突出的优点是什么？） 这是很多面试考官喜欢问的一个问题，这是你"展示自己"的最佳机会，不要吹嘘自己或过于自负，但要让雇主知道你相信自己，你知道自己的优点。如可答：“我认为我最大的优点是能够执着地尽力把事情办好。当
2015年考博 单选： 有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》） 阅读理解： 第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念) 第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。第一题问：文章开头是什么意思，我选择了，和传统广告一样，互联网广告也是为了促使消费者冲动消费。有一题问：下列哪些选项作者没提及：我选了传统广告在较长的竞争中必然会战胜网络广告方式。有一题关于互联网广告的：我选择了需要做些change来保持他的竞争性什么的。最后一题问作者对互联网广告的态度：uncertain,objective,X,X.另两个记不清了，我选的客观的。 第三篇：关于脸书，推特等这些网络平台火的原因，强调以前的网络平台web1.只是让你看别人提供的content，而web 2.如这些社交平台是让你能跟别人交流自己creat content,而不是enjoy 别人提供的content.一题问：Myspace社交平台火的原因：我选了有content的那个选项。有题问下面哪个选项作者没提及：我选了大家怀念web1.那个选项。 第3篇This reading comprehension focuses on social networks. It's followed by key vocabulary
考博详解与指导 专业课一：中国文学史 一、名词解释(每题6分，共30分) 1、宫词 2、辛派词人 3、毛诗郑笺 4、金圣叹 5、今文经学 二、分析题(三选二，每题35分，共70)https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a16700433.html, 1、鲁迅《文学史大纲》说屈原《楚辞》比《诗经》对后世影响要深，请从文体风格等内容与形势方面来说明其成就与对后世的影响 2、结合具体作家作品阐述韩愈的诗文理论主张对于宋代诗文革新运动的影响 3、从题材、内容等方面阐述明清戏曲创作的新特征，并结合历史与现实谈其原因https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a16700433.html, 付：专业课一无论是哪个方向，只要是考古文学的都一样的，只有专业课2才会根据不同的方向出不同的题目 专业课二(先秦魏晋南北朝方向，考邵炳军先生的博士，11选5，共100分)https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a16700433.html, 1、写出古今中外有关十三经某一经的十部研究论著之作者、书名、版本 2、从二《雅》贵族政治讽喻诗看先秦文学之放言无惮之传统 3、从《楚辞》对《诗经》比兴艺术手法的继承与发展 4、谈孔子时代散文创作的基本状况与主要文学成就https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a16700433.html, 5、今本、帛本、简本三种版本《老子》有何异同，他们之间在版本方面存在着怎么样的继承关系 6举例说明汉代古文学派与今文学派文学阐释方法特点之异 7、班固《汉书艺文志》在整理汉代文献目录过程中对刘歆《七略》有那些创新与继承 8你如何理解建安风骨的实质。建安文学时代风格的形成主要原因有那些
9从庾信入北前后风格的变化说明社会整治生活环境对作家文学创作风格之影响。 10、从《诗※国风》农事诗看中国古代田园诗歌之滥觞与流变https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a16700433.html, 11、、“物象“兴象、”、“意象”有何区别?你认为《诗经》作者的意象经营艺术对中国古代诗歌意象经营有何影响 专业课二(元明清方向，考张寅彭和孙小力先生的博士) 一、名词解释(4×5=20)https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a16700433.html, 1、写出明前后七子的姓名、字号、里籍、生平，著作、仕履等基本情况 2、写出钱谦益身平小传 3、同光体的基本情况 4桐城创作三元则的基本情况https://www.doczj.com/doc/5a16700433.html, 二、分析(三选二，每题40分，共80) 1、归有光在唐宋散文“文统”中的作用及地位 2、梅村体的来龙去脉及在清代诗史上的地位 3神韵。肌理、性灵。格调四大诗观在明清之际的传承关系 第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions） 1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？） 这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。这是一个必问的问题。考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史，他是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索，来判断你是否适合读研或者MBA。下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子：“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。大学期间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。销售固然重要，但对我来说，更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。我很有竞争意识，力求完美对我很重要。” In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in.As a college student,I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell
2009年语言学理论 一名词解释。 1.配价： “配价”是当今语法理论体系中最重要的问题之一，所谓“价”（valency），是借用化学中的术语，主要考察某一成分有多少个同现成分，亦即某一成分必须有多少个强制性搭配成分。最早把“价”理论引进语法研究领域的是法国语言学家Lucien Tesnuere，当初是为了研究一个动词能支配多少种不同性质的名词性词语，动词的“价”就就定于动词所支配的不同性质的名词性词语的数目。 配价理论思想认为，动词是一个句子的中心（支配词regissant），它支配着句子中别的成分，而动词本身不受其他任何成分的支配。只接受动词支配的的有“名词词组”和“副词词组”，其中名词词组形成“行动元(actant)”，副词词组形成“状态元(circonstant)”。从理论上说，句子中的状态元可以是无限多，但行动元不得超过三个，即主语、宾语1和宾语2。由此可以将动词分为一价动词、二价动词和三价动词。 动词有配价的问题，后来经过研究，发现形容词和名词等也有配价问题。我们可以说：利用动词与不同性质的名词之间、形容词与不同性质的名词之间、名词中隐含谓词与不同性质的名词之间的配价关系来研究、解释语法现象，这种研究和分析的手段就称之为“配价分析”。 根据配价分析理论，汉语中的动词可以分为零价动词，表自然现象的词；一价动词，即一般的不及物动词；二价动词，即一般的及物动词；三价动词，即双宾动词。 在中国最早利用配价理论与方法来研究汉语的是朱德熙先生关于“动词语+的”结构的分析。利用配价理论及方法我们可以对汉语中的一些歧义现象进行分析，也可一解释一些用其他理论不好解释或不能完善解释的语法现象。 关于配价的性质长期以来有几种不同的观点： 一是认为配价是建立在句法基础上的语法范畴。以句法概念来说明
四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C） 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C） 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language（B）
复旦大学考博英语词汇真题模拟 根据复旦大学考博英语考试大纲规定，除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词，形容词与介词，形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生产的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。 一、根据复旦大学考博英语考试大纲规定，每年词汇题共30小题，每小题0.5分，共15分。 预计测试时间(25分钟) 1. Language， culture and personality may be considered of each other in thought， but they are inseparable in fact. [ A ] indistinctly [ B ] separately [ C ] irrelevantly [ D ] independently 2. Shortage of land and funding are blamed for the city‘s green space. [ A ] inefficient [ B ] inaccurate [ C ] inadequate [ D ] indispensable 3. It is well known that knowledge is the __ condition for expansion of mind. [ A ] incompatible [ B ] incredible [ C ] indefinite [ D ] indispensable 4. Although sports __ the household， Joe drew the line when they interfered with family tradi-tions and routine. [ A ] overwhelmed [ B ] affected [ C ] dominated [ D ] influenced 5. Once you have made your point clear at the __ of the essay， you must then proceed to con-vince readers about the position you have taken. [ A ] departure [ B ] outset [ C ] concentration [ D ] initiation 6. These excursions will give you an even deeper __ into our language and culture. [ A ] inquiry [ B ] investigation [ C ] input [ D ] insight 7. The novel contains some marvelously revealing __ of factory life. [ A ] glimpses [ B ] glances [ C ] shots [ D ] insights 8. Changing from solid to liquid， water takes in heat from all substances near it， and this produces artificial cold surrounding it. [ A ] absorption [ B ] transition [ C ] consumption [ D ] interaction （ＰＳ：The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八） 9. One way for writers to support a point is through ， that is， by means of several examples to back up an idea. [ A ] illustration [ B ] demonstration
2014年复旦大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题 PartΙVocabulary and structure （15 point） Directions: there are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEETΙwith a single line through the center. 1. To celebrate innovations and inspire budding entrepreneurs，the famous library is telling the story behind 15 of what it considers the most _______inventions to come out of Britain in the past 10 years. A. ingenious B. insane C. ingenuous D. inquisitive 2. Globalization carries an ______promise that it will relieve poverty and offer security----perhaps the most ancient of human dreams. A. exquisite B. equivocal C. implicit D. inflexible 3. The fact that your application was not successful this thme does not _______the possibility of your applying again next time. A. preclude B. prejudge C. predict D. precede 4. The pressure on employment will increase gradually and the problem of aging will become more ______. A. contagious B. deliberate C. conspicuous D. diverse 5. She was _______about her son’s safety every time he went out on his motorcycle. A. intensive B. abusive C. comprehensive D. apprehensive 6. Our goal is to_______the pace of international movement and steer theconsumer marker towards internationalization. A. harness B. handle C. highlight D. hamper 7. In a world where prodigious sports talents tend to _____higher education altogether for the pros, Tiger Woods chose to continue playing amateur golf at Stanford University as an economics major. A. purify B. forge C. pursue D. forgo 8. Lots of woman complain that the problem with men is that they won’t ________themselves to a relationship. A. commence B. promote C. commite D. prescribe 9. In recent years ,new house sales have slowed down to a crawl, but builders are starting to see sales ______ again. A. pick up B. pick out C. pick on D. pick off 10. In a perfect world this would be sufficient, but computers and software can crash, power cam fail, and other unpredictable catastrophic events can _______to erase your work. A. conduct B. conspire C. count D. compel 11. We shall never know how she came to be there, there is no way to _______it. A. account for B. go over C. hold on D. make up