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A Comparative Study on Disparity Analysis Based on Convergent and Rectified Views

A Comparative Study on Disparity Analysis Based on Convergent and Rectified Views
A Comparative Study on Disparity Analysis Based on Convergent and Rectified Views

A Comparative Study on Disparity Analysis Based on Convergent and

Rectified Views

O. Schreer, N. Brandenburg, P. Kauff

Image Processing Department,

Heinrich-Hertz-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik Berlin GmbH, Einsteinufer 37, D-10587 Berlin, Germany

{schreer,brandenburg,kauff}@hhi.de

Abstract

In this paper, we present results of a comparative study on disparity analysis

of convergent stereo systems. If the epipolar geometry is known, disparity

analysis can be performed by computing the disparity along the epipolar line

in the original views. Using a parallel stereo algorithm, the convergent views

have to be rectified in order to have horizontal and parallel epipolar lines. In

this study, both approaches are investigated with respect to the computational

effort and the quality of the disparity analysis results.

1 Introduction

In recent years, the investigation of disparity analysis methods has mainly been concen-trated on the simplified geometry of parallel stereo systems. In this case, corresponding points in two views, which refer to a common 3D point, are lying on the same horizontal scan line. Due to these simplification it was possible to develop very fast algorithms for real-time applications, like the mobile robotic or interactive multimedia services [1][2][3]. In future applications using 3D image analysis, however, parallel camera configurations will be neither practical nor possible. For example, as virtual video con-ferencing systems will use large displays and short viewing distances, it becomes more and more important to use highly convergent camera set-ups, where the point of conver-gence coincides with the location of the captured person.

One known solution to overcome this problem is to calculate parallel views virtually by applying a 2D transformation to the convergent views, the so called rectification [4][6]. These rectified views can then be analysed with a parallel matching procedure. The rectification represents a warping process where image areas are partly expanded or compressed, depending on the degree of convergence between both cameras. This geo-metrical distortion will influence the disparity analysis. The rectification also causes an additional computational load for each stereo image to be processed. Therefore, it can be assumed that a disparity analysis which is carried out directly at the original image grid might be advantageous over methods using rectification. In this paper, we present results of a comparative study where we have investigated these two alternative solutions on the

basis of computer simulations with respect to quality of the analysis results, computa-tional complexity and real-time aspects. In the next paragraph, we briefly review the epipolar geometry and the process of rectification. A short description of the used dis-parity estimation algorithm will follow. Then, we explain the applications scenario which motivates us to carry out this comparative study. Finally, experimental results for both methods are presented and discussed.

2 The Epipolar Geometry and Rectification

The geometrical relation between two cameras is described by the well known funda-mental matrix [7][8].

[]R t E EA A F ×??== with 121T (1) Starting from a 3D point M and its projections m 1 and m 2 onto the two image planes I 1 and I 2, the epipolar geometry tells us that the optical ray passing through m 1 and M is mapped onto a corresponding epipolar line l 2 in I 2 and that therefore m 2 must lie on l 2 if it is visible in the second view (see Fig. 1). Vice versa - m 1 necessarily lies on the com-plementary epipolar line l 1 which represents the projection of the optical ray of m 2 onto the image plane I 1. These relations are well described by the epipolar equation.

0~~2

1=m F m T (2) Due to this epipolar constraint, the search of corresponding points m 1 and m 2 can always be reduced to a 1D search along epipolar lines which are calculated as follows for one of the two available views:

1221~and ~m F l m F l T == (3)

M

Fig. 1: The epipolar geometry and the rectified image planes

As a consequence, mature horizontal matching algorithms, which have been successfully developed for parallel stereo rigs and which are additionally able to cope with second-

order problems like occlusion and disparity discontinuities, can also be exploited for dense disparity estimation in systems with arbitrary camera geometry.

In principle, this task can be approached in a twofold manner. The first approach is a 1-step solution where conventional horizontal matching methods are modified towards a direct 1-dimensional search along arbitrarily oriented epipolar lines (see section 3 for more details). The second one is a 2-step solution where both cameras are first virtually rotated until they represent a system with parallel stereo geometry. This pre-processing step is called rectification and generates rectified images with horizontal epipolar lines. Hence, point correspondences in the rectifying image planes can be searched along horizontal scan lines by using conventional matching techniques (see m 1R and m 2R in Fig. 1). The rectification process requires the derivation of two transformation matrices T 1 and T 2 from the camera geometry. Although rectification can also be performed in the weakly calibrated case [9], we have used an approach based on the knowledge of the perspective projection matrices [11]. To obtain the transformation matrices, in this method, a number of supplementary conditions are defined, leading to a unique solution of a homogenous system of equations. The resulting matrices can then be used to trans-form each pixel of the original view into a point in the rectified view.

111r ~~m T m ?= and 2

22r ~~m T m ?= (4) In practice, however, it is necessary to determine grey values on the discrete grid in the rectified view. Therefore the inverse transformations T 1-1 and T 2-1 are used to map pixel positions of the rectifying image plane onto float-positions in the original images where the desired grey values can then be calculated by a bilinear interpolation.

3 The Disparity Estimation Algorithm

A hierarchical block-matching approach, providing accurate localisation of the dispari-ties combined with high disparity resolution [3], has been used as baseline algorithm for the comparative study in this paper. The MAD (mean of absolute differences ) has been used as a similarity measure. The algorithm is based on the following three processing steps:

? Calculation of some significant and spatially well distributed feature points on the basis of the Moravec operator [4]

? A global block-matching stage which is only applied to the few pre-selected feature points by using large search ranges as well as large measurement blocks in order to obtain stable and robust feature point correspondences (candidate vectors)

? A local block-matching stage with reduced block size measurement and limited search around neighbouring candidate vectors from the global stage in order to ob-tain dense disparity fields with both, highest homogeneity and best local selectivity

Finally, to quantify the reliability of the results, the consistency of left-right and right-left matches is checked on the basis of the uniqueness constraint which can be assumed in stereo (see Fig. 2). In the ideal case, the absolute value of the disparities of the left-right and the right-left analysis should be the same. Thus, the larger the differ-ence ? is, the less reliable the result. In the case of rectification, this baseline algorithm has been applied straightforwardly to the 1-dimensional search along horizontal scan lines in the rectified images. The direct search along epipolar lines, however, requires some modifications.

Fig. 2: Consistency check: right to left-vector (left), left to right-vector (right)

The main difference between a disparity analysis along the horizontal scan line and an arbitrary epipolar line occurs during the calculation of the position of the measure-ment window. In the case of arbitrary epipolar lines, this position depends on the ob-served point and the epipolar geometry according to eq. (3). Due to the arbitrary orienta-tion of the epipolar line, an approximation of the line at the discrete grid is required here. To avoid floating-point operations during the calculation of the current pixel posi-

As in the baseline algorithm, the search is done first for some distinct candidate vec-tors in a global stage by using a large 1-dimensional search range along the epipolar line. Then, to obtain a dense disparity field at the local stage, these candidates are checked within a limited search range with respect to the similarity and reliability.

4 The Considered Scenario

The comparative study in this paper was motivated by a very special application of the disparity analysis in the fields of future telecommunication services. The scope of this work is the implementation of a semi-immersive video conferencing system with high telepresence, providing a view-point dependent perspective for each of the conferees. One technical constraint of this telepresence system is the usage of large flat displays (e.g. plasma displays of 50 '' and more). Hence, the mounting enforces a highly conver-gent multi-view camera set-up as, for example, shown by the sketch in Fig. 4. In this Starting from such a capture configuration, it becomes necessary to calculate intermedi-ate virtual views in order to be able to offer each conferee his/her own individual per-spective depending on the place where he/she is sitting at the shared virtual table.

To study the quality of novel view synthesis in such an environment, the investiga-tions were concentrated on the left stereo pair given by the two cameras C1 and C2, because this pair represents the most convergent and - with it - the most critical set-up in

the above mounting. During these investigations the position of C1was fixed, whereas C2 was shifted horizontally along the top border of the display. While moving C2 from left to right, it was always looking at the same point of convergence. As a consequence, the convergence angle between the two cameras was steadily increased.

Fig. 4: Multi-view camera set-up in a virtual video conferencing system Two sets of test images have been used for the experiments. The first was well adapted to the conference situation from Fig. 4. For this purpose, a puppet was placed at the default position of a conferee in front of the display and captured as described be-fore. The original views of cameras C1 and C2 are shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5: Convergent stereo view (puppet) including epipolar lines

Fig. 6: Rectified views (puppet) including epipolar lines In addition, Fig. 6 depicts the images after the rectification process. Taking into ac-count that only segmented video objects are processed in the above application scenario,

the disparity analysis is restricted to the image area of the puppet. Furthermore, since the puppet was placed at the convergent point of the two cameras, it appears horizontally in the centre of the two images. Due to these particularities of the set-up, the area of inter-est (i.e. the puppet) looks quite similar in the original and the warped images. Apart from a simple rotation, possible distortions of the rectification process which may affect the quality of disparity estimation and novel view synthesis, are relatively small in this case. This is because the expected distortions mainly exist at the left and right image border rather than in the centre. Therefore, to compare the two methods under study with more generalised image material which is, for example, relevant for immersive TV ap-plications, the second set of test images refers to a full screen shot of a toy racing circuit (see Fig. 7). This sequence consists of three different views, which differ in the angle of convergence around x-axis and y-axis. Two stereo pairs have been considered, which are camera 1 and 2, assigned as position 1, and camera 1 and 3, assigned as position 2. The rotation angles related to the camera coordinate system of the first camera are as follows. In camera 1, the epipolar lines of both positions are drawn.

rotation angle ?x?y

position 1 +2° -18°

position 2 -10° -19° Tab. 1. Angle of convergence around x- and y-axis of the toy racing circuit images

Fig. 7: Second test sequence (toy racing circuit): camera 1 - left view (top-left), camera 2 - 1st right view (top-right); camera 3 - 2nd right view (bottom), including epipolar lines

5 Experimental Results

Two different methods of disparity estimation in convergent stereo systems have been

compared on the basis of computer simulations. The first one is the 1-dimensional search

along arbitrarily oriented epipolar lines as described in section 3. The second one is the

2-step solution where the images are firstly warped by a rectification process (see Fig. 6)

and then the horizontal search algorithm is applied to the scan lines of the rectified

views. This comparative study was based on three different evaluation criteria: computa-

tional complexity, quality of disparity-compensated images and results of the consis-

tency check.

3.1 Computational Complexity

Tab. 2 and Tab. 3 show a comparison of the computational load in terms of average

numbers of multiplications and additions per pixel. These figures only take into account

those operations which are relevant for online processing. In particular, they do not

consider those calculations which can be done off-line prior to running the real-time

process due to the stationary camera configuration, such as the calculation of the epipo-

lar line parameters in the one case or the determination of the warping coefficients of the

rectification process in the other case. The total online computational costs consist of

two parts: the first part is caused by the specific method, while the second part is caused

by the matching process of the proposed hierarchical block-matching algorithm. The

amount of computations for the matching process is similar in both methods and it is

dominated by the blockwise similarity measure (MAD).

Both tables clearly show, that for the specific part the complexity of an estimation

along epipolar lines is more than doubled compared to an estimator using rectification.

The reason is that the epipolar line approach needs some additional computational load

for determining the current position of the measurement block. In fact, this position has

been calculated for each pixel from scratch by using the epipolar line parameter,

whereas simple incrementing of the horizontal block position is sufficient for 1-

dimensional block matching after rectification. But if we relate the specific amount of computations to the amount of the matching process, it can be neglected.

Mul Add

Rectification 8,00

20,00 Matching process 0 15750,89

Total online 8,00 15770,89

Tab. 2. Computational costs for the disparity estimation on rectified views

Mul Add

Add on by block position calculation 18,00 43,12

Matching process 0 15750,89

Total online 18,00 15794,01

Tab. 3. Computational costs for the disparity estimation on original views

3.1 Quality of Disparity Compensated Images

Using the results of the left-right disparity estimation, the left view can be reconstructed by the grey values of the right view. Based on this approach, a disparity-compensated image difference I diff (x,y) has been calculated as follows and was taken as a quality measure.

()()()R L y R L x R L diff d y d x I y x I y x I →→++?=,,,,, (5)

In the case of direct block matching along epipolar lines, the estimated disparities can be applied straightforwardly to eq. (5). In the case of using a rectification prior to block matching, the resulting horizontal disparities have been de-rectified and rounded to the grid of the original images. As a consequence of this post-processing of the esti-mated disparities, the image differences could be calculated on the basis of the original grey values. To demonstrate the synthesis results, in Fig. 8

(left) the synthesized left

view is shown for the epipolar line estimation method. Additionally, the image differ-ence between the original left view and the synthesized view is given in the right image.

Fig. 8: Synthesised left view (left) and image difference (right)

Fig. 9 (left) shows the results for the puppet test images where the quality measure is plotted against the convergence angle between C 1 and C 2 (cmp. Fig. 4). The drawings are very similar for both methods under study. Nevertheless, the direct epipolar line method slightly outperforms the rectification-based scheme at all convergence angles.

810

12

14

1618

20

22

5101520253035i m a g e d i f f e r e n c e convergence angle analysis along the epipolar line analysis along the scan line 81012141618202212i m a g e d i f f e r e n c e position analysis along the epipolar line analysis along the scan line

Fig. 9: Image difference for puppet sequence (left) and toy racing circuit (right) As shown in Fig. 9 (right), this benefit of the epipolar line method becomes much more significant for the second set of test images (toy racing circuit). In contrary to the puppet image, the region of interest here covers the full image frame. Thus, the fact that the distortions of rectification are stronger at the image boundary now affects the subse-

quent estimation process considerably. Therefore, the quality of disparity-compensated synthesised images is heavily decreased compared to the directed matching along epipo-lar lines.

3.1 Reliability Measure Based on Consistency Check

Similar results can be observed for the third criterion. It refers to the consistency meas-ure ? which has already been explained in section 3 (see Fig. 2). In Fig. 10 averaged values of ? are plotted against the convergence angle or the position. Especially, for strongly convergent set-ups the direct matching along epipolar lines is significantly more reliable than the version using rectification. The reason is decreased spatial resolution in some areas of the rectified images caused by the geometrical distortions of the warping process. Again this effect is amplified in the second set of test images (toy racing circuit) due to the higher amount of distorted areas at the image boundary (see Fig. 10 right ).

11.5

2

2.5

33.544.5

5

5101520253035c o n s i s t e n c y m e a s u r e convergence angle analysis along the epipolar line analysis along the scan line 11.522.533.544.5512c o n s i s t e n c y m e a s u r e position analysis along the epipolar line analysis along the scan line

Fig. 10: Reliability measure for puppet sequence (left) and toy racing circuit (right)

6 Conclusion

In this article, two different methods of disparity estimation in highly convergent but calibrated stereo systems were compared with respect to computational load and quality of analysis results. The first method uses the rectification such that a 1-dimensional matching algorithm could be applied to the horizontal scan-lines of the rectified images. In the second method the same matching algorithm has been modified in such a way that disparities could be matched directly along arbitrarily oriented epipolar lines in the original images.

Both methods require some additional computational load for extra processes. On one hand, the rectification has to be applied. On the other hand, direct matching along epipolar lines causes some extra load for calculating the position of measurement blocks depending on the orientation of the epipolar line at the current pixel position. Theoreti-cal investigations have shown that the extra load of the epipolar line approach is more than twice the extra load needed for rectification. However, this doubled complexity of the extra processing is marginal compared to the overall complexity of the total match-ing process and can therefore be neglected. The quality of the analysis results strongly depends on the type of stereo images. If segmented video objects are used, as it is the case in video conferencing applications, the results are quite similar for both methods. With respect to the mean absolute error in disparity-compensated images the epipolar

line approach slightly outperforms the rectification approach for all convergence angles under inspection, but the consistency check only yields better results for large conver-gence angles whereas the opposite effect occurs for very small angles. Especially these latter results on consistency prove the hypothesis that the quality of analysis is affected by rectification and that this effect increases for high convergence angles. This benefit of the epipolar line method becomes much more significant in scenes where the region of interest covers the complete frame, as for example in immersive TV applications. This is because the geometrical distortion caused by rectification is much stronger at image boundaries. Thus, as a conclusion, we can summarise that the choice of the optimal method mainly depends on the following two items:

? the location of the region of interest in the image frame, because of the negative influence of rectification becomes stronger at image borders

? the degree of convergence for the same reason

For large convergence angles and full-screen video scenes, the direct epipolar line method clearly outperforms the rectification approach with respect to quality of analysis results. This gain has to be paid by a marginal and neglectable increase of complexity.

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《葛底斯堡演讲》三个中文译本的对比分析 葛底斯堡演讲是林肯于19世纪发表的一次演讲,该演讲总长度约3分钟。然而该演讲结构严谨,富有浓郁的感染力和号召力,即便历经两个世纪仍为人们津津乐道,成为美国历史上最有传奇色彩和最富有影响力的演讲之一。本文通过对《葛底斯堡演讲》的三个译本进行比较分析,从而更进一步加深对该演讲的理解。 标签:葛底斯堡演讲,翻译对比分析 葛底斯堡演讲是美国历史上最为人们所熟知的演讲之一。1863年11月19日下午,林肯在葛底斯堡国家烈士公墓的落成仪式上发表献词。该公墓是用以掩埋并缅怀4个半月前在葛底斯堡战役中牺牲的烈士。 林肯是当天的第二位演讲者,经过废寝忘食地精心准备,该演讲语言庄严凝练,内容激昂奋进。在不足三分钟的演讲里,林肯通过引用了美国独立宣言中所倡导的人权平等,赋予了美国内战全新的内涵,内战并不仅是为了盟军而战,更是为了“自由的新生(anewbirthoffreedom)”而战,并号召人们不要让鲜血白流,要继续逝者未竞的事业。林肯的《葛底斯堡演讲》成功地征服了人们,历经多年仍被推崇为举世闻名的演说典范。 一、葛底斯堡演说的创作背景 1.葛底斯堡演说的创作背景 1863年7月1日葛底斯堡战役打响了。战火持续了三天,战况无比惨烈,16万多名士兵在该战役中失去了生命。这场战役后来成为了美国南北战争的一个转折点。而对于这个位于宾夕法尼亚州,人口仅2400人的葛底斯堡小镇,这场战争也带来了巨大的影响——战争遗留下来的士兵尸体多达7500具,战马的尸体几千具,在7月闷热潮湿的空气里,腐化在迅速的蔓延。 能让逝者尽快入土为安,成为该小镇几千户居民的当务之急。小镇本打算购买一片土地用以兴建公墓掩埋战死的士兵,然后再向家属索要丧葬费。然而当地一位富有的律师威尔斯(DavidWills)提出了反对意见,并立即写信给宾夕法尼亚州的州长,提议由他本人出资资助该公墓的兴建,该请求获得了批准。 威尔斯本打算在10月23日邀请当时哈佛大学的校长爱德华(EdwardEverett)来发表献词。爱德华是当时一名享有盛誉的著名演讲者。爱德华回信告知威尔斯,说他无法在那么短的时间之内准备好演讲,并要求延期。因此,威尔斯便将公墓落成仪式延期至该年的11月19日。 相比较威尔斯对爱德华的盛情邀请,林肯接到的邀请显然就怠慢很多了。首先,林肯是在公墓落成仪式前17天才收到邀请。根据十九世纪的标准,仅提前17天才邀请总统参加某一项活动是极其仓促的。而威尔斯的邀请信也充满了怠慢,

四大图谱综合解析

2013/12/2四大图谱综合解析[解] 从分子式CHO,求得不饱和度为零,故未知物应为512饱和脂肪族化合物。 1 某未知物分子式为CHO,它的质谱、红外光谱以及核磁共振谱如图,512未知物的红外光谱是在CCl溶液中测定的,样品的CCl稀溶液它的紫外吸收光谱在200 nm以上没有吸收,试确定该化合物结构。44-1的红外光谱在3640cm处有1尖峰,这是游离O H基的特征吸收峰。样品的CCl4浓溶液在3360cm-1处有1宽峰,但当溶液稀释后复又消失,说明存在着分子间氢键。未知物核磁共振谱中δ4. 1处的宽峰,经重水交换后消失。上述事实确定,未知物分子中存在着羟基。未知物核磁共振谱中δ0.9处的单峰,积分值相当3个质子,可看成是连在同一碳原子上的3个甲基。δ3.2处的单峰,积分值相当2个质子,对应1个亚甲基,看来该次甲基在分子中位于特丁基和羟基之间。质谱中从分子离子峰失去质量31(-CHOH)部分而形成基2峰m/e57的事实为上述看法提供了证据,因此,未知物的结构CH是3CCl稀溶液的红外光谱, CCl浓溶液44 CHOH C HC在3360cm-1处有1宽峰23 CH3 2. 某未知物,它的质谱、红外光谱以及核磁共振谱如图,它的根据这一结构式,未知物质谱中的主要碎片离子得到了如下紫外吸收光谱在210nm以上没有吸收,确定此未知物。解释。CH CH3+3.+ +C CH HCOH CHOH C HC3223 m/e31CH CH33 m/e88m/e57-2H -CH-H-CH33m/e29 CH m/e73CHC23+ m/e41 [解] 在未知物的质谱图中最高质荷比131处有1个丰度很小的峰,应从分子量减去这一部分,剩下的质量数是44,仅足以组为分子离子峰,即未知物的分子量为131。由于分子量为奇数,所以未成1个最简单的叔胺基。知物分子含奇数个氮原子。根据未知物的光谱数据中无伯或仲胺、腈、CH3N酞胺、硝基化合物或杂芳环化合物的特征,可假定氮原子以叔胺形式存CH3在。红外光谱中在1748 cm-1处有一强羰基吸收带,在1235 cm-1附近有1典型正好核磁共振谱中δ2. 20处的单峰(6H ),相当于2个连到氮原子上的宽强C-O-C伸缩振动吸收带,可见未知物分子中含有酯基。1040 的甲基。因此,未知物的结构为:-1cm处的吸收带则进一步指出未知物可能是伯醇乙酸酯。O核磁共振谱中δ1.95处的单峰(3H),相当1个甲基。从它的化学位移来CH3N看,很可能与羰基相邻。对于这一点,质谱中,m/e43的碎片离子CHCHCHOC223CH(CHC=O)提供了有力的证据。在核磁共振谱中有2个等面积(2H)的三重33峰,并且它们的裂距相等,相当于AA’XX'系统。有理由认为它们是2个此外,质谱中的基峰m /e 58是胺的特征碎片离子峰,它是由氮原子相连的亚甲-CH-CH,其中去屏蔽较大的亚甲基与酯基上的氧原子22的β位上的碳碳键断裂而生成的。结合其它光谱信息,可定出这个相连。碎片为至此,可知未知物具有下述的部分结构:CHO3NCH2CHCHCHOCCH32231 2013/12/23.某未知物CH的UV、IR、1H NMR、MS谱图及13C NMR数据如下,推[解] 1. 从分子式CH,计算不饱和度Ω=4;11161116导未知物结构。 2. 结构式推导未知物碳谱数据UV:240~275 nm 吸收带具有精细结构,表明化合物为芳烃;序号δc序号δc碳原子碳原子IR ::695、740 cm-1 表明分子中含有单取代苯环;(ppm)个数(ppm)个数MS :m/z 148为分子离子峰,其合理丢失一个碎片,得到m/z 91的苄基离子;1143.01632.01 313C NMR:在(40~10)ppm 的高场区有5个sp杂化碳原子;2128.52731.51 1H NMR:积分高度比表明分子中有1个CH和4个-CH-,其中(1.4~1.2)3128.02822.5132 ppm为2个CH的重叠峰;4125.51910.012因此,此化合物应含有一个苯环和一个CH的烷基。511536.01 1H NMR 谱中各峰裂分情况分析,取代基为正戊基,即化合物的结构为:23

NMR,VU,IR,MS四大图谱解析解析

13C-NMR谱图解析 13C-NMR谱图解析流程 1.分于式的确定 2.由宽带去偶语的谱线数L与分子式中破原子数m比较,判断分子的对称性. 若L=m,每一个碳原子的化学位移都不相同,表示分子没有对称性;若L

基团类型Qc/ppm 烷0-60 炔60-90 烯,芳香环90-160 羰基160 4.组合可能的结构式 在谱线归属明确的基础上,列出所有的结构单元,并合理地组合成一个或几个可能的工作结构。 5.确定结构式 用全部光谱材料和化学位移经验计算公式验证并确定惟一的或

可能性最大的结构式,或与标准谱图和数据表进行核对。经常使用的标准谱图和数据表有: 经验计算参数 1.烷烃及其衍生物的化学位移 一般烷烃灸值可用Lindeman-Adams经验公式近似地计算: ∑ Qc5.2 =nA - + 式中:一2.5为甲烷碳的化学位移九值;A为附加位移参数,列于下表,为具有某同一附加参数的碳原子数。 表2 注:1(3).1(4)为分别与三级碳、四级碳相连的一级碳;2(3)为与三级碳相连的二级碳,依此类推。 取代烷烃的Qc为烷烃的取代基效应位移参数的加和。表4一6给出各种取代基的位移参数

四大图谱综合解析

2013/12/2
四大图谱综合解析
1 某未知物分子式为C5 H12 O,它的质谱、红外光谱以及核磁共振谱如图,
它的紫外吸收光谱在200 nm以上没有吸收,试确定该化合物结构。
CCl4稀溶液的红外光谱, CCl4浓溶液 在3360cm-1处有1宽峰
[解] 从分子式C5H12O,求得不饱和度为零,故未知物应为 饱和脂肪族化合物。 未知物的红外光谱是在CCl4溶液中测定的,样品的CCl4稀溶液 的红外光谱在3640cm-1处有 1尖峰,这是游离 O H基的特征吸收 峰。样品的CCl4浓溶液在 3360cm-1处有 1宽峰,但当溶液稀释 后复又消失,说明存在着分子间氢键。未知物核磁共振谱中δ4. 1处的宽峰,经重水交换后消失。上述事实确定,未知物分子 中存在着羟基。 未知物核磁共振谱中δ0.9处的单峰,积分值相当3个质子,可 看成是连在同一碳原子上的3个甲基。δ3.2处的单峰,积分值 相当2个质子,对应1个亚甲基,看来该次甲基在分子中位于特 丁基和羟基之间。 质谱中从分子离子峰失去质量31(- CH2 OH)部分而形成基 峰m/e57的事实为上述看法提供了证据,因此,未知物的结构 CH3 是
H3C
C
CH3
CH2OH
根据这一结构式,未知物质谱中的主要碎片离子得到了如下 解释。
CH 3
2. 某未知物,它的质谱、红外光谱以及核磁共振谱如图,它的 紫外吸收光谱在210nm以上没有吸收,确定此未知物。
CH2
+ OH m/e31 -2H
+ . CH2OH
H3C
CH3
H3C
C
CH 3
C+
CH3
m/e88 -CH3 m/e29 m/e73
m/e57 -CH3 -H CH 3 C + CH 2
m/e41
[解] 在未知物的质谱图中最高质荷比131处有1个丰度很小的峰,应 为分子离子峰,即未知物的分子量为131。由于分子量为奇数,所以未 知物分子含奇数个氮原子。根据未知物的光谱数据中无伯或仲胺、腈、 酞胺、硝基化合物或杂芳环化合物的特征,可假定氮原子以叔胺形式存 在。 红外光谱中在1748 cm-1处有一强羰基吸收带,在1235 cm-1附近有1典型 的宽强C-O-C伸缩振动吸收带,可见未知物分子中含有酯基。1040 cm-1处的吸收带则进一步指出未知物可能是伯醇乙酸酯。 核磁共振谱中δ1.95处的单峰(3H),相当1个甲基。从它的化学位移来 看,很可能与羰基相邻。对于这一点,质谱中,m/e43的碎片离子 (CH3C=O)提供了有力的证据。在核磁共振谱中有2个等面积(2H)的三重 峰,并且它们的裂距相等,相当于AA’XX'系统。有理由认为它们是2个 相连的亚甲-CH2-CH2,其中去屏蔽较大的亚甲基与酯基上的氧原子 相连。 至此,可知未知物具有下述的部分结构:
O CH 2 CH 2 O C CH 3
从分子量减去这一部分,剩下的质量数是 44,仅足以组 成1个最简单的叔胺基。
CH 3 CH3 N
正好核磁共振谱中δ2. 20处的单峰(6H ),相当于2个连到氮原子上 的甲基。因此,未知物的结构为:
CH3 CH3 O N CH2 CH2 O C CH3
此外,质谱中的基峰m /e 58是胺的特征碎片离子峰,它是由氮原子 的β位上的碳碳键断裂而生成的。结合其它光谱信息,可定出这个 碎片为
CH3 CH3 N CH 2
1

译文对比分析

话说宝玉在林黛玉房中说"耗子精",宝钗撞来,讽刺宝玉元宵不知"绿蜡"之典,三人正在房中互相讥刺取笑。 杨宪益:Pao-yu,as we saw, was in Tai-yu?s room telling her the story about the rat spirits when Pao-chai burst in and teased him for forgetting the “green wax” allusion on the night of the Feast of Lanterns. 霍克斯: We have shown how Bao-yu was in Dai-yu?s room telling her the story of the magic mice; how Bao-Chai burst in on them and twitted Bao-yu with his failure to remember the …green wax? allusion on the night of the Lantern Festival; and how the three of them sat teasing each other with good-humored banter. 对比分析:杨宪益和霍克斯在翻译“耗子精”采用来了不同的处理方法,前者使用了异化”rat spirits”,后者用的是归化法”magic mice”,使用归化法更受英美读者的亲乃。但是二者同时采用了增译法,增添了the story,原文并没有。在翻译“宝玉不知绿烛之典”的“不知”,英文1用的是“forgetting”,而译文2用的是“with failure to ”,显然译文2更符合英美的表达习惯。 那宝玉正恐黛玉饭后贪眠,一时存了食,或夜间走了困,皆非保养身体之法。幸而宝钗走来,大家谈笑,那林黛玉方不欲睡,自己才放了心。 杨宪益:Pao-yu felt relieved as they laughed and made fun of each other, for he had feared that sleeping after lunch might give Tai-yu indigestion or insomnia that night, and so injure her health. Luckily Pao-chai?s arrival and the lively conversation that followed it had woken Tai-yu up. 霍克斯: Bao-yu had been afraid that by sleeping after her meal Dai-yu would give herself indigestion or suffer from insomnia through being insufficiently tired when she went to bed at night, but Bao-chai?s arrival and the lively conversation that followed it banished all Dai-yu?s desire to sleep and enabled him to lay aside his anxiety on her behalf. 对比分析:译文一对原文语序进行了调整,先说了“放心”,再说“担心”,但并不如不调整顺序的逻辑强。译文二只是用了一个“but”就把原文意思分层了两层,逻辑更加清晰,符合西方人注重逻辑的习惯。原文中的“谈笑”是动词,而两个译文版本都是译的“the lively conversation”,是名词,体现了汉语重动态,英文重静态的特点。 忽听他房中嚷起来,大家侧耳听了一听,林黛玉先笑道:"这是你妈妈和袭人叫嚷呢。那袭人也罢了,你妈妈再要认真排场她,可见老背晦了。" 杨宪益:Just then, a commotion broke out in Pao-yu?s apartments and three of th em pricked up their ears. “It?s your nanny scolding Hai-jen,” announced Tai-yu. “There?s nothing wrong with Hai-jen, yet your nanny is for ever nagging at her. Old age has befuddled her.”

《傲慢与偏见》译文对比分析

《傲慢与偏见》(节选一) Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (An Except from Chapter One) 译文对比分析 节选文章背景:小乡绅贝内特有五个待字闺中的千金,贝内特太太整天操心着为女儿物色称心如意的丈夫。新来的邻居宾利(Bingley)是个有钱的单身汉,他立即成了贝内特太太追猎的目标。 1.It’s a truth u niversally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. 译文一:凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太,这已经成了一条举世公认的道理。译文二:有钱的单身汉总要娶位太太,这是一条举世公认的真理。 2.However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. 译文一:这样的单身汉,每逢新搬到一个地方,四邻八舍虽然完全不了解他的性情如何,见解如何,可是,既然这样的一条真理早已在人们心中根深蒂固,因此人们总是把他看作是自己某一个女儿理所应得的一笔财产。 译文二:这条真理还真够深入人心的,每逢这样的单身汉新搬到一个地方,四邻八舍的人家尽管对他的性情见识一无所知,却把他视为某一个女儿的合法财产。 3.”My dear Mr. benne” said his lady to him one day ,”have you heard that nether field park is let at last?” 译文一:有一天班纳特太太对她的丈夫说:“我的好老爷,尼日斐花园终于租出去了,你听说过没有?” 译文二:“亲爱的贝特先生”一天,贝纳特太太对先生说:“你有没有听说内瑟费尔德庄园终于租出去了:” 4.Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. 译文一:纳特先生回答道,他没有听说过。 译文二:纳特先生回答道,没有听说过。 5.”But it is,” returned she:” for Mrs. long has just been here, and she t old me all about it.” 译文一:“的确租出去了,”她说,“朗格太太刚刚上这来过,她把这件事情的底细,一五一十地都告诉了我。” 译文二:“的确租出去了,”太太说道。“朗太太刚刚来过,她把这事一五一十地全告诉我了。”

四大谱图综合解析

3 待鉴定的化合物(I)和(II)它们的分子式均为C8H12O4。它们的质谱、红外光谱和核磁共振谱见图。也测定了它们的紫外吸收光谱数据:(I)λmax223nm,δ4100;(II)λmax219nm,δ2300,试确定这两个化合物。 未之物(I)的质谱 未之物(II)质谱

化合物(I)的红外光谱 化合物(II)的红外光谱 化合物(I)的核磁共振谱

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(3)但是,聪明的,你告诉我,我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢?——是有人偷了他们罢:那是谁?又藏在何处呢?是他们自己逃走了罢:现在又到了哪里呢? 译文1:But, tell me, you the wise, why should our days go by never to return? Perhaps they have been stolen by someone. But who could it be and where could he hide them? Perhaps they have just run away by themselves. But where could they be at the present moment? 译文2:Now, you the wise, tell me, why should our days leave us, never to return? ----If they had been stolen by someone, who could it be? Where could he hide them? If they had made the escape themselves, then where could they stay at the moment? (4)我不知道他们给了我多少日子;但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。译文1:I don’t know how many days I am entitled to

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阐释学视角下《茵梦湖》三个中译本对比研究分析

阐释学视角下《茵梦湖》三个中译本对比研究分析 随着翻译研究的不断深入,学者们从不同的角度,用不同的理论方法来探究与文学翻译相关的现象和问题。伽达默尔阐释学的三大哲学原则,即“理解的历史性”“视域融合”“效果历史”对文学翻译产生了很大影响。研究的文本来自德国著名诗意现实主义小说家特奥尔多·施笃姆的重要代表作品《茵梦湖》的三个中译本。通过对比分析郭沫若、巴金和杨武能三个中文译本,证明伽达默尔阐释学的三大哲学原则对文化翻译的指导价值和借鉴意义。 标签:阐释学三大哲学原则茵梦湖对比分析 一、引言 阐释学理论要追溯到“语言一历史传统”(Hohn,1998:91)这一翻译理念中,因为它自古希腊罗马时期就已经形成并被记录在Storig(1963)的选集中。它强调翻译活动的理解特点,并在文学翻译领域中体现得特别明显。阐释学翻译理论的基本假设之一是认识到两个文本之间没有等价关系。这被认为是语言翻译理论的第一次进步;另一方面,翻译也被理解为是一个决策过程,并确定译者的责任。对整部作品、作家以及写作动机理解的越多,对单一文本的理解就会越好。本文试图通过分析郭沫若、巴金和杨武能对德国中篇小说《茵梦湖》的三个不同译本,介绍伽达默尔诠释学的三个哲学原则及其对文学翻译的重要意义。 二、中篇小说《茵梦湖》以及伽达默尔的三大哲学阐释原则 (一)《茵梦湖》文本 《茵梦湖》是德国作家汉斯·台奥多尔·沃尔特森·施托姆创作的中篇小说,1849年首次出版问世,此后共出版30余次。通过这部小说的成功问世,施托姆在文学评论家和读者群中也迅速收获了知名小说家的美誉。这部中篇小说在19世纪下半叶仍然是他最著名的作品。小说源于一次回忆:一位名叫莱因哈德的老人在一个黑暗的小房间里思考了他年轻时的爱情;孩提时代,青梅竹马的伊丽莎白和他一起度过。为了外出求学,莱因哈德被迫离开了伊丽莎白。莱因哈德回来时,发现伊丽莎白变了。莱因哈德的学校朋友埃里克似乎对伊丽莎白表现出兴趣。莱因哈德再次离开,后来他通过母亲的书信获悉,伊丽莎白與埃里克已经结婚了。几年后,莱因哈德受邀来到茵梦湖畔探望这对已经拥有独立庄园的埃里希夫妇,但再次的重逢变得无法忍受,他决定永远离开伊丽莎白。 故事的背景发生在德国南部。这部小说在国内外都非常受读者欢迎,所以有关这部作品的研究也有很多。国内对《茵梦湖》的研究主要集中在以下两点:用一些文学理论来分析这部作品;借用不同的翻译理论来探究这部作品的中文译本。《茵梦湖》在国内比较受欢迎的译本有三个,本文基于郭沫若、巴金和杨武能的三种译本进行研究。

四大谱图综合解析6

11 某一未知化合物的质谱、红外光谱和核磁共振谱见图2-16. 2-1'l和2 18。也测定了它的紫外光谱数据:在200nm以上没有吸收。试确定该化合物的结构。 质谱数据 [解] 根据M+1=7.8, M+2=0.5,从Beynon表找出有关式子,然后排除含有奇数个氮原子的式子(因为未知物的分子量为偶数),剩余的列出: C5H14N2 72

和C 6H 14O 也较为接近。考虑到未知物的紫外光谱在200 nm 以上没有吸收,核磁共振谱在芳环特征吸收区域中也没有吸收峰等事实,说明未知物是脂肪族化合物。根据这一点,上述三个式子只有C 6H 14O 可以作为未知物的分子式。从分子式可知该化合物不饱和度为零。 在未知物的红外光谱中,没有羰基或羟基的特征吸收,但分子式中又含有氧原子,故未知物为醚的可能性很大。在1130cm -1~ 1110 cm -1之间有一个带有裂分的吸收带,可以认为是C —O —C 的伸缩振动吸收。 另一方面,核磁共振谱中除了在δ1. 15处的双峰和δ3.75处的对称七重峰(它们的积分比为6:1)以外没有其它峰,这非常明确地指出了未知物存在着2个对称的异丙基。对于这一点,红外光谱中的1380 cm -1和1370 cm -1处的双峰,提供了另一个证据。 根据上述分析得到的信息,未知物的结构式可立即确定为: CH H 3C H 3C O CH CH 3CH 3 按照这个结构式,未知物质谱中的主要碎片离子可以得到满意的解释: CH H 3C H 3C O CH 3 CH 3 +· C H H 3C CH 3 O C H CH 3 ++ 基峰 m/z 45 CH H 3C H 3C CH H 3C H 3C O H C CH 3 +++O CH CH 3 CH 3 ·m/z 43 m/z 87 +·CH 3 CH 3CH=OH 12 某一未知化合物,其分子式为C 10H 10O 。已测定它的紫外吸收光谱、红外光谱(KBr 压片)以及核磁共振谱,见图确定该化合物结构。

对比功能分析与翻译

山东外语教学 Shandong Foreign Language Teaching Journal 2006年第4期(总第113期)  对比功能分析与翻译 许余龙 (上海外国语大学语言文学研究所,上海 200083) 收稿时间:2006206210 作者简介:许余龙(1950-),博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:对比语言学,英汉对比,篇章回指。 摘要:本文首先简要讨论了对比功能分析与翻译之间的密切联系。然后以一个实例指出,实际翻译过程是一个决策过程,对比功能分析可以为分析在翻译中可供选择的各种语言选项及其形式、语义特征和篇章、语用使用条件提供一个总体描述框架,因而对指导具体翻译和分析译文所作选择的得失具有很大的实用价值。 关键词:功能主义;对比分析;对比功能分析;翻译 中图分类号:H0 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100222643(2006)04200032061.0引言 对比语言学的核心问题是研究方法问题虽然从事语言对比的研究者很多,但是思考和提出系统的、专门用于语言对比的理论模式和框架的研究者却屈指可数。波兰格但斯克大学的K rzeszowski 教授是其中的一位,而芬兰赫尔辛基大学的Chesterman 教授是另一位这样的学者。如果说前者(1979,1980)提出的“对比生成语法”模式(简介见许余龙1992:180-181;2002:163-164)主要适用于句法结 构对比的话,那么后者(1998)提出的“对比功能分析”模式的适用范围则要广泛得多,不仅可以用于词汇、形态、句法、语义、语用对比,也可以用于话语分析、文体、修辞和社会语言学对比(关于其研究方法以及在英汉对比中的应用,见许余龙2005)。而且,由于Chesterman 是一位多语交际和翻译研究专家,出版过多部语言学和翻译研究方面的专著(如Ches 2terman ,1997;Chesterman &Wagner ,2002;Williams &Chesterman ,2002Π2004),因此他更加强调对比研究与 翻译之间的密切联系。本文将从翻译和对比功能分析的性质和特点出发,讨论两者之间的密切联系,并以一个实例来说明对比功能分析对翻译的指导意义。 2.0对比功能分析与翻译之间的密切联系2.1翻译的性质和特点 著名捷克学者Levy (1967Π1989:38)指出,“从目的论的角度来说,翻译是一个交际过程:翻译的目的是将原文表达的知识信息传递给外国读者。而从译者在进行实际翻译工作时的任何一刻来看,翻译是一个决策过程:一系列的情景需要译者在一组(通常可明确定义的)选项中作出某种选择”。 翻译的这两个基本性质和特点在以后的一些研究中,特别是功能主义取向的研究中(如见Hatim ,19972001;Hatim &Mas on ,1997;Nord ,1997Π2001),得 到了进一步深入的探讨。也正是翻译的这两个基本性质和特点,使得语言文化之间的对比分析和翻译成为两种具有密切联系的研究。正如Hatim (1997Π2001:1)所指出,“要知道对比语言学是如何运作的, 一种有效的方法是通过翻译;而要了解翻译的过程,一种有趣的方法是看译者在处理篇章时作出什么样的选择。” 2.2对比功能分析的性质和特点 所谓对比功能分析,广义而言是从功能主义的角度来进行对比分析的一种研究方法。这一对比分析模式的特点是从察觉到的两种(或多种)语言可表达的相似意义出发,致力于确定这种相似的意义在不同的语言中是如何表达的,不同表达方式的句法、语义、篇章、语用、语境的使用条件是什么,在什么条件下会优先选用哪种形式,等等。对比功能分析与 3

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