">|文化冲击|
我们不妨把文化冲击称为突然置身国外的人们所得的职业病。和大部分疾病一样，这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。
文化冲击是因为我们失去熟悉的社会交往标记和符号而产生的焦虑所促成。这些标志或暗示包括我们应付日常生活各种情境时使用的诸多方式方法：与人会面时何时握手、该说些什么；在什么时间、以什么方式付小费；如何吩咐佣人；怎样购物；何时该接受、何时该拒绝他人的邀请；别人说的话，何时该当真，何时不该当真。这些暗示可以是语言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。我们在成长的过程中获得了这些暗示，就像我们的语言和我们所接受的信仰一样，它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。我们所有的人都依赖成百上千个这样的暗示才能拥有宁静的心境，过上高效率的生活。
当你走进一种陌生的文化，你所熟悉的所有或大部分文化暗示也就随之消失。此时的你宛如一条离开水的鱼。无论你的心胸多么开阔，你赖以生存的支柱此时都已倒塌，挫折感和焦虑感油然而生。
人们对此种挫折的反应非常相似：他们首先排斥令他们不适的环境：“我们所到之国的生活方式很不好，让我们感觉很糟糕。”当美国人或其他的外国人来到一个陌生的国度，聚在一起抱怨所到之国及其人民时——可以肯定，他们正深受文化冲击之苦。文化冲击的另外一个阶段是回归。故乡的一草一木突然变得极为重要。一个美国人会不合理地美化美国的一切事物。在自己国家所经历的困难和问题都抛在了脑后，只记得故乡美好的事物。通常要回国一趟方可回到现实中。
要克服文化冲击的心理，了解文化的性质及其与个人的关系会有所裨益。除了赖以生存的自然环境，一个人还生活在由人造的有形物体、社会风俗、观念和信仰构成的文化环境中。一个人并非天生就有文化，而是生来就具备学习和使用文化的能力。新生婴儿的身上不存在一种只许他最终说葡萄牙语、英语或法语的东西，也不存在一种只许他用左手而不是右手执叉或只许他用筷子吃饭的东西。这些东西都是要孩子去学习的。文化也不是由父母负责传递给孩子的。任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物，经过漫长的、本民族意识不到的过程才得以积累形成。孩子通过文化学会适应周围的物质环境，学会和周围的人打交道。众所周知，青少年在学习和适应的过程中经常遇到困难。但是，文化一旦学会了，就会成为一种生活方式。
人们往往认为自己的文化是最好的，是生活的唯一方式。这非常正常，完全可以理解。我们把这种态度称为“民族优越感”，即一种认为自己的文化、种族和国家构成世界中心的想法。个人往往将自己与所处的群体等同起来，因此任何批评的言论在他们看来都是对个人及其群体不尊敬的：如果你批评我的祖国，你就是在批评我；如果你批评我，你就是在批评我的祖国。抱着这种态度，人们往往把个人的怪癖归结为民族的特点。例如，倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖社会公德的事情，在美国国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为，但在国外却被视为一种民族特性：他那样做并非因为他是乔·多克斯，而是因为他是个美国人。遭受责难的不是他这个个体，而是他的祖国。因此，我们最好把民族优越感看成是民族群体的一个永恒的特性。即使一个国家的公民批评了自己文化的某些方面，外国人也只应当听着，而不应该参与批评。
>你一旦意识到面临的问题并非因为异域的敌意而是因为自己对其他民族的文化背景缺乏理解或者缺乏与对方沟通的方式，你同时就会意识到你本身能够了解他人的文化，并能够掌握那些交流的方式。你越早做到这一点，文化冲击就消失得越快。
接下来的问题是，你怎样做才能尽快克服文化冲击？答案是：了解所到之国的国民。但是，倘若不懂语言，你是无法成功地实现这一目标的，因为语言是用于交流的主要的符号系统。我们现在都知道，学习一门新的语言不容易，对成年人来说，尤为如此。无论教语言的老师多么擅长于减轻你学习语言的难度，单单学语言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。不过，你一旦能够和女佣、邻居进行友好的交谈，能够单独出门购物，你就会重获信心，充满力量，一个蕴含各种文化意义的新世界就向你敞开了大门。
>你开始发现人们做些什么、做事情的方式以及令他们感兴趣的事情。人们往往通过日常的谈话内容和时间、金钱的分配方式来表达自己的兴趣爱好。你一旦了解了他们的兴趣和价值模式，就很容易和他们交谈，也容易让他们对你产生兴趣。
有时候，参加人们举办的各种活动，不管是嘉年华会、宗教仪式还是经济活动，在活动中仔细观察，和人们一起喜怒哀乐，这都有好处。不过，你永远都不要忘记，你是一个外人，人们也会把你当成一个外人对待。你应当把参与活动看成角色扮演。了解一个民族的生活方式很重要，但这并非意味着你要放弃自己的文化。实际上，你已经具备两种行为方式
|里奇拜见我妈|
一番深思熟虑之后，我想出了一个妙计，设法让里奇与我母亲见面，赢得她的好感。实际上，我巧加安排，让我妈特意为里奇做一餐饭。这回我得到了素云阿姨的一臂之力，她是我母亲的老朋友了。
>终于，一天母亲打来电话，邀请我参加为父亲推迟举行的生日晚宴。我的弟弟文森特要带上女朋友林莉萨，那么我也可以带一个朋友。
>母亲这样做，不出我的意料。因为烹饪是母亲表达她的爱、她的骄傲、她的权威和证明她的学识胜过素云阿姨的一种方式。“饭后一定要告诉妈，她做的菜是你吃过的最好的，比素云阿姨做的好吃多了。”我跟里奇说，“听我的没错儿。”
生日宴会的那天晚上，我坐在厨房里看妈妈做菜，等着找机会告诉她我们的结婚计划，告诉她我们决定明年7月份（也就是7个月后）结婚。她一边把茄子切成小块，一边叨叨着素云阿姨：“她看着食谱才会做菜，而我对做菜的窍门可是了如指掌。闻闻就知道该用什么独家配料！”她飞快地切着薄片，我生怕她的指尖也成了红烧肉末茄子的配料。
我希望她能主动提到里奇。我注意到了她开门时的表情。她挤出一丝笑容，把里奇从头到脚打量了个遍，心里一边在作比照，看从素云阿姨那听来的看法是否与自己所见相符。我努力设想她会做出什么样的批评。
里奇不仅不是华人，还比我小几岁。而且不幸的是，他一头红色的卷发，光滑苍白的皮肤，鼻子上布满了橙色的雀斑，让他比实际年纪更显年轻。他个头不高，长得结结实实。身着深色西装，他看起来不错，但是不会令人难忘，就像是谁家葬礼上某人的侄子那么不起眼。所以头一年在公司里与他共事时我就没注意到他。可母亲却把什么都看在了眼里。
“那么你觉得里奇怎样？”我终于问道，屏息而待。
她把茄子倒进热油里翻炒，锅里传出一阵愤怒的嘶嘶作响的声音。“脸上那么多斑点，”她说道。“是雀斑，要知道，有雀斑命好。”我说得有些过于激动，试图把声音提高，盖过厨房里的噪音。
“哦？”她好像真的不知情似说道。“真的，斑点越多越好，谁都知道这回事儿。”她思忖了一会儿，笑了。用中文说道：“好像是这么回事儿。你小时候长水痘，长了好多的痘痘，在家呆了10天，你当时那个庆幸！”在厨房里我拯救不了里奇，在饭桌上我也救不了他。他带了瓶法国葡萄酒，他不知道我父母不会欣赏那玩意儿，我父母连酒杯都没有。后来他还犯了个错，大家都“只是为了尝尝”喝下半英寸酒杯高的酒量，可他不止喝一杯，而是喝了满满两杯。当我给里奇叉子时，他坚持使用滑不唧溜的象牙筷。夹起一大块红烧茄子时，筷子在他笨拙的手上并不拢。当把茄子夹到他的碟子和大张着的嘴之间时，茄子竟然掉落在他崭新的白色衬衣上。后来，他又自顾自地大吃糖荚豌豆炒河虾，殊不知他得等大家吃过一点才能够礼貌地吃上一小勺。他谢绝吃新鲜青菜，那豆苗叶又嫩又昂贵，还没结豆子那叶子就给摘了下来。他以为拒绝吃第二口就算是有礼貌了，实际上，他应该跟我爸爸学：架势大，但吃量少，就这样吃第二口、第三口、甚至第四口，边吃边要一个劲儿地说还是忍不住再吃上一口之类的话，然后就哼哼着说自己肚子饱得要撑破了。
可最为糟糕的是里奇数落了我母亲的做菜手艺，自己却浑然不觉。按照中国做菜人的习惯，我母亲老是说自己做的菜不好吃。那天晚上，她将矛头直指她那道著名的“梅菜扣肉”，她总是特别骄傲地端上这道菜。“哎！不够咸，没味道。”尝了一小口后，她抱怨道。“太难吃了。”
在我们家，这是暗示我们大家先吃一点，然后就宣称这是她烧的最美味的一道菜。可是我们还没来得及这样做，里奇就开腔了：“没错，就差点酱油。”而后，他就把那黑乎乎的咸东西在母亲震惊的目光注视下往那大盘子菜上浇。
>即使我一直希望在吃饭的整个过程中，母亲会设法看出里奇的善良、幽默和青年男子特有的魅力，但此刻我知道在母亲眼中他已一败涂地。
里奇对晚上发生的事情明显有不同的看法。当晚我们回家时，想起他用力握我父母的手，就像他和紧张的新客户握手时表现出的潇洒随意，我浑身还在发抖。“琳达，蒂姆，”他当时说道，“我们不久会再来看望你们的，我保证。”我父母的名字分别叫琳朵（音译）和钟田（仿粤语音译）。除了家里来往的几个年长的朋友外，谁也不会直呼他们的名字。
“你告诉她了，她怎么说？”我知道他指的是我们结婚的事儿。
“没有机会，”我说的是实话。在和母亲独处的所有时间里，她好像都在议论里奇喜欢喝的葡萄酒是多么的昂贵，他的面色多么地苍白、气色多么地差，我哪里可以跟她说我要结婚。
里奇嬉皮笑脸。“就说声…爸、妈，我要结婚了? 能花上多长的时间？”
“你不明白，你不了解我母亲。”
1. proof
2. slice
3. efficiency
4. capacity
5. abroad
6. symbol
7. invitations
8.
dictate 9. proceeded 10. splashes 11. tender 12. resist 13. flavor 14.
familiarity 15. transmitted 16. tremendous 17. cure 18. slippery 19. funeral
20. transplanted
1. help yourself to
2. a fish out of water
3. due to
4. from head to toe
5.
orient myself to 6. as such 7. on the … side 8. by means of 9. build up 10.
win … over 11. identify themselves with 12. get over 13. enter into 14.
opening up 15. resulted from 16. held our breath
1) Internet互联网
2) interlock（使）连锁；（使）相互扣住
3) interview面谈，面试
4) interrelate（使）相互关联
5) interchange交换，互换
6) intercourse交往；沟通
7) interconnect互相连接
8) interdependence互相依赖
9) an intercity train城际列车
10) intercontinental travel洲际旅行
11) an international flight国际航班
12) interpersonal relations人际关系
13) intercollegiate cooperation校际合作
14) an interclass football match班际足球比赛
1. charged
2. condemn
3. scold
4. blame
5. accused of
6. condemned
7. blames
8. criticized
1. boil
2. steamed
3. fried
4. bake
5. roasted
6. preserved
7. grilled
8. stew
1. The announcement was followed by a not unexpected silence.
2. Exhausted and hungry, she could not walk without my help.
3. There's nobody who makes no mistakes in his lifetime.
4. You can't search my house without a warrant.
5. A life lived without dreams can't be as rich and rewarding as life can be.
6. The American West is a region where farming is impossible / not possible
without irrigation.
1. The longer I am at this job, the happier I am.
2. The more risky it is, the more I like it.
3. The sooner you start, the easier / sooner you'll finish it.
4. The more people you know, the less time you'll spend with them.
5. The more you learn, the less you find you know.
">(1) transplanted (2) cues (3) tendency (4) frustration (5) attributed (6) cures (7) capacity (8) built up (9) by means of (10) due to (11) orient … to
(12) get over (13) opens up (14) In addition
1. As a proof of our hospitality, we Chinese will repeatedly ask our guests to
help themselves to the dishes on the table.
2. It is by means of listening to what people say and observing how they
behave that we?ve strengthened our own capacity to learn about /
understand society.
3. One?s sense of safety comes from familiarity with the environment; so
people have the tendency to resist or avoid new situations.
4. We tend to show prejudice against or even hostility towards people from a
certain region, which can be attributed to the fact that we are unfamiliar with them.
5. I believe it is polite to decline directly, w hile my parents seldom say “No”
so as not to embarrass others.
6. There are two means to build up knowledge: to get it personally or by
second-hand experience. Reading, which opens up a new world of different cultures for us, belongs to second-hand experience.
Once transplanted abroad, people will feel anxious and even lose the capacity to deal with daily routines. This problem is attributed to the disappearance of the surroundings we have been used to. Then, what should we do so as to change the life styles and patterns built up in us over so many years? First, we should be more tolerant towards people with
cultural backgrounds different from ours. To get over frustrations caused by culture shock, we should try to adapt ourselves to the new environment and get along with our workmates harmoniously. Furthermore, we should never identify a person with the nationality he represents or proceed to hate the person?s culture only because we don?t like him. In fact, to preserve our national culture is not to resist foreign ones.
Unit 1 TEXT A Language focus Word in use [3] 1.whereby 2. pursuit 3. inhibit 4. maintain 5. patriotic 6. transcend 7. endeavor 8. dedication 9. prestige 10. nominate Word building [4] [5] 1.resultant 2. tolerant 3. pollutants 4. inhabited 5. participants 6. descendants 7. attendants 8. respectful 9. contestants 10. neglectful 11. resourceful 12. boastful Banked cloze [6] 1.eventually 2. premier 3. endeavor 4. bypass 5. handicaps Expressions in use [7] 1. removed from 2. failed in 3. in pursuit of 4. deviated from 5. precluded from 6. triumph over 7. work their way into
8. written off TEXT B Understanding the text [2] CBADBBCD Language focus Word in use [4] 1.indulge 2. propelled 3.aggravated 4.dazzled 5. alleviated 6.renowned 7.eloquent 8. destined 9.scorns 10. Applause Expression in use [5] up 2.in 3.on 4.up 5.to 6.on 7.as 8.out sentence structure [6] He prefers to start early rather than leave everything to the last minute She prefers to be the boss, to be in charge and to organize others rather than be organized by some whom she may not even rate very highly. My brother prefers to take the whole blame himself rather than allow it to fall on the innocent.
Key to Exercises of Book 3 of New College English Unit 1 Vocabulary I. 1. On balance 2. resist 3. haul 4. wicked 5. illustrated 6. budget 7. lowering 8. boundary 9. involved 10. economic 11. blasting 12. just about II. 1. cut back / down 2. pick up 3. get by 4. get through 5. face up to 6. turn in 7. making up for 8. think up III. 1.pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy. 2.often generated misleading thoughts. 3.attach great importance to combining theory with practice in our work. 4.be suspected of doing everything for money. 5.before he gets through life. IV. 1.…their indoor… a profit… to invest in 2.…device… the improvement… on a global scale 3.…stacked… temptation… never dined out Confusable words I. 1. house 2. Home 3. home…family 4. household II. 1. doubt 2. suspected 3. doubted 4. suspected 5. suspect Word Formation 1. rise 2. final 3. regular 4. cash 5. hows …whys 6. upped 7. yellowed 8. bottled 9. lower 10. search Comprehensive Exercise I. 1. gets by 2. temptation 3. get through 4. improvement 5. aside from 6. suspect 7. supplement 8. profit 9. stacking II. 1. replaced 2. consider 3. quit 4. world 5. tough 6. fuels 7. provide 8. luxuries 9. balance 10. ideal Translation I. 1.We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor. 2.My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took
全新版大学英语综合教程3 课后答案UNIT 1 Vocabulary I. 1. 1) on balance 5) illustrated 9) involved 2) resist 6) budget 10) economic 3) haul 7) lowering 11) blasting 4) wicked 8) boundary 12) just about 2. 1)cut back/ down 2) pick up 3) get by 4) get through 5)face up to 6) turn in 7) making up for 8) think up 3. 1) pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy 2) often generate misleading thoughts 3) attach great importance to combining theory with practice in our work 4) be suspected of doing everything for money 5) before he gets through life 4. 1) their indoor, a profit, to invest in 2) device, the improvement, on a global scale 3) stacked, temptation, never dined out
II Confusable Words 1. 1) house 2) Home 3) home, family 4) household 2. 1) doubt 2) suspect 3) doubted 4) suspected 5) suspect III. Word Formation 1) rise 2) final 3) regular 4) cash 5) hows, whys 6) upped 7) yellowed 8) bottled 9) lower 10) search Comprehensive Exercises I. Cloze 1. Text-related 1) get by 2) temptation 3) get through 4) improvements 5) aside from 6) suspect 7) supplement 8) profit 9) stacking 2. (Theme-related) 1) replaced 2) consider 3) quit 4) world 5) tough 6) fuels 7) provide 8) luxuries 9) balance 10) ideal II. Translation 1. We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor. 2. My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over (responsibility for) my upbringing at that point. 3. The toys have to meet strict/ tough safety requirements before they can be sold to children. 4. Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as
Unit One Working with words and expressions 1.1)weighed 2)submit 3)register 4)alert 5)outraged 6)integral 7)illustrates 8)critique 2. 1)dress up 2)type up 3)drifted away 4)put on 5)under way 6)fallen behind Cloze 1)traditional 2)challenge 3)via 4)regular 5)illustrating 6)clear 7)interaction 8)integral 9)critical 10)willing 11)community 12)discipline 13)involved 14)drift 15)flexibility Translation When I first came into contact with online teaching, I had questions about the validity of this instructional medium. I would not know whether the student submitting the work was the same person who registered for the course. Online teaching also required rethinking how I deliver the subject matter. Without face-to-face communication, can I, via computer, make the students feel the same kind of enthusiasm and appreciate my sense of humor? My shy daughter’s experience proved to be very inspiring. She never spoke in class, but in the two online courses she took, she dived into discussions and posted her opinions. The online course began and things ran better than I had expected. The students all followed the directions well, and the discussion board was lively. I’ve never met any of my students but I got to know them by their work and I saw their learning attitudes develop before my eyes. I found that online education worked best with students who were very comfortable with the computer and willing to become part of a community built around the subject matter. And it required teachers to be willing to help build that sense of community and make the students feel the teacher was always there. Unit Two Working with words and expressions 1.1)merely 2)charitable 3)sentimental 4)salvage 5)clippings 6)Reclining 7)sloppy 8)meticulously 2. 1)pile up 2)part with 3)rinse…off 4)set up 5)toyed with 6)cut down on 7)finished with 8)get…over with 9)cutting a swath through 10)at heart Cloze 1)meaner 2)heart 3)process 4)vision 5)immediate 6)wasteful 7)economics 8)ambitious 9)someday 10)attitudes 11)vicious 12)insensitive 13)toy 14)clutter 15)attention Translation Sloppy people are not really sloppy. It is just that the plan they carry in their mind’s eye is too precise, too stupendous and too perfect to be achieved in this world or the next. They aim too high and wide. They save everything, planning someday to file ad order. When they finally set about handling things, sloppy people just can’t bear to part with anything. After hours of work, the place looks exactly the same. So sloppy people never get neat. Neat people place neatness above everything else. They like results and don’t care about
Unit 1练习答案 Text comprehension IV. Explain in your own words the following sentences. (p7) 1.I planned to keep silent and act in such a way that nobody would notice that I was only a newcomer in college. 2.For three days, I had not been to the cafeteria due to my feeling of humiliation and shame. Instead, I stayed alone in my room and ate junk food of various kinds from a vending machine which was in just the right place to aid me in avoiding others. 3.It didn’t matter whether or not you were widely accepted or admired; you did not have to behave to the liking of everybody else. Vocabulary I.Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words. 1.I was feeling just a bit first-gradish:I had just the feeling of a newcomer at college without the strength a mature student might possess. 2.my airs of assurance: my apparent confidence 3. a little nourishment:some food to appease my hunger (as well as my anxiety) 4.running with the crowd was no longer a law of survival: going with the tide was no longer crucial to one’s success 5.massive mistakes: foolish and glaring mistakes II.Fill in the blank in each sentence with a word taken from the box in its appropriate form. 1.distress 2. clutched 3. pose 4. sneaked 5. preoccupation 6.shackles 7. curse 8. deliberation III.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words. 1.assure 2. discretion 3. relaxation 4. humiliate 5. strategy 6.embarrassment 7. maneuverable 8. immaturity IV.Fill in the blanks in each sentence with an appropriate phrasal verb or collocation taken from the text. 1.lived up to 2. headed for 3. seek out 4. has broken out 5.groped for 6. trying…on 7. go out to 8. tipped off V.Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1.distinct: vague (indistinct) 2. discreetly: inconspicuously 3.reserve: self-restraint(self-control) 4. dumb: clever (intelligent, sensible) 5.demeanor：manner（behavior） 6. composed: excited 7. slink: sneak 8. na?ve: mature (sophisticated) VI.Explain the underlined phrasal verbs in your own words. 1.caught on: became popular 2. look up to: respect 3. persist in: keep up 4.result in: lead to 5. figure out: understand 6. hit upon: found
Unit 1 第一题：选词填空 1、The roads are clogged with holiday traffic. (be clogged with) 2、This study purports to show an increase in the incidence of the disease.(purport to) 3、After a hard climb, we were rewarded by a vista of rolling hills under a deep blue summer sky. 4、The children bombarded her with questions.(bombard with) 5、They exulted over their victory. (exult over) 6、The baby’s just scribbled all over my new dictionary!(scribble all over) 7、I didn’t find the prospect of a house with no electricity very alluring.(find sth. alluring) 8、She’s trying to make a comeback with her first album in nearly twenty years. 9、You can use the search facility to call up all the occurrences of a particular word in a document. 10、He glanced at the letter and then tossed it into the bin.(toss into) 11、He was eliminated in the third round of the competition.(be eliminated) 12、I managed to compress ten pages of notes into four paragraphs.(compress into) 第二题：用适合形式填空 1、The company specializes in customized (custom)computer systems. 2、The whole experience left him traumatized(traumatize). 3、The writer recently went on a promotional(promotion) tour of his homeland. 4、It seems paradoxical(paradox) to me, but if you drink a cup of hot tea it seems to cool you down. 5、You shouldn’t treat such a serious subject with frivolity(frivolous). 6、Cable television companies have launched major campaigns to increase their number of subscribers(subscribe). 7、This range of computers is very fast, but their successors(success)will be even faster. 8、His speech was full of inanities(inane)that were meant to be funny. 9、What was once an informal event has now become institutionalized(institution). 10、The school received a substantial government subsidy(subsidize). 1.这项计划为智力迟钝者提供长期的照顾。（retarded） The program offers long-term care for the mentally retarded. 2.他又一台又粗笨又庞大的旧电脑，速度慢，使用麻烦。（cumbersome, bulky） He’s got a cumbersome, bulky, old computer—it’s slow and complicated to use. 3.他沿着房间后部慢慢移动，尽量不引起别人注意。（conspicuous） He tried not to look conspicuous and moved slowly along the back of the room. 4.安装一个不同的计算机系统将会导致巨大的变化。（upheaval） It would cause a tremendous upheaval to install a different computer system. 5. 她再次与金牌失之交臂。（elude） The gold medal continues to elude her. 6. 你真是个傻瓜，竟然没抓住那么好的机会。（embrace） You’d be a fool not to embrace an opportunity as good as that.
新世纪大学英语系列教材综合教程1答案 The Answers to Unit 1 Enhance Your Language Awareness (I) Working with Words and Expressions 2. (1) obtain (2) confident (3) communicate (4) advantage (5) relevant (6) helpful (7) extreme (8) enjoyable (9) means (10) process (11) particularly (12) characters (13) astonished (14) apparently 3. (1) fond of (2) is…related to (3) according to (4) To a certain degree (5) vice versa (6) no doubt (7) rid… of (8) cleared up (9) or else (10) at all costs (11) sure enough (12) let alone (13) similar to (14) It’s no use (15) in my opinion (16) was worth (II) Increasing Your Word Power 1. (1) c (2) d (3) b (4) b (5) b (6) d 2. (1) highly/very (2) quite/very (3) quite/very/increasingly (4) quite/simply/very 3.
第一单元 U1 3/ 外国人对美国的第一印象很可能是：每个人都匆匆忙忙──常常处于压力之下。 城里人看上去总是在匆匆地赶往他们要去的地方，在商店里他们焦躁不安地指望店员能马上来为他们服务，或者为了赶快买完东西，用肘来推搡他人。 白天吃饭时人们也都匆匆忙忙，这部分地反映出这个国家的生活节奏。人们认为工作时间是宝贵的。 在公共用餐场所，人们都等着别人尽快吃完，以便他们也能及时用餐， 你还会发现司机开车很鲁莽，人们推搡着在你身边过去。 你会怀念微笑、简短的交谈以及与陌生人的随意闲聊。 不要觉得这是针对你个人的， 这是因为人们都非常珍惜时间，而且也不喜欢他人“浪费”时间到不恰当的地步。 汉译英： 1．她连水都不愿意一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。 She wouldn't take a drink, much less could she stay for dinner. 2.他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是真话。 He thought I was lying to him,whereas I was telling the truth. 3.这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？ How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week? 4.他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。 The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy. 5.这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高 Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. 6.我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量的时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。 We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project, so we have to carry on. 英译汉： 1.I don?t think that he would commit robbery,much less would he commit violent robbery. 我认为他不会抢劫,更不用说暴力抢劫了 2. Men earn ten dollars an hour on average,whereas women only seven dollars.男工平均工资每小时10美元,而女工才每小时7美元. 3.Once the balance in nature is disturbed, it will result in a number of possible unforeseeable effects.
UNIT3 Vocabulary I. 1. 1)generously 2) physically 3) structure 4) partition 5) blurted out 6) chuckling 7) pried 8) prospective 9) jet 10) sparkled 11) took a crack at 12) partner 13) made a (big) difference 14) beyond his wildest dream. 15) employment 2. 1) go after 2) look back on/at 3) be put up 4) count on 5) was handed down 6) follow up 7) bring about 8) broke into
3. 1) Mary's parents grilled her about where she had been all night. 2) In order to meet the deadline, we worked 48 hours without sleep and finally made it. 3) The translation of the popular novel has just finished and a Chinese version will be in readers' hands soon. 4) As with anything else, it is important to do your homework before going on an interview. 5) Jim's car broke down last week and the repair cost was in the neighborhood of 150 dollars. 4. 1) The director of the Urban Development Office will interview the two local applicants, as well as the two other candidates recommended by the staff committee this afternoon, to pick out the prospective designer for the construction of the city square. 2) In the endeavor to clean up the river before the deadline set for this important municipal project, the project manager has tried every possible means to go after the best engineers for the work. 3) Time is money, as the sa in oes. People in my age bracket often want to have a crack at everything new, but they just cannot afford the time and energy. II. Words with Multiple Meanings
Unit1 Active reading(1) 4. b c c d c a 5.productive attendance resistance ambitious acceptance script impressive 6.attendance ambitious productive impressive resistance script acceptance 7.mortgage deck surf coastal;defy lengthy 8.b a b b b a b b Active reading(2) 4.triple cemetery rear biography cram budding finite elapse 5.elapsed;cemetery rear;crammed triple budding;biography finite 6.a b a a b b a a 7.a b b a a b b b a Language in use 6.(1)我们都觉得在校时间不多了，以后再也不会有这样的学习机会了，所以都下定决心不再虚度光阴。当然，下一年四五月份的期末考试最为重要。我们谁都不想考全班倒数第一，那也太丢人了，因此同学们之间的竞争压力特别大。以前每天下午5点以后，图书馆就空无一人了，现在却要等到天快亮时才会有空座，小伙子们熬夜熬出了眼
袋，他们脸色苍白，睡眼惺忪，却很自豪，好像这些都是表彰他们勤奋好学的奖章。 （2）明天行吗？明天只是个谎言；根本就没有什么明天，只有一张我们常常无法兑现的期票。明天甚至压根儿就不存在。你早上醒来时又是另一个今天了，同样的规则又可以全部套用。明天只是现在的另一种说法，是一块空地，除非我们开始在那里播种，否则它永远都是空地。你的时间会流逝（时间就在我们说话的当下滴答滴答地走着，每分钟顺时针走60秒，如果你不能很好地利用它，它就会走得更快些），而你没有取得任何成就来证明它的存在，唯独留下遗憾，留下一面后视镜，上面写满了“本可以做”“本应该做”“本来会做”的事情。 7.(1)Students differ about whether they should have their future mapped out when they are still at university .Some think they should have a definite goal and detailed plan, so as to brace themselves for any challenges, whereas some others think they don’t have to think much about the future , because future is full of uncertainties. （2）After a very careful check-up ,the scientist was told he had got a fatal disease .Although he knew that his life was ticking away ,instead of complaining about the fate ,the scientist decided to make the best of the remaining days ,and speed up the research project he and his colleagues initiated ,and have a shot at completing it ahead of schedule.
Unit 1 Vocabulary I. 1. 1) alliance 2) at the cost of 3) stroke 4) limp 5) minus 6) regions 7) declarations 8) sieg 9) raw 10) bide his time 11)have taken their toll 12) in the case of 2. 1) is faced with 2) get bogged down 3) is pressing on 4)drag on 5) get by 6) dine out 7) have cut back 8) get through 3. 1) The rapid advance in gene therapy may lead to the conquest of cancer in the near future. 2)Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials due to the dock workers’strike. 3)Sara has made up her mind that her leisure interests will/should never get in the way of her career. 4)Obviously the reporter's question caught the foreign minister off guard. 5)The introduction of the electronic calculator has rendered the slide rule out of date / obso-lete. 4. 1) Being faced with an enemy forces much superior to ours, we had to give up the occupation of big cities and retreat to the rural and mountainous regions to build up our bases. 2) Unity is crucial to the efficient operation of an organization. Failure to reckon with this problem will weaken its strength. In many cases, work may be brought to a halt by constant internal struggle in an organization. 3) The Red Army fought a heroic battle at Stalingrad and won the decisive victory against the Germans. In fact, this battle turned the tide in the Second World War. During this famous battle, the Soviet troops withstood the German siege and weakened the German army by launching a series of counterattacks. II. More Synonyms in Context 1) During the First World War, battles occurred here and there over vast areas. Some of the most dramatic fighting took place in the gloomy trenches of France and Belgium. 2) Elizabeth made careful preparations for the interview and her efforts / homework paid off. 3)1 spent hours trying to talk him into accepting the settlement, but he turned a deaf ear to all my words. 4) Pneumonia had severely weakened her body, and I wondered how her fragile body could withstand the harsh weather. III. Usage 1) But often it is not until we fall ill that we finally learn to appreciate good health. 2) A rich old lady lay dead at home for two weeks—and nobody knew anything about it. 3) It's said he dropped dead from a heart attack when he was at work 4) Don't sit too close to the fire to keep warm—you could easily get burned, especially if you fall